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Community Profile Profile Community of

Acadian Francophone and and 2nd Edition Canada Canada 2e édition

Profil des communautés francophones et acadiennes du Canada 2e édition

FCFA du Canada

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et acadienne (FCFA) du Canada Canada du (FCFA) acadienne et La publication de ce profil a été rendue rendue été a profil ce de publication La

La Fédération des communautés francophones francophones communautés des Fédération La

Dépôt légal - Bibliothèque nationale du Canada du nationale Bibliothèque - légal Dépôt

2-922742-21-0 : ISBN

© Mars 2004 Mars ©

Corporate Printers Ltd. Printers Corporate : Impression

GLS dezign Inc. dezign GLS : graphique Conception

Joelle Dubois, Isabelle Lefebvre, Micheline Lévesque (mise à jour) à (mise Lévesque Micheline Lefebvre, Isabelle Dubois, Joelle

Michel Bédard, Karine Lamarre (première édition), Tina Desabrais, Tina édition), (première Lamarre Karine Bédard, Michel : production la à Appui

Micheline Doiron (première édition), Robin Cantin (mise à jour) à (mise Cantin Robin édition), (première Doiron Micheline : Coordination

André Langlois, Université d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE (pour la première édition) première la (pour d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE Université Langlois, André : Cartographie

La Fédération des communautés francophone et acadienne (FCFA) du Canada du (FCFA) acadienne et francophone communautés des Fédération La ie communautaire : communautaire ie

Canada V

Anne Gilbert, Université d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE (pour la première édition) première la (pour d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE Université Gilbert, Anne : statistique Portrait Remerciements

Acknowledgements

Statistical Portrait: Anne Gilbert, Université d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE (for the first edition) Community Life: La Fédération des communautés francophone et acadienne (FCFA) du Canada Maps: André Langlois, Université d'Ottawa/L'ANALYSTE (for the first edition)

Coordination: Micheline Doiron (first edition), Robin Cantin (updated edition) Canada Production Support: Michel Bédard, Karine Lamarre (first edition), Tina Desabrais, Joelle Dubois, Isabelle Lefebvre, Micheline Lévesque (updated edition) Graphic Design: GLS dezign Inc. Printing: Corporate Printers Ltd. © March 2004 Legal deposit: National Library of Canada ISBN: 2-922742-21-0

This publication was produced with the La Fédération des communautés francophones financial help of the: et acadienne (FCFA) du Canada 450 Rideau Street, office 300 Ottawa (Ontario) K1N 5Z4 Canadian Patrimoine Heritage canadien Telephone : (613) 241-7600 Fax : (613) 241-6046 E-mail : [email protected] Department of Foreign Affairs Ministère des Affaires étrangères and International Trade et du Commerce international Internet : www.fcfa.ca Foreword . . . . 14 . . . . . 4 . . . . . 16 ...... 24 ...... 3 ...... 9 ...... 8 ...... 1 ...... 25 the most important national organizations native is French from the perspective of language, the perspective from is native the economy and demographics. information on servicesand a general view and statutes. of government • portrait The first is a statistical of the communities whose • provides which second is a community report The This updated edition takes into account the data made into account the edition takes This updated a section also contains 2001 census. It the following available diversity. on francophone introduction, and geographic a general historical Following is divided into two distinct sections: this profile

Canada (FCFA) as part of the Dialogue project. as part of the Dialogue Canada (FCFA)

the Fédération des communautés francophones et the Fédération des

Geography ...... Demographic Vitality ...... Linguistic Vitality...... Economic Vitality...... Francophone Diversity ...... Community Vitality...... Sources ...... Annex ......

History ...... Table of Contents Table his national profile of francophone and Acadian and Acadian of francophone profile his national of up-to-date in Canada is a compendium communities areas in all and on francophones information

of the country, including the provinces, the territories and the territories including the provinces, of the country, is part of of the collection It distinct regions. twenty-two in in Canada developed profiles francophone and Acadian 2000 by acadienne du There are also provincial and territorial profiles which and territorial profiles also provincial are There francophone affairs in each state of describe the current traits of and define the distinctive and territory, province their francophone groups. T Distribution of population having French as a mother tongue, 2001, Canada less National Profile

History

Acadia The first French colony on North American soil was founded more to the north where they now make up a large part at Port Royal on the shores of the Bay of Fundy in Nova of the population. Organized as they were around parishes, Scotia in 1604. According to the 1671 census the colony they developed a basically rural economy. While they had 320 people. By 1714, the population had risen to joined in the growing capitalist economy in certain 2,500 and by 1755 to 16,000. After the deportation of regions, few of them occupied management positions. 1755, Acadians were widely scattered; they settled almost The franco-Ontarian community organized itself principally everywhere on the continent, particularly in the English around the family and the Church. French language parishes speaking colonies of the east coast of the , New proliferated, many schools were created, and a cultural life Brunswick, and Quebec. developed first in Ottawa then in other parts of the province. It is estimated that there were 8,400 Acadians in the Such gains soon caused reactions in the British and Atlantic provinces at the turn of the 19th century. They Protestant majority which perceived them to be a threat. formed many communities along the coast where they lived Tensions were exacerbated by increasing European more or less on the fringes of the existing dominant immigration. In 1912, the teaching of French in Ontario society. While there is little doubt that because of their was forbidden, capping a series of repressive measures taken isolation they could not profit fully from a developing against French as a language of instruction. The francophone market economy, they nonetheless were able to develop community reacted with vigour. Women teachers organized their own culture. With the help of the clergy, an Acadian clandestine classes in their homes, without pay. Dozens of elite evolved and contributed to the development of colleges, trials were held. Not until 1927 were bilingual schools able convents, hospitals and charitable organizations. to resume their activities. From this contextual background emerged the stirrings of It is against this backdrop of struggle for French schools in Acadian nationalism in the last decades of the 19th century. Ontario that franco-Ontarian demands gained impetus. The This was particularly so in , principal struggle led to the development of a solid close-knit network centre of Acadian life in the Atlantic provinces, where which was responsible for the recent gains made by franco- Acadians were 28 percent of the population by 1911. Ontarians, leading to the January 1, 1998 establishment At first of a cultural nature, their demands soon turned of twelve francophone school boards to serve the 100,000 to economic claims with elite Acadians striving to find francophone students in the province. solutions to problems of poverty, social inequality and lower Recently, the franco-Ontarian community rallied around 1 educational attainment among francophones. Ottawa’s Montfort Hospital after the Ontario government History With the 400th anniversary of the French presence in announced it would be closed down, in August 1997. This North America, the Acadians are inviting the world to a ce- legal and political struggle ended early in 2001, when the gov- lebration of their eventful and rich history. ernment chose not to appeal a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal stating the order to close the hospital was illegal. Francophone Ontario Francophones settled in Ontario, particularly in the Detroit The French fact in the West area and on the shores of Georgian Bay from the beginning Motivated by the desire to explore the continent and drawn of the 18th century. However, the rapid expansion of by the fur trade, many francophones came to the Prairies franco-Ontarian colonization did not begin until after 1850 at the beginning of the 17th century. However, the real when French from the valley of the St. Lawrence colonization only began with the arrival of the clergy in the River moved westward. They settled in the 1820s. Father Provencher and Father Dumoulin, followed all the way to Ottawa, in the Niagara Peninsula, in the by the Oblates and the Grey Nuns towards the middle of the Midland and Penetanguishene region, the Lake Nipissing century, helped to create many francophone enclaves in what region; and, at the beginning of the 20th century in regions eventually became , and . In , who, in 1838, were The desire for self-affirmation on the part of French approximately 60 percent of the population of European speaking people in the West took different forms and origin, played an important role in provincial colonization. the struggle was fiercest in matters involving schooling Their importance increased even more with the arrival of and language. Western francophones were also very active religious missions in 1840. A number of colonies were in ensuring the development of French language radio. By established, including the Red River colony which quickly the end of the 1950s they had already established four became the centre of French life west of Ontario. The first private French language radio stations entirely financed French school was set up in 1819. As well, other institutions by their communities. sufficient in number to allow the community to grow were established. The French fact in the North Francophone Metis along the shores of the Assiniboine and Before Confederation, the Hudson’s Bay Company was a Red Rivers in Manitoba were the first francophones present dominant factor in the everyday life of people in the North. in the during the first half of the Francophones were active explorers of the northern territories 19th century. The Metis gained self-affirmation by their and contributed to the development of the lucrative fur resistance to the Hudson’s Bay Company monopoly and trade routes. Beginning in 1870, the discovery of gold resistance to the when Manitoba deposits attracted thousands of prospectors including many was created in 1870, and again later in 1885. Their relative French Canadians. importance to francophone life in the West diminished In 1869, the Hudson’s Bay Company ceded its territories to gradually following these events and the accompanying the new government. A large part of Quebec and Ontario, repression to which they were subjected. and all of the western region of the country became known Francophone communities in the West grew with as the . As time went by, these territories francophone migration from Quebec. This began as an lost more and more land to the new provinces and their agricultural migration towards the Prairies in the middle of subsequent expansion, to the Territory in 1898 and the 19th century, accelerated from 1880 to 1890 and ended to in 1999. during the first fifteen years of the twentieth century. Canada’s decision to extend its borders out West forever The clergy played a central role; colonization was often the changed the socio-political face of the region and the result of Catholic missionary initiatives. The deliberate dominant culture became British. In 1892, the Northwest policy of ensuring that francophones settled all parts of Territories formally adopted English as its only official the Canadian West led to the establishment of francophone language. In 1901, English became compulsory as the only centres in many different areas. Francophone communities teaching language. It was not until 1984 that the Northwest grew, particularly in Saskatchewan but also in Alberta 2 Territories Legislative Assembly reestablished French as an where many French Canadian parishes were established. . In the mountain regions of British Columbia and the Yukon, conditions allowed for little or no agriculture. In the Yukon, French language instruction was finally allowed Immigrants to those areas toward the end of the 19th and in 1984. In 1990 francophones in the Yukon created the first beginning of the 20th centuries were attracted mostly by French language school and began to manage their own the potential for forestry and mining. school system. History 3 Geography Knowing what distinguishes one type of French life from one type of French what distinguishes Knowing an understanding of the vitality of another is key to distinctions, the these fact in Canada. Despite the French francophones of the various links that exist among are boundaries, distance and provincial beyond regions, an important These links have role many and strong. the by augmented life; and are to play in defining French of new availability and information increasing ever communications technologies. the last few has focused on specific decades, attention In communities in the provinces francophone and Acadian been highlighted traits have Their distinctive and territories. time has The them unique. emphasizing what makes by as constitutingcome to talk about these communities a family linkages from unique system in Canada, resulting of information, cultural exchanges, and migration, the flow movement the cooperative the sharing of educational resources, life. As a legacy and a solid and wide-ranging community and francophones that bind Acadians the past, relations from in daily community role Canada play a central throughout development. the means for their future as providing life as well ench able to Located there are many Fr

