July 22nd, 2019 Milano, Italy Applications of low temperature detectors Andrea Giuliani Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 2 Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 3 Low temperature detectors have nowadays a wide range of applications, both in fondamental science and technology Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Dark matter: search for WIMPs, axions and other exotic particles Neutrino basic properties Nuclear and atomic physics Material and life science, cultural heritage, homeland security New frontier: quantum technologies Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 4 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The deep roots of bolometry are in astronomy Samuel P. Langley (1834 – 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer 1880 S. Langley, The bolometer Nature, 25, 14-16, 1882 This instrument enabled him to study solar The radiation absorber was a thin iron irradiance far into its infrared region and to strip inserted in a Wheatstones’s bridge measure the intensity of solar radiation at -5 various wavelengths → Sensitive to ∆T ∼ 10 K Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 5 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The advantage of cooling down: the LTD era Franck Low develops a bolometer based on a Ge:Ga thermistor, cooled at 2 K Journal of the Optical Society of America Vol. 51, Issue 11, pp. 1300-1304 (1961) To avoid IR absorption in lower atmosphere, instruments were placed in aircrafts Major discoveries in IR astronomy: NEP Orion Nebula -12 1/2 ∼10 W/Hz IR Cosmic Background IR galaxies Jupiter and Saturn → internal source of energy Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 6 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: science γ, X rays Radiowaves UV (observable (observed from space) from Earth) Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy Wavelength range: 50 µm – 850 µm CMB: dE/dλ peaks at λ = 1.063 mm Galaxy formation in the early universe Strong support for: Evolution of galaxies the Big Bang model Star formation in general Chemical composition of atmospheres the ΛCDM ("Lambda Cold Dark and surfaces of Solar System bodies Matter") model in particular Molecular chemistry across the universe Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 7 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments Thermal R Credit: D. Prêle γ, X rays detectors Radiowaves DRTBT 2018 UV Photodetectors (observableThermistors (observed from space) from Earth) TES T COBE mission (1989-1993) – Demonstrates that CMB has a near-perfect black-body spectrum FIRAS [0.1 – 10 mm] – Michelson interferometer with four bolometric detectors John Mather Composite bolometer T ∼ 1.6 – 1.7 K Absorber: diamond with Cr-Au film NEP ∼ 4 × 10-15 W/Hz1/2 Si-doped sensor ∼ 0.8 cm Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 8 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy Herschel (2009-2013) -The largest, most Planck (2009-2013) powerful infrared telescope ever flown in space Space observatory that PACS instrument provided the most Two filled Si:P:B bolometer arrays: precise measurements of 32x16 (“red”) and 64x32 (“blue, green”) pixels several key cosmological parameters T ∼ 0.3 K NEP ∼ a few × 10-17 W/Hz1/2 High Frequency Instrument (HFI) 52 spider-web bolometers based on NTD Ge thermistors T ∼ 0.1 K Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 9 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments Far InfraRed (FIR) / sub-mm astronomy mm astronomy gravitational lensing SPICA –Final selection mid 2021 Holy grail of cosmology: Launch in ∼ 2032 CMB B-modes polarization gravitational 3 instruments waves from inflation SMI (Mid-IR) Safari (Spectrometer, FIR) Safari-Pol: imaging polarimeter in FIR Si doped thermistor technology T ∼ 0.05 K NEP ∼ 10-18 W/Hz1/2 Each pixel is intrinsically Multiplexing Emerging technologies: sensitive to polarization Series production TES MKIDs Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 10 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology The mm and sub-mm astronomy: instruments mm astronomy gravitational lensing Holy grail of cosmology: CMB B-modes polarization gravitational waves from Ti TES Ti-Au TES inflation 256/512 pixels / det 271 pixels / module NbSi TES LEKID design 4 × 250 pixels 600-2000 pixels Multiplexing Emerging technologies: Series production TES MKIDs Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 11 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology From IR to X-rays γ, X rays UnlikeRadiowaves Bragg spectrometers , possibility to couple UV (observable space resolution (observed from space) from Earth) with spectral