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Ethnic German Refugees and Expellees in (West) Germany, 1945 - 2008

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Ethnic German Refugees and Expellees in (West) Germany, 1945 - 2008 White 1 Stories of Integration: Ethnic German Refugees and Expellees in (West) Germany, 1945 - 2008 by Janine White Henry Rutgers Scholars A thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program Written under the direction of Belinda Davis and Jochen Hellbeck Departments of History and German Rutgers College April 2008 White 2 Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................3 1. The Flight, Expulsion and Integration of Refugees and Expellees into the Federal Republic of Germany.........................................................................................20 2. Crabwalk: A Literary Perspective on the Story of Flight............................................................42 3. The Contemporary Challenge to Commemorate this Past..........................................................73 4. Two Refugees' Stories of Integration........................................................................................11 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................146 Bibliography..............................................................................................................................153 White 3 Introduction As the Red Army advanced westward and the Allies shifted Europe's borders at the end of World War II, approximately 12-14 million ethnic Germans living throughout Central and Eastern Europe fled or were expelled from their homelands.1 The vast majority of this population of refugees and expellees arrived in the occupied zones that make up modern-day Germany. Here they faced the challenge of rebuilding their lives in this war-torn society. This experience of losing their Heimat, or homeland,2 and the subsequent effort to integrate pivotally impacted the lives of these millions of people. Furthermore, the influx of refugees influenced society's collective identity as it sought to recover during the initial postwar years. This group significantly contributed to the rapid rebuilding process that took place, thereby socioeconomically integrating into society. Six decades later, it makes sense that individuals view these experiences as important events in their life stories. Why, however, do the issues of flight, expulsion, and integration continue to be emotionally debated? Recent works of literature and efforts to publicly commemorate this past have played a significant role in this contemporary discussion. The resulting controversy centers around the question of how to portray both German suffering within the context of guilt as a result of World War II. Personal stories of flight and integration show how individuals experienced this past and how they understand it in the present. Looking at these various perspectives sheds light on how personal experiences and public views have 1 Various sources cite different statistics, see for example G.C. Paikert, The German Exodus: A Selective Study on the Post-World War II Expulsion of German Populations and Its Effects, (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1962), 1-3 and Gerhard Reichling, “Flucht und Vertreibung der Deutschen: Statistische Grundlagen und terminologische Probleme” in Schulze et al., Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte, 46. 2 The term Heimat plays an important role in this discussion because it is continuously brought up in an emotional way, especially for refugees and expellees. Literally, Heimat means 'home' or 'homeland,' but it also evokes a nostalgic sense of a connection to a certain place. Having lost the Heimat, this concept holds personal significance for many refugees. The work of expellee organizations has also served to politicize this term in the language of their demands. Some continue to promote their “right to the Heimat,” seeking a change to the postwar borders that caused their former homes to no longer be within Germany, but be parts of other countries. White 4 influenced how flight, expulsion, and integration have been incorporated into individual and collective memory. These refugees made up a significant part of the mass forced migration movements occurring both within Germany and across Europe as a result of World War II, its buildup, and its aftermath. It is estimated these events uprooted approximately 50 million people.3 These populations included those that fell victim to Nazi crimes or had to relocate as a result of shifting borders. Ethnic Germans spread across Central and Eastern Europe made up a significant percentage of the millions of refugees largely as a result of their association with or role in perpetrating Nazi crimes. Their former homelands included regions of various countries, primarily Poland and Czechoslovakia, where ethnic Germans had comprised a significant minority for centuries. The eastern areas of pre-war Germany were also significantly affected. The 1945 Allied agreements at Potsdam ceded these territories to Poland and Czechoslovakia, forcing the Germans who had lived there to relocate. Many of those who did not leave these territories for the West were deported to labor camps in the Soviet Union after the war. About two million people died as a result of this and along the trek westward.4 Two-thirds of the surviving refugees and expellees5 moved into the western zones in occupied Germany, while the rest resettled in the Soviet zone or found new homes abroad. In 1950 refugees made up 16 percent of the West German population, while they comprised a quarter of what became East Germany.6 Other groups, including 3 Franz Nuschele, “Das Jahrhundert der Fluechtlinge,” in Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte: Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die künftige Forschungsarbeit, ed. Rainer Schulze, Doris von der Brelie-Lewien, and Helga Grebing, (Hildesheim: August Lax, 1987), 11. 4 This is also a contested statistic and is cited as such in various places, including Wolfgang Benz, “Fremde in der Heimat: Flucht – Vertreibung – Integration,” in Bade, Deutsche im Ausland – Fremde in Deutschland: Migration in Geschichte und Gegenwart, ed. Klaus Bade (München: Beck Verlag, 1992), 381 and Paikert, 3. See also Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil I: Umsiedler, Verschleppte, Vertriebene, Aussiedler 1940-1985 (Bonn: Kulturstiftung der Deutschen Vertriebenen, 1986), 36 (he uses bracket dates 1945-1950 for his statistics on German deaths during expulsion and deportation). 5 Technically, the term “refugees” refers to those ethnic Germans who fled from the Red Army as the war ended, while “expellees” are those who were expelled from their homelands after the war ended. I use the terms interchangeably throughout this paper, except for when I refer to my interview subjects, who were refugees. 6 “Herkunft und Verbleib der Heimatvertriebenen,” in Bundesgesetze und Leistungen für die Geschädigten des Kreiges White 5 displaced persons, returning POWs, and bombed out city residents also added to the significant population movement occurring in occupied Germany during the postwar years. This crisis posed a great challenge for these decimated countries. Once the initial chaos of the postwar years passed, however, the refugee population played an important role in the recovery effort. In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), they contributed to and benefited from the “economic miracle” of the 1950s. Their overall increase in economic prosperity allowed them to integrate socially and politically to a great extent as well. By the end of the 1950s and early '60s, the Federal Republic declared that it has successfully achieved the integration of refugees and expellees, causing this issue to fade into the background. The German Democratic Republic also made the effort to quickly integrate their population of “resettlers,” as refugees were called. Among the third postwar generation in contemporary reunified Germany, one by and large can no longer distinguish the former refugees and their children from those who represented the “native population” after the war. On the other hand, about every fifth or even every fourth person who lives in Germany comes from a family that originates from one of these eastern territories.7 For many people, the experiences of flight, expulsion, and integration remain potent for them in different ways. The fact that this group comprises up to 25 percent of the current population could be one reason why people continue to discuss these issues, wrestling with the past in new and different ways. This issue has become especially relevant in recent years. Since the postwar period, family members have talked about their experiences with flight and expulsion in a private setting. Today, und der Kriegsfolgen, Bonn 1957, 14f, cited in Wolfgang Benz, “Fremde in der Heimat: Flucht – Vertreibung – Integration,” in Bade, Deutsche im Ausland – Fremde in Deutschland, 382, Philipp Ther, “Expellee Policy in the Soviet- occupied Zone and the GDR,” translated by David Rock, in Rock and Wolff, Coming Home to Germany?, 56. 7 Albrecht Lehmann, Im Fremden ungewollt zuhaus: Flüchtlinge und Vertriebe in Westdeutschland; 1945 – 1990. (München: Beck, 1991), 1. This statistic describes Germany in the early 1990s, but can still be seen as applying to contemporary Germany. White 6 children and grandchildren of refugees play a significant role in bringing this topic into the public sphere. They thereby
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