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Maanpuolustuskorkeako MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU GEORGIAN SODAN TARKASTELU STRATEGISEN ISKUN TOTEU- TUSPERIAATTEIDEN JA TORJUNNAN NÄKÖKULMASTA Suomalaisen uhkamallin analysointi Georgian sodan ja siitä saatavien oppien perusteella Diplomityö Kapteeni Janne Tähtinen Yleisesikuntaupseerikurssi 56 Ilmasotalinja Kesäkuu 2013 MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU Kurssi Linja Yleisesikuntaupseerikurssi 56 Ilmasotalinja Tekijä Kapteeni Janne Tähtinen Tutkielman nimi GEORGIAN SODAN TARKASTELU STRATEGISEN ISKUN TOTEUTUSPERIAAT- TEIDEN JA TORJUNNAN NÄKÖKULMASTA Oppiaine, johon työ liittyy Säilytyspaikka Operaatiotaito ja taktiikka Kurssikirjasto (MPKK:n kirjasto) Aika Kesäkuu 2013 Tekstisivuja 143 Liitesivuja 57 TIIVISTELMÄ Georgian sota elokuussa 2008 oli Venäjän ja Georgian välinen sotatoimi, jossa Venäjän joukot kukistivat Georgian armeijan nopealla hyökkäyksellä ja tulenkäytöllä. Strateginen isku, suomalainen uhkamalli, on yllätykseen pyrkivä, vahvennetuilla normaaliolojen jou- koilla toteutettava sotatoimi, jolla pyritään pakottamaan valtakunnan johto haluttuihin rat- kaisuihin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli suomalaisen uhkamallin analysointi Georgian sodan ja siitä saatujen oppien perusteella. Tutkimus toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena. Tapauksena käsiteltiin Georgian sotaa ja tutkimuksen kohteina taistelutilassa esiintyviä ilmiöitä. Ilmiöi- tä ja niiden toteutumista tutkittiin strategisen iskun toteutuksen ja torjunnan näkökulmasta. Venäjän operaatiolla ja suomalaisen strategisen iskun uhkamallin teorialla on paljon yhtä- läisyyksiä. Kuvaavampi nimi Venäjän asevoimien operaatiolle uhkamallina olisi ”välittö- mästi alkava ajallisesti synkronoitu operaatio”. Operaatio aloitettaisiin korkean valmiuden joukoilla ilman vaatimusten esittämistä kohdemaalle. Tällä saavutettaisiin yllätysmomentti ja maksimoitaisiin iskun strateginen vaikutus. Georgian sodan oppien perusteella hyökkä- ysoperaation menestystekijöitä ovat joukkojen koulutustason ja valmiuden kehittäminen, tilannekuvan muodostaminen ja kohteiden maalittaminen, kyberulottuvuuden hyödyntämi- nen operaation kaikissa vaiheissa, ajallinen ja alueellinen ilmanherruus, kahden operaatio- suunnan hyökkäys, voiman nopea kasvattaminen taistelutilassa sekä operaatiotempo, jolla kyetään hyökkäämään puolustajan suunnitelmia vastaan. Puolustussuunnittelun tulee perustua realistisille uhka-arvioille. Suunnittelussa on varau- duttava myös suunnitellusta poikkeavaan tilannekehitykseen. Epäedullisessa tilanteessa vastustaja on vallannut alueita Suomen valtakunnanrajan sisältä jo siinä vaiheessa, kun joukkoja aletaan ryhmittää puolustukseen. Hyökkäyksen torjunnan menestystekijöitä ovat ennakkovaroitus tulevasta hyökkäyksestä, realistinen arvio siihen käytettävästä voimasta, joukkojen perustaminen ja koulutus, puolustusvalmistelut keskeisillä alueilla, hyökkääjän pysäyttäminen ja kuluttaminen, reservien operatiivinen liikkuvuus ja oikea-aikainen käyt- tö, merenherruuden ja ilmanherruuden kiistäminen sekä kyky turvata oma toiminta ja vai- kuttaa vastustajan toimintaan myös kyberulottuvuudessa. Merkittäviksi tekijöiksi voidaan nostaa myös vihollisen ja omien suorituskykyjen tunteminen, ylimmän sotilaallisen ja po- liittisen johdon harjoittelu sekä suurien joukkokokonaisuuksien johtamisen harjoittelu. Tämä tutkimus on hyödynnettävissä sotataidon opetuksessa käsiteltäessä nykyaikaisen so- dan ja taistelun kuvaa, taistelutilan ilmiöitä sekä puolustussuunnittelussa käytettäviä uh- kamalleja. Johtopäätöksiä hyödynnettäessä on huomioitava, että tutkimuksessa laadittu tarkastelu perustuu erilaisissa olosuhteissa toimeenpantuun operaatioon. AVAINSANAT Georgia, Georgian sota, operaatiotaito, menestystekijä, ratkaisukohta, sodan kuva, sotatai- to, strateginen isku, strategisen iskun torjunta, taistelun kuva, taktiikka, uhkamalli, Venäjä. SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1 JOHDANTO................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aihealueen esittely .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aikaisempi tutkimus ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Tutkimuksen tavoite, tutkimuskysymykset, näkökulma sekä rajaukset .................................................... 7 1.4 Tutkimusmenetelmät ja tutkimuksen kulku .............................................................................................. 9 2 STRATEGISEN ISKUN TOTEUTUKSEN JA TORJUNNAN YLEINEN MALLI ........................... 14 2.1 Strategisen iskun osa-alueet .................