aving French as their mother tongue, accounting aving French

In 2001, francophone communities included 1,020,545 included 1,020,545 communities 2001, francophone In people h of the total . for 4.5 percent communities in Canada are and francophone The Acadian common a share They an immense territory. over spread and their socio-economic and culture heritage of language little or no apparent are there Yet, the same. is largely level in many different They live communities. links between homogeneous. relatively some of which are environments, high, are numbers Their relative Geography institutions and every in French. day is lived and in the south- Ontario Brunswick, principally in New in also found Scotia, francophones are partwestern of Nova This founding culture of the country. other areas several though some cities such as in ruraloften lives areas, of long been at the centre have Vanier and Boniface Saint in circumstances live francophones francophone life. Other them with a true in French, grounding that do not provide such as access to schools, advantages though they may enjoy a few churches, community organizations, cultural centres, This is largely radio and newspapers. and, less frequently, large metropolitan characteristic of life in the cities and in a minority. they are where areas, in areas in Canada live of francophones Close to 60 percent of the population. than 20 percent more are they where easily. relatively They maintain their language and culture with structural confronted economic they are However, the global reorgani- been heightened by that have problems other regions living in zation of the 1980s. Francophones their masters of integrated economically and are well are challenge is toTheir own bepersonal advancement. French where in their day-to-day life in areas French retain whose purpose is This profile, is distinctly in the minority. of the francophone and the strength to measure aims to demon- the country, communities around Acadian strate this fact. Demographic Vitality 4 Island, and andthethree territories. The areas withthesmallestpopulationare Prince Edward 20,000. There are 35,000francophonesin . francophones eachwhileSaskatchewan hasfewerthan and British Columbiahave approximately 50,000 of Quebec live inthesetwoprovinces. Manitoba, Alberta three-quarters (76percent) offrancophonesfoundoutside number, followed by New Brunswick. More than end ofCanadatotheother. Ontario hasthelargest The francophonepopulationvaries enormouslyfrom one distribution and territorial Provincial Data from: 2001, CanadalessQuebec Population bymothertongue, Non-official Non-official (21,0 %) Statistics Canada Demographic (4,5 %) French Vitality (74,6 %) English (Less Quebec) 2001 andterritories, Provinces mothertongue, French Data from: uau 2 1.6 3.4 425 975 2.2 100.0 2.8 1.6 1,020,545 65,995 4.3 2.0 4.7 1,050 63,625 Canada less Quebec 47,560 19,515 533,965 4.1 Nunavut 33.6 Northwest Territories 36,745 Yukon 242,060 4.6 British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan 6,110 Manitoba 0.5 Ontario New Brunswick Nova 2,515 Scotia P Prince Edward Island Newfoundland andLabrador Province/Territory total population. That iswhytheadditionofthosenumbersexceeds Some peopledeclaredhavingmorethanonemothertongue. Data from: ..22,513,455 Total CanadalessQuebec ..4,776,620 languages Non-official ..17,000,085 English ..1,020,545 French Quebec where theyare 4.5percent ofthetotalpopulation. 14.87 percent offrancophonesinCanadalive outside said French wastheirnative languagewas1,020,545. Thus, The numberofCanadiansoutsideQuebec in2001who in Canada,lessQuebec language The French Statistics Canada Statistic Canada plto % opulation Francophone population French language population distribution, varies according to 2001, by region the region Regions Number % of Distribution of Francophones are less than 5 percent of Total of franco- regional francophones the total population in the provinces and phones pop. by sub region territories, except in New Brunswick where they are a third. In several regions of the Total Newfoundland and Labrador 2,530 100.00 0.50 country, however, their numbers are substantial. Francophones in northern Evangeline region 4,115 67.40 9.36 New Brunswick are two thirds of the Rest of P.E.I. 1,990 33.60 2.23 francophone population in the province. Total P.E.I. 6,105 100.00 4.58 More than a quarter of the population of southwestern Nova Scotia is francophone. Southwest Nova Scotia 12,960 35.27 28.32 In Ontario, the francophone population in 7,150 19.46 5.19 the northeast and southeast is more than Halifax-Dartmouth 11,320 30.81 3.18 20 percent of the total. In the so-called Rest of Nova Scotia 5,315 14.46 1.48 Evangeline area of Prince Edward Island, Total Nova Scotia 36,745 100.00 4.05 where almost three-quarters of P.E.I. francophones are concentrated, one in ten Counties where French speakers claim French as their native language. In are the majority 148,570 61.38 81.19 Canada, 60 percent of francophones live in Counties with substantial areas of so-called original stock where they French speaking population 75,480 31.18 39.01 are more than 20 percent of the population. Rest of New Brunswick 18,010 7.44 5.25 Total New Brunswick 242,060 100.00 33.18 Even though the rate of growth of the fran- cophone population varies greatly from one Northeast Ontario 120,875 22.64 21.55 area to another, most have seen their num- Southeast Ontario 206,765 38.72 19.88 bers increase. Some have had a much greater Ontario Peninsula 152,365 28.53 1.97 increase in population than others, follow- Rest of Ontario 53,960 10.11 2.77 ing the progressive migration of people Total Ontario 533,965 100.00 4.68 from rural areas to urban centres. /Saint Boniface 27,280 57.36 4.45 Ontario certainly had the most impressive Rest of Manitoba 20,280 42.64 9.68 increase over the last 10 years: more than Total Manitoba 47,560 100.00 4.25 50,000 in the regions where they are most numerous, that being the southeast, the Total Saskatchewan 19,515 100.00 1.99 Niagara Peninsula and the northeast. British Columbia, as well as Calgary/Edmonton 42,280 64.07 2.14 and Edmonton in Alberta, also enjoyed Rest of Alberta 23,715 35.93 2.46 notable gains. Total Alberta 65,995 100.00 2.22

