FREE 16 DEAD MEN: THE EXECUTIONS PDF

Anne Marie Ryan | 256 pages | 28 Dec 2014 | The Mercier Press Ltd | 9781781171349 | English | , Easter Rising – executed leaders

More than 90 people 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions sentenced to death for their part in the Easter Rising. Sixteen of them were executed between 3 May and 12 May Public opinion then started to swing against the executions and the British revised their approach. They commuted the death sentences of the remaining leaders and imposed prison sentences instead. However, it was too late. The public remained outraged that 16 of the leaders were executed. There was a wave of sympathy for them that quickly hardened into support for Irish independence. Inthe nationalist Sinn Fein party won most of Irish parliamentary seats, leaving no doubt that most of the country wanted to free itself from British rule. In that sense, although the Rising was quickly quashed, it was the catalyst that helped to bring about the 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Free State and eventual independence following the Anglo-Irish War. These seven also declared themselves the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic. In signing the Proclamation, they knew they were effectively signing their own death warrants as they would be executed if the rebellion failed, as they half expected it to do. Tom Clarke was arguably the person who did the most to bring about the Easter Rising in He devoted his life to achieving independence for Ireland and spent 15 years in 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions because of it. Story of Tom Clarke. was a trade union leader who became one of the main driving forces of the Rising. His execution, for which he had to be strapped in a chair because of he had been wounded in the Rising, still resonates as a powerful image in Irish nationalist circles. Story of James Connolly. He came to believe that he and other dedicated republicans might have to offer themselves as martyrs to inspire the country on towards achieving independence. Thomas MacDonagh was a poet, academic and playwright who had only become a member of the Military Council planning the rebellion a few weeks before it began. He wrote the Marching Song of the . Story of Thomas MacDonagh. He was the one who read out the Proclamation of the Irish Republic on the steps of the GPO and he was the one who finally had to give the order to surrender. Story of . Story of . Sir 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Casement was a British diplomat who was knighted for his human rights campaigns exposing the exploitation of workers in both Africa and South America. His role in the Easter Rising was to persuade Germany to supply guns and ammunition to the rebels. He was successful in this but the shipment of 20, rifles was intercepted by the British Navy off the coast of Kerry. The captain scuttled the ship rather than let the guns fall into the hands of the British. Casement was later arrested and sentenced to death for treason. He was the only one of the executed rebels to be hanged rather than shot. This was because he faced a full criminal trial in London, unlike other rebels who were summarily dealt with by a court martial. He was hanged at Pentonville Prison in London on 3 August. was one of the younger generation of Irish republicans. He openly displayed his nationalist fervour to the authorities before the Rising and according to those who fought alongside him, this may have led to him being chosen for execution while more senior officers were spared. Story of Con Colbert. He was commandant of the 1st Battalion of the Volunteers stationed at the Four Courts, which saw some of the fiercest fighting. Daly was the younger brother of Kathleen Clarke, who was married to one of the main leaders of the Easter Rising, Tom Clarke. At just 25, Edward Daly was the youngest of the 16 rebels to be executed when he faced the firing squad at Kilmainham Gaol on 4 May When the fighting was over, the British were amazed and disgusted that they had allowed themselves to be stopped for so long by such a small group of rebels. Story of Thomas Kent. Countess Markievicz was his second in command. Story of . MacBride thought the Rising had been called off following the order from Eoin MacNeill telling the Volunteers to stand down. He was surprised to hear the Patrick Pearse and the other leaders had decided to go ahead anyway. It may be that he was paying the price for having fought against the British in South Africa. It may also be that the British overestimated his involvement because he had been married to Maud Gonne, although they were divorced by the time of the Rising. Gonne was a fervent nationalist who had campaigned for Irish independence. He was nominally second in command to Thomas MacDonagh, but was quickly overshadowed by the more 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions experienced John MacBride who joined the rebellion at the last minute. He was interested in promoting Irish culture and joined the Gaelic League in He was given the rank of captain but, although committed to the 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions, he was not one of the leaders or guiding minds behind the rebellion. Some commentators have suggested the reason he admitted the offence was because he wanted to be executed 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions with his brother. Like his father James Pearse, Willie was a gifted sculptor and examples of his work can still be seen in today. was executed on 4 May, Close Menu Home. Irish Symbols. Decorate your home with one of our stunning pieces of Celtic art. 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions | Irish History | Rebel Dublin

