DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Direct Measurements of the Neutrino Mass?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Direct Measurements of the Neutrino Mass? Double beta decay, neutrino and Majorana theory 1.The birth of double beta decay 2. From low energy nuclear physic to neutrino mass and properties 3. Experimental approaches and difficulties 4. Present experimental status 5. The nightmare of nuclear matrix elements 6. The future 7. News on Nuclear Matrix Elements 8. Majorana theory in solid states 10.Conclusions Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 1 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 2 Double beta decays 1935 M.Goeppert-Mayer, P.R. 48 (1935) 512 T>1020 Majorana, Nuovo Cimento 14 (1937) 171 Symmetric Theory of Electron and Positron G. Racah, Nuovo Cimento 14 (1937) 322 W.H. Furry Lepton number nonconservation 1967: 130Te, Geochemical Ogata and Takaoka, Kirsten et 1987: 82Se, Direct counting Moe et al . 1987 : Source=detector 48Ca, 76Ge Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 3 - 1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e + 2 ne Two neutrino double beta decay Allowed by the standard model Found in eleven nuclei to ground state and in two to excited state 2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + c ( …2,3 c) Emission of a massless Goldston boson named Majoron (Gelmini and Roncadelli) 3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- Neutrinoless double beta decay. The two electrons share the total transition energy E1 + E2 => DE => a peak should appear in the sum spectrum of the two electrons Other possible “DL=2” decays - Double positron decay => b+ b+ - Positron decay + Electron Capture => EC- b+ - Double electron capture => EC-EC Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 4 Two neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay Measurement of the CP phase in the 0n bb-decay Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 5 Experimental challenges Many types of detectors • Cloud chambers • Emulsions? • Bubble chambers (yes for Dark Matter) • Scintillators • Double state liquids • Time projectrion chambers • Imagining devices • Single atom counters 136Xe => 136Ba • Bolometers • Hybrid devices Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 6 How to search for bb decay Geochemical experiments 82Se = > 82Kr, 96Zr = > 96Mo, 128Te = > 128Xe , 130Te = > 130Te Radiochemical experiments 238U = > 238Pu (non confirmed) Direct experiments Source = detector Source detectors e- e- Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 7 Thermal detectors Q DT Thermal sensor CV v T 3 C V 1944 ( ) J/K vm absorber crystal Incident particle Energy resolution <1 eV ~ 1eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 8 A first bb experiment Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 9 RARE events One of the main problem => background Cosmic rays => underground physics Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 10 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 11 The Jin Ping Laboratory (700 m.w.e) INO Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 12 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 13 Radioactivity Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 14 CUORICINO Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 15 The second mystery of Ettore Majorana In 1937, Majorana theoretically showed that the conclusions of the theory of β decay remain unchanged under the assumption of the existence of only onetype of the neutrino having no antiparticle (i.e., ν ≡ ¯ ν). Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 16 Dirac or Majorana neutrino? n: LEFT RIGHT n: → → Majorana <= => =>1937 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 17 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 18 Neutrino oscillations Sterile neutrinos LSND,Miniboon,Gallex,reactors) Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 19 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 20 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 21 Bracking news => 0nbb in 76Ge <mn> ~ 0.34eV Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 22 Present results on neutrinoess DBD Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 23 BUT => GERDA Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 24 Future experiments on DBD Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 25 GERDA Majorana Supernemo Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 26 Brussel May 29 2015 27 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 28 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 29 Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 30 NEXT Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 31 CUORICINO CUORE0 CUORE Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 32 New 1/2 24 CUORE0 =>Ton > 2.7 x 10 90% c.l. 1/2 24 CUORE+CUORICINO =>Ton > 4 x 10 90% c.l. Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 33 The future => Hybrid techniques Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 34 Now a competitor AMORE Advanced Mo based Rare process Experiment Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 35 The past Brussel May 29 2015 36 Robertson Brussel May 29 2015 37 Bracking news unpleasant F.Iachello => S.Dell’Oro and F.Vissani A.Faessler et al. J.Phys. G35 (2008) 075104 Quenching g A from 2n bb decay and one n b decay Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 38 The first strike by Brutus 39 The final strike by Brutus - Impressive progress by cosmology on neutrino mass. - Recent data by Planck - A detailed analysis of cosmological results possibly favoring the direct hierarchy (Palanque Delabrouille) Sm n < 0.17 eV or Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas Platus is a friend.but truth even more Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 40 Majorana => can a ½ spin particle be its own antiparticle? So far application to neutrino Conventional Cooper excitons are bosons and not Majorana particles In superconductors Cooper pairs, being boson like particle, form condensates respecting Pauli principle How to produce excitons which are Majorana particles Cooper pairs can be added to holes producing spin ½ exitons. Superconductors can contain magnetic wires acting as quasiparticles Form magnetic flux tubes ( vortices) Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 41 Bi2Te 3 on a superconductor NbSe2 In normal superconductors Scanning with a tunneling microscope and sepctrocope one can find explicity a single Majorana mode. Common opinion: Majorana theory can be as impoortnt in solid state like it is In elementary particle physics Brussel May 29 2015 42 Conclusions Massive detectors (now expensive) of unique sophistication Reduction of background which could hide neutrinoless bb events has reached an unprecedented sensistivity The quenching of gA reduces the matrix would ref+duce sensitivity oon neutrino mass limit by a factor 4 to 5. If so no present hope to reach the inverse hierarchy region The validity to extend to neutrinoless DBD the gA obtained from two neutrino and single beta decay should be justified The sophistication reached and to be reached in serches for DBD could have appplications in other fields of science Aplication to solid state physics of the Maiorana theory could bring to results as important as in solid state physics Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 43 There are more things in Earth and Heaven , Polonius, that can be dreamt of by your Philosophy Hamlet Ettore Fiorini Brussel May 29 2015 44 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Results from the Cuore Experiment †
    universe Article Results from the Cuore Experiment † Alessio Caminata 1,* , Douglas Adams 2, Chris Alduino 2, Krystal Alfonso 3, Frank Avignone III 2, Oscar Azzolini 4, Giacomo Bari 5, Fabio Bellini 6,7 , Giovanni Benato 8, Andrea Bersani 1, Matteo Biassoni 9, Antonio Branca 10,11, Chiara Brofferio 9,12, Carlo Bucci 13, Alice Campani 1,14, Lucia Canonica 13,15, Xi-Guang Cao 16, Silvia Capelli 9,12, Luigi Cappelli 8,13,17, Laura Cardani 7, Paolo Carniti 9,12, Nicola Casali 7, Davide Chiesa 9,12, Nicholas Chott 2, Massimiliano Clemenza 9,12, Simone Copello 13,18, Carlo Cosmelli 6,7, Oliviero Cremonesi 9, Richard Creswick 2, Jeremy Cushman 19, Antonio D’Addabbo 13, Damiano D’Aguanno 13,20, Ioan Dafinei 7, Christopher Davis 19, Stefano Dell’Oro 21, Milena Deninno 5, Sergio Di Domizio 1,14, Valentina Dompè 13,18, Alexey Drobizhev 8,17, De-Qing Fang 16, Guido Fantini 13,18, Marco Faverzani 9,12, Elena Ferri 9,12, Fernando Ferroni 6,7, Ettore Fiorini 9,12, ‡ Massimo Alberto Franceschi 22, Stuart Freedman 8,17, , Brian Fujikawa 17, Andrea Giachero 9,12 , Luca Gironi 9,12 , Andrea Giuliani 23, Paolo Gorla 13, Claudio Gotti 9,12 , Thomas Gutierrez 24, Ke Han 25, Karsten Heeger 19, Raul Hennings-Yeomans 8,17, Roger Huang 8, Huan Zhong Huang 3, Joe Johnston 15, Giorgio Keppel 4 , Yury Kolomensky 8,17, Alexander Leder 15, Carlo Ligi 22, Yu-Gang Ma 16, Laura Marini 8,17, Maria Martinez 6,7,26, Reina Maruyama 19, Yuan Mei 17, Niccolo Moggi 5,27, Silvio Morganti 7, Tommaso Napolitano 22, Massimiliano Nastasi 9,12, Claudia Nones 28, Eric Norman 29,30,
    [Show full text]
  • Results from the CUORE Experiment
