Toxicological Profile of Synthetic Pyrethroid Type II Fenvalerate in Chicks

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International Journal of Scientific Research in BioBiologicallogical Sciences Research Paper Volume-2, Issue-4 ISSN: 2347-7520

Toxicological profile of synthetic pyrethroid type II fenvalerate in chicks

Ranjana Verma

Department of Zoology , BLP Govt. P.G. College, Mhow Available online at www.isroset.org

Received: 09/Jul/2015 Revised: 18/Jul/2015 Accepted: 02/Aug/2015 Published: 30/Aug/2015 Abstract- Sub acute toxicity of oral administration of fenvalerate in chicks was assessed. Birds were divided into seven groups with each group containing 20 birds. The birds of group C1 was given no treatment and served as control. Group C2 was administered groundnut oil and served as vehicle. Group T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were given 3mg/kg bw of fenvalerate suspended in groundnut oil for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 days daily. The blood sample were collected from birds after oral administration of fenvalerate and analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. The study showed that haematological parameter Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count remained unaffected while total leukocyte count was decreased significantly. Fenvalerate induced significant elevation in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed in treatment groups however serum total protein decreased in all treated groups while serum glucose and cholesterol show significant increase as compare to controls throughout the study. It is concluded that chronic exposure of low dose of fenvalerate leads to significant biochemical and haematological changes and cause adverse effect on metabolism of birds. Key Words: Synthetic pyrethroid, Fenvalerate, chronic exposure, toxicity, biochemical, heamatological changes, Gallus domesticus .

Introduction Chronic exposure to these products causes countless abnormalities and reduces the life span of organisms The modern Agriculture is completely depended on high (Hussain et al 2011, Naz et al 2011). Synthetic pyrethroid yielding varieties which can be grown only under the are designed to be more chemically potent and influence of chemicals. Synthetic pyrethroids are being used environmentally stable than natural pyrethrins while still extensively in the field of agriculture, veterinary and public retaining their relatively low mammalian toxicity (Soderlund heath for domestic purpose. The pyrethroid class of et al 2011). Fenvalerate is a potent synthetic pyrethroid it is insecticides was derived from natural compounds isolated an ester of 2(-4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl butyric acid and α- from flower head of plant Chrysanthemum cincrariaefolium cyno -3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol but lacks a cyclopropane

of pyrethrum species. (Casida 1980, Luty et al . 2000). ring. The value of the oral LD 50 dose varies between 82- Synthetic pyrethroids are esters of chrysanthemic acid halo 3200 mg/kg bw, depending on the animal species. substituted chrysanthemic acid 2-(4-chloophenyl)-3-methyl butyric acid and alcohol (eg. Allethrolene, 3-phenoxy benzyl Pesticides demands have been influenced by more awareness alcohol) for certain pyrethroid asymmetric centre (s) exist in of the farmers for better production. Usually, myth prevails the acid and / or alcohol moiety and the commercial among farmers more is better hence, there is habit to products sometimes consist of a mixture of both optical (R/S overuse insecticides and fertilizers. But excessive use may and D/L) & geometric (cis / Trans) isomers. cause toxicity to fauna, flora and soil also an increase in residue creates burden in the food chain. Poultry feed The insecticidal property is mainly due to rapid knockdown ingredients are exposed to number of pesticides of residual action of flying insects with a very low mammalian toxicity, potential. Residual effect of insecticides in cow milk has due to its quick metabolism in mammals to nontoxic been reported in previous years, pyrethroid being used to kill products (Gupta and Salunkhe1985, Promonekov and the insect by spraying on food crops and food grain, its Korotkova 1978). residual effect on agricultural produce and consequently in poultry feed cannot be denied which may cause adverse