Urban areas, including southeastern Vancouver/Victoria 36,090 56.72 1.58 5 Ontario fueled by Ottawa, all had growth Rest of B.C. 27 535 43.28 1.74

rates in excess of 10%. Total B.C. 63,625 100.00 1.63 Demographic Vitality

Total Yukon, N.W.T. and Nunavut 2,450 100.00 2.64

Canada less Quebec 1,020,545 100.00 4.47

Data from: Statistics Canada Demographic Vitality 6 have stabilized. 1991, however, thenumbers rateswerebirth high.Since 1951 and1971whenfrancophone This increase washighestbetween 1951, from 721,820to1,020,545. Quebec have greatly increased since Francophone numbersoutside increase... A population Data from:MarmenandCorbeil,1999,StatisticsCanada Canada lessQuebec mothertongue,2001, French 1,200,000 Number 1,000,000 800 ,000 200,000 400,000 600,000 0 9116 9118 9119 2001 1996 1991 1981 1971 1961 1951 Number Year Percentage Percentage 0,0 % 2,0 % 3,0 % 4,0 % 5,0 % 6,0 % 7,0 % 8,0 %

neither French orEnglish. of peoplewhosemothertongue is from abroad increased theproportion 4.5%, mostlybecauseimmigration wentthis proportion from 7.3%to recent. Over thelast50years, very inCanadiansocietyis proportion 45 years, thestabilizationof their continued toincrease over the last whose native languageisFrench have While thenumberofCanadians percentages stabilization in ... andagradual Percentage A skewed age distribution The number of young francophone Canadians is relatively where thousands of young adult francophones have small. The under 20s represent only 18.8 percent of the congregated in order to find employment. The best examples population, while this proportion reaches 29.5% in the of this are Halifax-Dartmouth, Vancouver/Victoria and anglophone population. This low proportion of younger Calgary/ Edmonton. Young adult francophones are now more people explain why the median age for francophones in numerous in such areas as the rest of New Brunswick and of Canada is 39 years, a full four years greater than anglophones. Nova Scotia, and others. That is, outside the areas where they were born. Their numbers are now highest in the territories The demographic structure of the francophone population in (Yukon, N.W.T, Nunavut) where their job prospects are best. Canada differs enormously from region to region. The number of young people is higher in regions where the substantial francophone population is less affected by linguistic shifts. The number of people of age 55 or more increases in rural regions while young families leave in great numbers. Age distribution of the francophone population, For instance, 53.4% of 2001, by Province and territory francophones in Saskatchewan are 50 years or older. Canada less Quebec For their part, adults in Age 0-9 10-19 20-34 35-49 50-64 65+ general are over-represented Newfoundland and Labrador in metropolitan areas or in Prince Edward Island heavily urbanized centres Nova Scotia New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Yukon North West Territories Nunavut

0 20406080100

Percentage

Data from: Statistics Canada

7 Demographic Vitality Linguistic Vitality

French spoken at home, Use of French at home a 1971-2001, Canada less Quebec continuing challenge... In 2001, 612,985 people living outside Quebec said that they spoke French at home; 675,925 said so in 1971.

Thanks to a new question Statistics Canada included in the 2001 census, we now know that 336,500 persons regularly use French at home, even though it isn’t their most com- mon language. Of this number, 30,000 speak only French and a non-official lan- guage at home.

Data from: Marmen and Corbeil, 1999, Statistics Canada

... But knowledge of the language more and more widespread The number of French speakers (unilingual or who also speak English) almost doubled Knowledge of French, between 1951 and 2001. More than 1951-1996, Canada less Quebec 2,439,040 people in Canada, excluding Quebec, are now said to speak French. 2,500,000 This represents 10.8 percent of the popula- 8 tion. Since 1988, the number of persons 2,000,000 speaking French increased by half a millon. Including Quebec, some 9 million people speak French in Canada, a tribute to the 1,500,000

vitality of the language. Number

1,000,000

500,000

0 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Year

Data from: Marmen and Corbeil, 1999, Statistics Canada Linguistic Vitality Economic Vitality

Education: a continuing challenge Even though francophones now enjoy better access to higher education in their own language in many regions, education levels are still below the national average. The pro- portion of francophones who went to university (19.6%) is going up and could soon reach the national average of 22.3%, but the gap is still significant.

There are significant differences in this regard between regions. In the Evangeline region, 58 percent of the adult population did not finish high school. This situation is hardly better in southwest Nova Scotia, in Cape Breton Island, in counties with a substantial French population or the majority areas in New Brunswick, in north- east Ontario, in rural Manitoba and in Saskatchewan. Francophones in these areas are generally employed in industries requiring less skilled labour.

Francophones in the Educational levels of francophones, metropolitan areas are 2001, Provinces and territories better educated. In terms of university graduation, their num- Canada less Quebec bers are as good or better University Postseconday Secondary 13 years or less than the anglophone Newfoundland and Labrador population, which con- Prince Edward Island tributes largely to main- Nova Scotia taining their vitality. New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Yukon North West Territories Nunavut

020406080100

Percentage 9

Data from: Statistics Canada Economic Vitality 10 Economic Vitality population ingeneral. (69%). In thethree levels forfrancophonesare territories,participation higherthantheonefor is the labormarket offrancophones(64%) of theregions outside metr market. Ratesoflaborparti The Atlanticprovinces ar fishing orwhere there are reforms intheminingandpulppaperindustries. currently underway in regions where emphasisisonthedevelopment ofnaturalresources, there isamoratoriumon to unemployment, under-employment andseasonalshifts. There are peopleinthelabormarket fewer more active economicallyinregions with adiversified economicbaseand,asaresult, lesssubject agreat inthelabormarket dealbetween vary Rates ofparticipation regions. Francophones are the labormarket in inparticipation Regional differences Data from:StatisticsCanada 2001, Provinces andterritories 2001, Provinces offrancophones, Labour marketparticipation Newfoundland andLabrador opolitan Vancouver/Victoria.B North WestNorth Territories where there are employment fewer Prince EdwardIsland Canada lessQuebec British Columbia New Brunswick Saskatchewan Nova Scotia Manitoba e themostseriouslyaffectedby Nunavut Alberta Ontario Yukon cipation are low in nor in low are cipation 06 08 90 80 70 60 50 somewhat lowersomewhat thanthenationalaverage foranglophones ecause there is a a ecause there is opportunities, theaverage opportunities, theastern Ontario andBritish Columbia large proportion offrancophonesinmost large proportion this und Percentage er-representation inthelabor rate of participation in participation rate of 100 Profile of francophone employment The employment of francophones is heavily influenced by areas such as Halifax-Dartmouth, the percentage is higher. geography. In the rural regions of the Atlantic provinces, High numbers of francophones in Newfoundland and and the West, goods producing Labrador and in the three territories are also employed in the industries (primary industries, manufacturers and construction) public sector. are of special importance for francophones. Overall, this type The more dynamic industries (transportation and com- of industry provides 25.1 percent of the jobs held by fran- munications, financial and insurance services, wholesale cophones in Canada outside Quebec but in the above areas it dealers and customer services) represent a strategic link in provides more than 30 percent of francophone employment. economic development. These services are significantly lacking in regions without the urban infrastructure needed The public sector (education, health and government service) is to accommodate the headquarters of large enterprises. also very important for franco-phones. Three out of ten They are concentrated in the metropolitan areas which francophones in Canada work for government. In metropolitan explains why they are so few in francophone regions. Employment structure in the francophone population, 2001, Provinces and territories itories Canada less Quebec less Quebec Canada and Labrador Newfoundland Island Edward Prince Scotia Nova Brunswick New Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Columbia British Yukon Terr West North Nunavut