Thomas MacDonagh Born in Tipperary in Erudite and literate, he later joined the English department of University College Dublin. His play When the Dawn is Come was produced at the Abbey. He was commander of the unit that occupied Jacobs 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions during the Rising. He was executed on 3 May Patrick Pearse: Born in Dublin in Pearse immersed himself in Irish culture as a teenager. In he joined the Executive Committee of the Gaelic League. Joseph Plunkett: Born in Dublin in Plunkett graduated from UCD in after being educated in England. A sickly child, he travelled for 2 years due to ill health returning to Dublin in to become editor of the Irish Review. Plunketts farm 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Kimmage was used to store the arms landed at Howth in It was also used as a training camp for young men invited to Ireland from Britain to avoid conscription. Plunkett married his sweetheart, Grace Gifford, in Kilmainham Gaol just hours before his execution on 4 May Eamonn Ceannt: Born in Galway in A co-founder of the Irish Volunteers. He was involved in the successful Howth gun-running operation of Executed on 8 May Thomas Clarke : Born on the Isle of Wight in His father was a soldier in the British army. During his time in America he joined Clann na nGael. He was later sentenced to 15 years penal servitude for a bombing campaign in London. Upon returning from America in his belief in the revolutionary movement had strengthened. He was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the first signatory of the Proclamation of Independence. Clarke occupied the GPO. James Connolly: Born in Edinburgh in To escape poverty, Connolly arrived in 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions as a 14 year old member of the British army. Spending 7 years in America where he campaigned for workers rights he arrived back in Ireland in where he campaigned for the Socialist Party alongside James Larkin. Connolly was one of the founders of the Irish Citizen Army in Connolly, unable to stand, was executed tied to a chair on 12 May Sean MacDiarmada: Born in Leitrim in Despite being afflicted with polio in he served on the committee of both the Irish Volunteers and the IRB. He was executed on 12 May Sean Heuston: Born in Dublin in Along with Con Colbert, Heuston was involved in the education of schoolboys at Scoil Eanna, organising drill and musketry exercises. At the age of 16 he worked at Kingsbridge Railway, which is 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions named in his honour as Heuston Station. It was here he became the breadwinner for his family as his father was living in London. A section of the First Battalion of the Volunteers under Heuston commandeered the Mendicity Institute on the south of the Liffey, holding out for two days. He was executed on 8 May Thomas Kent: Born inHis family had a long history of fighting against 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions injustices suffered by small farmers and fought particularly during the Land War. Kent spent many years in and out of prison. Kent was arrested in Cork following a raid by the Royal Irish Constabulary on 22nd Aprilduring which his brother was fatally wounded. At dawn, the police came to the house with orders to arrest the whole family. They had surrounded the house and called for the four brothers to come outside. Thomas replied that they were soldiers of the Irish Republic and that there would be no surrender. To this the police retorted with a volley of shots. Kent was in the house throughout the battle and not only gave great encouragement to her sons but helped to clean and cool their weapons. He had intended to travel to Dublin to participate in the Rising, but when the mobilisation order was cancelled he assumed the Rising was called off. He was executed on 9 May The railway station in Cork was renamed Kent Station in his honour. John MacBride: Born in Mayo in After training as a doctor, MacBride abandoned his career in favour of work as a chemist. He was positioned at Jacobs factory alongside Thomas MacDonagh. He was executed on 30 April : Born in in Sandycove, Dublin. Casement was from a family of Ulster Protestants whose father, a British army officer, passed away when he was a baby, while his mother passed when he was nine. Joining a ships company to Africa when he was 20 he travelled to Africa and in joined the British Civil Service. Travelling extensively through the Belgian Congo, Casement was knighted for his campaign work where he exposed the horrific cruelty that forced native workers into slavery on rubber plantations. While in Germany Plunkett paid him a visit to arrange the procurement of arms for the Rising. Casement was imprisoned in Pentonville Gaol in London where he was hanged on 3 August Con Colbert: Born in Limerick in He was a fluent Irish speaker 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions an active member of the republican movement joining both Fianna Eireann and the Irish Volunteers. Colbert was a dedicated pioneer and neither drank, nor smoked. He even gave up dancing during Lent. Colbert commanded the Marrowbone Lane distillery until its surrender on Sunday 30th April. Edward Daly: Born in Limerick in He was the only boy amongst nine sisters. His family had a history of republican activity. His father had taken part in the rebellion of and later shared a cell with Tom Clarke. He led the First Battalion during the Rising which raided the Bridewell, eventually seizing control of the Four Courts. In retaliation, the British soldiers battered their way into houses along North King street and shot male residents indiscriminately. William Pearse: Born in in Dublin. The younger brother of Patrick, William was an artist as well as a nationalist. To a certain extent overshadowed by his brother, he was every bit as enthusiastic a