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The'soviets Were Formeil

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ITr 'SSN '"°'~''"' b3 CVsuPPLEMENT l Vlt:aly STARTSEV HOW the'Soviets were Formeil '·>·-';\ 1... ~ THE TRUE STORY OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ~j AND THE BUILDING OF SOCIALISM "If the creative enthusiasm of the revolu­ tionary classes had not given rise to the Vitaly STARTSEV Soviets, the proletarian revolution in Russia How would have been a hopeless cause, for the proletariat could certainly not retain power with the old state apparatus, and it is im­ the Soviets possible to create a new apparatus immedi­ ately." were Formed Vladimir LENIN Under the General Editorship of Academician Isaac MINTS Novosti Press Agency Publishing House Progress Publishers Moscow 1982 CONTENTS HOHN OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ENTHUSIASM OF THE MASSES 7 "The Lower Orders Won't, the Uppt•r Classes Can't" 14 Echo of the Sunday Salvoes 28 Co-author Alexander l'ROSKURIN Seventy-Two Days of Struggle in Ivanovo-Vozne­ sensk 32 Comrades! Hasten to Elect Your Deputies! 37 Translated from the Russian by Gulhammid SOBRATEE At the Barricades of Moscow 45 Translation edited by Selena KOTLOBAI Not Talking Shops, but "Working" Bodies 51 THE SOVIETS AND THE PROVISIONAL GOVERN­ MENT: POWER WITHOUT A GOVERNMENT AND A GOVERNMENT WITHOUT POWER 58 The Victorious Storming of Tsarism 59 Dual Power 66 No Support for the Provisional Government! 73 The First Steps Towards a Proletarian Dictatorship 82 The April Crisis 86 There Is Such a Party! 90 THE CONGRESS OF SOVIETS DECREES... 94 The Foiling of the General's Conspiracy 96 The Course Towards an Armed Uprising 100 A Storm Ahead 104 The Revolution Triumphed 110 0802016201 The Triumphal March of the Soviets Across Rus­ sia 115 © Novosti Press Agency Publishing House 1982 Progress Publishers 1982 "AN AUTHORITY OPEN TO ALL" 120 BORN OF THE REVOLUTION.ARV ENTHUSIASM OF THE MASSES Throughout the night before Sunday, January 9, 190.5, the windows in the working-class districts of St. Petersburg were lighted. The workers in the capital of the Russian Empire were preparing for a solemn march to the Winter Palace, the resi­ dence of the Russian autocrat, Nikolai II, in order to present him with a petition about the people's grievances. The petition read in part: "Your Majesty, we have come to you in search of trnth and protection. We have been reduced to poverty; we are oppressed, bur­ dened by work beyond our strength. Outrages are committed against us; we arc not recog­ nised as human beings; we arc treated like slaves who must boar their sad fate without complaining. And we have borne it, but we arn being pushed deeper and deeper into the web of poverty, rightlessness and ignorance. \Ve are being strangled by despotism and ty­ ranny, and we are suffocating. We cannot hear this any longer, Your Majesty. This is lhu limit Lo our patience. For us that <lreadrul moment has come when death is better than continuation of unbearable torment." 7 large demonstration. Dressed in their Sunday best, more than 140,000 workers with t~eir wives and children, after attending church service, were mov­ ing towards the city centre to P~lace Square. They were carrying large icons in bright metal frames, portraits of the tsar and the tsarina,. and ch~rch banners bearing the grave face of Chn~~· The smg­ i ng of the anthem "God Save the Tsar resounded far and wide. Georgy Gapon was in the forefron~ of the de­ monstration. This handsome young priest was the organiser of the march. In his pockets were the pe­ tition and thick bundles of sheets of paper ?overed with tens of thousands of crosses represen~mg t~e signatures of workers who could not write their names. " S p Taking •advantage of the reHgious inclinations and monarchical An excerpt from a leaflet, To All t. e- sentimen~s of the backward strata of the proletariot, the priest Georgy Gapen managed to persuade workers to sign a tersburg Workers", issued on January 8, 1905, petition and take H to the tsa.r. by the St. Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party: It was a document full of contradictions. Though "You cannot buy freedom for such a low pervaded by a naive belief in the monarch as a price as a petition, though presented by a "father figure", the petition contained quite con­ priest on behalf of the workers. Freedom is crete proposals: convocation of a Constituent As­ bought with blood; freedom is won by means sembly on the basis of universal, equal, direct and of arms, in fierce battles ... secret voting; establishment of an eight-hour work­ "Emancipation of the workers can only be ing day and equal rights for all sections of society; achieved by the workers themselves-neither guarantees of democratic liberties-inviolability of priests nor tsars will bring you freedom .. You the person and of the home, freedom of speech, of will see on Sunday in front of the Wmter the press and of assembly, the right to form unions Palace (if you are allowed there at all) that and to strike; amnesty for political prisoners; and there is nothing to be expected from the cessation of the war. 1 tsar... " ... Long before daybreak the streets of the capital Nikolai II was not in the Winter Palace on Ja­ were crowded with working people. Never in its nuary 9. He was at his coun~ry residen~e in Tsar­ 200-year history had St. Petersburg seen such a skoye Selo and had no intention of leavmg for the capital. He had asked his uncle, ~rand Duke Vla­ 1 The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. dimir, to deal with the demonstration "in a proper 8 , 9 manner". "The best way to treat a rebellion is to their frozen feet, flapping their arms! and hang a hundred rebels," his uncle had said. pushing each other about. On tho other side of Tho special staff formed by the Grand Duke put the river the people saw a largo, gloomy ho11sl'. troops a!l<l tho poli?o on full alert. The motropoli­ That was where 'Ho', tho tsar, the master t~n garrison .was reinforced by more troops and ar­ of this house, lived .... tillery blockmg all roads by which the workers "Suddenly a dry, uneven rattle broke out, could march to the Winter Palace. Everything was and it seemed as though the crowd had been now ready for "treating a rebellion". lashed by scores of invisible whips. For a mo­ Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), the great Soviet ment all voices seemed to have been frozen, Russian writer, wrote: but the mass of people continued slowly to "When the crowd poured from the street push forward. onto the embankment a long, crooked line of " 'Blank shot ' said somebody m a colour­ soldiers barred its way to the bridge, but the less voice, whether enquiring or stating a fact peop~e were not daunted by this thin grey was not clear. barrier. There was nothing menacing in tho "But here and there groans were heard, figures of the soldiers that were distinctly and several bodies lay at the feet of the peo­ drawn against the light blue background of ple in the crowd. A woman, wailing lo~dly the broad river. They were skipping to warm and holding her hand to her breast, rapidly stepped out of the crowd towards the bayonets The shooting down of workers on the approaches to the Winter Palace on January 9, 1905. This day has gone down which were thrust out to meet her. Several in Russian history as Bloody Sunday. people hurried after her, and .then some i;nore, sweeping round her and runmi:g ahead o[ her. "Again came the rattle of rifle fire, louder, but more ragged than before. .. People fell to the ground in twos and threes; some sank to the ground clutching their abdomens, others hastened away limping, still others cra~lod across the snow, and everywhere bright scarlet patches appeared on the sn~w, spread­ ing, giving off vapour, and attractmg overy- hody's eyes. "Groups of people, bendmg low, ran for­ ward to pick up the killed and woun~ed. Th.e won nded too were shouting and shakmg their fists. The faces of all had suddenly cha~ged, and there was a glint of something akm to madness in their eyes. There were no signs to u of panic, of that state of universal horror " 'Yes-our fathers have shown us what which suddenly overcomes people, sweeps. bod­ they really are!' ies into a heap like dry leaves and blindly "And somebody else said threateningly: drags and drives everybody in an un~nown "'We shall never forget this day!' direction in a wild whirlwind of desire to "They walked quickly, in a close-packed hide. But there was every sign of horror, .hor­ crowd, many talking at once, and their voices ror that burned like the touch of frozen iron; merged chaotically with the dark, angry mur­ it froze the heart, held the body as in a vice, mur. Now and again somebody raised his and compelled one to stare with wide-open voice to a shout, drowning all the other voi­ eyes at the blood that was spreading over the ces. snow at the blood-stained faces, hands and "'Christ, how many were killed today!' clothing, and at the corpses wh~ch were lyi~g " 'And what for?' so calmly amidst the pandemomuI? of .th~ liv­ "'Nol We can never forget this day!'" ing. There was every sign of burmng mdigna­ January 9, which came to be known as Bloody tion, of mournful, impotent rage, of much Sunday, marked the beginning of the Russian Re­ perplexity; there were numer~us strangely volution of 1905-1907-the first people's revolution motionless eyes, brows drawn m a~ angry in the epoch of imperialism.
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