DOCSLIB.ORG

Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Johnson, Kelly. 2012. Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9830349 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Kelly Scott Johnson All rights reserved Professor Ruth R. Wisse Kelly Scott Johnson Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin Abstract The thesis represents the first complete academic biography of a Jewish clockmaker, warrior poet and Anarchist named Sholem Schwarzbard. Schwarzbard's experience was both typical and unique for a Jewish man of his era. It included four immigrations, two revolutions, numerous pogroms, a world war and, far less commonly, an assassination. The latter gained him fleeting international fame in 1926, when he killed the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura in Paris in retribution for pogroms perpetrated during the Russian Civil War (1917-20). After a contentious trial, a French jury was sufficiently convinced both of Schwarzbard's sincerity as an avenger, and of Petliura's responsibility for the actions of his armies, to acquit him on all counts. Mostly forgotten by the rest of the world, the assassin has remained a divisive figure in Jewish-Ukrainian relations, leading to distorted and reductive descriptions his life. In contrast to these partial views, the thesis follows Schwarzbard's fate chronologically, from cradle to grave, emphasizing development and contradiction in his story. Special attention is paid the dynamic nature of Schwarzbard's Jewish, Anarchist, and French commitments. After a long struggle, it was the first of these that came to dominate Schwarzbard's life, as he called the Jews back into history and himself back to his people with a single, irrevocable deed. iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Setting the Scene: The Assassination.......................................................................................1 1.2 Petliura's Reputation as Pogromist............................................................................................3 1.3. Sholem Schwarzbard's View of Symon Petliura...................................................................7 1.4 Basic Ukrainian and Jewish Views of Schwarzbard.........................................................10 1.5 The Petliura Debate and its Effect on the Biographical Understanding of Sholem Schwarzbard since the Trial.................................................................................................12 1.6 The Thesis: A Cradle to Grave Biography of a Jewish Assassin...................................20 2. Growing Up in and Around Balta (1886-1906) 2.1 Balta.......................................................................................................................................................22 2.2 Schwarzbard's Family Background.........................................................................................24 2.3 Sholem's Birth in Izmael and the Family's Return to Balta...........................................26 2.4 The Death of Schwarzbard's Mother......................................................................................30 2.5 Into the Workplace and Revolution........................................................................................33 2.6 The Early Fight against Pogroms...............................................................................................39 3. Schwarzbard as Emigrant (1906-1914) 3.1 First Love, First Arrest and First Emigration......................................................................43 3.2 New Names........................................................................................................................................44 3.3 Conversion to Anarchism.............................................................................................................47 3.4 The Vienna Expropriation...........................................................................................................53 3.5 Broken Words, Broken Heart and a Second Emigration................................................57 3.6 Schwarzbard Arrives in Paris, January 1910......................................................................60 3.7 Schwarzbard Meets his Life Partner Anna...........................................................................63 4. Defending the Republic and his Honor (August 1914 – August 1917) 4.1 The Pride and Dilemmas of an Anarcho-Jewish Volunteer...........................................68 4.2 Training for the Legion in Lyon and Avignon.....................................................................73 4.3 In the Trenches: Champagne (November 1914-April 1915)......................................76 4.4 Schwarzbard's War Poems on Jewish Themes...................................................................78 4.5 Arras (April-August1915)...........................................................................................................85 4.6 The 363rd Regular Infantry Regiment (August 1915-March 1, 1916)....................89 iv 5. The Russian Revolution (August 1917-December 1919). 5.1 Brest, Archangelsk, Petrograd, Odessa..................................................................................96 5.2 Reunion with his Father and another Balta Self-Defense Effort................................99 5.3 In the Red Guard...........................................................................................................................101 5.4 Schwarzbard's Role in the First Workers' Soviet...........................................................104 5.5 Otriad Roshal..................................................................................................................................105 5.6 Retreat to Occupied Odessa.....................................................................................................108 5.7 Schwarzbard Works under the Bolsheviks (April-June 1919).................................110 5.8 The International Division and the 1919 Pogroms.......................................................111 6. Back to Paris and Civilian Life (January 1920-May 25, 1926) 6.1 Sholem and Anna Settle Again in Paris...............................................................................119 6.2 The Poetic "Prologue" to Assassination..............................................................................121 6.3 Zeitgeist: Between War and Peace...................................................................................... 