%%% %%%%%%%%%% Agriculture 4,2 5.2 10.4 8.1 6.2 2.2 6.6 19.5 5.0 4.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 Mining 1.5 4.3 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.3 0.9 2.2 4.5 0.9 2.8 7.3 4.5 Utilities 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 2.1 2.0 0.0 Construction 6.7 7.3 9.0 5.2 7.0 6.2 6.8 6.0 9.7% 7.2 6.9 8.7 9.0 Manufacturing 12.1 5.2 16.2 11.8 16.6 12.1 9.0 4.9 7.7 7.6 1.4 1.3 0.0 Wholesale Trade 3.5 3.9 1.5 2.9 2.9 3.8 3.2 3.7 4.4 3.4 4.9 2.7 3.0 Retail Trade 9.6 6.5 7.2 9.6 10.4 9.9 7.8 8.5 8.0 8.8 7.6 5.3 7.5 Transportation 5.4 5.6 2.7 4.1 4.3 5.4 6.9 4.6 6.7 6.9 4.9 7.3 17.9 Information Industry 2.3 1.3 0.9 1.5 1.7 2.6 1.8 1.6 2.1 3.1 2.1 2.0 3.0 Finance and insurance 3.6 0.0 2.0 2.8 3.2 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.0 0.0 Real Estate 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.3 3.0 Professional Services 4.8 3.9 2.6 3.2 2.6 5.7 3.0 2.7 5.7 6.5 3.5 5.3 3.0 11 Management of Companies 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Administrative Services 3.7 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.2 4.0 2.8 2.4 3.6 4.4 4.9 3.3 3.0 Economic Vitality Education Services 8.6 15.1 8.6 10.3 6.8 8.8 10.9 10.6 9.2 8.8 14.6 14.0 9.0 Health Care 9.9 7.3 6.9 9.1 12.1 9.1 12.3 11.2 7.8 9.7 5.6 8.0 7.5 Arts 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.3 3.0 Accommodation 5.8 3.0 6.2 5.8 6.1 5.3 5.0 3.8 7.0 8.1 8.3 6.7 7.5 Other services 4.9 3.9 6.5 4.9 5.5 4.6 5.7 5.2 4.6 4.6 2.8 6.0 6.0 Public Administration 9.8 19.8 14.9 14.3 7.2 11.2 9.2 7.1 6.4 8.6 21.5 20.0 20.9

Data from: Statistics Canada Agriculture: Includes forestry, fishing and hunting Mining: Includes oil and gas extraction Information Industry: Includes cultural industry Professional Services: Includes scientific and technical services Administrative Services: Includes support, waste management and remediation services. Arts: Includes entertainment and recreation Accommodation: Includes food services Transportation: Includes warehousing 12 Economic Vitality the sameasnationalaverage. Prairies isbetween 20and25percent andishighinBritish Columbiaandtheterritories.In Ontario, self-employment isabout anglophones. Self-employment isespeciallywidespread inthewestern provinces. The percentage oftheself-employed inthe Self-employed francophonesare about11percent ofthefrancophonepopulation,justalittlelessthan11.9percent among society. The entrepreneur ismasterofhisown oftoday’s development andispart trend ofrelying onone’s own resources. The numberofpeoplewhoare self-employed inthegeneralpopulationhelpstodeterminelevel ofentrepreneurship ina ofentrepreneurs highpercentage A relatively Data from:StatisticsCanada Newfoundland andLabrador and territories Self-employment amongfrancophones,2001,Provinces North WestNorth Territories Prince EdwardIsland Canada lessQuebec British Columbia New Brunswick Saskatchewan Nova Scotia Manitoba Nunavut Alberta Ontario Yukon 01 025 20 15 10 5 0 Percenta g e 30 and others. employment forfrancophones asmanyprovidenoteworthy to theregional economyis contribution developed. Their fisheries enterpriseshave francophone agriculturaland Evangeline region where several are fairlynumerous inthe neurs. However, entrepreneurs percentage ofentrepre- lower Atlanticthe provinces have a The francophoneregions of Income obtained mostly from employment The source of income is an excellent indicator of the economic Source of income for francophones, vitality of a population. Income 2001, Provinces and territories generally comes from employment, government transfers (employment Employement Govt. Transfers Other insurance, family allowances, etc.) Newfoundland and Labrador and investments. Prince Edward Island In most regions, francophones call Nova Scotia on government transfers in similar New Brunswick proportion than their anglophone Ontario counterparts. Manitoba Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

North West Territories

Nunavut

020406080100

Percentage

Data from: Statistics Canada

Strong regional variations The average personal income from employment in Canada for francophones is $29,769, compared to $31,660 for anglophones. It is highest in the territories: on average, francophones there earn $31,541 to $47,534, which is well above the average for the non-francophones in the area. Average personal income from employment for francophones, 2001, Provinces and Territories

Newfoundland and Labrador

Prince Edward Island

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick Ontario 13 Manitoba Economic Vitality

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

North West Territories

Nunavut

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Dollars ($)

Data from: Statistics Canada 14 Francophone Diversity Congrès mondialacadien. contacts through theSociété nationaledel'Acadie andthe Acadian communityalsomaintainsongoinginternational educational cooperationorculturalexchanges. The Francophonie, through twinningofmunicipalities, direct relations withFrancophones inothercountriesofthe many Francophone communitiesinCanadaalsohave In conjunctionwiththesefederalgovernment initiatives, Environment Canada. Heritage, Canada,Justice Industry Canadaand Development Agency, ofCanadian theDepartment speaking countries,especiallytheCanadianInternational andagencieshave relationsdepartments withFrench- the Francophonie inCanada.However, manyfederal International Trade aswell astheMinister responsible for responsibility ofForeign oftheDepartment Affairsand withintheFrancophonieThese efforts are primarilythe each civilization. protecting thespecificculturalcharacteristicsuniqueto ability toencouragedialoguebetween cultures, while in thecurrent internationaldebate over ourcollective Francophonie in2002,reflects inBeirut significantsupport Cotonou inJune 2001oratthe Sommet dela stated attheConférence ministérielle surlaculture in respectful ofculture beyond itsborders. Canada’s position, In thissamevein, Canadaalsodefendsglobalizationthatis North America. torecognizeunique opportunity thepresence ofFrench in Francophonie andCanada’s asa isviewed participation openness totheworldmakeamajorcontribution the internationalstage. This country’s pluralismand Canada shares atangiblecommitmenttotheFrench facton share adedicationtopromoting theFrench language, In astrong alliancewith56countriesandgovernments that the Francophonie in participant Canada, aproud Francophone Diversity determined tomeet. that Canada’s Francophone andAcadian communitiesare countries. potential toassistcertain This isachallenge remains tobedone,sinceCanadahastherequisite a greater interest intheproblems oftheSouth.” Much toencouragetheinternationalcommunityshoweffort tomakeaspecial has themeansandawareness necessary done agreat dealfortheFrancophonie. But your country the Jeux delafrancophoniein2001:“Canadahasalready Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali commented at Quebec andNew Brunswick. On thispoint,OIF (OIF), whichnow includesseparaterepresentatives from the Organisation internationaledelaFrancophonie Canada therefore source ofvitalitywithin isanimportant on bothsidesoftheAtlantic. of theFrench presence inNorth America,featuringevents grow withthecelebrationstomark the400thanniversary Canada’s presence withintheFrancophonie willcontinueto area in2001. staged theJeux delaFrancophonie intheOttawa-Hull in Quebec Cityin1987andMoncton in1999.It also Canada hastwicehostedtheSommet delaFrancophonie, Canada’s membershipintheFrancophonie. In particular, annual activitiesare augmentedby largercelebrationsof placedontheFrancophonie.the importance These Francophonie ortheDictée Paul Gérin-Lajoie,reaffirm Many domesticactivities,suchastheRendez-vous dela A more diverse francophonie More than 120,000 newcomers chose to live in Newcomers from Europe come from Western and Eastern francophone and acadian communities outside Quebec. Europe in similar proportions. Their presence in ever-important numbers adds to the culture and the vitality of the Canadian francophonie Among all newcomers coming from elsewhere on the and constitute an important link with the international American continent, half come from the United States, francophonie. where there are French-speaking population, notably in Louisiana and New England. Ontario, and especially the Toronto area, attract a large number of immigrants. This destination is the choice of 71 percent of the new arrivals declaring French as their first official language, the Caribeans and Africa being well represented. British Columbia attracts large numbers of people from Asia and Europe.

