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In November 2012, the Israeli army license arms exports to and imports from launched a military assault on the Israel, the British government is giving Palestinian population of occupied material support to Israel’s aggression Gaza using drones, Apache helicopters, against the Palestinian people, and sending F-16 fighter jets and naval vessels. The a clear message of approval for its actions. attack lasted eight days, with civilian areas bombarded from air and sea with In July 2011, the largest Palestinian civil horrific effect. Israeli drones constantly society coalition, encompassing Palestinian circled the skies over Gaza launching trade unions, NGOs and mass organisations, hundreds of missiles. Despite Israel’s the Palestinian Boycott, Divestment and violations of international law and Sanctions National Committee, issued a Palestinian human rights, the British call for an immediate and comprehensive government is importing Israel’s drone military embargo on Israel. 3 Supporters of the technologies to be integrated into its embargo include Nobel Peace Prize winners armed forces. Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Mairead Maguire, Betty Williams and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel. In 2005, the UK Ministry of Defence awarded Alternative Nobel Prize winners Walden Bello the contract for the development of a new and Chico Whitaker and best-selling Canadian surveillance drone – the Watchkeeper – writer and journalist Naomi Klein have also to a joint venture formed between Israel’s supported the demands of the call. Elbit Systems and its partner company, Thales UK. The design and technology of Working in partnership with popular the Watchkeeper is based closely on Elbit’s movements in Palestine, War on Want has Hermes 450 model, extensively used over taken up this call for a military embargo Gaza. The British government is, in effect, under the banner of the Stop Arming Israel buying technology that has been ‘field tested’ campaign. In light of Israel's violations of on Palestinians. After numerous costly delays international law and Palestinian human rights, in its development, in October 2013 the the British government and the European Watchkeeper finally passed a key hurdle Union must end their complicity with Israel’s in the journey towards its release for aggression and implement an immediate active service. 1 two-way arms embargo on Israel. We urge all those who believe in human dignity and Disregarding abundant evidence in UN justice to join us in this call. resolutions and reports by international human rights organisations of Israel’s unlawful use of force, the British government continues its collaboration with Israel’s army and military industry. Despite previous British government statements that it cannot accept Israeli assurances that British arms will not be deployed against civilians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, the government John Hilary currently has 381 extant arms licences to Executive Director Israel worth £7.8 billion. 2 By continuing to War on Want 1 Importing terror 02 e l In 2005, the UK Ministry of Defence p attributed to U-TacS failure to deliver o

e (MoD) awarded UAV Tactical Systems p

project requirements to schedule. n a i Ltd (U-TacS), a joint venture between Then Minister for Defence Equipment, n i t Israeli arms company Elbit Systems s Peter Luff, said in March 2012 that e l a and its partner company Thales UK, “it would be speculative to provide P

e

h a contract which would ultimately a forecast as to when Watchkeeper t

t

s be worth nearly £1 billion for the

n will achieve release to service or its i

a 5 g development of the Watchkeeper WK in-service date.” a

s 450 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), e m i r or drone. This drone is based on the Israeli Despite the delays, in January 2013 UK c

s ’

l Hermes 450, described as the ‘workhorse’ defence minister Philip Dunne announced e a r of Israel’s military in its operations in the further planned expenditure of £73 million, s I

n i

Occupied Palestinian Territories. Israeli £59 million and £28 million on Watchkeeper y t i companies such as Elbit will often boast of equipment and support over the next three c i l 6 p their competitive advantage in the global financial years. In October 2013, the drone m o c

arms market due to their extensive ‘testing’ and its software finally received a ‘Statement K 4 U

of their weaponry in ‘real life’ situations. of Type Design Assurance’ from the UK’s s e

n Military Aviation Authority. This statement o r d Operations with the new Watchkeeper allows the MoD to move towards the final r e l l

i system were due to have started in safety and airworthiness tests which would K Afghanistan from September 2010, but see the Watchkeeper belatedly enter the programme has been mired in delays active service. 7

The Watchkeeper WK450 P h o t o :