    Results from the CUORE experiment The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Caminata, Alessio, et al., "Results from the CUORE experiment." Universe 5, 1 (Jan. 2019): doi 10.3390/universe5010010 ©2019 Author(s) As Published 10.3390/universe5010010 Publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/125091 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ universe Article Results from the Cuore Experiment † Alessio Caminata 1,* , Douglas Adams 2, Chris Alduino 2, Krystal Alfonso 3, Frank Avignone III 2, Oscar Azzolini 4, Giacomo Bari 5, Fabio Bellini 6,7 , Giovanni Benato 8, Andrea Bersani 1, Matteo Biassoni 9, Antonio Branca 10,11, Chiara Brofferio 9,12, Carlo Bucci 13, Alice Campani 1,14, Lucia Canonica 13,15, Xi-Guang Cao 16, Silvia Capelli 9,12, Luigi Cappelli 8,13,17, Laura Cardani 7, Paolo Carniti 9,12, Nicola Casali 7, Davide Chiesa 9,12, Nicholas Chott 2, Massimiliano Clemenza 9,12, Simone Copello 13,18, Carlo Cosmelli 6,7, Oliviero Cremonesi 9, Richard Creswick 2, Jeremy Cushman 19, Antonio D’Addabbo 13, Damiano D’Aguanno 13,20, Ioan Dafinei 7, Christopher Davis 19, Stefano Dell’Oro 21, Milena Deninno 5, Sergio Di Domizio 1,14, Valentina Dompè 13,18, Alexey Drobizhev 8,17, De-Qing Fang 16, Guido Fantini 13,18, Marco Faverzani 9,12, Elena Ferri 9,12, Fernando Ferroni 6,7, Ettore Fiorini 9,12,
    [Show full text]
  • Neutrino Mixing, Majorana CP-Violation, (Ββ) 0Ν
    Carolina International Symposium on Neutrino Physics IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 173 (2009) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/173/1/012025 Concluding Remarks: Neutrino Mixing, Majorana CP-violation, (ββ)0ν-Decay and Beyond S. T. Petcov 1 Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati and INFN, I-34014 Trieste, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The problem of determination of the nature - Dirac or Majorana, of massive neutrinos is discussed. The physics potential of experiments, searching for (ββ)0ν −decay, for providing information on the type of ν-mass spectrum, absolute scale of ν- masses and on the Majorana CP-violating phases in the PMNS neutrino mixing matrix U, is reviewed. The possibility that the CP-violation necessary for the generation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe is due exclusively to the Majorana CP-violating phase(s) in U, is also briefly discussed. 1. Introduction It is both an honor and a pleasure for me to speak at this Symposium organized in honor of Frank Avignone, Ettore Fiorini and the late Peter Rosen. I met Frank first in 1986, Ettore - in 1979 and Peter Rosen - in 1983. However, their names were familiar to me from some of the publications I was reading in the middle of the 1970's when I was a Ph. D. student. I was interested in neutrino physics and Frank, Ettore and Peter were actively working in this field. Their \passion" for neutrinos did not diminish with time. For Peter Rosen it continued until his last days. All three of them marked the field with their achievements: Frank and Ettore - in experimental neutrino physics, and Peter - in the theory of neutrinos.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentazione Professor Fiorini
    Trends in searches on ultrarare events 1. Neutrino oscillations and mass 2. Rare decays or interactions => Reduction of environmental background 3. Direct detection of dark matter 4. The second mystery of Ettore Majorana 5. Conclusion. Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 1 Neutrino oscillations Sterile neutrinos LSND,Miniboon,Gallex,reactors Great discovery requires great evidence (P. de Bernardis) Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 2 Measurement of the neutrino mass decay Present 2 eV => KATRIN .2 eV decay .3-.5 eV => .03-.05 eV Cosmology .23-1.08 eV Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 3 Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 4 RARE events ? One of the main problem => background Cosmic rays => underground physics Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 5 Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 6 Where to go ? Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 7 Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 8 Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 9 The Jin Ping Laboratory (700 m.w.e) Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 10 Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 11 CUORICINO Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 12 Radioactivity Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 13 Searches for direct interactions of Weakly Interacting Massive particles (WIMPS) Galactic WIMPs interact on a nucleus depositing tens to hundreds of keV of kinetic e nergy to a single nucleus. Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini J-Lanfranchi Thermal detectors Q T Thermal sensor CV v T 3 CV 1944 ( ) J/K vm absorber crystal Incident particle Energy resolution <1 eV ~ 1eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV Rome Sept.22,2014 Ettore Fiorini 15 Evidence of a seasonal
    [Show full text]
  • Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic Detectors
    Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic Detectors - Past and present of thermal detectors - Their role in searches for neutrino physics - Hybrid techniques - The impact of the discovery of neutrino oscillation - Present situation of searches on neutrino mass in single beta decay and the role of thermal detectors - The second mystery of Ettore Majorana - Present situation on experiments of neutrinoless double beta decay and the possible impact of thermal detectors in this field - Conclusions September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 1 First ideas 1880 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared rays from SUN 1903 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity 1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino 1949 => D. Andrews, R. Fowler, M. Williams => a particle detection 1983 => T.Niinikoski =>observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic rays 1984 => S.H.Moseley et LT detectors for astrophysics and n mass => Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events => A. Drukier, L. Stodolsky, => neutrino physics and astronomy September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 2 The cryogenic or thermal detectors September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 3 Equilibrium detectors Q T Thermal sensor CV absorber crystal v T 3 CV 1944 ( ) J/K Incident vm particle Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 2eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 4 - - Various types of thermometers => a thermistor => a transition edge sensor (TES) => an Equilibrium Absorber weakly coupled to
    [Show full text]
  • Hep-Ex/0501010
    CUORE: A CRYOGENIC UNDERGROUND OBSERVATORY FOR RARE EVENTS 29th October 2018 Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Milano-Bicocca e Sezione di Milano dell’INFN,Milano I-20126, Italy Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale del Politecnico di Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 USA Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67010, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Firenze e Sezione di Firenze dell’INFN, Firenze I-50125, Italy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551, USA Laboratorio de Fisica Nuclear y Altas Energias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain arXiv:hep-ex/0501010v1 6 Jan 2005 Kamerling Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RAQ, Leiden, The Netherlands Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche e Matematiche dell’Università dell’Insubria e Sezione di Milano dell’INFN, Como I-22100, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Genova e Sezione di Genova dell’INFN, Genova I-16146, Italy University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, 1 2 I-35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Roma e Sezione di Roma 1 dell’INFN, Roma I-16146, Italy ( The CUORE Collaboration ) Professor Ettore Fiorini, Università di Milano Bicocca, Spokesman. 3 SCIENTIFIC PERSONAL MEMBERS OF THE CUORE COLLABORATION R. Ardito1,2, C. Arnaboldi1, D. R. Artusa3, F. T. Avignone III3, M. Balata4, I. Bandac3, M. Barucci5, J.W. Beeman6, F. Bellini14, C. Brofferio1, C. Bucci4, S. Capelli1, F. Capozzi1, L. Carbone1, S. Cebrian7, C. Cosmelli14, O.
    [Show full text]
  • Pos(EMC2006)007
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CERN Document Server Neutrino: Dirac or Majorana? Ettore Fiorini 1 PoS(EMC2006)007 Dipartimento di Fisica G.P.S.Occhialini,Universita’ di Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano ,Italy E-mail: [email protected] The problem of the nature of the neutrino, namely if it is a massless Dirac particle different from its antineutrino or a Majorana particle with finite mass, is discussed. The question is related to the recent results showing the presence of neutrino oscillations clearly indicating that the difference between the squared mass of neutrinos of different flavours is different from zero. Neutrinoless double beta decay (DBD) is at present the most powerful tool to determine the effective value of the mass of a Majorana neutrino. The results already obtained in this lepton violating process will be reported and the two presently running DBD experiments briefly discussed. The future second generation experiments will be reviewed with special emphasis to those already partially approved. In conclusion the peculiar and interdisciplinary nature of these searches will be stressed in their exciting aim to discover if neutrino is indeed a Majorana particle Ettore Majorana's legacy and the Physics of the XXI century University of Catania, Italy 5-6 October, 2006 1 Speaker Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it Neutrino: Dirac or Majorana? Ettore Fiorini Introduction The mystery on the nature of neutrino started practically in 1937 when Ettore Majorana suggested the possibility of a certain “equality” between the neutrino and its antiparticle, the antineutrino: this would obviously violate the conservation of the lepton number.
