DOCSLIB.ORG

Microbiology Review: Bacteriological Cases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microbiology Review: Bacteriological Cases Microbiology Review: Bacteriological Cases Jeanne Stoddard MT (ASCP) MHS ASCLS-MI Meeting Kellogg Conference Center East Lansing, MI April 1, 2016 Objectives 1. Review bacteriological media and stains utilized in the clinical laboratory. 2. Recognize clinical picture for commonly isolated bacterial pathogens. 3. Correlate plate morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical results with organism identification. Stain and Media Review Gram positive yeast and hyphae Gram Stain Reagents: Crystal violet Iodine Acetone alcohol Safranin JMS Gram negative organisms stain red Gram positive organisms stain purple/blue Acid Fast Stain-Kinyoun Reagents: Carbolfuchsin Acid/Alcohol Methylene Blue JMS Acid fast positive organisms stain red (magenta) Acid fast negative organisms stain pale blue Fluorescent AFB Detection- Auramine-Rhodamine Reagents: Auramine O & Rhodamine Acid-alcohol Potassium permanganate Purpose: Screening for detection of mycobacteria Mycobacteria stain bright yellow-orange against a dark greenish-black background Confirm positives with Kinyoun staining method Acridine Orange Stain Reagents: Absolute methanol Acridine orange Purpose: Enhances ability to visualize bacteria Useful when not sure if NOS All MO’s stain a fluorescent bright orange KOH and Calcofluor White Stain Reagent: 10% KOH & Calcofluor white Purpose: JMS KOH dissolves keratin and other debris to make fungi more visible CalcoflUor dye is absorbed by chitin in fungal cell wall and fluoresces blue-white Media Media Routine-for set up and general purpose Blood agar MacConkey agar (MAC) Chocolate agar CNA agar Enriched-additional nutrients to support fastidious bacterial growth Blood, Choc, Thayer Martin Selective and Differential Media MAC, EMB, HE , Others MacConkey Agar Selective-Crystal violet and bile, inhibits GPO’s and fastidious GNR’s Differential-Lactose and neutral red, pH shift enables identification of Lactose fermenting GNR’s Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Salmonella typhimurium JMS Selective and Differential Media for GNR’s HE XLD EMB JMS Differential Media Used on Stool Cultures Organism MacConkey (MAC) Hektoen-Enteric Xylose-Lysine- (HE) Deoxycholate (XLD) Escherichia coli and LF Bright orange to Yellow colonies other lactose Dark pink, salmon colored fermenters sometimes mucoid colonies colonies Salmonella species NLF Green (colorless) to Red colonies with Colorless colonies blue green colonies black centers with black centers Shigella species NLF Green (colorless) Colorless colonies Colorless colonies colonies Yersinia NLF Salmon colored Yellow or colorless enterocolitica Colorless colonies colonies colonies More Media Sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) E. coli O157:H7 Skirrow’s medium Campylobacter spp. V-agar Gardnerella vaginalis Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYEα) Legionella Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe medium Bordetella pertussis Thayer Martin agar Neisseria gonorrhoeae More Miscellaneous Media Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) Vibrio cholerae Cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA) Clostridium difficile Cystine-tellurite blood agar (CTBA) or Tinsdale Corynebacterium diphtheriae Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Oxidative-Fermentative base- Polymyxin B- Bacitracin-Lactose (OFPBL) Burkholderia cepacia Case Studies for Review Case Summary #1 A 21 year old pregnant woman vaginally delivered a female infant at term, 15 hours after her water broke. She had good prenatal care. The newborn appeared normal at birth, but at 24 hours developed labored breathing and a fever. Blood and CSF cultures were obtained from the infant. Observe test results on the following slides and use to make an organism identification. #1 Blood Culture Gram Stain JMS #1 BAP Catalase CAMP test BE Na Hippurate #1 Antigen Latex Agglutination Case #1 Key Reactions Gram Stain: GPC, pairs and chains BAP: 24o colonies are small, translucent with a small zone of beta hemolysis, (up to 10 % strains are