T o m a s z

D u n n

03

U-TacS operates the overall Watchkeeper programme from its facility in Leicester, with work subcontracted to a host of other British “We are proud to be a companies. Local sourcing is a common part of a winning team strategy of Israeli arms companies in order to avoid the licensing difficulties associated together with Thales with moving parts and technology across international borders. The British company UK in a project based UAV Engines Limited (UEL) based in Lichfield, on the high end tactical Staffordshire, manufactures the engines which allow the Watchkeeper to be airborne for Hermes 450 UAV, 14-16 hours at a time and to fly at an altitude globally recognised as of up to 16,000 feet. 8 UEL’s parent company, Israeli drone specialist Silver Arrow, is a a brand name for UAV wholly owned subsidiary of Elbit. In 2009 customers worldwide. ” Amnesty International pointed to evidence that the engines for Elbit’s Hermes 450 – Joseph Ackerman, Former President which have been used in military assaults on and CEO of Elbit Gaza – originate from the UEL plant. 9 British defence firm QinetiQ received the contract to conduct Watchkeeper test flights, managing its first flight at Parc Aberporth, Wales, on for the British army over the Golan Heights 14 April 2010. 10 – Syrian territory illegally occupied by Israel since 1967. In 2011, British troops were Besides the Watchkeeper found to be undertaking training in drone programme, U-TacS was technology in Israel itself, just two years after awarded a further contract in the widespread use of drones by the Israeli 2007 worth £69 million to military in its assault on Gaza (see below). 13 provide the British armed Indeed, the first ten Watchkeeper drones forces with Hermes 450 UAV systems, as well were built in Israel, with production then as training in the use and maintenance of the switching to the U-TacS facility in Leicester. systems. 11 Former President and CEO of Elbit, Joseph Ackerman, commented on Israeli arms companies play a leading role the deals: “We are proud to be a part of internationally in the development and export a winning team together with Thales UK of drone technology. Israel’s military began in a project based on the high end tactical developing drones in the early 1970s and was Hermes 450 UAV, globally recognised as a the first to make widespread use of drones brand name for UAV customers worldwide.” 12 in its 1982 invasion of Lebanon. It has since Elbit and Thales have agreed to jointly market continued to hone the technologies through drones in other countries worldwide. regular military attacks on the Palestinian territories it occupies, and on surrounding The British government has already countries. 14 In order to develop its own come under scrutiny for the Watchkeeper drones programme, the British government programme’s links to Israel. In 2008, Elbit turned to a joint venture with a company was forced to cancel a series of Watchkeeper whose products had already undergone trials that it had been planning to carry out extensive battlefield testing. 04 e l

p drone fleets. The USA has the largest fleet, o Remote control wars e p

increasing spending on drones from £177 n

a 17 i Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly million in 2000 to £2.5 billion in 2010. The n i t

s known as drones, are aircraft remotely USA has deployed drones in Iraq, Afghanistan, e l a controlled by ‘pilots’ from the ground, often Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and Libya. P

e

h at great distance from war zones. While t

t s

n ground troops launch drones from the Despite claims that drones are ‘precision i a

g conflict zone, their operation is then handed weapons’, many hundreds of civilians have a

s

e to controllers who ‘fly’ the missions remotely been killed in US drone attacks in Pakistan m

i 18 r on video screens. alone, including up to 200 children. In c

s ’

l addition to the death toll, there is the e a r Drones are a new mode of remote control psychological impact of living under constant s I

n Living under drones i

warfare that stands in contrast to the surveillance. In their y t i ‘traditional’ launching of ground offensives report, researchers at Stanford and New York c i l

p and the concomitant risk of losing troops. University found that civilians in Pakistan m

o 19 c

While there are dozens of different drones, were being “terrorised” by the drones. K U

they generally fall into two categories: s e

n those that are used for reconnaissance and o r d surveillance purposes, and those that are r e l l

i armed with missiles and bombs. In its 2010 K Strategic Defence and Security Review, the British government committed to invest in a fleet of UAVs in both combat and reconnaissance roles. 15 “There is extra money for unmanned aerial vehicles, and I think that anyone who has been to Afghanistan and seen the incredible work that is being done there knows that is a capability in which we should be investing” David Cameron’s statement on the Strategic Defence and Security Review, 19 October 2010. 16