126 6.4 Building Jewish Connections and Commitment..............................................................135 6.5 Anarchist Reportage: The "Sholem" Articles....................................................................140 6.6 Petliura's Arrival in Paris and the Assassination............................................................145 7. Eighteen Months in Jail (May 26, 1926 – October 18, 1927) 7.1 Schwarzbard's First Night in Prison....................................................................................152 7.2 Some Early Responses in the Yiddish Press.....................................................................155 7.3 Symon Petliura's Funeral..........................................................................................................159 7.4 Anna Caught Up in the Affair...................................................................................................161 7.5 An Appeal from Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman........................................165 7.6 Saul Yanovsky and the Anarchist Debate...........................................................................170 7.7 Sholem Asch's Apotheosis of the Jewish Assassin..........................................................174 7.8 Schwarzbard Defines the "Jewish Fear".............................................................................176 7.9 Long, Forgotten Months in Prison La Santé......................................................................180 7.10 In Cold Weather the Affair Warms Up...............................................................................185 7.11 Le Figaro's François Coty, and the Final Months before the Trial..........................189 8. The Trial (October 18 – October 26, 1927) 8.1 Commotion at the Palais de Justice........................................................................................193 8.2 First Impression of the Jewish Avenger..............................................................................196 8.3 Schwarzbard Caught between Response and Remembrance...................................200 8.4 Schwarzbard and Four French Lawyers.............................................................................202 8.5 Long Lessons in Ukrainian History.......................................................................................211 8.6 Final Arguments: Schwarzbard's Martyrdom a fait accompli..................................215 v 9. Life After Acquittal (October 26, 1928-March 3, 1938) 9.1 Schwarzbard in Hiding?.............................................................................................................225
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEWSLETTER Winter 2021 LETTER from the DIRECTOR
    NEWSLETTER winter 2021 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR Dear Friends, The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections team has continued its exceptional work unabated throughout the past nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic under the superb leadership of Stefanie Halpern, Director of the YIVO Archives. The complex work of processing, conservation, and digitization has gone forward uninterrupted and with the enthusiasm and energy that bespeaks the tireless commitment of our YIVO staff. Their dedication is the mark of a vibrant institution, one of which I and the YIVO board are justly proud, as are many others in the global YIVO community. Our team’s collective efforts continually affirm the vitality of YIVO’s mission—preserving and disseminating the heritage of East European Jewish life. We honor their intensive work on the Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project much as we honor the sacrifices and dedication of those who came before us and who risked their lives to enable our access to these essential documents and artifacts. I hope you will join me in expressing your appreciation, including by making a gift in support of the Project. We welcome your participation and partnership in our restoration efforts. I also hope that you will explore our Archives and Library, our public and educational programs, our exhibitions, and social media offerings. In these and so many ways, you can help us to ensure that the spirit of YIVO remains a living reality for generations to come. Jonathan Brent Executive Director & CEO CONTACT For more information, please contact the YIVO Development Department: 212.294.6156 [email protected] DONATE ONLINE vilnacollections.yivo.org/Donate COVER: Handwritten music manuscript from a Yiddish operetta, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia on the Move-The Railroads and the Exodus from Compulsory Collectivism 1861-1914
    Russia on the Move-The Railroads and the Exodus From Compulsory Collectivism 1861-1914 Sztern, Sylvia 2017 Document Version: Peer reviewed version (aka post-print) Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Sztern, S. (2017). Russia on the Move-The Railroads and the Exodus From Compulsory Collectivism 1861- 1914. (2017 ed.). Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 Creative Commons License: Unspecified General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Russia on the Move The Railroads and the Exodus from Compulsory Collectivism 1861–1914 Sylvia Sztern DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging the “Great and Tragic Mekhitse”: Pre-War European