Nomber of francophone immigrants, 2001, Provinces and territories

Total Cari eans Europe Africa Asia Others

Canada less Quebec 122395 10170 4350 52960 20995 33335 585 Newfoundland 215 30 0 110 20 0 55 Prince Edward Island 105 25 0 55 10 15 0 Nova Scotia 1585 215 40 760 85 400 85 New Brunswick 2820 1595 60 550 265 240 110 Ontario 87315 5705 3760 36345 16880 24475 150 Manitoba 2390 270 65 1395 390 270 0 Saskatchewan 820 160 0 400 120 140 0 Alberta 7890 670 205 3860 1275 1850 30 British Columbia 19015 1480 210 9330 1905 5935 155 Yukon 135 10 0 110 15 0 0 Northwest Territories 75 10 0 35 20 10 0 Nunavut 30 01010100 0

Data: Statistics Canada Note : Those are people who have been granted immigrant status in Canada and who have declared French as their first official language.

15 Francophone Diversity 16 Community Vitality Alliance desproducteurs francophones duCanada tribution, broadcasting, market development andeducation. dis- Canada. These activitiesincludepolitics,publicrelations, ing withinthefrancophoneandAcadian communitiesof activities ofjointinterest tofrancophone producers work- for francophoneproducers anddevelops aplatformfor Established inMay 1999,thisorganizationactsasavoice francophones duCanada(APFC) Alliance desproducteurs et enseignantesenfrançaislanguematernelle Alliance canadiennedesresponsables etdesenseignants to communicateeffectively. culture: tobeself-reliant, todevelop acriticalintellectand develop theirfullpotentialinFrench (ACREF) aimstoassistteachersin des enseignantsetenseignantesenfrançais languematernelle Founded in1989,the (ACREF) en françaislanguematernelle et desenseignantsenseignantes Alliance canadiennedesresponsables is alistoftheprincipalorganizations: now more thantwenty nationalorganizations. The following levels. This trend continuesatthenational level. There are organizations atthelocal,regional, provincial andterritorial communities have establishedlobby groups andsectorial During years, francophoneandAcadian thepastthirty National organizations Web site:http://francoculture.ca/apfc/ E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)857-1806 Phone: (506)857-9941 Alliance desproducteurs francophones duCanada Internet: http://www.franco.ca/acref e-mail: [email protected] Facsimile: (613)744-0154 Telephone: (613)744-3192 Community Alliance canadiennedesresponsables et Vitality helping students language and Alliance desradioscommunautaires duCanada in Canada. radio br radio stations.It assumesgeneralresponsibility for development andmaintenanceofgoodqualitycommunity development ofFrench Canadiansby thecreation, their independence.ARC wishestocontributethe responsibility fortheirown future andtoguarantee and Acadian communityradiostationstoassume Canada Created in1991,the du Canada(ARC) Alliance desradioscommunautaires Assemblée desaînéesetaînésfrancophonesduCanadaAssemblée Founded in1992,theaimsandobjectives ofAAAFCare to: francophones duCanada(AAAFC) Assemblée desaînéesetaînés improve the standing ofouraffiliatesandtheir - offersuggestionstohelpimprove oursenior - distributeinformationandtoolstohelpour - prepare inorder studiesandsurveys topromote - promote theexchange ofideasbetween seniors - bring retired andsemi-retired francophonesfrom - Web site:http://www.radiorfa.com E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)562-2182 Phone: (613)562-0000 Internet: http://www.franco.ca/aafc/ e-mail: [email protected] Facsimile: (902)837-1082 Telephone: (902)837-1081 membership. members’ lives; membership; an improved qualityoflife; in thetenprovinces andthethree territories; totheothertogether; one endofthecountry oadcasting infrancophoneandAcadian communities (ARC) orginated from thedesire offrancophone Alliance desradios communautaires du Association canadienne d’éducation Association des Scouts du Canada de langue française (ACELF) The Association des Scouts du Canada brings together Established in 1947, the Association canadienne d’éducation 40,000 French language scouts in nine provinces in de langue française (ACELF) is a pan-Canadian francophone Canada. It is divided into four large regions: West, Ontario, organization which, through studies, research, dialogue and Quebec and Atlantic and provides stimulating programs intervention, aims to inspire and support francophone adapted to five age groups. community action so that the educational attainments of the community will help to protect and promote French Association des Scouts du Canada language and culture in Canada. Its activities are of interest Phone: (514) 374-9551 to teachers at all levels, to individuals wishing to participate Fax: (514) 374-9553 in educational matters and to the provinces and territories E-mail: [email protected] of Canada. Web site: http://www.asc.ca