To date, only three countries – the USA, the UK and Israel – are known to have used armed drones. All three have made clear P h

their intentions to further expand their o t o :

M e d i l l

D C Ground the drones protest, RAF Waddington 05 P h o t o :

W a r

o n

W a n t

Britain’s drones programme In Afghanistan, British forces are using personnel have been embedded Reaper drones purchased from US with the US Air Force flying combat firm General Atomics. The Reaper is drones in Libya and Iraq as well as equipped with 500lb laser-guided Afghanistan. 22 bombs and Hellfire missiles. Requests for information about the blast radius The Watchkeeper programme focused and the accuracy record of the Reaper’s on in this report is part of a larger push arsenal have been refused. 20 Britain has to develop British-built drones. The doubled the size of its fleet of Reaper Royal Air Force, in a joint programme drones in Afghanistan from five to ten led by BAE Systems, is developing its aircraft. In April 2013, the Ministry of own pilotless combat aircraft, the Defence confirmed that drone flights in intercontinental Taranis ‘superdrone’. Afghanistan are now being piloted from The prototype for the Taranis, which Royal Air Force (RAF) Waddington in is designed to be able to fly and select Lincolnshire. 21 Previously, RAF crews targets autonomously, was unveiled had piloted Britain’s armed drones by BAE Systems in 2010. According from the Creech US Air Force base to evidence provided by the MoD to in Nevada. a hearing of the Commons Select Committee on remotely piloted air The government has also admitted systems, the Taranis began flight trials that, apart from hundreds of missions in 2013, with no further details given. 23 flown by the RAF’s own Reaper fleet, BAE Systems has funded its own drone RAF crews have carried out more than research for the last 10 years, 2,000 missions using ‘borrowed’ US sometimes in conjunction with public armed drones. Defence minister universities, and has developed a Andrew Robathan made the further number of programmes for surveillance revelation that British military and reconnaissance drones. 0

Killer drones UK complicity in Israel’s crimes against the Palestinian people 6 2

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n l s r s a i r d t a r o e y l y l r Elbit’s Hermes 450, model for Watchkeeper 07 P h o t o :

G i l e s

T h o m a s

Israel’s extrajudicial assassinations policy

Israel exports not only drone To date, the UK claims to have technology, but also new policy only used drones where there justifications for extrajudicial is a UN mandate for the use of assassinations – the killing of a person force. British drones have flown without due process or legal sanction over 45,000 hours in Afghanistan, – for which drones have been used. In firing over 350 weapons. 35 British September 2000, Israel moved from a special forces have also been secretive policy of ‘doing and denying’ involved in extrajudicial assassinations. to become “the first state in the In Iraq, the Special Air Service (SAS) world to officially proclaim a policy reportedly killed or captured hundreds of 'liquidation' and 'preemptive of key targets. 36 targeted killing’.” 33 Christof Heyns, the UN special The official prohibition of targeted rapporteur on extrajudicial killings, killings in the USA ended in September summary or arbitrary executions, 2001 when President George W. Bush has stated that the policy of using secretly authorised the capture or drones to carry out extrajudicial assassination of suspected terrorists. assassinations presents a major Following a drone strike in Yemen in challenge to the system of international November 2002, the USA adopted law that has endured since the Second Israeli-like reasoning, arguing that World War. 37 Heyns warned that because the arrest of the target was the use of drones makes it easier not possible, so-called targeted killing for states to increasingly engage was a legitimate tactic. 34 This argument in low-intensity drawn-out conflict has been applied even where the target without geographical limitations. is in a country not at war with the This, he argued, presents a “danger USA, such as Yemen. to the protection of life”. 38 3 Elbit: Global war profiteer 08 e l Elbit is Israel’s largest publicly traded p o e

p arms company, but three quarters of its

n a

i business is overseas. The USA accounts n i t

s for 30%, Asia-Pacific 25% and Europe e l a 20%. In addition to its work on drones, it P

e h

t designs, manufactures and provides support

t

s Elbit is becoming a truly global war profiteer. n for aircraft, helicopter, naval, land vehicle, i a

g surveillance and homeland security systems. In 2006 Elbit’s American subsidiary Kollsman a

s

e Elbit capitalises on the Israeli army’s use of Inc was awarded a contract to participate in m i r its technologies, marketing and selling its the construction of the US–Mexico border c

s ’ l products around the world as ‘battle tested’. wall. Elbit has also sold its technologies to e a

r Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France,

s This means, like all other Israeli military and I

n

i Poland, Romania, Slovenia, South Korea, the security companies, Elbit profits from the y t i Netherlands, Turkey, the UK, and the US.

