July 22nd, 2019 Milano, Italy
Applications of low temperature detectors
Andrea Giuliani Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 2 Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 3 Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 4 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The deep roots of bolometry are in astronomy Samuel P. Langley (1834 – 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer
1880
S. Langley, The bolometer Nature, 25, 14-16, 1882 This instrument enabled him to study solar The radiation absorber was a thin iron irradiance far into its infrared region and to strip inserted in a Wheatstones’s bridge measure the intensity of solar radiation at → Sensitive to ∆T ∼ 10-5 K various wavelengths Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 5 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The advantage of cooling down: the LTD era Franck Low develops a bolometer based on a Ge:Ga thermistor, cooled at 2 K Journal of the Optical Society of America Vol. 51, Issue 11, pp. 1300-1304 (1961) To avoid IR absorption in lower atmosphere, instruments were placed in aircrafts Major discoveries in IR astronomy: NEP Orion Nebula -12 1/2 ∼10 W/Hz IR Cosmic Background IR galaxies Jupiter and Saturn → internal source of energy
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 6 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: science γ, X rays Radiowaves UV (observable (observed from space) from Earth)
Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy
Wavelength range: 50 µm – 850 µm CMB: dE/dλ peaks at λ = 1.063 mm Galaxy formation in the early universe Strong support for: Evolution of galaxies the Big Bang model Star formation in general Chemical composition of atmospheres the ΛCDM ("Lambda Cold Dark and surfaces of Solar System bodies Matter") model in particular Molecular chemistry across the universe Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 7 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments Thermal R Credit: D. Prêle γ, X rays detectors Radiowaves DRTBT 2018 UV Photodetectors (observableThermistors (observed from space) from Earth) TES
T COBE mission (1989-1993) – Demonstrates that CMB has a near-perfect black-body spectrum FIRAS [0.1 – 10 mm] – Michelson interferometer with four bolometric detectors John Mather Composite bolometer T ∼ 1.6 – 1.7 K Absorber: diamond with Cr-Au film NEP ∼ 4 × 10-15 W/Hz1/2 Si-doped sensor ∼ 0.8 cm Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 8 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments
Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy Herschel (2009-2013) -The largest, most Planck (2009-2013) powerful infrared telescope ever flown in space Space observatory that PACS instrument provided the most Two filled Si:P:B bolometer arrays: precise measurements of 32x16 (“red”) and 64x32 (“blue, green”) pixels several key cosmological parameters T ∼ 0.3 K NEP ∼ a few × 10-17 W/Hz1/2 High Frequency Instrument (HFI) 52 spider-web bolometers based on NTD Ge thermistors T ∼ 0.1 K
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 9 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments
Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy gravitational lensing SPICA –Final selection mid 2021 Holy grail of cosmology: Launch in ∼ 2032 CMB B-modes polarization gravitational 3 instruments waves from inflation SMI (Mid-IR) Safari (Spectrometer, FIR) Safari-Pol: imaging polarimeter in FIR Si doped thermistor technology T ∼ 0.05 K NEP ∼ 10-18 W/Hz1/2 Each pixel is intrinsically Multiplexing Emerging technologies: sensitive to polarization Series production TES MKIDs
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 10 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments
mm astronomy gravitational lensing Holy grail of cosmology: CMB B-modes polarization gravitational waves from Ti TES Ti-Au TES inflation 256/512 pixels / det 271 pixels / module
NbSi TES LEKID design 4 × 250 pixels 600-2000 pixels
Multiplexing Emerging technologies: Series production TES MKIDs