Association canadienne d’éducation de langue française Association des théâtres francophones Telephone: (418) 681-4661 du Canada (ATFC) Facsimile: (418) 681-3389 Founded in 1984, the association’s objective is to promote e-mail: [email protected] and develop its member theatrical companies, to develop Internet: http://www.acelf.ca links with francophone groups in Canada and to develop and maintain mechanisms for concerted action. Its joint Association de efforts target the development of national policies. It also la presse francophone (APF) engages in public relations and broadcasting, professional Created in 1976, the Association de la presse francophone development and audience development. brings together 24 newspapers in nine provinces and two territories. Its objectives as of 1992 have been to: Association des théâtres francophones du Canada - promote the existence of the most dynamic and wide- Telephone: (613) 612-3932 spread francophone community press possible in e-mail: [email protected] French Canada outside Quebec; Internet: http://atfc.net - contribute to the improvement of French outside Quebec; Commission nationale des parents - contribute to improving its quality and influence; and francophones (CNPF) - vigorously defend the principles of the press including Created in 1996, the Commission nationale des parents that of freedom of speech. francophones brings together provincial and territorial parental organizations in order to promote the creation of Association de la presse francophone a milieu (family, education and community oriented), Phone : (613) 241-1017 which encourages the growth of francophone, Acadian and Fax : (613) 241-6313 Metis families in Canada. E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.apf.ca Commission nationale des parents francophones Phone: (613) 288-0958 or 1-800-665-5148 Association des groupes en arts Fax: (613) 562-3995 visuels francophones (AGAVF) E-mail: [email protected] This association was founded in 1995 to bring together Web site: http://www.cnpf.ca galleries, art centres and visual arts associations in French Canada for the purpose of organizing concerted action related to the setting of policies in the visual arts at the national level 17 and in promoting and distributing French Canadian works. Community Vitality Association des groupes en arts visuels francophones Telephone: (613) 241-8770 Facsimile: (613) 241-6064 e-mail: [email protected] 18 Community Vitality Conseil delaviefrançaiseenAmérique of French languagecommunitiesin North America. it ischargedwithpromoting thedevelopment andgrowth maintain French traditionsonthecontinent. To thatend, the interests ofallfrancophonesin North America andto The en Amérique(CVFA) Conseil delaviefrançaise Conseil canadiendelacoopération francophone membersofanyassociationnCanada. seven millionindividualsandhasthelargestnumberof affiliated cooperatives, CCCrepresents approximately With itsnineprovincial councilsasmembersandits in phone community to promote the Canada. To encouragethecooperative movement inorder promote theinterests offrancophonecooperatorsin Established in1946,thisorganization’s missionisto Conseil canadiendelacoopération(CCC) survivance françaisesurvivance June 27,1937underthename represents francophonecooperative interests. - coordinates development activitiesthatinvolve more - development initiatives supports takenby provincial - thecooperative movement supports asanideology; - Internet: http://www.cvfa.ca e-mail: [email protected] Facsimile: (418)644-7670 Telephone: (418)646-9117 Web site:www.ccc.coop E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)789-0743 Phone: (613)789-5492 than oneprovince; councils; Conseil delaviefrançaise enAmérique socio-economic development ofthefranco- . Its anddefend objective istosupport Canada, theorganization: Comité permanent dela Comité permanent was setupin Fédération culturelle canadienne-française francophone communitiesinminoritysituations. exchanges thatstimulatetheimaginationandcreativity of development andby providing apointofreference for this taskby encouragingaclimateconducive tocultural francophone communitiesinminoritysituations.It fulfills development of continuing culturalandartistic Created in1977,thisorganization’s missionistoensure the canadienne-française (FCCF) Fédération culturelle en français Fédération canadiennepourl’alphabétisation links between thegroups involved inthisendeavour. goalistoestablish associations working inthisfield.Afurther of illiteracy, anditbringstogetherprovincial andterritorial pan-Canadian organization.Its maingoalistheelimination Established in1991,thisfederationisanon-profit l’alphabétisation enfrançais(FCAF) Fédération canadiennepour Fédération delajeunessecanadienne-française and theenvironment. and leisure andcommunicationhealth activities,arts the economy, educationandprofessional training, sports members andofyoung French Canadiansastheyrelate to the federation’s taskistorespond totheneedsofitsassociate of French languageandculture. For theforeseeable future needs andensures theirdevelopment andgrowth interms young francophonessince1975.It helpsthemdefinetheir This federationhasbeenresponding totheaspirationsof canadienne-française (FJCF) Fédération delajeunesse Web site:http://francoculture.ca/fccf/ E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)241-6064 Phone: (613)241-8770or1-800-267-2005 Web site:www.fcaf.net E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)749-2252 Phone: (613) 749-5333or1-888-906-5666 Internet: http://www.fjcf.ca e-mail: [email protected] Facsimile: (613)562-3995 Telephone: (613)562-4624 Fédération des associations de Fédération nationale des juristes d’expression française conseillères et conseillers de common law (FAJEFCL) scolaires francophones (FNCSF) Established in 1992, this group’s objectives include: Created in 1990, the Fédération nationale des conseillères et - acting as spokespersons in national matters relating to conseillers scolaires francophones aims to: the administration of justice in the minority language; - obtain equitable financing to assure high quality and - promoting the use of French in legal and judicial continually improving French language education; matters in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, - promote French language education in order to help in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta; the quest for equal rights and to counter the effects of - encouraging and supporting member initiatives in linguistic transfer; order to ensure the development of common law in - support the education of its members; French in the respective members provinces. - support the demands of its members nationally and provincially; Fédération des associations de juristes d’expression - provide its members with a forum for the exchange of française de common law ideas and for joint efforts; Phone: (204) 233-3676 Fax: (204) 925-1907 - provide information to the general public and to the E-mail: [email protected] educational community and to influential educators Web site : www.pajlo.org in Canada.

Fédération des communautés Fédération nationale des conseillères et conseillers francophones et acadienne scolaires francophones du Canada (FCFA) Phone: (613) 744-3443 Founded in 1975, the Fédération des communautés Fax: (613) 744-1685 francophones et acadienne du Canada combines various E-mail : [email protected] French language groups: nine provincial associations, three Web site : www.fncsf.ca territorial associations and seven sectorial national associations. Together, they promote the development and the growth of the francophone and Acadian communities of Canada. The Fédération nationale des femmes federation fulfills its mission by promoting partnerships canadiennes-françaises (FNFCF) and joint efforts, by acting as community representative Founded in 1914, the Fédération nationale des femmes nationally and internationally and by providing its canadiennes-françaises is a non-profit organization working members with support services. The federation also in conjunction with French language women in minority maintains strong ties with the federal and Quebec governments settings to bring about change leading to the creation of as well as with several national and international organizations an equitable society. interested in francophone affairs. Fédération nationale des femmes canadiennes-françaises Fédération des communautés francophones et Phone: (613) 241-3500 acadienne du Canada Fax: (613) 241-6679 Phone: (613) 241-7600 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613) 241-6046 Web site: www.fnfcf.ca E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.fcfa.ca

19 Community Vitality 20 Community Vitality Guides franco-canadiennes various skillsandwiththehelpofcommittedadults. direct action,working asteams,livingoutdoors,acquiring Guides franco-canadiennes to experiencethejoy toothers. ofrendering services The andoftheworld, responsible citizens oftheircountry young girlsdevelop theircharacter, tobecomeactive and Established in1995,thisorganization’s missionistohelp Guides franco-canadiennes quality various projects andactivitieswhichaimtoimprove the The Festival alsowishestoconceptualize andpresent and composerstodevelop theirskills. and professional development toolstoencouragesingers aimistoA further record and international ofFrench languagesongstotheCanadian and performers known andtoprom continually French of andwriters,composers,performers performers Created in1969,theFestival’s objective istohelpnew de Granby(FICG) delachanson Festival international Festival international delachansonGranby situations to French languagecommunitieslivinginminority www.franco.ca/guidesfrancocanadiennes/home.html Web site E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)748-0388 Phone: (613)748-9700or1-800-725-6007 Web site:http://www.figc.qc.ca E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (450)375-1359 Phone: (450)375-7555or1-888-375-3424 language songsreceive recognition and asartists of education and to make it more of educationandtomakeitmore in Canada. improve theirtalents.It alsoaimstomake ote non-professional writers,composers conceive, develop andofferlearning and show businessindustries. hope toattainthesegoalsby accessible Regroupement deséditeurscanadiens-français Founded in1989,theirobjectives are to: canadiens-français (RÉCF) deséditeurs Regroupement RDÉE Canada de créerdesentreprises etdesemploisdurables. auxcommunautésafin pour mandatd’offrir divers services dans touteslesrégionsdupaysàl’extérieur duQuébec. Il a - parl'entremise d'organisationsprovinciales etterritoriales- des communautésfrancophonesetacadiennes.Il estprésent d’employabilité (RDÉE)optimiselepotentieléconomique The Réseaudedéveloppement économiqueet RDÉE Canada hors Québec Regroupement desuniversités dela francophonie language education. and development oftheseinstitutions andpromotes French mandates. The organization’s work assistsinthegrowth universities outsideQuebec todischargetheirrespective francophonie horsQuébec Founded in1990,the francophonie horsQuébec(RUFHQ) desuniversitésdela Regroupement develop specificplatformsaimingatproviding direction - provide permanentlinkagesatthenationallevel through - respond tothespecificeducationalneedsofeditors; - provide representation vis-à-visgovernments; - create aplatformandcommonfront inorder tobe - Web site:www.recf.info.ca E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (613)241-6064 Phone: (613)562-4507or1-888-320-8070 and conductingcommonactivities. develop projects forjointaction;and which experienceandconcernsmaybeshared andto and market development; concerning policydevelopment, publicrelations interests ofFrench languageeditorsinmatters able toconductjointactivitiesthatare relevant tothe Web site:www.rdee.ca Fax :(613)244-3934 Phone :(613) 244-7308 Internet: http://www.rufhq.ca Regroupement desuniversités dela aims tohelpFrench language Regroupement national des CEGEPS, universities, associations, ministries, businesses intervenants et intervenantes and television networks interested or working in distance francophones en santé et services learning are all eligible for membership. sociaux (RéseauNat) Réseau d’enseignement francophone à distance du Canada Established in 1998, the Regroupement national des Telephone: (514) 284-9109 intervenants et intervenantes francophones en santé et services Facsimile: (514) 284-9363 sociaux, more familiarly known as RéseauNat, aims to e-mail: [email protected] establish linkages between members in order to promote Internet: http://www.refad.ca and improve access to the delivery of health and social services in French in Canada. Its mandate is to: Réseau des cégeps et des collèges - promote the exchange of experience, information and French language resources among members; francophones du Canada (RCCFC) Created in 1995, the Réseau des cégeps et des collèges - promote the use of French in practicing these francophones du Canada aims to create a true partnership professions; and, between francophone collegiate educational institutions in - provide a single voice to represent the interests of the Canada. The organization provides a network for mutual group vis-à-vis various organizations and government aid, publicity and exchanges linked to the development of authorities and improve access to French language collegiate teaching in French in Canada while encouraging services and training. the use of information and communications technologies. RéseauNat Phone: (613) 525-1308 Réseau des cégeps et des collèges Fax: (613) 525-0752 francophones du Canada E-mail: [email protected] Phone : (613) 241-0430 Fax : (613) 241-0457 Regroupement national des E-mail : [email protected] Web site: http://www.rccfc.ca professionnel.le.s de la chanson et de la musique (RNPCM) Réseau national d’action Founded in 1991, this group aims to: - create links between professionals involved in music éducation femmes (RNAEF) and song; Created in 1983, the Réseau national d’action éducation femmes works to bring about social and economic changes - develop communications and information tools and that will result in a more equitable and egalitarian society protocols; by promoting the use of all forms of French language - provide representation vis-à-vis government and education to francophone women in order to improve their other organizations; living conditions. - develop a national three-year plan based on member associations planning for the development of the Réseau national d’action éducation femmes sound recording industry; Phone: (613) 741-9978 Fax: (613) 741-3805 - cooperate with, and make common front with E-mail: [email protected] organizations involved in cultural development; and Web site: http://www.rnaef.ca - ensure that the organization’s funds are well managed. Following the adoption in 1994 of Article 41 of the Official Regroupement national des professionnel.le.s de la Languages Act, which commits the federal government to fos- ter the growth and support the development of minority chanson et de la musique 21 Phone: (613) 241-8770 or 1-800-267-2005 official language communities, joint committees are gradu-