    לקט ייִ דישע שטודיעס הנט Jiddistik heute Yiddish Studies Today לקט Der vorliegende Sammelband eröffnet eine neue Reihe wissenschaftli- cher Studien zur Jiddistik sowie philolo- gischer Editionen und Studienausgaben jiddischer Literatur. Jiddisch, Englisch und Deutsch stehen als Publikationsspra- chen gleichberechtigt nebeneinander. Leket erscheint anlässlich des xv. Sym posiums für Jiddische Studien in Deutschland, ein im Jahre 1998 von Erika Timm und Marion Aptroot als für das in Deutschland noch junge Fach Jiddistik und dessen interdisziplinären אָ רשונג אויסגאַבעס און ייִדיש אויסגאַבעס און אָ רשונג Umfeld ins Leben gerufenes Forum. Die im Band versammelten 32 Essays zur jiddischen Literatur-, Sprach- und Kul- turwissenschaft von Autoren aus Europa, den usa, Kanada und Israel vermitteln ein Bild von der Lebendigkeit und Viel- falt jiddistischer Forschung heute. Yiddish & Research Editions ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4 Jiddistik Jiddistik & Forschung Edition 9 783943 460094 ִיידיש ַאויסגאבעס און ָ ארשונג Jiddistik Edition & Forschung Yiddish Editions & Research Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Band 1 לקט ִיידישע שטודיעס ַהנט Jiddistik heute Yiddish Studies Today Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Yidish : oysgabes un forshung Jiddistik : Edition & Forschung Yiddish : Editions & Research Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Band 1 Leket : yidishe shtudyes haynt Leket : Jiddistik heute Leket : Yiddish Studies Today Bibliografijische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografijie ; detaillierte bibliografijische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urhe- berrechtlich geschützt.
    [Show full text]
  • Rancour's Emphasis on the Obviously Dark Corners of Stalin's Mind
    Rancour's emphasis on the obviously dark corners of Stalin's mind pre- cludes introduction of some other points to consider: that the vozlzd' was a skilled negotiator during the war, better informed than the keenly intelli- gent Churchill or Roosevelt; that he did sometimes tolerate contradiction and even direct criticism, as shown by Milovan Djilas and David Joravsky, for instance; and that he frequently took a moderate position in debates about key issues in the thirties. Rancour's account stops, save for a few ref- erences to the doctors' plot of 1953, at the end of the war, so that the enticing explanations offered by William McCagg and Werner Hahn of Stalin's conduct in the years remaining to him are not discussed. A more subtle problem is that the great stress on Stalin's personality adopted by so many authors, and taken so far here, can lead to a treatment of a huge country with a vast population merely as a conglomeration of objects to be acted upon. In reality, the influences and pressures on people were often diverse and contradictory, so that choices had to be made. These were simply not under Stalin's control at all times. One intriguing aspect of the book is the suggestion, never made explicit, that Stalin firmly believed in the existence of enemies around him. This is an essential part of the paranoid diagnosis, repeated and refined by Rancour. If Stalin believed in the guilt, in some sense, of Marshal Tukhachevskii et al. (though sometimes Rancour suggests the opposite), then a picture emerges not of a ruthless dictator coldly plotting the exter- mination of actual and potential opposition, but of a fear-ridden, tormented man lashing out in panic against a threat he believed to real and immediate.
    [Show full text]
  • Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe New Perspectives on Modern Jewish History
    Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe New Perspectives on Modern Jewish History Edited by Cornelia Wilhelm Volume 8 Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe Shared and Comparative Histories Edited by Tobias Grill An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-048937-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049248-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-048977-4 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Grill, Tobias. Title: Jews and Germans in Eastern Europe : shared and comparative histories / edited by/herausgegeben von Tobias Grill. Description: [Berlin] : De Gruyter, [2018] | Series: New perspectives on modern Jewish history ; Band/Volume 8 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018019752 (print) | LCCN 2018019939 (ebook) | ISBN 9783110492484 (electronic Portable Document Format (pdf)) | ISBN 9783110489378 (hardback) | ISBN 9783110489774 (e-book epub) | ISBN 9783110492484 (e-book pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Jews--Europe, Eastern--History. | Germans--Europe, Eastern--History. | Yiddish language--Europe, Eastern--History. | Europe, Eastern--Ethnic relations. | BISAC: HISTORY / Jewish. | HISTORY / Europe / Eastern. Classification: LCC DS135.E82 (ebook) | LCC DS135.E82 J495 2018 (print) | DDC 947/.000431--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018019752 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature
    i “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature by Anna Elena Torres A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Joint Doctor of Philosophy with the Graduate Theological Union in Jewish Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Chana Kronfeld, Chair Professor Naomi Seidman Professor Nathaniel Deutsch Professor Juana María Rodríguez Summer 2016 ii “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature Copyright © 2016 by Anna Elena Torres 1 Abstract “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature by Anna Elena Torres Joint Doctor of Philosophy with the Graduate Theological Union in Jewish Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender and Sexuality University of California, Berkeley Professor Chana Kronfeld, Chair “Any Minute Now the World’s Overflowing Its Border”: Anarchist Modernism and Yiddish Literature examines the intertwined worlds of Yiddish modernist writing and anarchist politics and culture. Bringing together original historical research on the radical press and close readings of Yiddish avant-garde poetry by Moyshe-Leyb Halpern, Peretz Markish, Yankev Glatshteyn, and others, I show that the development of anarchist modernism was both a transnational literary trend and a complex worldview. My research draws from hitherto unread material in international archives to document the world of the Yiddish anarchist press and assess the scope of its literary influence. The dissertation’s theoretical framework is informed by diaspora studies, gender studies, and translation theory, to which I introduce anarchist diasporism as a new term.