© 2015, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 4 ISROSET- Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol-2, Issue-4, PP ( 04-08) Aug 2015, ISSN: 2347-7520 effect on the health of poultry itself and finally its users. The toxic impact of fenvalerate is of great interests of the The present study demonstrates that the concentration of scientist because of their deteriorating action on the liver enzymes (AST and ALT) in the serum was biochemical and biophysical set up of the body. Exposure of significantly increased due to fenvalerate intoxication in all poultry to such toxic substances causes health hazards and treatment groups while total protein was decrease throughout economic loses, while also poising a potential threat to the study in treatment groups but decreased value was public health due to presence of pesticide residues in poultry statistically significant. Hyperglycemia and product. Aim of present study to find out the effect of hypercholesterolaemia was observed in treatment groups fenvalerate on biochemical and heamatological parameters observed increased values were statistically significant as on chicks that is the key for the normal metabolic activity of compared to controls. Following oral administration of any organism. 3mg/kg BW fenvalerate daily for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 days in chicken metabolic changes were recorded. Experimental Design Oral administration of FEN (200mg/Kg bw) revealed liver Day old chicks were obtained from local hatcheries. The congestion, degenerative changes, haemorrhages, mild fatty chicks were randomly and equally divided in to seven changes, infiltration of mono nuclear cells, loss of groups of 20 chicks. Birds were kept in cages under hepatocytes and proliferation of bile ducts (Amaravathi standard conditions in experimental house and a floor 2010). The increase AST and ALT values might be sufficient space was provided to each chick. Dried paddy attributed to the liver damage in the toxin fed birds. Damage straw was provided as a bedding material for chicks. Group to liver is known to result in cellular change in the tissues C1 served as control group while C2 is treated as vehicle. and alteration in activities of enzymes in liver and serum The birds of group T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were orally (Zimmerman 1990). Jayasree et al 2003 observed increase administrated 3mg/kg BW of fenvalerate for 5, 10, 15, 20, in aspatate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase th 25 days daily respectively. On 7 day of experiment, the (LDH) in broiler chicks when fed on ration containing birds were vaccinated with New Castle disease Lasota deltamethrin (SP) 100 mg/kg for 6 week was similar to strain vaccine (Indovax, Gurgaon, India) through chicks in the present study. intraocular route. The birds were also vaccinated against Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) using (Georgia strain, Aminotransferases (AST and ALT) are the first enzyme to Indovax) at day 14. Birds were vaccinated with Marek’s be used in diagnostic enzymology when liver damage has Disease Bivalent vaccine (Merial, Singapore) at day-old occurred (Kuchel and Raltson 1988), because of their age. intracellular location in the cytosol, toxicity affecting the For estimation of biochemical parameter 6 chicks were liver with subsequent break down in membrane structure of selected at random from each group and blood (appox 2ml) the cells leads to their leakage in to blood and this increase was collected from jugular vein in heparinized vials. Blood in AST and ALT activity may be due to increased samples were analyzed for estimation of hemoglobin, Total transamination for rapid breakdown of carbohydrates and erythrocyte count (TEC), Packed cell volume (PCV), Total proteins to compensate the increased energy crisis resulting leucocytes count (TLC), AST, ALT, Total protein, glucose from fenvalerate intoxication. The increased transaminase and cholesterol. activity may be associated with the rapid utilization of reserved food material, i.e. carbohydrates and proteins. Thus Result and Discussion decrease in the protein content in fenvalerate stressed chicks observed during this study may be associated with the The present study was conducted to see the effect of increased transaminase activity. Increase of blood ALT and fenvalerate on biochemical and heamatological profile of AST and other hepatic enzyme activities are related to liver chicks despite the healthy appearance of birds. Clinical damage and change in hepatic function (Manna 2003). chemical analysis is a fundamental tool used in human and Increase of these enzymes has been attributed to the leakage veterinary medicine to diagnose and predict the outcome of of these enzymes to the blood stream (Yousef 2006). The disease and to monitor the effect of therapeutic, nutritional, hepatic injury might be attributed to oxidative damage by and environmental management (Smith and. Reynard 1992). free radicals (Manna 2003; Muthuviveganandavel 2008).

30 25 20 Hb% 15 PCV 10 ALT 5 TP 0 TEC C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Experimental groups

Fig 1 Showing Biochemical and heamatological changes after exposure 3mg/kg BW fenvalerate in experimental groups

Biochemical and heamatological changes due to exposure of 3mg/kg bw fenvalerate on chicks

300 250 200 150 Glucose 100 Cholesterol 50 AST 0 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Experimental groups

Fig 2 Showing changes in glucose, cholesterol and AST in serum after exposure 3mg/kg BW fenvalerate in experimental groups

Significant (p<0.01) reduction in total protein was observed Glucose is the major form in which carbohydrate in fenvalerate treated birds, which agreed with the findings is presented to the cells of the body to work (Devlin 1992). of earlier workers in T-2 feed birds (Kamalavenkatesh The Observed hyperglycemia in pesticide -treated birds 2003). Total protein content also decreased in non-target occurred due to hyperaesthesia, intermittent spasm, muscular vertebrate fauna after pesticide treatment, indicating tremors and convulsions. This in voluntary energy pesticide-produced changes in the biochemical systems of demanding activity triggers the release of glucose by non-target organisms. Proteins play an im portant role in the glycogenolysis of liver (Pal et al 1990) and subsequent life of all living organisms. Saravanan and Harikrishnan release of ATP to meet the body’s energy requirement. 1998 found that depletion of protein could be due to the mobilization of protein to meet the impending energy In present study hypercholesterolaemia was demands when the animal was under stress. observed in all treated groups throughout the experiment. Hypoproteinaemia observed a nd it could be attributed to the Fenvalerate administration significantly (p<0.01) increase reduction in feed consumption and hepatic damage as plasma cholesterol level in birds. Significant increase in the observed in this study, since liver is the major organ of cholesterol level was observed in broiler chicks after oral protein synthesis especially albumin( Kamalavenkatesh administration of fenvalerat e for 28 days (majumder et al 2003). 1994). Elevated levels may be an indication of risk to

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