Neutrino Physics with Cryogenic Detectors - Past and present of thermal detectors - Their role in searches for neutrino physics - Hybrid techniques - The impact of the discovery of neutrino oscillation - Present situation of searches on neutrino mass in single beta decay and the role of thermal detectors - The second mystery of Ettore Majorana - Present situation on experiments of neutrinoless double beta decay and the possible impact of thermal detectors in this field - Conclusions September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 1 First ideas 1880 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared rays from SUN 1903 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity 1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino 1949 => D. Andrews, R. Fowler, M. Williams => a particle detection 1983 => T.Niinikoski =>observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic rays 1984 => S.H.Moseley et LT detectors for astrophysics and n mass => Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events => A. Drukier, L. Stodolsky, => neutrino physics and astronomy September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 2 The cryogenic or thermal detectors September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 3 Equilibrium detectors Q T Thermal sensor CV absorber crystal v T 3 CV 1944 ( ) J/K Incident vm particle Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 2eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 4 - - Various types of thermometers => a thermistor => a transition edge sensor (TES) => an Equilibrium Absorber weakly coupled to a heat bath superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) Cooper pair breaking => a magnetic thermometer . The temperature information is obtained from the change of a paramagnetic sensor placed in a small magnetic field Caveat => possibility that the heat capacity of the thermometer be comparable or larger than the absorber one: September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 5 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 6 The first mini-meeting on thermal detectors (Ringberg castle 1986) September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 7 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 8 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 9 Magnetic sensors September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 10 3 Energy resolution of a TeO2 crystal of 5x5x5 cm (~ 760 g ) : 0.8 keV FWHM @ 46 keV 1.4 keV FWHM @ 0.351 MeV 2.1 keV FWHM @ 0.911 MeV 2.6 keV FWHM @ 2.615 MeV 3.2 keV FWHM @ 5.407 MeV 210 Po a line (the best a spectrometer so far September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 11 Non equilibrium detectors STJ Superconducting tunnel junctions SSG Superheated superconducting granules . The field does not enter more in the granule. Often SQUID pickup Suggested for In solar neutrino detection. Considered for Dark Matter Experiments => Superfluid 3He and 4He detectors (rotons) . Also considered for Solar neutrinos Comparison with conventional detectors: => They measure the total energy delivered (example MARE) => Slow propagation of the vibration inside the absorber Kapitza resistence detector => heat sink (slow rise and decay times) Possible localizazion of the event (TES) Excellent detection of nuclear recoil Possibility of hybrid techniques (heat + ionization and/or scintillation? Crucial in searches for rare events September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 12 The “grains”° (operating for Dark Matter and proposed for bb decay) Superheated Superconducting Granules September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 13 Hybrid techniques heat + ionization or heat + scintillation SQUID array Phonon D Rbias Rfeedback I bias D A C B Q outer Q inner Vqbias September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 14 CRESST@LNGS scintillation + heat Works with many absorber materials Light detector W thermometer CaWO4, PbWO4, BaF, BGO (other tungstates and molybdates) β+γ 300g scintillating CaWO4 crstal α Light reflector O W thermometer W September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 15 A very interesting application of thermal detectors => decay of 209Bi 209Bi considered the only stable isotope of Bi and the stable nucleus with higher Z Scintillation and hat experiment in Paris by P.de Marcillac et al with a BGO of 47 g 19 E 3137 1stat 2syst => 1,9 0.2 x 10 a September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 16 Planck High angular resolution measurements of the CMB 52 NTD-Ge bolometers 22receivers September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 17 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 18 Discovery of n oscillations => mn ≠ 0 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 19 Cosmology September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 20 Cosmo-“conservative Cosmo-“aggressive September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 21 Direct merasurement of the neutrino mass b decay Electron capture September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 