Fax: (613) 241-6064 ally being set up. Community Vitality Web site: www.uni.ca/francoculture.html Société Santé en français Réseau d’enseignement francophone The Société Santé en français coordinates the activities of the à distance du Canada (REFAD) regional networks dedicated to improving access to French- language health services, in every area of the country. Founded in 1988, the Réseau d’enseignement francophone à distance du Canada brings together people and Société Santé en français organizations interested in the development and promotion Phone : (613) 244-1889 of French language education through distance learning. Fax : (613) 244-0283 It provides information to its members in Canada, ensures E-mail : [email protected] a visible presence on the educational scene and acts as a Web site : forumsante.ca contact point for its members. Schools, colleges, 22 Community Vitality de laColombie-Britannique Fédération desfrancophones de laNouvelle-Écosse Fédération acadienne Association franco-yukonnaise francophones duNunavut Association des de l’Ontario Association canadienne-française fransaskoise Assemblée communautaire française del’Alberta Association canadienne- etterritoriaux provinciaux porte-parole Organismes Web site:www.nunafranc.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(867)979-0800 Phone :(867)979-4606 Web site:www.acfo.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(416)595-0202 Phone :(416)595-5585 Web site:www..sk.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(306)781-7916 Phone: (306)569-1912 Web site:www.francalta.ab.ca/acfa/provincial/ E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(780)465-6773 Phone :(780) 466-1680 Web site:www.ffcb.bc.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(604)732-3236 Phone :(604)732-1420 Web site:www.fane.ns.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(902)433-0066 Phone :(902)433-0065 Web site:www.afy.yk.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(867)668-3511 Phone: (867)668-2663 Société Saint-Thomas-d’Aquin Société franco-manitobaine du Nouveau-Brunswick Société desAcadiensetAcadiennes Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador Fédération desfrancophonesde Fédération franco-ténoise Web site:www.sfm-mb.ca E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(204)233-1017 Phone: (204) 233-4915 Web site:www.saanb.org E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(506)783-0629 Phone :(506) 783-4205 Web site:www.francophonie.nfld.net E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(709)722-9904 Phone :(709) 722-0627 Web site:www.franco-nord.com E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(867)873-2158 Phone: (867) 920-2919 Web site:www.ssta.org E-mail :[email protected] Fax :(902)436-6936 Phone :(902)436-4881 Government legislation and services Since the Constitution Act of 1867, which formally established Canada as a country, the has adopted a series of acts and has established services so Canadians can develop and flourish in a democratic environment. The following is an update to the measures adopted since 1969 that encourage the development of the francophone and Acadian communities in Canada. Constitutional measures - The provinces as well as the federal government have jurisdiction in language matters: both may establish laws governing language. In addition, the Constitution provides for certain specific language rights, at the - Under section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, federal and provincial levels, but notably where Quebec has constitutional obligations very similar Quebec, New Brunswick and Manitoba are concerned. to the constitutional obligations stipulated in sec- - Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and tions 17, 18 and 19 of the Canadian Charter of Freedoms stipulates that English and French are the Rights and Freedoms, in terms of legislative and official and enjoy equal status, judicial bilingualism. rights and privileges in respect of their use in insti- - Finally, it is important to point out that Manitoba tutions of Parliament and the federal government. also has linguistic constitutional obligations very In 1993, the Charter acknowledged for the first similar if not identical to those of Quebec, under time, in Section 16.1, the equality of the French- section 23 of the Manitoba Act, 1870. language and English-language communities in New Brunswick. Federal measures - Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and - The Official Languages Act took effect in 1969 and Freedoms stipulates that English and French may be was subsequently modified by the addition of Part VII in 1988. With the exception of Part VII, the act has used in all debates and work of Parliament and in quasi-constitutional status, which places it above all the New Brunswick Legislature. other federal acts. - Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and - In Part VII of the Official Languages Act the Federal Freedoms provides that the legislation, reports, Government and its institutions undertake to foster archives and proceedings of Parliament and the the development and growth of minority official New Brunswick Legislature must be printed and language communities. published in English and in French. - Part XVII of the Criminal Code stipulates that every- - Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and where in Canada an accused may be tried in French if Freedoms provides that English and French may be desired. The ’s decision of used before courts established by Parliament and May 20, 1999 concerning the Beaulac case has the New Brunswick Legislature. confirmed this and all doubts and administrative impediments that may have arisen have been eliminated. - Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms stipulates the right to communicate and - The new Contraventions Act stipulates that, hence- receive services in the official language of one’s forth, the administration of federal acts will no longer 23 choice with the head office or national office of be based on the procedures outlined in Article 530 and Communiity Vitality institutions of Parliament and the federal govern- subsequent articles of the Criminal Code, but on the ment or of the New Brunswick Legislature. In addi- basis of procedures established by the provinces. The tion, there is also a right to communicate and Act, which has placed francophones in Canada at a receive services in the official language of one’s disadvantage, is presently being contested before the Federal Court in the province of Ontario by the choice with offices that are not part of the national Commissioner of Official Languages and by the office of the aforementioned institutions, provided Association des juristes d’expression française de there is significant demand or provided this is justi- l’Ontario (AJEFO). fied by the office’s role. - The Reference re Secession of Quebec is a decision of - Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and the Supreme Court of Canada of August 20, 1998. It Freedoms establishes the right to education in the stated that the Canadian Constitution is much more minority language, as well as the right to control than a simple text. It is the sum of all the rules and and manage public educational institutions (school principles that reflect our understanding of the text of management), as indicated by the Supreme Court the Constitution, of our history and of the various of Canada, particularly in the Mahé (1990) and interpretations the courts have rendered on constitutional Arsenault-Cameron (2000) rulings. matters. The Supreme Court has developed four basic 24 Community Vitality TheCharleboiscasechallengedtheconstitutional - In March 2001,theFederal infavour of ruled Court - On Thursday, January 13,2000,intheArsenault- - The Supreme r Court conditions favourable to in high qualityinstruction official l is toremedy pastinjusticesandtoguarantee minority which is basedontheultimatepurposeofArticle, 23 based onthesubjectofrightsoutlinedinArticle ofRightsandFreedoms.Charter The interpretation 23oftheCanadian rights asoutlinedinArticle Cameron decision,theSupreme onlanguage ruled Court itattachestorespectimportance forminorities. principles, theSupreme hasreaffirmed Court the of lawandrespect forminorities.In elaboratingthese federalism, democracy, constitutionalismandtherule the CanadianConstitutionare raised. They relate to take intoaccountwhenever fundamentalchangesto guiding principlesthatpoliticiansandjuristsshould passed inbothofficiallanguages. requires thatmunicipal by-laws andregulations be includesmunicipalby-laws and Canadian Charter the Legislature” usedinsubsection18(2)ofthe Mr. thatthe expression Charlebois andruled “lawsof 2001, theNew ofAppeal Brunswick Court foundfor the officiallanguagesofNew Brunswick. In December issued, sincetheby-law had not beenpassedinboth municipal by-law underwhich theorder hadbeen ing inspectorwiththeCityofMoncton andthe validity ofanorder issuedinEnglish only by abuild- Rights andFreedoms. Languages Act, of andundertheCanadianCharter official languages,underPart IVoftheOfficial linked toproceedings against federaloffencesinboth has anobligationtoprovide administrative services ities. He foundthattheAttorney General ofCanada constitutional obligationsby delegatingitsresponsibil- tional principlethatthegovernment maynotescapeits Justice ofCanada). The judgerepeated theconstitu- Languages v. Her Majesty theQueen of (Department l’Ontario (AJEFO)inCommissionerofOfficial the Associationdesjuristesd’expression françaisede Mahé andBeaulac cases. formulated inrendering anguage groups equalaccessto eaffirmed principlesthatithad other decisions,notablyinthe community development. their own languageunder There are manyotherfederalstatutesthataffirmthe - In theBoudreau-Doucet case,theSupreme of Court - In theMontfort case,theplaintiffscontested - Canada andtheCRTC. the Broadcasting Act thatledtothecreation ofRadio Packaging andLabellingAct, the Trademarks Act and official languagespolicy, suchastheConsumer involved section23oftheCanadianCharter. compliance withorders issued.In thatcase,theorder jurisdiction andexercise arightofreview toensure judge, inthisinstance,Justice LeBlanc, couldretain inOctober 2003thatalowerCanada ruled court Franco-Ontarian community. tothe not closeaninstitutionsoimportant Secession ofQuebec, government authoritiescould protection ofminoritiessetoutintheReference onthe December 2001thatundertheunwrittenprincipleof Ontario. ofAppealThe Ontario in Court ruled training Francophone healthcare professionals in institution alsoplayed auniquerole ineducatingand French-language are available atalltimes. services This which French isthelanguageofwork andinwhich Montfort Hospital, theonlyhospitalinOntario in decision by theGovernment ofOntario toclose Sources