revolutionary, teacher and language enthusiast as Padraic. After the Rising, he was taken to Richmond Barracks where he was court-martialed. Of all the revolutionaries who were executed in Willie was the only one who pleaded guilty to the charge. He was executed in Kilmainham Gaol on 4 May 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Pearse railway station on Westland Row was named in honour of the two brothers in Michael Mallin: Born in Dublin in He joined the army at A common career for working class boys at the time. He declined to take the Shelbourne Hotel, the dominant building overlooking the garrison, leaving the rebels fatally exposed. Machine gun fire from British positions in the hotel had, by Tuesday, forced the rebels into the nearby Royal College of Surgeons from where they surrendered that Sunday. His father had taken part in the Fenian Rising of O Hanrahan showed great promise 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions a writer, becoming heavily involved in the promotion of the . Like many of the executed leaders he joined the Irish Volunteers from their inception and was second in command to MacDonagh at Jacobs factory. You must be logged in to post a comment. Skip to content. Please Share This Article:. Leave a Comment Go on! Make a witty Comment Extract: 16 Dead Men – The Easter Rising Executions ·

It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of and the first armed conflict of the Irish revolutionary period. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed in Maybut the insurrection, the nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence. The British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels slowed the British advance and inflicted many casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery. There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland; Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising. Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued briefly. After the surrender, the country remained under martial law. About 3, people were taken prisoner by the British and 1, of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions executed following courts-martial. The Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly fifty years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. Of the people killed in the Easter Rising, fifty-four per cent were civilians, thirty per cent were British military and police personnel, and sixteen percent were Irish rebels. 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions than 2, people were wounded. Many of the civilians were killed or wounded by British artillery fire or were mistaken for rebels. Others were caught in the crossfire during firefights between the British and the rebels. The shelling and resulting fires left parts of central Dublin in ruins. From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the continued lack of adequate political representation, along with the British government's handling of Ireland and Irish people, particularly the Great Irish Famine. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. Asquith in Irish Unionistswho were overwhelmingly Protestants, opposed it, as they did not want to be ruled by a Catholic- dominated Irish government. It included people with a range of political views, and was open to "all able-bodied Irishmen without distinction of creed, politics or social group". When the Irish Volunteers smuggled rifles into Dublinthe British Army attempted to stop them and 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions into a crowd of civilians. ByIreland seemed to be on the brink of a civil war. Nevertheless, on 18 September the Government of Ireland 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions was enacted and placed on the statute book, but the Suspensory Act was passed at the same time, which deferred Irish Home 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions for one year, with powers for it to be suspended for further periods of six months so long as the war continued. Another such Order was made on 29 Februarysuspending the Act for another six months. At this meeting, they decided to stage an uprising before the war ended and to secure help from Germany. Although the Volunteer and IRB leaders were not against a rising in principle, they were of the opinion that it was not opportune at that moment. IRB members held officer rank in the Volunteers throughout the country and took their orders from the Military Council, not from MacNeill. Casement went to Germany and began negotiations with the German government and military. He persuaded the Germans to announce their support for Irish independence in November Plunkett joined Casement in Germany the following year. Together, Plunkett 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Casement presented a plan the 'Ireland Report' in which a German expeditionary force would land on the west coast of Ireland, while a rising in Dublin diverted the British forces so that the Germans, with the help of local Volunteers, could secure the line of the River Shannonbefore advancing on the capital. James Connolly —head of the Irish Citizen Army ICAa group of armed socialist trade union men and women—was unaware of the IRB's plans, and threatened to start a rebellion on his own if other parties failed to act. If they had done it alone, the IRB and the Volunteers would possibly have come to their aid; [31] however, the IRB leaders met with Connolly in January and convinced him to join forces with them. They agreed that they would launch a rising together at Easter and made Connolly the sixth member of the Military Council. Thomas MacDonagh would later become the seventh and final member. His body was sent to Ireland for burial in Glasnevin Cemeterywith the Volunteers 