negative) A disc negative (no zone of inhibition) Catalase: negative Bile esculin: negative (no change) Sodium hippurate: positive (purple) CAMP: positive with arrow of hemolysis Strep Antigen: positive (agglutination) Group B Case #1 Considerations How is this infection acquired? Strep Group B is passed vertically from a colonized mother to infant during vaginal birth process, obstetrical complications are a predisposing factor. How could it have been prevented? Diagnosis in the mother at 35-37 weeks gestation with vaginal/rectal culture screen, prophylactic treatment of the mother with penicillin or ampicillin should prevent transmission of Early onset disease in newborn (< 7 days old). What other organisms need to be ruled out when newborn sepsis or meningitis is considered? Most common etiology for newborn sepsis and meningitis is Gp B strep, E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae Organism/ Colony Gram Esculin Sodium CAMP Catalase Test morphology stain hydrolysis hippurate test BAP Listeria Flat, grey GPR positive positive + + monocytogenes with small or rectangle zone of beta GPCB hemolysis Streptococcus Translucent, GPC negative positive + – agalactiae raised with pairs arrow small zone and of beta chains hemolysis BAP CAMP test CSF Gram stain Sodium hippurate Catalase SIM (RT) BE Case Summary #2 An expectorated sputum arrives in the laboratory from a 57-year old male with a diagnosis of pneumonia and a 30 year history of smoking. Observe the culture plates and biochemical results given and give most likely organism identification (Genus and species). #2 Sputum Direct Gram Stain (10X) JMS #2 Sputum Direct Gram Stain (100X) JMS TSIA #2 Urea Citrate SIM VP Case #2 Key Reactions BAP and Choc: Grey, mucoid colonies MAC: Mucoid, LF Indole: negative (NO red ring) Motility: negative (no growth away from stab) Voges-Proskauer: positive (red) Citrate: positive (blue) Urea: positive (magenta pink) TSIA: A/A G Case #2 Considerations Direct smear Gram stain should be helpful with preliminary information to clinician. What other bacteria can be found as common etiology of pneumonia? Haemophilus influenzae –Tiny pleomorphic GNR’s or GNCB Staphylococcus aureus – GPC in clusters Streptococcus pneumoniae – GPC, pairs, lancets and chains #2 Sputum Direct Gram Stain JMS #2 BAP, MAC and Choc X and V factor disks QUAD agar #2 Sputum Direct Gram Stain JMS #2 Sputum Direct Gram Stain JMS #2 Gram stain BAP P disk Catalase JMS Case Summary #3 A 19 year old female with a past history of urinary tract infection presents to the ED with complaints of left flank pain, fever, chills and a noted increase in urinary frequency. Urine from a clean-catch, mid-stream (CCMS) specimen is plated using a 1.0 µl (0.01 ml) calibrated loop which reveals the following results: #3 Urine Culture-Workup? JMS MAC #3 Motility Urea TSIA MR VP Indole Citrate Case #3 Key Reactions BAP: Grey colonies, beta hemolytic MAC: LF colonies Indole: positive (red ring ) or positive spot test Methyl red (MR): positive (red) Voges Proskauer (VP): negative (no change) Citrate: negative (green) Motility: positive Urea: negative TSIA: A/A gas Case #3 Considerations Urine Culture Quantitaion- Plate 1 µl; 1 colony = 1000 CFU/ml Plate 10 µl; 1 colony = 100 CFU/ml Clean catch urine: > 105 CFU/ml Cath urine: >104 CFU/ml Common bacteria causing UTI = Escherichia coli Other Enterics Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus saprophyticus #3 MAC and BAP ODC TSIA Urea Spot and Tube Indole PDA #3 MacConkey agar LIA IMViC Motility BAP #3 Catalase Gram stain BE 6.5% NaCl JMS #3 BAP Catalase Novobiocin disc Gram stain Case Summary #4 A 45-year old man hosted a final four basketball tournament party at his house, where he served barbequed chicken. Two days after the party, several of his friends developed abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea. Exam of the stool samples submitted by these patients revealed the presence of RBC’s and WBC’s. Stool culture results are seen in subsequent slides. All patients recovered in 7-10 days. #4 Gram stain Growth at 42oC and in microaerophilic environment #4 Catalase Campy BAP growth Oxidase Sodium hippurate Case #4 Key Reactions Gram stain: GNR’s, “bird’s