resolution Single photon E> ∼1 eV Flux of photons Dan McCammon 1984 Si-doped thermistor 55Fe First energy spectrum with a low temperature calorimeter X-ray astrophysics with Credit: D. Prêle sounding rockets Andrea Giuliani DRTBT 2018 LTD18 - Tutorial 12 Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology Credit: E. Cucchetti X-ray astrophsyics DRTBT 2018 Athena mission (2031) X-ray astrophysics deals with X-IFU instrument galaxy clusters, AGN, SN remnants, Bi/Au absorber on binary stars and other « extreme » Mo/Au TES astrophysical objetcs 3800 channels ASTRO-H (Hitomi) mission (2016) 2.5 eV FWHM < 7 keV SXS instrument HgTe asborbers on Si thermistors Other possible detector choices MKIDs 6×6 channels - 7 eV FWHM in 0.3-12 keV MMCs 2.8 eV FWHM @7 keV Lynx concept study Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 13 Neutrinos and dark matter A parallel story… T.O. Niinikoski, 1974 A. Drukier, E. Fiorini, T.O. Niinikoski, 1984 Cosmic ray disturbances in L. Stodolsky, 1982 Low-temperature thermometry and Cryogenic detection of neutral-current neutrino calorimetry for refrigeration scattering off nuclei rare decays M.W. Goodman, Application to ββ decay E. Witten, 1985 Cryogenic detection of dark-matter candidates T.O. Niinikoski, B. Cabrera, L.M. Krauss, F. Udo, 1974 F. Wilczek, 1985 CERN internal report Detection of neutrinos Cryogenic detection of more in general neutrinos? Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 14 Neutrinos and dark matter …leading to « LTD1 » Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany May 12–13, 1987 Leo Stodolski Ettore Fiorini Tapio Niinikoski Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 15 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates In the nineties of last century, SUSY enjoyed a great deal of credit in particle phsyics and the lightest SUSY particle (neutralino) DAMA was considered the natural dark- claim mater candidate, as it turned out to have the correct relic abundance (« WIMP miracle »). 2006 Intense direct search for A relatively simple WIMPs with Promiment role of LTDs, 3-bolometer set-up masses of which lead the fields until like EDELWEISS-1 has ∼100 GeV ∼10-15 years ago been leader in 2002 Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 16 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates Today’s situation No SUSY particles detected at LHC No WIMP direct detection down to σ∼10-46 cm2 Plethora of possibilities Liquefied noble-gas detectors dominate the field above 5 GeV WIMP mass However, still an important role for LTDs (also for axion detection) Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 17 Dark matter Search for dark-matter candidates Today’s situation No SUSY particles detected at LHC DAMA claim No WIMP direct detection down to σ∼10-46 cm2 Plethora of possibilities Liquefied noble-gas detectors dominate the field above 5 GeV WIMP mass However, still an important role for LTDs (also for axion detection) Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 18 Dark matter Dark matter experiments with LTDs Low energy threshold (≤ 100 eV) Low raw background Electron/nuclear recoil discrimination Large exposures EDELWEISS SuperCDMS L. Gonzalez-Mestres, L.M. Krauss, M. CRESST Ge crystal Ge crystal D. Perret-Gallix, Srednicki, F. Wilczec CaWO4 crystals 600 g 1988, LTD2 PRD 33(1986)2079 24 g 850 g Scintillating Ionization + heat Ionization + bolometer → Reject surface athermal phonons 60 eV threshold on events by charge → Reject surface events by phonon COSINUS average collection pattern NaI 30 eV on one 36 detectors signal detector → 20 kg 15 detectors → 9 kg COSINUS: scrutinize DAMA with NaI scintillating bolometers Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 19 Dark matter Dark matter experiments with LTDs Low energy threshold (≤ 100 eV) Low raw background Electron/nuclear recoil discrimination Large exposures CRESST EDELWEISS SuperCDMS Ge crystal Ge crystal CaWO4 crystals 600 g Discrimination in EDELWEISS 24 g 850 g Scintillating Ionization + heat Ionization + bolometer → Reject surface athermal phonons 60 eV threshold on events by charge → Reject surface average collection pattern events by phonon 30 eV on one 36 detectors signal detector → 20 kg 15 detectors → 9 kg COSINUS: scrutinize DAMA with NaI scintillating bolometers Andrea Giuliani LTD18 - Tutorial 20 Dark matter Search for low-mass candidates Search for low-mass WIMPs → threshold more important than discrimination → new strategies CRESST – phonons + scintillation Very small Al2O3 crystal – 0.49 g – 19.6 eV threshold EDELWEISS – phonons + ionization Careful optimization of NTD readout and microphonic noise Ge crystal – 32 g – 55 eV threshold