22 Experiments on tritium decay September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 23 KATRIN 1 detector 2 magnets (4.5 T 3 vessel 4 Electrode system 5 electron gun 6 valve September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 24 Direct measurement of the electron mass with cryogenic microcalorimeters 187 187 - Re => Os + e + ¯n e Radioactive source embedded in the microcalorimeter measured) All events are detected Rhenium is the beta isotope with the lowest known endpoint energy (2.47 keV) Experiment (all the energy, except the neutrino’s, is MANU: Re single crystal with NTD Ge thermistors MIBETA: AgReO4 with Si implanted therimostors END POINT 2465.3±0.5(stat)±1.6(syst) eV 2470±1(stat)±4(syst) eV HALF LIFE 4.32±0.02(stat)±0.01(syst) 1010 yrs 4.12±0.02(stat) ±0.11(syst)1010 yrs 2 MASS mn < 15 ev/c 2 September 18, 2009 mn < 26 ev/cEttore Fiorini, Erice 2009 25 Microbolometer Array for Renium Experiment The full MARE experiment is still in the R&D phase and multiple options are being evaluated. In particular: ISOTOPE TECHNOLOGY 187 163 Re Ho TES MagCal September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 26 MARE Genoa calibration spectrum T 85 mK K Mn Al K Al op a a Ca K Ca a E = 33 eV@ 2.6 keV K Ti t ~ 500 ms R K Mn a Araldit / ST2850 K Cl Ca K Ca Ti K Ti a b b b September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 27 MARE Milan The first phase of MARE-1 in Milan is getting ready to start at the end of September with 72 channels With 72 channels a sensitivity on neutrino mass of about 5 eV can be achieved in 300 mm two years can be made September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 28 Few events in the extreme energy region September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 29 THE MARE II EXPERIMENT • Direct neutrino mass determination with 0.1-0.2 eV accuracy • Beta Decay of 187Re with cryogenic microcalorimeters • TES coupled to Re absorber • 1014 event, requiring 10,000-50,000 detectors September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 30 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 31 163 163 Ho e Dy *n e • finite neutrino mass causes a kink at the end-point similarly to beta spectra 8 N1 O1 4 10 M1 6 N2 M2 3 M1 10 M1 4 2 Signal / a.u. 10 Signal / a.u. 2 m =2 eV n m =0 eV 1 n 10 M2, Ni, Oi Q=2580 eV (i=1,2) Q=2300 eV 0 100 2577.0 2577.5 2578.0 2578.5 2579.0 2579.5 2580.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 E / eV E / eV September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 32 Relic neutrinos September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 33 What about the nature of the neutrino and its mass? The second mystery of Ettore Majorana September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 34 Neutrinoless double beta decay and Majorana neutrinos n: LEFT RIGHT n: → → Majorana <= => =>1937 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 35 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 36 September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 37 u u e - d d e - W n W e n e n e W e - d W ne e - d u u 0n - bb decay 2n - bb decay Neutrinoless bb decay September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 38 Predictions from oscillations A.Strumia and F.Vissani.: hep-ph/0503246 disfavoured by -0 degeneration: m1 ≈ m2 ≈ m3 next generation -0 exp 2 inverse hierarchy: m3 « m1 ≈ m2 m atm < 0 disfavoured by cosmology disfavoured [eV] 〉 normal hierarchy: m ≈ m » m m 1 2 3 〈 2 m atm > 0 <mn> = f( mlow,Uek ) lightest neutrino mass [eV] September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 39 Claim of Evidence for 0nbb in 76Ge <m> ~ 0.2 to 0.3 eV Single-site events in detectors 2, 3, 4, 5 (56.6 kg-y). H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E17, 505 (2008) Looks good to me…not to me (E.F.) September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini, Erice 2009 40 Experimental situation Experiment Nucleus Detector NEMO III 100Mo et al 10 kg of enrich. Isotopes -tracking 130 Cuoricino Te + etc. 40 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat) NEMO - SuperNEMO 130 CUORE Te + etc. 750 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat) EXO 136Xe 200kg - 1 t Xe TPC GERDA 76Ge 30 Š 40 kg Š 1t Ge diodes in LN Majorana 76Ge 180 kg - 1t Ge diodes MOON 100Mo nat.Mo sheets in plastic sc. CUORICINO DCBA 150Nd 20 kg Nd-tracking 116 CAMEO Cd 1 t CdWO4 in liquid scintillator COBRA 116Cd , 130Te 10 kg of CdTe semiconductors 48 Candles Ca Tons of CaF2 in liquid scintillators 116 GSO Cd 2 t Gd2SiO5:Ce scintill.in liquid sc. GERDA 136 Xe Xe 1.56 Xenon in liquid scintillator. Xmass 136Xe 1 t of liquid Xe 2 P1/2 650 nm MOON 493 nm CUORE 4 D3/2 MOON 2S metastable September 18, 2009 Ettore Fiorini,1/2 Erice 200947s 41 SNO++ EXO Double beta decay with thermal detectors Searches for the 2b decay in 130Te (Q=2529 keV and 34% i.a.) A series of experiments carried out first by the Milano group and later by the CUORICINO and CUORE collaboration Mibeta (Milano only) an array of 20 TeO2 bolometers of 320 g => total mass 6.8 kg CUORICINO (CUORICINO Coll.) 44 crystals of 150 g and 18