    [Show full text]
  • Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin
    Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Johnson, Kelly. 2012. Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9830349 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Kelly Scott Johnson All rights reserved Professor Ruth R. Wisse Kelly Scott Johnson Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin Abstract The thesis represents the first complete academic biography of a Jewish clockmaker, warrior poet and Anarchist named Sholem Schwarzbard. Schwarzbard's experience was both typical and unique for a Jewish man of his era. It included four immigrations, two revolutions, numerous pogroms, a world war and, far less commonly, an assassination. The latter gained him fleeting international fame in 1926, when he killed the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura in Paris in retribution for pogroms perpetrated during the Russian Civil War (1917-20). After a contentious trial, a French jury was sufficiently convinced both of Schwarzbard's sincerity as an avenger, and of Petliura's responsibility for the actions of his armies, to acquit him on all counts. Mostly forgotten by the rest of the world, the assassin has remained a divisive figure in Jewish-Ukrainian relations, leading to distorted and reductive descriptions his life.
    [Show full text]
  • Intro Pages.Qxd
    Welcome to After the Battle The pictures which set me off on the I-wonder-what-it-looks-like-now trail back in the 1950s. In 1911, Winston Churchill was the Home Secretary, this well-known pictue of him being taken taken during the Siege of Sidney Street in East London. Since I launched the magazine in that a six-hour battle, between the army August 1973, many people have asked and police against two, or maybe three, me how my interest in the Second World anarchists, had taken place in an ordi- War evolved and what were the circum- nary street in the East End in January stances which led me to create ‘ATB’. So 1911 had captured my imagination after here goes. reading about it in the 1935 Silver Our lives are shaped by many events Jubilee publication 25 Years, and I took and experiences, particularly during our the book along with me one day in the ‘formative’ years and two things stick school holidays — it must have been out in my memory. The first was that around 1954-55. Then, the house was The second influence on me was the On our way . above: Normandy 1944 while I was still at school I wanted to still standing but I remember being BBC television series of 1959 in which below: the same spot in 1973. visit the scene of the Siege of Sidney disappointed not to find it covered with war correspondents returned to the Street (in Whitechapel in East London) to bullet holes. (It was demolished in 1956 battlefields (which I describe in more see what No.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberal Home Secretary Winston Churchill and the Siege of Sydney Street (1911)
    LIBERAL HOME SECRETARY WINSTON CHURCHILL AND THE SIEGE OF SYDNEY STREET (1911) STORY OF A CONTROVERSY Student: Samira SNOUSSI Lecturer: Michael PARSONS – THE LIBERAL PARTY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………3 The Tottenham Outrage and the Houndsditch Murders………………………………………..4 The Siege Of Sydney Street……………………………………………………………………..6 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...14 2 INTRODUCTION Everyone, who has got the least knowledge, knows who is Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who played such a major role during World War II that he was – and still is – considered as a hero in the United Kingdom, and at least in all European countries. To say a few words about his political path, he entered politics in 1900 as a Conservative member of parliament for Oldham. He switched parties in 1904 to become a Liberal, as he disagreed with the Conservative policy of protectionist tariffs preferentially favouring trade with the British Empire. As a Liberal, he had a rapid ascent, as he held major positions such as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, President of the Board of Trade, Home secretary, First Lord of the Admiralty, Minister of Munitions, Secretary of state for War, then for Air, then for the Colonies. He ended up rejoining the Conservative Party again in 1925 and became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and later on, in 1939, Prime Minister to play ‘the role of his life’. All of this can be found in the first article or book about Winston Churchill, of course. Yet, what is really
    [Show full text]
  • To What Extent Was Makhno Able to Implement Anarchist Ideals During the Russian Civil War?