c continuation of war and occupation. On its i l p website Elbit boasts: “We tailor and adapt our For example, since 2005, Australia has m o c technologies, integration skills, market deployed the Skylark IV, one of Elbit’s drone K U

knowledge and battle-proven systems to each models. In 2006 Canada made an emergency s e

n customer’s individual requirements in both purchase of five of Elbit’s Skylark drones for o r 39 d existing and new platforms.” deployment in southern Afghanistan. r e l l i K

Former President and CEO of Elbit, Joseph Ackerman P h o t o :

R e u t e r s

/

B a z

R a t n e r Protest in the Palestinian village Ni’lin 09

Act now: Boycott Elbit The call to divest from Elbit is a key demand of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. In September 2009, after years of campaigning by War on Want partner organisation Stop the Wall, the Norwegian government excluded Elbit from its state pension fund on ethical grounds. In March 2010, Sweden’s national pension funds announced that they were excluding Elbit from their investment portfolios. Danske Bank, the largest bank in Denmark and a leading player in the Scandinavian financial markets, followed suit. On 28 May 2010, Deutsche Bank, Germany’s biggest bank, announced it was ‘out of Elbit’ and confirmed exclusion of the company from its portfolio. 40

UK government contracts with corporations such as Elbit (and its subsidiaries) which are involved in violations of international law must end. War on Want is calling for a two-way arms embargo between the UK and Israel. This would see an end to all dealings with Elbit and other Israeli weapons companies, and an end to all licences for UK arms exports to Israel.

1

Killer drones UK complicity in Israel’s crimes against the Palestinian people 0

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Under UN resolutions adopted by both years of military occupation, continued the Security Council and the General wars and a blockade that, according to Assembly, the Gaza Strip continues to the UN, will make Gaza an ‘unliveable’ be regarded as an occupied territory place by 2020. 46 and an integral part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. 45 Israel has The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights imposed a siege on Gaza since 2007, reported that 825 Palestinians had died blockading the area by land, air and sea. from attacks carried out by drones between A territory of 365 km 2 with a population June 2006 and October 2011. 47 What is not of 1.5 million, Gaza has become the captured by these statistics is the devastating world’s largest open air prison. psychological impact on Palestinians, particularly children, of living under the According to the UN Office for the constant threat of drones. Drones in the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Gaza skies terrorise the population. People the Occupied Palestinian Territories, 90% of feel that their personal space is being invaded, Gaza’s drinking water is unsafe to drink, and making it impossible to lead a normal life. 85% of schools are running double shifts of Hamdi Shaqqura, deputy director for the overcrowded classrooms that were never Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, said: rebuilt after Israel’s military assault on the “For us, drones mean death... When you territory in 2008/09. This is the result of 46 hear drones, you hear death.” 48

Gaza after Israeli air strike. 18 November 2012 P h o t o :

R e u t e r s

/

M o h a m m e d

S a l e m 12 e l

p Israel’s siege of Gaza has condemned

o “Every night the Palestinians e p

its inhabitants to a humanitarian n

a in Gaza relive their worst i disaster with no end in sight. There n i t

s is a near constant presence of drones, nightmares when they hear e l a sometimes seen but always heard, often P drones; it never stops and e

h several at a time circling the air over t

t

s you are never sure if it is a

n the tiny strip. This presence is coupled i a

g with frequent and spectacular displays

a surveillance drone or if it will

s

e of military firepower, such as m

i launch a rocket attack. Even r F-16 flyovers at low altitudes that c

s ’

l break the sound barrier, shatter windows the sound of Gaza is frightful: e a r and fill the strip with deafening sounds as s

