Il Tè in Corea

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Il Tè in Corea STORIA E SCIENZA Fig. 2 Fig. 4 Fig. 3 Fig. 5 Fig. 1 compare nel 2333 a.C. quando T’an-gun, Fig. 1 cui derivarono durante il venticinquesimo anno di regno Mappa della Corea odierna le tribù Ainu Giapponesi. dell’Imperatore cinese Yao, unificò 6 tribù che vive- con la suddivi- Sembra che gli antichi nomadi Dongyi (cultura vano nella parte più a nord della penisola coreana. sione in province Loshang), fondatori dell’Han Guk (Fig. 3), siano Nel 2000 a.C. la Cina esportò in Corea la sua cultu- (2001) ra tardo-neolitica (ceramiche con disegni di saette) stati, se non dominanti, almeno componenti impor- Fig. 2 tanti della dinastia cinese Yin (1600- 1046 a.C.). Il che si diffuse in tutta la penisola. Fu però nel 1122 Korea (NASA) sospetto nasce sia da studi archeologici che linguisti- a.C., con l’avvento della dinastia cinese degli Zhu, ci di cui diamo qualche esempio. L’invenzione del che Ki-jo o Chi-tsu, ex principe della dinastia Shang, Fig. 3 Baidal nella L’hangul moderno pittogramma ‘gab-gol’ (osso e conchiglia) cinese nominato marchese dagli Zhou, accompagnato da nei giornali coreani Corea preistori- identico al pittogramma ‘bok-sa’ coreano, avente lo altri 5000 cinesi (secondo la tradizione), rifugiatosi ca, la migrazio- stesso significato, avvenne durante il regno della nelle terre del nord-ovest della Corea e del sud-est ne della civiltà dinastia Yin (prevalenza di Dongyi). Ancora, il carat- della Manciuria, fondò ciò che è noto come Antico coreana Il tè tere che indica la parola casa (ga) contiene nella Choson, una vasta confederazione di città munite di Fig. 4 parte più bassa un maiale; il carattere era usato sia mura (Fig 4, Fig. 5). Il GoChosun (Old dai coreani che dai cinesi, ma solo i coreani teneva- Choson) Cronologia delle no il maiale nella propria abitazione. In base a quanto poco sopra premesso, resta da origini e degli in Corea valutare se la Cina dei Cinesi in qualche modo stati derivati Che senso avrebbe avuto inventare un carattere con colonizzò la Corea o non furono piuttosto i il simbolo del maiale nella casa se questo stesso Coreani (i loro antenati) a ‘colonizzare’ la Cina Fig. 5 I confini del Go coreana del tè, non ne mancano precise ragioni sto- carattere fosse stato inventato dai Cinesi? I caratteri esportandovi la civiltà del bronzo (Fig. 6). E’ molto Choseon * Giovanna Serenelli riche. Hanja furono trasformati in fonogrammi dai coreani più realistico pensare ad un interscambio culturale prima del VII secolo con corretta pronuncia monosil- tra quei due territori la cui immagine è ai nostri Nonostante la Corea sia abitata già da 300.000 anni labica, già stabilizzata durante il regno di Silla. occhi cristallizzata in due paesi nettamente distinti ado o Tado è il nome che si dava in Corea alla (l’Homo erectus era peraltro presente 700.000 anni Spesso invece la pronuncia era polisillabica presso i fra di loro. Utilizzando per semplicità quest’ultimo ‘Via del Tè’ e la parola è semplicemente la a.C,), come dimostrano i fossili (Homo erectus o cinesi (e giapponesi) con gravi difficoltà, ad esempio modo di considerare le cose e trascurando ciò che gli Dpronuncia coreana degli ideogrammi con cui, Neanderthal) trovati nella provincia di Whang-hae a pronunciare numeri complessi. Il popolo Dongyi storici nazionalisti coreani sostengono vivacemente, in cinese, si scriveva la frase. Ma quella del tè in (Figg. 1, 2), nessuno conosce la reale origine del avrebbe anche antichi legami con i Manchu che alle possiamo affermare che lo stato coreano come tale Corea è una storia a due fasi che mostra riguardo a popolo coreano. Gli Yaemek o Han della Corea, da loro origini riconoscono il mito di un uccello nero nacque all’inizio del III secolo a.C. , quando Ki Pu, questa bevanda una sorta di atteggiamento contrad- non confondere con gli Han cinesi, sono tradizional- divino (corvo) le cui uova, mangiate da Chien-ti la marchese di ChaoXian, con antichi legami con la dittorio, anche perché l’uso del tè in Corea è antico mente indicati come gli antenati delle odierne popo- resero gravida. Ne nacque Ch’i mitico fondatore della dinastia cinese Shang, armò potentemente l’Antico probabilmente quanto quello della Cina. L’infuso lazioni. Certo è che si tratta di una razza mongoloi- Dinastia Shang. Lo stesso mito si ritrova nella cultu- Choson (Fig. 7) rendendolo completamente indipen- conobbe nel corso dei secoli un periodo di splendore de. In essa è presente un miscuglio di caratteri che ra del Koguryo. L’uccello coreano ha tre zampe, sim- dente dalla Cina che viveva allora l’epoca degli Stati ed uno di miseria perdurato sin quasi ai nostri gior- appartengono in parte alle popolazioni Altaiche bolo di