    Library.Anarhija.Net To what extent was Makhno able to implement anarchist ideals during the Russian Civil War? Kolbjǫrn Markusson Kolbjǫrn Markusson To what extent was Makhno able to implement anarchist ideals during the Russian Civil War? no date provided submitted by anonymous without source lib.anarhija.net no date provided Contents Bibliography ......................... 12 2 Born on October 26 (N.S. November 7) 1888 in Gulyai-Polye, Ukraine, Nestor Ivanovych Makhno was a revolutionary anarchist and the most well-known ataman (commander) of the Revolution- ary Insurgent Army of the Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.1 Historiographical issues regarding the extent to which Makhno and the Makhnovists implemented anarchist ideals in south-east Ukraine have been noted by contemporary Russian anarchist and historian Peter Arshinov. Makhno’s own memoirs and the newspa- per Put’ k Svobode, both valuable material documenting anarchist activity in Ukraine, were lost during the Civil War.2 With much of the contemporary evidence impossible to reconstruct, historians have attempted to understand the nature of the Makhnovist move- ment and the ‘social revolution’ in Ukraine with surviving evidence whilst separating myth and legend about Makhno from historical fact. This essay will argue that Makhno and the Makhnovist move- ment were inspired by anarchist ideals in an attempt to establish a ‘free and completely independent soviet system of working people without authorities’ during the Civil War.3 However, the war itself hindered the political and economic development of the anarchist ‘free territory’ before finally being defeated and dissolved by the Bolshevik-led Red Army in August 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Christopher Harmon – Anarchism & Fire in London: a Centenary
    Christopher C. Harmon © “Anarchism & Fire in London: A Centenary” !In London, one hundred years ago, on the weekday morning of 3 January, citizens awoke amidst “The Siege of Sidney Street.” In London, one hundred years ago, on the weekday morning of 3 January, citizens awoke amidst "The Siege of Sidney Street." Well-armed Anarchists tried to rob a jeweler, murdered police who responded, and then disappeared within the city. Located in an apartment building after two weeks, they were now surrounded by Metropolitan Police massed on scene. And Home Office Minister Winston Churchill replied favorably to a request for an Army platoon from the Tower of London to support the cops. Battle erupted that morning, and only the artillery of the Scotts Guards went un-used. Automatic pistols within the building competed with aimed rifle and pistol fire from outside for at least two hours. Either from bullets, or from breach of gas heat piping embedded in the building, the edifice ignited. Fire fighters waited expectantly. But the home minister, on the scene, supported the desire of the head of police and ruled the building should be permitted to burn. The unleashing of martial force against terrorists within an English city can never be a happy event, and Churchill was among the many to offer evidence at an inquest two weeks later. Two criminals died within the building; if there were any others, they escaped. No one ever again saw their gang leader "Peter the Painter." None of the terrorists were British; all were aliens and Anarchists living in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Abrief History
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUSSIA i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd i 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd ii 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUSSIA MICHAEL KORT Boston University i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd iii 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM A Brief History of Russia Copyright © 2008 by Michael Kort The author has made every effort to clear permissions for material excerpted in this book. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kort, Michael, 1944– A brief history of Russia / Michael Kort. p. cm.—(Brief history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-7112-8 ISBN-10: 0-8160-7112-8 1. Russia—History. 2. Soviet Union—History. I. Title. DK40.K687 2007 947—dc22 2007032723 The author and Facts On File have made every effort to contact copyright holders. The publisher will be glad to rectify, in future editions, any errors or omissions brought to their notice. We thank the following presses for permission to reproduce the material listed. Oxford University Press, London, for permission to reprint portions of Mikhail Speransky’s 1802 memorandum to Alexander I from The Russia Empire, 1801–1917 (1967) by Hugh Seton-Watson.
    [Show full text]