    [Show full text]
  • Searches on Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic Detectors
    Carolina International Symposium on Neutrino Physics IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 173 (2009) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/173/1/012004 Searches on Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic detectors Ettore Fiorini1 Dipartimento di Fisica G.P.S.Occhialini dell’ Universita’ di Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The impact in neutrino physics of the recent results on oscillations and the consequent need to measure the value of the neutrino mass are briefly discussed. The operating principle of cryogenic detectors working at low temperatures, where the small heat capacity allows to record and measure the temperature increase due to the tiny energy lost by a particle in form of heat is described. An application of these detectors is the measurement, or at least an upper constraint, of the neutrino mass in β decay. This approach is complementary and can be in the future competitive with experiments based on the spectrometric measurement of the electron energy. The presently running bolometric CUORICINO experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te already yields the best constraint on the absolute value of the Majorana neutrino mass. An experiment, named CUORE, for Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events, is presently in construction. With its active mass of 750 kg of natural TeO2 it aims to reach the sensitivity in the determination of the Majorana neutrino mass suggested by the results of neutrino oscillation under the inverse hierarchy hypothesis. 1. Introduction The existence of the neutrino was first suggested by Wolfang Pauli in a famous letter “Liebe radioactive damen und herren” dated December 4, 1930 and addressed to a Conference on radioactivity in Tubingen.
    [Show full text]
  • Neutral Currents: a Perfect Experimental Discovery
    CERN Courier September 2013 Anniversary Neutral currents: A perfect experimental discovery Forty years after the observation of weak neutral currents at CERN, Luciano Maiani reflects on their impact. In a seminar at CERN on 19 July 1973, Paul Musset of the weak neutral currents. A month later, Gerald Myatt presented the Fig. 1. A hadronic neutral current event, where the interaction of results on a global stage at the 6th International Symposium on Elec- the neutrino from the left produces three secondary particles, all tron and Photon Interactions at High Energies in Bonn. By then, two Physics Let- in the liquid. There is no charged lepton. ters and were published together on 3 September. A few days later, Europhysics Conference on High-Energy Particle Physics, where Earlier in May, Luciano Maiani was with Nicola Cabibbo at their what the Gargamelle collaboration had found in photographs of neu- the signature of a hadronic weak neutral current. In addition they had The main problem facing the collaboration was to be certain that - ated in interactions in the material surrounding the bubble chamber (CERN Courier coming from the left knocks an electron forwards, creating a characteristic shower of electron–positron pairs. - - today’s Standard Model of particles and their interactions, he says. - charge between the particles concerned, are the manifestation of ticles compared with muons and neutrons. His solution, formulated - weak interaction together with the charged bosons, W. The dis- fundamental particles emerge but other elements of today’s Stand- 53 CERN Courier September 2013 Anniversary Caption caption caption caption caption. theory. Their idea was based on a simple analogy between the weak hadronic and leptonic currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Helmut Kohl Receives Erice Peace Prize for His Promotion of Science
    FACES AND PLACES Antonino Zichichi, left, hands the Science for Peace Erice Prize to the former federal chancellor of Germany, Helmut Kohl, right, with the president of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, centre. The ceremony was held in Strasbourg on 23 October. (Courtesy Photo Service European Parliament.) AWARDS Helmut Kohl receives Erice peace prize for his promotion of science Helmut Kohl, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Kohl, the former federal chancellor of collaboration following the fall of the Berlin and Pope John Paul II are the 2007 laureates Germany, received his prize on 23 October Wall, which allowed the countries of Central of the Science for Peace Erice Prize. at a ceremony at the European Parliament Europe to join CERN. This prize was instituted in 1988 by the in Strasbourg, organized by the parliament’s In his speech, Kohl reviewed the long Sicilian parliament at the request of the president, Hans-Gert Pöttering. Zichichi journey from 1945 to