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Proquest Dissertations COMMEMORATING QUEBEC: NATION, RACE, AND MEMORY Darryl RJ. Leroux M.?., OISE/University of Toronto, 2005 B.A. (Hon), Trent University, 2003 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED G? PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Sociology and Anthropology CARLETON UNIVERSITY Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario June 2010 D 2010, Darryl Leroux Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-70528-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-70528-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la lot canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Abstract COMMEMORATING QUEBEC: NATION, RACE, AND MEMORY PhD Dissertation Darryl Leroux Carleton University This study focuses on discourses of nation, race, and memory in present-day Québec society through an analysis of the celebrations of Québec City's 400th anniversary in 2008. My analyses locate these commemorative practices within the broader context of a perceived crisis of Québécois identity. I identify the modes through which difference was discursively constructed in relation to culture, race, and gender in Québec. I then adopt a theoretical framework that examines the relationship among public commemoration, nation-building, and subject formation in Québec. Specifically, I examine the high- profile Rencontres spectacle, several museum and art exhibits, a theatrical production, a number of musical concerts, a variety of policy documents, various protocol events, and the Québec nationalist and anarchist protest movements in relation to each other. I argue that the Québec 400 is best understood as a set of subject-making practices that sought to define an ideal Québécois subject through norms ofbelonging that prioritized French colonial heroes and subjugated indigenous and non-French Others. Commemorative practices at the Québec 400 celebrations articulated the liberal discourse of cultural pluralism common in Western liberal democracies post- 1980s in ways that effectively positioned the normative Québécois subject as the enlightened, generous, and reasoned patron of cultural diversity. Commemoration also operated as a creative, festive, spectacularized, and thus seemingly innocent mode of constituting national subjects in 21st century Québec, relying as it did on territoriality and kinship relations to interpellate subjects into a national project in Québec and to locate them in a hierarchy of ii belonging. The Québec 400 was also characterized by the performance of intimate relationships between France and Québec throughout 2008. The transnational dimensions of the normative Québécois subject were premised on a shared understanding of the colonial-settler project in Québec, organized around notions of whiteness, civilization, and territory. m Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is very much a collective effort. Whether through the professional support of colleagues and academic friends or the personal support of family and friends, this project would never have been possible. First, I'd like to thank my Mom & Dad, Nicole and Richard, who are always there for me. While we don't share the same love for academic pursuits, they have never questioned mine. Thank you immensely. Shawn, my best friend, brother, and fellow academic is always up for a day off fishing, despite, (or maybe due to?) upcoming deadlines. Thanks for your support. Xiaobei Chen took the time to meet with me regularly in Ottawa or by phone when I was away writing in Vancouver, which made the dissertation process that much more enjoyable. I continue to learn plenty about writing, reading, and teaching through our exchanges. She has been a truly wonderful supervisor. Bruce Curtis's humour and deep engagement with Québec history provided much fodder for debate and discussion about many of my key themes since 2006. And Eva Mackey, a late addition, lived up to her reputation as a keen scholar of nationalism. My external examiner, Gada Mahrouse, and my internal examiner Patrizia Gentile, raised many important and productive critiques during my defense and I look forward to building on my work with their contributions in mind. I have indeed been fortunate to have such an engaged group of people with whom to develop my ideas and analysis. To my many academic friends and colleagues, with whom I have shared countless occasions to debate, discuss, and otherwise fine-tune my arguments, thank you kindly. Among this esteemed group, I include Lindsey McKay, Stephanie Tara Schwartz, Emre Uckardesler, Sarah Peek, Lynn Caldwell, Carrianne Leung, Andrea Fatona, Eve Haque, Roger Picton, Naava Smolash, Prasad Pannian, Renuka Chaturvedi, pike krpan, Oren Howlett, Augustin d'Almeida, Van Troi Tran, France-Lise Colin, Erica See, Jen Wrye, Louis Gaudreau, Ersin Asliturk, Sarah Lamble, Berrak Kabasakal, Susan Salhany, Mike Graydon, Daniel Tubb, Charlie Gibney, Christian Caron, Aimée Campeau, Chris Hurl, Yavar Hameed, Carla Lam, Kevin Walby, Pierre Auboiron, Darryl Ross, Dave Tough, Dave Hudson, Pascale Founder, Tracey Lauriault, Tara Lyons, Samah Sabra, among a host of others I'm no doubt forgetting. I have also had many opportunities to exchange work and ideas and learn from a wide variety of faculty members over the course of my PhD. Among those who have supported my work and/or continue to push me to do better, I'd like to thank especially Sherene Razack, Daniel Salée, Natila Abdo, Leanne Simpson, Elizabeth Abbott, Aaron Doyle, Ruth Phillips, Melanie White, Greg Robinson, Andrew Baldwin, May Telmissany, Daiva Stasiulis, Mary Breunig, Wallace Clement, Andrea Doucet, and Derek Gregory. Thanks to all of my friends who continued to ask me "How's the thesis coming along?" or alternatively "What is your thesis about again?" even when I looked away in disgust IV after having an unproductive day/week/month. In the end, the questioning continued to remind me of what exactly I was doing in front of this rather lifeless computer. So, thank you Yves, Eloginy, Isabel, Bethany, Jen, Ariella, Lisa, Rosalie, Ilan, Boro, Barbara, Alan, Christine, Quin, Denise, Jacqueline, Brad, Leela, Ekua, Caro, Yvette, Avegaile, Bobbi, Muneera, Kiran, Beth, Karen, Emily, James, Sam, Jay, Stefan, Maria, Shane, Shanaya, Tom-Pierre, and Vish. During the PhD, Peter Gose, the chair of the department, gave me an excellent opportunity to teach a course. Since that first teaching experience, I have developed quite a passion for teaching. Thank you to everyone in the department who has shared ideas about teaching with me, including the many students I have taught at Carleton and at the University of Ottawa. In many ways, teaching was the bond that joined my PhD together. Not only did it allow me to test some ideas, but it also provided me with an unmatched avenue for debate and discussion about issues that are dear to me. No university department runs without the extended support provided by its administrative staff. I have had many opportunities to get to know the support personnel in the department of sociology, whether through walking on the picket lines with them during my second year of the PhD or in rectifying some administrative gaffe on my part. Diana, Paula, Joy, Kim, Karen, and Marlene have always made my job much easier. I can only hope that I have done the same on a few occasions. The staff at the CUPE local, especially Stuart, have also been very helpful and a good source of humour through the years. And finally, as most of you are no doubt aware, being a student and sessional instructor are not exactly prosperous undertakings. I have had the good fortune of benefitting from the support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, from the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, from the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, from the Graduate Students' Association, and from CUPE 4600 at Carleton.
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