For the first edition of this document, the brief historical The second, entitled État de la francophonie en 1991, notes on the francophone and Acadian communities and prepared in conjunction with René Boudreau of Canada are mostly taken from historical recollections of presents similar data for 1991. (CIRRD, 1994) The francophone experience in the provinces and territories regional statistics are taken from these two documents, compiled by the National Committee for Canadian which have also strongly influenced our interpretation as Francophonie Human Resources Development. They are to the environmental effects. posted on the Committee’s Web site. Philippe Falardeau’s review, entitled Hier la francophonie, published by the FCFA 3. To update the statistics with data from the 2001 sensus, du Canada as part of its Dessein 2000 Project, and Yves the FCFA du Canada used a CD produced by Statistics Frenette’s La brève histoire des Canadiens français recently Canada, Portrait of Official Languaga Communities in published by the Éditions Boréal, were also sources of Canada, stock number 94F0040XCB. inspiration. Finally, several texts compiled by Joseph Yvon Thériault in Francophonies minoritaires au Canada-L’État Depending on whether we use one or the other of these des lieux, published by the Éditions de l’Acadie, were also source documents, the target population varies somewhat. useful, as was the study by René Guindon, and Pierre Whether or not we include francophones who have also Poulin entitled Les liens dans la francophonie canadienne, declared English as a mother tongue is the factor that is which appeared in the 1984 series, Nouvelles perspectives mainly responsible for the variation. Both Marmen and canadiennes. Few changes were made in this section. Corbeil apportion multiple answers among the declared languages. In most cases, the 2001 data include everyone The report on geography comes in part from the above declaring French as their mother language, even if other study of Guindon and Poulin. Its concepts on the duality languages are mentioned. of French Canadian experience were adapted from Maurice Beaudin and René Boudreau’s study État de la francophonie The populations shown on the provincial and territorial en 1991, published in 1994 for the National Committee charts are as a result slightly higher than those shown by for Canadian Francophonie Human Resources Development. Marmen and Corbeil, for those with French, or both English and French as mother tongue. The charts have All of the statistics used in the preparation of this national been produced by André Langlois. They are drawn from profile are those of Statistics Canada. Three sources were used: the Atlas du développement des communautés francophones et acadiennes du Canada. 1. The data on mother tongue, language spoken at home and knowledge of French for the period 1951 Information on community life was compiled by the to 1996 for Canada and the provinces were taken Fédération des communautés francophones et acadienne from the 1999 publication by Louise Marmen and (FCFA) du Canada and its member associations. Jean-Pierre Corbeil, Les langues du Canada; Recensement de 1996. Canadian Heritage and Statistics Canada. Nouvelles perspectives canadiennes. Catalogue number C99-981104F. (Marmen and Corbeil, 1999).

2. The data on the economic and demographic vitality of the French speaking population of Canada were taken from two documents prepared by Maurice Beaudin of the Canadian Institute for Research on Regional Development (CIRRD) on behalf of the National Committee for Canadian Francophonie Human 25 Resources Development.

The first document, entitled Les groupes et les régions francophones au Canada: État de la situation en 1996, presents a detailed portrait of French Canadians from a demographic and socio-economic point of view in 22 regions of the country in 1996 (See the annex for a description of the 22 regions.), including comparisons with 1991 (Beaudin, 1999). Sources 26 Annex 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. The 22Regions trotDna-lnar 0) R Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry (01); Pr Ottawa (06); Southeastern Ontario Thunder Bay (58) Nipissing (48); Temiskaming (54);Algoma (57); Sudbury region (53)Sudbury district(52)Cochrane(56); Northeastern Ontario The othercensusdivisionsofNew Brunswick The rest ofNew Brunswick Westmorland (07) Victoria (12);Northumberland (14); francophone population Counties ofNew withsubstantial Brunswick Kent (08) Madawaska (13);Restigouche (14);Gloucester (15); Majority francophonecountiesinNew Brunswick The 12othercensusdivisionsofNova Scotia The rest ofNova Scotia Halifax (09) Halifax/Dartmouth region ofNova Scotia Inverness (15);Richmond(16);CapeBreton (17) Cape Breton region ofNova Scotia Yarmouth (02);Digby (03) Southeastern region ofNova Scotia The twoothercensusdivisionsofPrince Edward Island. The rest ofPrince Edward Island Prince County(division03) The Evangeline region ofPrince Edward Island The 10censusdivisionsofNewfoundland andLabrador Newfoundland andLabrador escott-Russell (02); enfrew (47) Annex 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. The sixcensusdivisionsoftheterritories. Yukon, theNorthwest Territories andNunavut The 28othercensusdivisionsofBritish Columbia The rest ofBritish Columbia Vancouver (15); Victoria (17) Vancouver/Victoria regions ofBritish Columbia The 17othercensusdivisionsofAlberta The rest ofAlberta (06);Edmonton (11) Calgary regionsCalgary/Edmonton ofAlberta The 18censusdivisionsofSaskatchewan Saskatchewan The 22othercensusdivisionsofManitoba The rest ofManitoba Division 11 Winnipeg/St. region Boniface ofManitoba The 25othercensusdivisionsofOntario The rest ofOntario Middlesex (39);Simcoe (43) Waterloo (30);Kent (36);Essex(37);Lambton(38); Halton (24);Hamilton (25);Niagara (26); Durham (18); York (19); Toronto (20);Peel (21); Ontario Peninsula