wings” or “gull wings” BAP: mucoid and grey, colonies coalesce Oxidase: positive Catalase: positive Sodium hippurate: will differentiate species C. jejuni = positive C. coli, C. lari, and C. fetus = negative Latex agglutination tests also available Stool Pathogen Analysis of Blood, WBC’s, Mucus, and Fever Organism or Toxin Blood (RBCs) WBCs Mucus Fever Enteropathogenic E. - - (rare) +++ No coli (EPEC) Enterotoxigenic E. coli - - - No (ETEC) Enterohemorrhagic ++ -/± - No E.coli O157:H7 (EHEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli + ++ + Yes (EIEC) Enteroaggregative - - ++ No E.coli (EAEC) Campylobacter jejuni ± + + Yes Salmonella spp. ± ± - Yes Shigella spp. + + + Yes Aeromonas hydrophila V V V V Yersinia enterocolitica + + - Yes Plesiomonas - V - V shigelloides Vibrio cholera - - - No Vibrio parahemolyticus ± + - Yes Clostridium difficile - V - Yes (toxin) Viruses - - - No Case #4 Considerations What complications need to be considered with Campylocbacter infections? Guillain-Barré syndrome and reactive arthritis Name primary plating media used routinely for stool cultures? Blood agar MacConkey agar Hektoen Enteric agar Campy BAP (or Skirrow’s or Campy CVA) What fecal pathogens have to be considered as possible cause of gastroenteritis when working up a routine stool culture? Salmonella Shigella (4 serogroups) Campylobacter species STEC MacConkey agar XLD agar # 4 TSIA LIA SIM Urea
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BD™ Gardnerella Selective Agar with 5% Human Blood
    INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE – READY-TO-USE PLATED MEDIA PA-254094.06 Rev.: July 2014 BD Gardnerella Selective Agar with 5% Human Blood INTENDED USE BD Gardnerella Selective Agar with 5% Human Blood is a partially selective and differential medium for the isolation of Gardnerella vaginalis from clinical specimens. PRINCIPLES AND EXPLANATION OF THE PROCEDURE Microbiological method. Gardnerella vaginalis is considered to be one of the organisms causing vaginitis.1-4 Although the organism may be present in a high percentage of normal women in the vaginal flora, its importance as a cause of non-specific vaginitis (also called bacterial vaginosis) has never been questioned. In symptomatic women, G. vaginalis frequently is associated with anaerobes such as Prevotella bivia, P. disiens, Mobiluncus, Peptostreptococcus, and/or others which are a regular part of the urethral or intestinal, but not vaginal flora. In non-specific vaginitis, normal Lactobacillus flora is reduced or absent. Gardnerella vaginalis is considered to be the indicator organism for non-specific vaginitis which, in fact, is a polymicrobial infection.3,4 Although non- culture methods such as a direct Gram stain have been recommended in recent years for genital specimens, culture is still preferred by many laboratories.1,5 G. vaginalis may also be responsible for a variety of other diseases such as preterm birth, chorioamnionitis, urinary tract infections, newborn infections, and septicemia.6 The detection of the organism on routinely used media is difficult since Gardnerella and other
    [Show full text]
  • CAMP Tests (Standard and Rapid) and Reverse CAMP Test
    M.V.Sc. (Veterinary Microbiology), Monsoon semester Date 31.12.2020 VMC- 602 (Bacteriology II), Unit III, Practical class CAMP Tests (Standard and Rapid) and Reverse CAMP test Dr. Savita Kumari Assistant Professor-cum-Jr. Scientist Department of Veterinary Microbiology Bihar Veterinary College, BASU, Patna CAMP factor S. agalactiae contains the CAMP factor, only beta-hemolytic Streptococcus secretes Pore -forming toxin first identified in this bacterium CAMP reaction is based on the co -hemolytic activity of the CAMP factor Commonly used to identify S. agalactiae Closely related proteins present also in other Gram - positive pathogens cfb gene encodes CAMP factor CAMP test CAMP reaction- consists in a zone of strong hemolysis that is observed when S. agalactiae is streaked next to Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar S. aureus secretes sphingomyelinase Sheep red blood cells - rich in sphingomyelin, and upon exposure to sphingomyelinase become greatly sensitized to CAMP factor, which then effects hemolysis Hemolysis most pronounced in the zone between the colonies of the two bacterial species Co-hemolytic phenomenon- presumptive identification of Group B Streptococci (S. agalactiae) CAMP test First described by Christie, Atkins, and Munch –Petersen in 1944 The protein was named CAMP factor for the initials of the authors of the article that first described the phenomenon Types: Standard CAMP test Rapid CAMP test (spot test ) Standard camp test are time consuming and/or expensive compared to the CAMP spot test Principle CAMP test detects