I the sound of Israeli drones 49 n i loud as actual bombardment. The Israeli 51 y t i air force systematically targets infrastructure, in the sky.” c i l

p civil institutions such as the police, and Dr Mads Gilbert, a Norwegian doctor who m o

c worked at Gaza’s al-Shifa hospital during the medical services including ambulances K 50 U 2008/09 military assault. and hospitals. s e n o r d

r e l

l The al-Astal Family i K P h o t o :

P C H R 13

Drone strikes on Gaza: On 4 January 2009 at 11.30am, Mahmoud Khaled al-Mashrawi, 13, and his cousin Ahmad The human cost Khader Sbeih, 17, were playing on the roof terrace of Mahmoud’s home, in the Yarmouk On 27 December 2008, Israel launched district of Gaza City, when they were struck Operation ‘Cast Lead’ without warning, by a missile from a drone. Ahmad was killed marking the start of a week of incessant instantly; Mahmoud was seriously injured and aerial bombardment of the civilian population died a few days later. of Gaza. 52 This was followed by two more weeks of ground assaults that resulted in the On the morning of 8 January 2009, Mather killing of over 1,400 Palestinians, including Abu Zneid, a 23-year-old English teacher in some 300 children. Entire residential areas of a UN school, and her cousin Faten Abdelaziz Gaza were razed to the ground, leaving many Abu Zneid were killed in a drone strike in thousands homeless and the already besieged al-Qarara, near Khan Yunis, as they walked economy in ruins. The scale and intensity of unarmed in an empty street. the attacks were unprecedented, even in the context of decades of deadly Israeli military On 15 January 2009 at 9am, five members campaigns in Gaza. More Palestinians were of the Rmeilat family – three children, killed and more properties were destroyed their mother and grandmother – were in the 22-day military campaign than in any killed by a missile fired at them by a drone previous Israeli offensive. 53 Drones played while they sat outside their home on the a central role in the attacks. outskirts of Beit Lahia in northern Gaza. The victims were Amal Rmeilat, 29, her On 2 January 2009 at 2pm in al-Qarara, 60-year-old mother-in-law and her three near Khan Yunis, three children from the children, Sabreen, 14, Bara’, 13 months, al-Astal family – Abed Rabbo, 8, his brother and a ten-week-old baby girl, Arij. Muhammad, 11, and their cousin Abd-al-Sattar, also 11 – were killed by a missile launched ‘Pillar of Defence’ by a drone. The children were eating sugar cane and playing near their home. “An Israeli On 14 November 2012, the Israeli army drone was flying in the sky above us at that began attacking Gaza with drones, Apache moment,” their father Eyad recalls. Since the helicopters, F-16 fighter jets and naval death of his sons, Eyad is tormented by fear vessels. Israel launched its offensive, dubbed for the safety of his other children. Before the operation ‘Pillar of Defence’, with the death of Muhammad and Abed Rabbo, Eyad assassination of Ahmed al-Jabari, chief of allowed his children to go anywhere at any staff of the military wing of Hamas. For time. Since the incident he keeps them inside. eight days, civilian areas of Gaza were The children themselves are aware that their bombarded by Israel from air and sea, brothers were killed by a drone – the same with horrific effect. Israeli drones, often type of drone they often hear flying overhead. a dozen at a time, constantly circled the Eyad explains that “when they hear a drone skies over Gaza, launching hundreds they are too afraid to go outside. ‘The drone of missiles and seeking out ‘targets’ for will bomb me if I go out’, is what they say.” 54 F-16 and artillery strikes. 55 14 e l

p Drone strikes killed 36 people, including o e p

four children under the age of 16, and P n h a i wounded 100 more. Eighteen houses were o n t i o t : s destroyed and a further 52 were damaged. P e l C a Six stores, one mosque and one hospital H P