German reunification World Federation of Scientists (WFS) on the praised the value of scientific and cultural and to the present. He underlined the role occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Ettore activities in an address at the ceremony, of Pope John Paul II, and that of Gorbachev Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific entitled: “Neither science nor civilisation and other political leaders, in overcoming Culture (EMFCSC). The prize is awarded could exist without memory”. He outlined barriers to allow Europe to become free to world leaders in science and scientific the role of the WFS in analysing global and enlarged. He encouraged the European culture, and to those who have played an emergencies and emphasized the parliamentarians to continue their efforts to essential role in promoting and implementing importance of political leaders to promote progress steadily in building a democratic the goals outlined in the Erice Statement: science for peace and progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Results of CUORICINO and R&D of CUORE
    Results of CUORICINO and R&D of CUORE Ettore Fiorini, Erice, September 22, 2005 - 1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e + 2 νe¯ 2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + (.. 2,3 χ) 3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- Process 2. And 3. imply lepton violation Process 3. Is normally called “neutrinoless ββ decay” Crucial for the determination of the absolute value of the Majorana neutrino mass <m ν > IS THE NEUTRINO A MAJORANA OR A DIRAC PARTICLE ? ν=ν− or ν≠ν− Lepton number conservation or violation Has neutrino a finite mass MAJORANA 100 % chirality Aalseth CE et al. hep -ex/0201021 − ν ν → → ⇐ ⇒ PNNL GOAL: < mν> ~ 0.02 -0.07 eV South Carolina University Main concern: TUNL Main concern: PPeerrkkiinn -EEllmmeerr ddeessiiggnn •• ccoosstt aanndd ttiimmee ffoorr ii..ee.. 76GGee Contacts ITEP • cosmogenic background Dubna • cosmogenic background •• mmaatteerriiaall sseelleeccttiioonn NMSU Washington University TT0ν > (0.4 --22)) xx 1100 28 y Conventional super -low bkg cryostat in 10 years measurement (21 crystals) • Deep underground location WIPP/ Homestake • ~$20M enriched 85% 76Ge • 210 2kg crystals, 12 segments • Advanced signal processing • ~$20M Instrumentation • Special materials (low bkg) Lead or copper shield • 10 year operation Double Beta –Disintegration M.Goeppert-Mayer, The John Hopkins University (Received May, 20 , 1935) From the Fermi theory of β− disintegration the probability of simultameous emission of two electrons (and two neutrinos) has been calculated. The result is that this process occurs sufficiently rarely to allow an half-life of over 1017 years for a nucleus, even if its isobar of atomic number different by 2 were more stable by 20 times the electron mass Since the very beginning double beta decay was considered as a powerful tool to test lepton number conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1707.01833V2 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 17 Sep 2017 Interview Conducted by Luisa Bonolis and Recorded in Rome, Italy, 1–3 March 2016
    Manuscript accepted for publication in The European Physical Journal H Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Physics The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958-1993)? Oral History Interview Luciano Maiani1;a and Luisa Bonolis2;b 1 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy 2 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Ger- many Abstract. Personal recollections on theoretical particle physics in the years when the Standard Theory was formed. In the background, the remarkable development of Italian theoretical physics in the second part of the last century, with great personalities like Bruno Touschek, Raoul Gatto, Nicola Cabibbo and their schools. Contents 1 Apprenticeship . .1 2 Theoretical Physics in Arcetri . .7 3 Baryon Resonances with Gatto and Preparata . 11 4 Difficulties with the Weak Interaction Theory . 17 5 GIM Mechanism . 21 6 Back to Italy . 26 7 New Discoveries . 27 8 Octet Enhancement . 29 9 Charm, at Last! . 32 10 Life in Rome in the 1970s. 37 11 Three Generations for CP Violation . 40 12 Physics at the Time of the Intermediate Vector Bosons . 41 13 Acknowledgments . 46 1 Apprenticeship L. B. How did your interest in physics arise? You enrolled in the late 1950s, when the period of post-war reconstruction of physics in Europe was coming to an end, and Italy was entering into a phase of great expansion. Those were very exciting years. It was the beginning of the space era. ? The text presented here has been revised by the authors based on the original oral history arXiv:1707.01833v2 [physics.hist-ph] 17 Sep 2017 interview conducted by Luisa Bonolis and recorded in Rome, Italy, 1{3 March 2016.
    [Show full text]