    [Show full text]
  • Use of the Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory: a Practical Review for the Clinician
    148 Postgrad Med J 2001;77:148–156 REVIEWS Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.77.905.148 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from Use of the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory: a practical review for the clinician W J Steinbach, A K Shetty Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at EVective utilisation and understanding of the Stanford, Stanford Box 1: Gram stain technique University School of clinical bacteriology laboratory can greatly aid Medicine, 725 Welch in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Al- (1) Air dry specimen and fix with Road, Palo Alto, though described more than a century ago, the methanol or heat. California, USA 94304, Gram stain remains the most frequently used (2) Add crystal violet stain. USA rapid diagnostic test, and in conjunction with W J Steinbach various biochemical tests is the cornerstone of (3) Rinse with water to wash unbound A K Shetty the clinical laboratory. First described by Dan- dye, add mordant (for example, iodine: 12 potassium iodide). Correspondence to: ish pathologist Christian Gram in 1884 and Dr Steinbach later slightly modified, the Gram stain easily (4) After waiting 30–60 seconds, rinse with [email protected] divides bacteria into two groups, Gram positive water. Submitted 27 March 2000 and Gram negative, on the basis of their cell (5) Add decolorising solvent (ethanol or Accepted 5 June 2000 wall and cell membrane permeability to acetone) to remove unbound dye. Growth on artificial medium Obligate intracellular (6) Counterstain with safranin. Chlamydia Legionella Gram positive bacteria stain blue Coxiella Ehrlichia Rickettsia (retained crystal violet).
    [Show full text]
  • Human Microbiota Network: Unveiling Potential Crosstalk Between the Different Microbiota Ecosystems and Their Role in Health and Disease
    nutrients Review Human Microbiota Network: Unveiling Potential Crosstalk between the Different Microbiota Ecosystems and Their Role in Health and Disease Jose E. Martínez †, Augusto Vargas † , Tania Pérez-Sánchez , Ignacio J. Encío , Miriam Cabello-Olmo * and Miguel Barajas * Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; [email protected] (J.E.M.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (T.P.-S.); [email protected] (I.J.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.C.-O.); [email protected] (M.B.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The human body is host to a large number of microorganisms which conform the human microbiota, that is known to play an important role in health and disease. Although most of the microorganisms that coexist with us are located in the gut, microbial cells present in other locations (like skin, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and the vaginal zone in women) also play a significant role regulating host health. The fact that there are different kinds of microbiota in different body areas does not mean they are independent. It is plausible that connection exist, and different studies have shown that the microbiota present in different zones of the human body has the capability of communicating through secondary metabolites. In this sense, dysbiosis in one body compartment Citation: Martínez, J.E.; Vargas, A.; may negatively affect distal areas and contribute to the development of diseases. Accordingly, it Pérez-Sánchez, T.; Encío, I.J.; could be hypothesized that the whole set of microbial cells that inhabit the human body form a Cabello-Olmo, M.; Barajas, M.