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 11 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology From IR to X-rays γ, X rays UnlikeRadiowaves Bragg spectrometers , possibility to couple UV (observable space resolution (observed from space) from Earth) with spectral resolution
Single photon E> ∼1 eV Flux of photons Dan McCammon 1984
Si-doped thermistor 55Fe
First energy spectrum with a low temperature calorimeter X-ray astrophysics with Credit: D. Prêle sounding rockets Andrea Giuliani DRTBT 2018 LTD18 - Tutorial 12 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology
Credit: E. Cucchetti X-ray astrophsyics DRTBT 2018 Athena mission (2031) X-ray astrophysics deals with X-IFU instrument galaxy clusters, AGN, SN remnants, Bi/Au absorber on binary stars and other « extreme » Mo/Au TES astrophysical objetcs 3800 channels ASTRO-H (Hitomi) mission (2016) 2.5 eV FWHM < 7 keV SXS instrument HgTe asborbers on Si thermistors Other possible detector choices MKIDs 6×6 channels - 7 eV FWHM in 0.3-12 keV MMCs 2.8 eV FWHM @7 keV
Lynx concept study Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 13 Neutrinos and dark matter A parallel story… T.O. Niinikoski, 1974 A. Drukier, E. Fiorini, T.O. Niinikoski, 1984 Cosmic ray disturbances in L. Stodolsky, 1982 Low-temperature thermometry and Cryogenic detection of neutral-current neutrino calorimetry for refrigeration scattering off nuclei rare decays
M.W. Goodman, Application to ββ decay E. Witten, 1985 Cryogenic detection of dark-matter candidates
T.O. Niinikoski, B. Cabrera, L.M. Krauss, F. Udo, 1974 F. Wilczek, 1985 CERN internal report Detection of neutrinos Cryogenic detection of more in general neutrinos? Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 14 Neutrinos and dark matter …leading to « LTD1 »
Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany May 12–13, 1987 Leo Stodolski Ettore Fiorini Tapio Niinikoski
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 15 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates In the nineties of last century, SUSY enjoyed a great deal of credit in particle phsyics and the lightest SUSY particle (neutralino) DAMA was considered the natural dark- claim mater candidate, as it turned out to have the correct relic abundance (« WIMP miracle »). 2006 Intense direct search for A relatively simple WIMPs with Promiment role of LTDs, 3-bolometer set-up masses of which lead the fields until like EDELWEISS-1 has ∼100 GeV ∼10-15 years ago been leader in 2002
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 16 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates Today’s situation No SUSY particles detected at LHC No WIMP direct detection down to σ∼10-46 cm2 Plethora of possibilities
Liquefied noble-gas detectors dominate the field above 5 GeV WIMP mass
However, still an important role for LTDs (also for axion detection)
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 17 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates Today’s situation No SUSY particles detected at LHC DAMA claim No WIMP direct detection down to σ∼10-46 cm2 Plethora of possibilities
Liquefied noble-gas detectors dominate the field above 5 GeV WIMP mass
However, still an important role for LTDs (also for axion detection)
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 18 Dark matter Dark matter experiments with LTDs Low energy threshold (≤ 100 eV) Low raw background Electron/nuclear recoil discrimination Large exposures EDELWEISS SuperCDMS L. Gonzalez-Mestres, L.M. Krauss, M. CRESST Ge crystal Ge crystal D. Perret-Gallix, Srednicki, F. Wilczec CaWO4 crystals 600 g 1988, LTD2 PRD 33(1986)2079 24 g 850 g Scintillating Ionization + heat Ionization + bolometer → Reject surface athermal phonons 60 eV threshold on events by charge → Reject surface events by phonon COSINUS average collection pattern NaI 30 eV on one 36 detectors signal detector → 20 kg 15 detectors → 9 kg
COSINUS: scrutinize DAMA with NaI scintillating bolometers