R e

h were also damaged in the drone strikes or t

t s

n subsequent jet attacks. In the history of i a

g combat involving drones, ‘Pillar of Defence’ a

s

e was “without doubt a milestone, not only for m i r Israel but for any other UAV [drone] user,” c

s ’

l reports an Israeli observer of the drone e

a 56 r industry. Israeli sources emphasised that the s I

n i

type of warfare fought over Gaza could not y t i have been performed without the intensive c i l

p use of drones. m o

c Huda Tafesh

K U

Reports from the Palestinian Centre for s e

n Human Rights and the Al Mezan Centre for o r d Human Rights document the results of drone r e l l

i attacks in Gaza. The following are just two of K the individual cases recorded. which came under attack in the eight-day Israeli military offensive in November 2012. A missile fired from a drone struck directly opposite their small home, showering their “I had only baby daughter in rubble.

just become Both Khaled and Huda, realising that Haneen’s injuries were serious, decided Khaled would a mother when take Haneen to hospital instead of waiting for the ambulance to arrive. Little Haneen would I lost my child. ” later be pronounced dead at the hospital. Yet the story did not stop there. As Huda Huda Tafesh, Gaza explains: “Once an ambulance came to take me to hospital, a drone dropped a second missile. This one landed directly opposite our Haneen Tafesh, infant, front door. It didn’t explode. When the police killed by Israeli strike came to remove the missile, they said it Huda and Khaled Tafesh (21 and 25) got was defective. It might have been dropped married in 2010. One year later their just to terrify us.” Huda was left living in a daughter, Haneen, was born. The young single room shack that was badly damaged family were living in a modest tin-roofed by the strike: “I had only just become dwelling in the al-Zeitoun area of Gaza a mother when I lost my child.”

15

P h

o “Mum, I am scared

t

o

:

P

C because of the drones H R in the sky. There are many of them. I can hear them. I can also see a helicopter. Please hurry up and come. ” Mamoun Aldam Mamoun Aldam, 12, killed by drone

tell me ‘You are my darling, I want to keep you locked inside my heart.’ I just want to Mamoun Aldam, 12, killed by drone know why they took him from us.” “Mum, I am scared because of the drones in the sky. There are many of them. I can hear The children in the neighbourhood have them. I can also see a helicopter. Please hurry also been affected by Mamoun’s death: up and come.” Mamoun Aldam, 12, made two “Every time the children hear planes passing such phone calls to his mother, Amna, on 20 overhead, they run to their houses shouting June 2012. At around 2:30pm, shortly after and crying. Why do they kill children? What his parents arrived, Mamoun was killed by a wrong have they done? Why the huge number missile fired at the family’s farmland in the of drones in the sky attacking innocent al-Zeitoun area. His blind father, Mohamed, people? I held my Mamoun in my arms was also severely injured in the attack. when he died and everything felt destroyed for me. I hope that he is the last child to be Mamoun’s mother has kept the deflated red killed in Palestine.” ball that Mamoun had been playing with when he was killed. She breaks down and cries as According to the Palestinian Centre for she talks about him: “Look at that picture on Human Rights, “in the month of June 2012, the wall. He was just a small boy. I want to 16 children were injured and three were understand why they killed my son. Why? killed, including Mamoun, during Israel’s My Mamoun was kind to all people and various attacks on the Gaza Strip. The animals. He never harmed anyone. He used targeting and killing of a child, a protected to feed a stray cat, and even now it comes civilian, is a war crime, as codified in Articles outside the house to wait for him. I 8(2)(a)(i) and 8(2)(b)(i) of the Rome Statute remember how he used to kiss my feet and of the International Criminal Court.” 1

Killer drones UK complicity in Israel’s crimes against the Palestinian people 6 8