    [Show full text]
  • JET Microbiological Efficacy Summary
    Microbiological Efficacy Summary Testing performed in accordance to European Standard EN 14885:2018 ORGANISM TEST NORM TEST TYPE CONDITIONS Bacillus subtilis EN 13704 Suspension Clean 1 and Dirty 1 Bacillus cereus SPORICIDAL Mycobacterium terrae EN 14563 Carrier Clean 1 and Dirty 2 Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium terrae EN 14348 Suspension Clean 1 Mycobacterium avium MYCOBACTERICIDAL Poliovirus Type 1 Adenovirus Type 5 EN 14476 Suspension Clean 1 Murine Norovirus VIRUCIDAL Candida albicans EN 16615 Surface with mechanical action Candida albicans EN 13697 Surface Aspergillus brasiliensis EN 14562 Carrier Clean 1 Candida albicans YEASTICIDAL FUNGICIDAL / FUNGICIDAL Aspergillus brasiliensis EN 13624 Suspension Candida albicans Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus hirae EN 16615 Surface with mechanical action Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterococcus hirae Staphylococcus aureus EN 13697 Surface Clean 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus BACTERICIDAL Enterococcus hirae EN 14561 Carrier Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus hirae EN 13727 Suspension Clean 1 and Dirty 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa TRISTEL’S CLEANING AND DISINFECTION BRAND FOR HOSPITAL SURFACES Page 1 of 3 Additional Testing TEST METHOD RNA DNA / Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) ORGANISM TEST METHOD TEST TYPE CONDITIONS Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts Following the method of EN 13704 Suspension Clean 1 PROTOZOA Bacillus subtilis EN 17126 Suspension Clean 1 Bacillus cereus Clostridium difficile EN 13704 Suspension Clean 1 and Dirty 1
    [Show full text]
  • Newborn Colonization and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcus Agalactiae at the University of Gondar Referral
    Gizachew et al. BMC Pediatrics (2018) 18:378 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1350-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Newborn colonization and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus agalactiae at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Mucheye Gizachew1*, Moges Tiruneh1, Feleke Moges1, Mulat Adefris2, Zemene Tigabu3 and Belay Tessema1 Abstract Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) that asymptomatically colonizing the recto-vaginal area of women is the most important cause of neonatal colonization. There is paucity of evidence about newborn colonization with GBS in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of newborn colonization with GBS, antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates and associated risk factors at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted from December 2016 to November 2017. A total of 1,155 swabs from nasal, ear and umbilical areas of the newborns were collected from the 385 newborns. Identifications of the isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing were done by using conventional methods. Results: Sixty two (16.1%, 95% CI: 12.2% - 20%) of the newborns were colonized by GBS. Seven percent of the total specimens were positive for GBS. The antibiotics susceptibility rates of GBS (average of the three body sites tested) were 95.1%, 89.6%, 88.9%, 85.7%, 85.3%, 81.3%, 76.9%, 76.1%, 73.8%, and 34.4% to ampicillin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, azitromycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ceftriaxone, and tetracycline, respectively. A multilogistic regression analyses were shown that the newborns that were from mothers whose education status was below tertiary level, and newborns from mothers who were: being employed, being nullipara and multigravida were at risk for colonization with GBS.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTES in Vitro Activities of Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Against
    ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, July 1984, p. 94-96 Vol. 26, No. 1 0066-4804/84/070094-03$02.00/0 Copyright C 1984, American Society for Microbiology NOTES In Vitro Activities of Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium Complex, M. chelonei, M. fortuitum, and M. kansasii J. DOUGLAS GAY, DONALD R. DEYOUNG, AND GLENN D. ROBERTS* Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 Received 28 November 1983/Accepted 4 April 1984 The activities of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin against 100 mycobacteria isolates were studied in vitro by the 1% standard proportion method. Ciprofloxacin was more active against M. tuberculosis and M. fortuitum with MICs of 1.0 and 0.25 ,ug/ml, respectively, against 90% of isolates; norfloxacin had MICs of 8.0 and 2.0 ,ug/ml, respectively, against 90% of isolates. Nalidixic acid and other heterocyclic carbonic acid deriva- studied. The organisms were taken from the Mayo Clinic tives have been used primarily in the treatment of urinary stock culture collection, which included recent clinical iso- tract infections for many years. The compounds of this lates. Stock cultures were maintained on Middlebrook 7H10 general group include nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, pipemidic agar slants (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) and were acid, cinoxacin, and rosoxacin. Two new substances in this subcultured monthly. The identification of isolates was series which have been recently synthesized are norfloxacin based on standard biochemical tests (17) and gas-liquid (6) (1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-[ 1-piperazinyl ]-3- chromatography (16).