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Strategisen iskun torjunnan osa-alueet .................................................................................................... 23 3 GEORGIAN SOTA – TAISTELUTILA JA SODAN OSAPUOLET ................................................... 30 3.1 Toimintaympäristö ja olosuhteet ............................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Sodan osapuolten joukot ja välineet ........................................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Venäjä ........................................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Georgia .......................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Osapuolten tehtävät ja tavoitteet ............................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1 Venäjä ........................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.2 Georgia .......................................................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Tilannekehitys – Venäjän painostustoimet ............................................................................................. 42 3.5 Sodan aloitus – kaksi eri näkemystä ....................................................................................................... 50 3.6 Sodan kulku ja loppuasetelma................................................................................................................. 53 3.7 Johtopäätökset ......................................................................................................................................... 59 4 VENÄJÄN HYÖKKÄYSOPERAATIO .................................................................................................. 61 4.1 Toimintaedellytysten luominen............................................................................................................... 61 4.2 Kokonaisoperaatio – operaatiotaidolliset periaatteet, suunnittelu ja johtaminen .................................... 65 4.3 Maakomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen ..................................................................................... 72 4.4 Merikomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen .................................................................................... 76 4.5 Ilmakomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen ..................................................................................... 79 4.6 Tiedustelu, valvonta ja maalittaminen .................................................................................................... 83 4.7 Vaikuttaminen, suoja ja liike .................................................................................................................. 87 4.8 Johtopäätökset – Venäjän operaatio strategisen iskun toteutuksen mallina ............................................ 98 5 GEORGIAN OPERAATIO .................................................................................................................... 109 5.1 Toimintaedellytysten luominen............................................................................................................. 109 5.2 Kokonaisoperaatio – operaatiotaidolliset periaatteet, suunnittelu ja johtaminen .................................. 112 5.3 Maakomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen ................................................................................... 115 5.4 Merikomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen .................................................................................. 117 5.5 Ilmakomponentin taktinen käyttö ja johtaminen ................................................................................... 117 5.6 Tiedustelu, valvonta ja maalittaminen .................................................................................................. 119 5.7 Vaikuttaminen, suoja ja liike ................................................................................................................ 122 5.8 Johtopäätökset – Georgian operaatio strategisen iskun torjunnan mallina ........................................... 129 6 STRATEGISEN ISKUN TOTEUTUKSEN JA TORJUNNAN MENESTYSTEKIJÄT – POHDINTA ................................................................................................................................................................... 136 6.1 Georgian sodan oppeja – strategisen iskun toteutus .............................................................................. 137 6.2 Georgian sodan oppeja – strategisen
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