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Notes

1 See Thales press release, ‘Thales’s Watchkeeper 18 Bureau of Investigative Journalism, July 2013 update: receives Statement of Type Design Assurance from US covert actions in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia , 2 the UK Military Aviation Authority’, 8 October 2013. August 2013. 2 See House of Commons committee on arms exports 19 See Living under drones: Death, injury and trauma to report, Scrutiny of arms exports and arms control , civilians from US drone practices in Pakistan , report by 17 July 2013. researchers from the Stanford International Human 3 See Palestinian Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic and Global national committee call, ‘Impose an immediate, Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law, 2012. comprehensive military embargo on Israel!’, 20 C Cole, After five years of British drone strikes, five 8 July 2011. basic facts we are simply not allowed to know, 4 See ‘Gateway to Israel's homeland security industries Drone Wars UK, 28 May 2013. 2009-10’, the website of the Israel Export & 21 N Hopkins, ‘UK starts controlling drones in International Cooperation Institute, accessed Afghanistan from British soil’, The Guardian , 28 October 2013. 25 April 2013. 5 House of Commons Hansard, 20 March 2012, 22 House of Commons Hansard, 29 November 2012, c586W. c461W. 6 House of Commons Hansard, 7 January 2013, c41W. 23 A Osborne, ‘Parliamentary documents reveal Aviation Week 7 See Thales press release, ‘Thales’s Watchkeeper beginning of Taranis test flights’, , receives Statement of Type Design Assurance from 25 October 2013. the UK Military Aviation Authority’, 8 October 2013. 24 SIPRI Military Expenditure Datatbase, Stockholm 8 ‘Watchkeeper and land forces operational UAS’, International Peace Research Institute. Royal Artillery presentation to Air Warfare Centre 25 Ibid symposium on UAVs, Shrivenham Defence Academy, 26 J Morley, ‘Israel’s drone dominance’, Salon , 8 September 2011; see Drone Wars UK press 15 May 2012. release, ‘UK MoD release presentations on Reaper 27 See Elbit Systems press release, ‘Elbit Systems and Watchkeeper drones to Drone Wars UK under reports fourth quarter and full year 2012 results’, FOI’, 13 October 2011. 13 March 2013; S Trimble, ‘Elbit Systems: Rapid 9 See Amnesty International press release, ‘Amnesty growth’, Flight International , 25 January 2010. urges suspension of UK arms sales to Israel as 28 See Teal Group press release, ‘Teal Group evidence revealed that Israel military drones may predicts worldwide UAV market will total $89 use British-built engines’, 9 January 2009. billion in its 2013 UAV market profile and forecast’, 10 See Thales UK press release, ‘Watchkeeper makes 17 June 2013. first UK flight’, 15 April 2010. 29 The Heron can fly for up to 40 hours and attain 11 See Elbit press release, ‘U-TacS awarded $110 million a maximum altitude of 30,000 feet, and has been order by Thales UK to provide ISTAR capability for exported to several other countries. See ‘Business UK Armed Forces’, 7 June 2007. areas, UAV systems, Heron family’ web page, Israeli 12 Ibid Aerospace Industries, accessed 28 October 2013. 13 A Pfeffer and Z Blumenkrantz, ‘Elbit accede to UK 30 I Sample, ‘Hermes 450 drone is workhorse for Israeli request to cancel UAV trials in “occupied” Golan’, Defence Forces’, The Guardian , 23 March 2009. Haaretz , 17 October 2008; N Paterson, ‘UK troops 31 See Elbit web page, ‘Hermes 450 - Tactical long Sky News use ‘war crime drones’ in Israel’, , endurance UAS’ , accessed 28 October 2013. 4 January 2011. 32 Ibid 14 See the Israeli Airforce page, ‘The first UAV 33 L Hajjar, ‘Lawfare and targeted killing: Developments squadron’, accessed 20 October 2013. in the Israeli and US contexts’, Jadaliyya, 15 See ‘Securing Britain in an age of uncertainty: The 15 January 2012. Strategic Defence and Security Review’, presented to 34 Ibid Parliament by the Prime Minister, 19 October 2010. 35 N Hopkins, ‘UK starts controlling drones in 16 House of Commons Hansard, 19 October 2010, Afghanistan from British soil’, The Guardian , c817. 25 April 2013. 17 See J Gertler, Congressional research report, US 36 M Evans, D Haynes and A Loyd, ‘SAS take on Taliban unmanned aerial systems , prepared for members and in Afghanistan after defeating al-Qaeda in Iraq’, The committees of Congress, 3 January 2012. Times , 30 May 2009. 1

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Published: December 2013 War on Want War on Want fights against the root causes Research by Amir Safadi of poverty and human rights violation, as part Written by War on Want with of the worldwide movement for global justice. funding support from the Barham Charitable Trust. Cover picture: Reuters / Mohammed Salem

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