    [Show full text]
  • TRYPTIC SOY AGAR - for in Vitro Use Only
    TRYPTIC SOY AGAR - For in vitro use only - Plated Media Tubed Media PT80 –Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) TT80 – TSA Slant PT81 – TSA (SXT) TT80-18 – TSA Pour Plate [18-mL] PT89 – TSA w Yeast Extract TB75 – TSA Blood Slant PB75 – TSA w 5% Sheep Blood PB81 – TSA w 7% Sheep Blood PB69 – TSA w 5% Horse Blood PB80 – TSA w 7% Horse Blood Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) is a general purpose The CAMP test can also be used to help identify plating medium used for the isolation, cultivation, pathogenic species of Listeria . and maintenance of a variety of fastidious and non- TSA with horse blood is used to isolate more fastidious microorganisms. fastidious organisms. Horse blood contains both X Leavitt et al. demonstrated the versatility of and V factor, which are essential growth factors for TSA by cultivating both aerobic and anaerobic some organisms such as Haemophilus species. microbes using TSA. TSA is recognized and Sheep and human blood are not suitable since they recommended by numerous agencies around the contain specific enzymes that inactivate V Factor. world. Our standard formulation is prepared Although, some laboratories prefer a plated according to the United States Pharmacopeia medium with a higher blood content (7-10%) or (USP) and recommended for various different with horse blood, these mediums should not be applications put forth by the Association of used for determination of hemolytic reactions or Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), the for the CAMP test. The increased blood content International Dairy Federation (IDF), the United can make hemolytic reactions less distinct and States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the more difficult to read while defibrinated horse American Public Health Association (APHA).
    [Show full text]
  • A Genomic Journey Through a Genus of Large DNA Viruses
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for 2013 Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses Adrien Jeanniard Aix-Marseille Université David D. Dunigan University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] James Gurnon University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Irina V. Agarkova University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Ming Kang University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Immunology Commons, Medical Pathology Commons, and the Virology Commons Jeanniard, Adrien; Dunigan, David D.; Gurnon, James; Agarkova, Irina V.; Kang, Ming; Vitek, Jason; Duncan, Garry; McClung, O William; Larsen, Megan; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Van Etten, James L.; and Blanc, Guillaume, "Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses" (2013). Virology Papers. 245. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub/245 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virology, Nebraska Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Virology Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Adrien Jeanniard, David D. Dunigan, James Gurnon, Irina V. Agarkova, Ming Kang, Jason Vitek, Garry Duncan, O William McClung, Megan Larsen, Jean-Michel Claverie, James L. Van Etten, and Guillaume Blanc This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ virologypub/245 Jeanniard, Dunigan, Gurnon, Agarkova, Kang, Vitek, Duncan, McClung, Larsen, Claverie, Van Etten & Blanc in BMC Genomics (2013) 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptococci
    STREPTOCOCCI Streptococci are Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase-negative cocci that occur in pairs or chains. Older cultures may lose their Gram-positive character. Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, and some are obligate (strict) anaerobes. Most require enriched media (blood agar). Streptococci are subdivided into groups by antibodies that recognize surface antigens (Fig. 11). These groups may include one or more species. Serologic grouping is based on antigenic differences in cell wall carbohydrates (groups A to V), in cell wall pili-associated protein, and in the polysaccharide capsule in group B streptococci. Rebecca Lancefield developed the serologic classification scheme in 1933. β-hemolytic strains possess group-specific cell wall antigens, most of which are carbohydrates. These antigens can be detected by immunologic assays and have been useful for the rapid identification of some important streptococcal pathogens. The most important groupable streptococci are A, B and D. Among the groupable streptococci, infectious disease (particularly pharyngitis) is caused by group A. Group A streptococci have a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococcus pneumoniae (a major cause of human pneumonia) and Streptococcus mutans and other so-called viridans streptococci (among the causes of dental caries) do not possess group antigen. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; more than 90 different serotypes are known, and these types differ in virulence. Fig. 1 Streptococci - clasiffication. Group A streptococci causes: Strep throat - a sore, red throat, sometimes with white spots on the tonsils Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Report Vaginosis.Pdf
    LAB #: Sample Report CLIENT #: 12345 PATIENT: Sample Patient DOCTOR: Sample Doctor ID: Doctor's Data, Inc. SEX: Female 3755 Illinois Ave. DOB: 01/01/1993 AGE: 25 St. Charles, IL 60174 U.S.A. !"#$%&'(%(!)*'+%,- GRAM STAIN MICROSCOPY BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS SCORE Normal Abnormal Expected score interpretation: Lactobacilli None Mod - Many 0 - 3 BV not likely 4 - 6 BV indeterminate Curved Gram 10 7-10 BV highly suggestive Negative Rods Many None Small Gram 1 Many None The BV score is calculated based upon the gram stain results Negative Rods and is independent of the yeast, and bacterial cultures. 1Nugent Scoring System. (Nugent et al. J. Clin. Micro. Yeast None None (1991)29:297-301) RBC’s None None YEAST CULTURE 2+ Candida albicans WBC’s 0 0 - 6 Clue Cells Present None Eosinophils N/A None Eosinophils reported and Wrights Stain performed when WBC’s >6 Additional Gram Stain Findings: Rare Gram positive cocci in pairs BACTERIOLOGY CULTURE Expected/Beneficial flora Commensal (Imbalanced) flora Dysbiotic flora NG Lactobacillus spp. 2+ Alpha hemolytic strep 3+ Gardnerella vaginalis 2+ Gamma hemolytic strep 4+ Enterococcus faecalis 1+ Staphylococcus not aureus NG = No Growth SPECIMEN DATA Comments: Date Collected: 01/14/2019 Date Received: 01/16/2019 Date Completed: 01/23/2019 ©Doctor’s Data, Inc. !!! ADDRESS: 3755 Illinois Avenue, St. Charles, IL 60174-2420 !!! MED DIR: Erlo Roth, MD !!! CLIA ID NO: 14D0646470 0002038 LAB #: Sample Report CLIENT #: 12345 PATIENT: Sample DOCTOR: Sample Doctor Patient ID: Doctor's Data, Inc. SEX: Female 3755 Illinois Ave. DOB: 01/01/1993 St. Charles, IL 60174 U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobacterium Avium Possesses Extracellular DNA That Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics
    Mycobacterium avium Possesses Extracellular DNA that Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics Rose, S. J., Babrak, L. M., & Bermudez, L. E. (2015). Mycobacterium avium Possesses Extracellular DNA that Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0128772. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128772 10.1371/journal.pone.0128772 Public Library of Science Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse RESEARCH ARTICLE Mycobacterium avium Possesses Extracellular DNA that Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics Sasha J. Rose1,2, Lmar M. Babrak1,2, Luiz E. Bermudez1,2* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America, 2 Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America * [email protected] Abstract Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis is an opportunistic pathogen that is associated with biofilm-related infections of the respiratory tract and is difficult to treat. In recent years, extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been found to be a major component of bacterial biofilms, in- OPEN ACCESS cluding many pathogens involved in biofilm-associated infections. To date, eDNA has not Citation: Rose SJ, Babrak LM, Bermudez LE (2015) been described as a component of mycobacterial biofilms. In this study, we identified and Mycobacterium avium Possesses Extracellular DNA characterized eDNA in a high biofilm-producing strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. that Contributes to Biofilm Formation, Structural hominissuis (MAH). In addition, we surveyed for presence of eDNA in various MAH strains Integrity, and Tolerance to Antibiotics.
    [Show full text]