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 19 Dark matter Dark matter experiments with LTDs Low energy threshold (≤ 100 eV) Low raw background Electron/nuclear recoil discrimination Large exposures CRESST EDELWEISS SuperCDMS Ge crystal Ge crystal CaWO4 crystals 600 g Discrimination in EDELWEISS 24 g 850 g Scintillating Ionization + heat Ionization + bolometer → Reject surface athermal phonons 60 eV threshold on events by charge → Reject surface average collection pattern events by phonon 30 eV on one 36 detectors signal detector → 20 kg 15 detectors → 9 kg
COSINUS: scrutinize DAMA with NaI scintillating bolometers
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 20 Dark matter Search for low-mass candidates Search for low-mass WIMPs → threshold more important than discrimination → new strategies CRESST – phonons + scintillation
Very small Al2O3 crystal – 0.49 g – 19.6 eV threshold EDELWEISS – phonons + ionization Careful optimization of NTD readout and microphonic noise Ge crystal – 32 g – 55 eV threshold SuperCDMS and EDELWEISS – phonons + ionization Ionization read by Neganov-Luke effect - CDMSLite 56 eVee threshold P. Luke JAP 64(1988)6858 In this context, first observation of e-h quantization in Si Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 21 Neutrino - CEνNS Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering Neutrinos scatter coherently off atomic nuclei Detected by COHERENT in 2017 with conventional Low momentum transfer detectors with relativley Low neutrino energies high-energy neutrinos 2 σSM ∝ (Number of neutrons) O(10 eV) theshold required Table-top neutrino experiment! WIMP-CEνNS connection Reactor Precision measurements CRESST-like 0.5 g EDELWEISS-like 32 g with LTDs required for: SuperCDMS-like 600 g Low energy test of SM ν Physics beyond SM New − ν magnetic moment physics SM − Non standard ν interaction − Z’ boson Credit: J. Billard - DRTBT 2018 Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 22 Neutrino - CEνNS Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering One of the main challenges is background → different strategies Ricochet NuCLEUS MINER – phase 1
1 kg array of detectors (CryoCube) 3×3×3 = 27 Phase 1: 10 g target mass Use one SuperCDMS (625 g Ge)
crystals of 30 g (Ge & Zn) 9 CaWO4 and 9 Al2O3 crystals detector in HV mode Nuclear recoil identification Outer and inner vetos Passive and active shielding down to O(10) eV threshold Science run started BASKET – Use lithiated targets to monitor neutron background in real time
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 23 Double beta decay Neutrino mass scale: double beta decay 25-26 Neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) – Hypothetical rare decay (T1/2> 10 y) – If observed: neutrino and antineutrino coincide (Majorana fermions) The most important problem Lepton number is not an exact symmetry of Nature in neutrino physics
In addition, measurement of the effective Majorana mass mββ → neutrino mass scale
(A,Z) → (A,Z+2) + 2e- – a few interesting nuclei Signature: peak in the 2e- spectrum (Q=2-3 MeV) LTDs are ideal detectors: CUPID-0 High energy resolution CUORE Flexible material choice Background rejection methods CUPID (hybrid or surface sensitive detectors) AMoRE Multi-isotope search in principle
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 24 Double beta decay LTDs for double beta decay: CUORE and CUPID-0 CUORE Solution L. Gonzalez-Mestres, First ton-scale array of Scintillating bolometers D. Perret-Gallix, cryogenic calorimeters: with Q>3 MeV candidates 1989, Moriond 988 TeO2 crystals Milano group S. Pirro (0.75 kg each) First scintillating bolometer Pioneering work
NTD readout (CaF2 for 0ν2β) Scintillating double-beta-decay CUORE cryostat (LNGS) bolometers unprecendented Phys. At. Nucl. 69 (2006) 2109 technological challenge CUPID-0 evolution of LUCIFER (LNGS) Current results 24× 95%-enriched Zn82Se scintillating bolometers 90% C.I. limits on Intrinsic limitations Excellent α rejection, but alphas Half-life of 130Te: surface α background intrinsic limitations of ZnSe 25 130 T1/2 > 1.5×10 y low Q (∼2.5 MeV) of Te Low energy resolution Effective Majorana mass: → γ background Difficult crystallization betas mββ < (110 - 520) meV Non-excellent radiopurity Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 25 Double beta decay LTDs for double beta decay: the 100Mo way Mo-based scintillating bolometers to study the candidate 100Mo – Q∼3.03 MeV