perfezione. Combattenti. Ki Pu fu il primo a fregiarsi del nome di ni. Se scarsamente nota è, nel mondo, la cultura (Lago Baikal) ed in parte alle popolazioni Jomon da Il primo nucleo della nazione coreana (Choson) Re, usando il titolo cinese ‘wang’ e fu costantemente 64 natural 1 marzo 2009 marzo 2009 natural 1 65 Fig. 16 STORIA E SCIENZA Fig. 8 Fig. 18 Fig. 10 Fig. 17 Fig. 7 Fig. 15 Fig. 14 Fig. 13 Fig. 6 Fig. 19 Fig. 12 Fig. 9 tale fu posta ad Hanyang (1396) l’odierna Fig. 14 L’hangul moderno Fig. 11 Seoul, fu introdotto l’uso della carta moneta nei giornali corea- di Wang, (1402), fu istituito un sistema di selezione per Fig. 6 Pugnale mosso da mire espansionistiche nei alleati ni coreano dell’età confronti degli Yen. La sanguinosa scon- erano comun- per i re, alla determinare l’idoneità al servizio militare (1408), fu Fig. 15 del bronzo fitta dell’Antico Choson obbligò Ki Pu a sotto- que le stesse, vale a fondazione, nel persino compilata la storia della Corea (1424). Nel 372 d.C. 1437 furono inventati l’orologio solare e quello ad Re Sejong il gran- Fig. 7 Old mettersi ai nemici Qin, di cui temeva un’invasione dire la conquista dell’intera peni- de Choson, la sicuramente peggiore di una resa, e diede l’avvio al sola coreana che fu ovviamente teatro di nuovi con- dell’Accademia Nazionale acqua ed infine nel 1446 fu adottato ufficialmente mappa declino del regno nel quale, nel 108 a.C. la Cina degli flitti. In circa sei anni, ad ogni modo, il regno di Silla Confuciana del regno Koguryo, all’adozione come l’alfabeto Hangul (Figg. 13, 14), ideato da Sejong il Fig. 16 Il Choson Han insedia quattro comandi militari con il compito riuscì a respingere le armate cinesi e nel 700 d.C. religione ufficiale del Buddismo nel 372, nel 384 d. C Grande (1418-1450, IV re della dinastia Choson, Fig. Fig. 8 e nel 528 da parte rispettivamente dei regni di 15) e destinato a sostituire gli ideogrammi cinesi La penisola di amministrare quella che è oggi la Corea del Nord. buona parte della penisola coreana fu unificata (Fig. Fig. 17 coreana nel La sconfitta ed il collasso dell’ Antico Choson o 10). Koguryo, Paekche e Shilla. Il Buddismo, fu importa- (Hanja). Il Choson (Fig 16) era così avanzato che era La carta d’identità periodo dei 3 Gojoseon determinò la nascita di una miriade di pic- to dalla Cina grazie all’opera di Soondo un missiona- previsto persino l’uso di vere e proprie carte di iden- dei cittadini del regni Chosun coli stati (Fig. 5). Nel 698, il generale Tae Cho-Yong fonda sulle ceneri rio buddista cinese nel 372 d.C. Soondo era un mis- tità (Fig. 17). E’ del 1470 il Kangnido, la più antica Fig. 9 del regno Koguryo il regno Parhae (Fig.10), divenen- sionario che portava con sé solamente la dottrina mappa superstite dell’Asia dell’Est (Fig. 18). Il buddi- Fig. 18 Suro, il mitico Solo nel 75 a.C. ad opera della resistenza dei nativi, done il primo re. La situazione in quel periodo, della sua scuola. Gli scritti e la statua di Budda rag- smo continuò a fiorire e le sue tradizioni continuaro- Kyongnido, copia di mappa Coreana fondatore del la Cina sarà costretta a spostare i comandi militari denominato dagli storici Era degli Stati del Nord e giunsero la Corea solo nel 374 portati da un altro no ad essere perpetuate nei monasteri in cui la ceri- regno di Gaya (nota come nella Manciuria centrale. Da questo momento emer- del Sud, divenne molto simile a quella attuale: il missionario buddista, Ado. Ovviamente, in relazione monia del tè si ripeteva tre volte al giorno. Kangnido) prodot- Fig. 10 gono nuovi regni coreani indipendenti: il regno di regno Parhae a nord e quello Silla a sud che potè all’argomento di cui stiamo trattando, il tradizionale ta da Yi Hoe e Gli stati di Shilla Silla (Shilla) sotto Hyokkose, nel 57 a.C.; quello di godere di circa un secolo di pace durante il quale uso del tè della Cina e le cerimonie ad esso collegate E’ noto che le offerte di tè, in opportune cerimonie, Kwon Kun nel e Parhae I poterono essere conosciute ed apprezzate anche nel erano regolarmente officiate in onore degli spiriti dei 1402. Questa Koguryo, fondato da Chumong (figlio leggendario di si potè vedere la fioritura di scienze ed arti oltre copia del 1470 territorio coreano. Non importava che nel buddismo monaci più rispettati. Fig. 11 Haemosu, dio del sole e di Yuhwa, sorella maggiore che del Buddismo che, come religione di stato, non La famiglia reale Yi celebrava circa è la più anti- Il Koryo della dea dell’acqua) o più probabilmente da Puyo e mancò di influenzare sia il potere politico che le coreano fossero presenti tracce importanti di quello giornalmente il Rito del Tè, riservando riti specia- ca mappa super- stite dell’Asia dai suoi seguaci, nel 37 a.C.
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