Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic Detectors

- Past and present of thermal detectors - Their role in searches for neutrino physics - Hybrid techniques - The impact of the discovery of neutrino oscillation - Present situation of searches on neutrino mass in single beta decay and the role of thermal detectors - The second mystery of Ettore Majorana - Present situation on experiments of neutrinoless double beta decay and the possible impact of thermal detectors in this field - Conclusions

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 1 First ideas

1880 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared rays from SUN

1903 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity

1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino

1949 => D. Andrews, R. Fowler, M. Williams => a particle detection

1983 => T.Niinikoski =>observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic rays

1984 => S.H.Moseley et LT detectors for astrophysics and n mass

=> Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events

=> A. Drukier, L. Stodolsky, => neutrino physics and astronomy

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 2 The cryogenic or thermal detectors

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 3 Equilibrium detectors Q T  Thermal sensor CV

absorber crystal

v T 3 CV  1944 ( ) J/K Incident vm  particle

Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 2eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 4 - - Various types of thermometers

=> a thermistor => a transition edge sensor (TES) => an Equilibrium Absorber weakly coupled to a heat bath superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) Cooper pair breaking => a magnetic thermometer . The temperature information is obtained from the change of a paramagnetic sensor placed in a small magnetic field

Caveat => possibility that the heat capacity of the thermometer be comparable or larger than the absorber one:

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 5 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 6 The first mini-meeting on thermal detectors (Ringberg castle 1986)

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 7 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 8 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 9 Magnetic sensors

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 10 3 Energy resolution of a TeO2 crystal of 5x5x5 cm (~ 760 g )

: 0.8 keV FWHM @ 46 keV 1.4 keV FWHM @ 0.351 MeV 2.1 keV FWHM @ 0.911 MeV 2.6 keV FWHM @ 2.615 MeV 3.2 keV FWHM @ 5.407 MeV 210 Po a line (the best a spectrometer so far

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 11 Non equilibrium detectors

 STJ Superconducting tunnel junctions  SSG Superheated superconducting granules . The field does not enter more in the granule. Often SQUID pickup Suggested for In solar neutrino detection. Considered for Dark Matter Experiments => Superfluid 3He and 4He detectors (rotons) . Also considered for Solar neutrinos Comparison with conventional detectors:

=> They measure the total energy delivered (example MARE) => Slow propagation of the vibration inside the absorber Kapitza resistence detector => heat sink (slow rise and decay times) Possible localizazion of the event (TES)  Excellent detection of nuclear recoil  Possibility of hybrid techniques (heat + ionization and/or scintillation? Crucial in searches for rare events

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 12 The “grains”° (operating for Dark Matter and proposed for bb decay)

Superheated Superconducting Granules

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 13 Hybrid techniques heat + ionization or heat + scintillation

SQUID array Phonon D

Rbias Rfeedback

I bias

D A

C B

Q outer

Q inner

Vqbias

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 14 CRESST@LNGS scintillation + heat

Works with many absorber materials Light detector W thermometer CaWO4, PbWO4, BaF, BGO (other tungstates and molybdates)

β+γ

300g scintillating CaWO4 crstal

Light reflector O

W thermometer W

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 15 A very interesting application of thermal detectors => decay of 209Bi 209Bi considered the only stable isotope of Bi and the stable nucleus with higher Z

Scintillation and hat experiment in Paris by P.de Marcillac et al with a BGO of 47 g

19 E  3137 1stat 2syst => 1,9 0.2 x 10 a

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 16 Planck High angular resolution measurements of the CMB 52 NTD-Ge bolometers 22receivers

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 17 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 18 Discovery of n oscillations => mn ≠ 0

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 19 Cosmology

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 20 Cosmo-“conservative Cosmo-“aggressive

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 21 Direct merasurement of the neutrino mass

b decay Electron capture

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 22 Experiments on tritium decay

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 23 KATRIN

1 detector 2 magnets (4.5 T 3 vessel 4 Electrode system 5 electron gun 6 valve

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 24 Direct measurement of the electron mass with cryogenic microcalorimeters 187 187 - Re => Os + e + ¯n e  Radioactive source embedded in the microcalorimeter measured)  All events are detected  Rhenium is the beta isotope with the lowest known endpoint energy (2.47 keV)  Experiment (all the energy, except the neutrino’s, is MANU: Re single crystal with NTD Ge thermistors

MIBETA: AgReO4 with Si implanted therimostors END POINT  2465.3±0.5(stat)±1.6(syst) eV 2470±1(stat)±4(syst) eV HALF LIFE  4.32±0.02(stat)±0.01(syst) 1010 yrs 4.12±0.02(stat) ±0.11(syst)1010 yrs 2 MASS  mn < 15 ev/c 2 September 18, 2009 mn < 26 ev/cEttore Fiorini, Erice 2009 25 Microbolometer Array for Renium Experiment The full MARE experiment is still in the R&D phase and multiple options are being evaluated. In particular:

ISOTOPE TECHNOLOGY

187 163 Re Ho TES MagCal

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 26 MARE Genoa

calibration spectrum

T 85 mK Mn K

Al Al K op

Ca K a

E = 33 eV@ 2.6 keV Ti K  t ~ 500 ms

R Mn K a

 Araldit / ST2850 Cl K

Ca K

Ti K

b b

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 27 MARE Milan

The first phase of MARE-1 in Milan is getting ready to start at the end of September with 72 channels

With 72 channels a sensitivity on neutrino mass of about 5 eV can be achieved in 300 mm two years can be made

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 28 Few events in the extreme energy region

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 29 THE MARE II EXPERIMENT

• Direct neutrino mass determination with 0.1-0.2 eV accuracy • Beta Decay of 187Re with cryogenic microcalorimeters • TES coupled to Re absorber • 1014 event, requiring 10,000-50,000 detectors

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 30 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 31 163  163 Ho  e  Dy *n e

• finite neutrino mass causes a kink at the end-point similarly to beta spectra 8 N1 O1 4 10 M1 6 N2 M2 3 M1 10 M1

Signal / a.u. 10 Signal / a.u. 2 m =2 eV n m =0 eV 1 n 10 M2, Ni, Oi Q=2580 eV (i=1,2) Q=2300 eV 0 100 2577.0 2577.5 2578.0 2578.5 2579.0 2579.5 2580.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 E / eV E / eV

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 32 Relic neutrinos

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 33 What about the nature of the neutrino and its mass?

The second mystery of Ettore Majorana

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 34 Neutrinoless double beta decay and Majorana neutrinos n: LEFT

RIGHT n:

→ → Majorana <= => =>1937

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 35 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 36 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 37 u u e - d d e - W n W e n e n e W e - d W ne e - d u u 0n - bb decay 2n - bb decay

Neutrinoless bb decay

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 38 Predictions from oscillations

A.Strumia and F.Vissani.: hep-ph/0503246

disfavoured by -0

degeneration: m1 ≈ m2 ≈ m3 next generation -0 exp

2 inverse hierarchy: m3 « m1 ≈ m2

m atm < 0

disfavoured cosmology by

[eV] 〉

 normal hierarchy: m ≈ m » m

m 1 2 3 〈

2 m atm > 0

= f( mlow,Uek )

lightest neutrino mass [eV]

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 39 Claim of Evidence for 0nbb in 76Ge

~ 0.2 to 0.3 eV

Single-site events in detectors 2, 3, 4, 5 (56.6 kg-y). H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E17, 505 (2008) Looks good to me…not to me (E.F.)

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 40 Experimental situation

Experiment Nucleus Detector NEMO III 100Mo et al 10 kg of enrich. Isotopes -tracking 130 Cuoricino Te + etc. 40 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat) NEMO - SuperNEMO 130 CUORE Te + etc. 750 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat) EXO 136Xe 200kg - 1 t Xe TPC GERDA 76Ge 30 Š 40 kg Š 1t Ge diodes in LN Majorana 76Ge 180 kg - 1t Ge diodes MOON 100Mo nat.Mo sheets in plastic sc. CUORICINO DCBA 150Nd 20 kg Nd-tracking 116 CAMEO Cd 1 t CdWO4 in liquid scintillator COBRA 116Cd , 130Te 10 kg of CdTe semiconductors 48 Candles Ca Tons of CaF2 in liquid scintillators 116 GSO Cd 2 t Gd2SiO5:Ce scintill.in liquid sc. GERDA 136 Xe Xe 1.56 Xenon in liquid scintillator. Xmass 136Xe 1 t of liquid Xe

2 P1/2 650 nm MOON 493 nm CUORE 4 D3/2 MOON 2S metastable September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini,1/2 Erice 200947s 41 SNO++ EXO Double beta decay with thermal detectors

Searches for the 2b decay in 130Te (Q=2529 keV and 34% i.a.) A series of experiments carried out first by the Milano group and later by the CUORICINO and CUORE collaboration

Mibeta (Milano only) an array of 20 TeO2 bolometers of 320 g => total mass 6.8 kg CUORICINO (CUORICINO Coll.) 44 crystals of 150 g and 18 of 320 (4 enriched)n => total mass 40.7 kg

CUORE (CUORE coll) 988 crystals of 750 g => total mass 741 kg

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 42 Searches in the LNGS

CUORE R&D (Hall C)

CUORE (Hall A)

Cuoricino (Hall A)