AMoRE AMoRE pilot AMoRE-I AMoRE-II 100 MMC readout 6× Ca MoO4 crystals 18× crystals 200 kg 1.9 kg total 3 different types total mass done in preparation planned
100 LUMINEU → CUPID-Mo – development of the Li2 MoO4 technology – NTD readout Multiple tests with natural and enriched crystals (2014-2017) in LSM and LNGS with outstanding results in terms of: CUPID-Mo Reproducibility → excellent performance uniformity Energy resolution → ∼ 4-6 keV FWHM at 2615 keV pilot α rejection → > 99.9 % experiment Internal radiopurity → < 5 µBq/kg in 232Th, 238U; < 5 mBq/kg in 40K
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 26 Double beta decay LTDs for double beta decay: CUPID-Mo and CUPID CUPID-Mo 19/20 channel sum calibration 38 kg × d No count above 20 scintillating bolometers 5.3 keV FWHM 3 MeV @2615 keV Q
α/β separation ∼15σ
Towards CUPID CROSS – surface sensitivity Prospects for CUPID-Mo ∼1500 Li MoO scintillating NEMO-3 limit 2 4 bolometers in the CUORE cryostat parameter bulk We are here PSD One of the most sensitive 0ν2β surface (0.5 kg×y) searches of the next decade 10µm-thick Al film
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 27 Neutrino mass – direct measurements Neutrino mass: β decay and electron capture Neutrino mass scale: fondamental parameter of particle physics and cosmology _ Model-independent measurement: 187 187 - High energy resolution + Re → Os+e +νe - Q∼2.5 keV kinematics → Spectral distortion flexibility in detector MIBETA-MANU of the visible energy emitted material → LTDs mν < 15.6 eV - AgReO4 bolometers along with invisible neutrinos No go for LTDs _ → no convenient Re-based bolometer 3 3 - Tritium β decay: H → He+e +νe - Q∼18.6 keV More promising: A. De Rújula, 1981 163 163 Ho → Dy*+νe - Q∼2.8 keV
Best limit (mν < 2.2 eV) and prospects (mν < 0.2 eV) with MAC-E filter spectrometers: KATRIN experiment No go for LTDs → too small fraction of useful events Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 28 Neutrino mass – direct measurements Neutrino mass: electron capture experiments For sub-eV sensitivity: > 1014 events → total activity ∼ 1 MBq Large arrays In order to limit pile-up in each pixel → ∼ 105 pixels Multiplexing
Detector Au absorber HOLMES challenges: High energy TES array resolution O(1 eV) ECHo Fast risetime < 1µs Credit L. Gastaldo MMC array NEUTRINO 2018 Source challenges: A combination of technologies for neutrino mass Production and embedding of the source measurement (including LTDs) can be used to 17 attempt the detection of relic neutrinos – PTOLEMY 1 MBq → > 10 atoms – T1/2= 4570 y
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 29 Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 30 Low temperature detectorsLTDs have are crucialnowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamentalinstruments science for all and technology the future missions Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 31 Low temperature detectorsLTDs have are crucialnowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamentalinstruments science for all and technology the future missions LTDs will play a Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology relevant role in search for low-mass WIMPs Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and otherand exotic axions particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 32 Low temperature detectorsLTDs have are crucialnowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamentalinstruments science for all and technology the future missions LTDs will play a Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology relevant role in search for low-mass WIMPs Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and otherand exotic axions particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics LTDs will detect and study CEνNS at nuclear detectors Material and life science,LTDs can dominate cultural 0ν2β heritage scenario, homelandin the next decade security LTDs can provide a method to improve the present sensitivity on m New frontier: quantum technologies ν
Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 33