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 43

Mass increase of bolometers total mass [kg] mass total

year September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 44 CUORICINO

At Hall A in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) 18 crystals 3x3x6 cm3 + 44 crystals 5x5x5 cm3 = 40.7 kg of TeO2 Operation started in the beginning of 2003 Background .18±.01 c /kev/ kg/ a

2 modules, 9 detector each, 11 modules, 4 detector each, crystal dimension 3x3x6 cm3 crystal dimension 5x5x5 cm3 crystal mass 330 g crystal mass 790 g 9 x 2 x 0.33 = 5.94 kg of TeO 2 4 x 11 x 0.79 = 34.76 kg of TeO2 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 45 CUORICINO

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 46 Change of the measured value of E

With 15.53 kg x a of 130Te and E = 2530.30 +/- 1.99 keV

=> t1/2 < 3.1 x 1030

2533 2532 2531 2527.01 ± 0.32 keV 2530 2529 2528 2527.518 ± 0.013 keV 2527 2526 2525 2524 2523

With ~ 18 kg x a 130Te e E ~ 2527 keV

=> t1/2 < 2.94 x 1030

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 47 Klapdor .1-.9

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 48 Present Cuoricino region

Possible evidence (best value 0.39 eV)

With the same matrix elements the Cuoricino limit is 0.53 eV “quasi” degeneracy m1 m2  m3 Inverse hierarchy 2 2 m 12= m atm

Direct hierarchy 2 2 m 12= m sol

Cosmological disfavoured September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 region (WMAP) 49 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 50 The CUORE collaboration

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 51 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 52 The crystals

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 53 SICCAS/INFN Clean Room

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 54 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 55 Growing and lapping at SICCAS

 Order for 63 cristals 4 crystals by flight => OK  Order for 500 crystals INFN 26 (2 being tested) + 32+36  Agreement prepared for 500 crystals DOE  Crystals are arriving at a rate of 30 crystals per month  In a year all INFN crystals produced. => Validation of the DOE ones

Packaging

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 56 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 57 ]] meVmeV 5757 100100 -- -- > [ [ > > 58 nn 1111 1919 mm << 2626 2626 [y][y] 1/21/2 TT 2.1 × 10102.12.1 × × 10106.56.5 × × ]] 55 55  keVkeV [[ In 5 years: )) sensitivity 22 33 -- -- keV/kg/y keV/kg/y 1010 1010

bb (counts/ (counts/

disfavoured by cosmology

Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 Erice Fiorini, Ettore expected ph/0503246 - CUORE CUORE Strumia A. and Vissani F. hep F. Vissani and A. Strumia September 18, 200918, September The earthquake

0.64 g =>center of L’Aquila

0.29g =>outside laboratory

0.03 g inside

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 59 The future

Other possible candidates for neutrinoless DBD

Compound Isotopic abundance Transiton energy

48 CaF2 .0187 % 4272keV 76Ge 7.44 " 2038.7 "

100 MoPbO4 9.63 " 3034 "

116 CdWO4 7.49 " 2804 "

130 TeO2 34 " 2528 "

150 150 NdF3 NdGaO3 5.64 " 3368“

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 60 Scintillation* + heat (in coincidence)

*Maybe Cherenkov light T.Tabarelli de Fatis – Milano-Bicocca

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 61 First scintillating bolometer (1991)

CaF2

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 62 CdWO : 508g 4 Already tested different scintillating crystals (CdWO4, CaF2, CaMoO4, SrMoO4, PbMoO4, ZnSe, …). With some of them we have obtained excellent results (for example CdWO4, CaMoO4 and ZnSe).

CaMoO4: 157g ZnSe:337 g

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 63 Background CdWO4 3x3x6 (426 g) – Scatter Plot (724 hours)

724 hours

228 224 Th Ra

212 210 Bi Po

230 Th 216 Po 234 U

232 Th 238 U

212 212 Bi Po

180 220 W Ra

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 64 Background CdWO4 3x3x6 (426 g) – Beta Spectrum

113 Cd (i.a.= 12.2 %) Qβ = 318 keV

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 65 CONCLUSIONS

Thermal detectors operating at low temperature (10-10 mK) had a great development in the last twenty years In many fields of physics (e.g.low energy nuclear physics, X-ray spectroscopy, material sciences , even environmental physics etc) they have not yet sufficiently exploited Their long rise and decay time not a problem for searches on rare events in non accelerator physics (see however their role in accelerator like DESY) They offer a wide choice of source or target nuclei. The possibility of hybrid employ association with detector of ionization and/or scintillation => formidable tool in searches for direct interaction of WIMPS In experiments on bb decay especially in its neutrinoless channel they are already competitive with other detector. This property will be further enhanced by the use of scintillation and /or ionization in coincidence Their multidisciplinary nature => exiting and exellent for learning

September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 66