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions charge of arrangements. Huge crowds lined the route and gathered at the graveside. Pearse made a dramatic funeral oration, a rallying call to republicans, 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions ended with the words " Ireland unfree shall never be at peace ". In early April, Pearse issued orders to the Irish Volunteers for three days of "parades and manoeuvres" beginning on Easter Sunday. He had the authority to do this, as the Volunteers' Director of Organisation. The idea was that IRB members 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions the organisation would know these were orders to begin the rising, while men such as MacNeill and the British authorities would take it at face value. Casement also left for Ireland aboard the German submarine U He was disappointed with the level of support offered by the Germans and he intended to stop or at least postpone the rising. It was an edited version of a real document outlining British plans in the event of conscription. However, it chose not to inform the rank-and-file, or moderates such as MacNeill, until the last minute. The following day, MacNeill got wind that a rising was about to be launched and threatened to do everything he could to prevent it, short of informing the British. MacNeill believed that when the British learned of the shipment they would immediately suppress the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers would be justified in taking defensive action, including the planned manoeuvres. This was earlier than the Volunteers expected and so none were there to meet the vessels. The Royal Navy had known about the arms shipment and intercepted the Audprompting the captain to scuttle the ship. Furthermore, Casement was captured shortly after he landed at Banna Strand. When MacNeill learned from Vol. Patrick Whelan that the arms shipment had been lost, he reverted to his original position. With the support of other leaders of like mind, 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions Bulmer Hobson and The O'Rahillyhe issued a countermand to all Volunteers, cancelling all actions for Sunday. This countermanding order was relayed to Volunteer officers and printed in the Sunday morning newspapers. It succeeded only in delaying the rising for a day, although it greatly reduced the number of Volunteers who turned out. British Naval Intelligence had been aware of the arms shipment, Casement's return, and the Easter date for the rising through radio messages between Germany and its embassy in the United States that were intercepted by the Royal Navy and deciphered in Room 40 of the Admiralty. Nathan proposed to raid Liberty Hallheadquarters of the Citizen Army, and Volunteer properties at Father Matthew Park and at Kimmagebut Wimborne insisted on wholesale arrests of the leaders. It was decided to postpone action until after Easter Monday, and in the meantime, Nathan telegraphed the Chief SecretaryAugustine Birrellin London seeking his approval. Among them were members of the all-female Cumann na mBan. Some wore Irish Volunteer and Citizen Army uniforms, while others wore civilian clothes with a yellow Irish Volunteer armband, military hats, and bandoliers. This was due to MacNeill's countermanding order, and the fact that the new orders had been sent so soon beforehand. However, several hundred Volunteers joined the Rising after it began. Shortly before midday, the rebels began to seize important sites in central Dublin. The rebels' plan was to hold Dublin city centre. This was a large, oval-shaped area bounded by two canals: the Grand to the south and the Royal to the north, with the River Liffey running through the middle. On the southern and western edges of this district were five British Army 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions. Most of the rebels' positions had been chosen to defend against counter-attacks from these barracks. Civilians were evacuated and policemen 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions ejected or taken prisoner. Barricades were erected on the streets to hinder British Army movement. Pearse stood outside and read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. Volunteers from the GPO also occupied other buildings on the street, including buildings overlooking O'Connell Bridge. They took over a wireless telegraph station and sent out a radio broadcast in Morse codeannouncing that an Irish Republic had been declared. This was 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions first radio broadcast in Ireland. Elsewhere, some of the headquarters battalion under Michael Mallin occupied St Stephen's Greenwhere they dug trenches and barricaded the surrounding roads. The 2nd battalion, under Thomas MacDonaghoccupied Jacob's biscuit factory. From each of these garrisons, small units of rebels established outposts in the surrounding area. The rebels also attempted to cut transport and communication links. As well as erecting roadblocks, they took control of various bridges and cut telephone and telegraph wires. Westland Row and Harcourt Street railway stations were occupied, though the latter only briefly. The goal was to seize weapons and blow up the ammunition store to signal that the Rising had begun. They seized weapons and planted explosives, but the blast was not big enough to be heard across the city. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. Fierce fighting erupted there 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. The rebels did not attempt to take 16 Dead Men: The Easter Rising Executions other key locations, notably Trinity Collegein the heart of the city centre and defended by only a handful of armed unionist students. Elsewhere, they hit civilians with their rifle butts to drive them off. The British military were caught totally unprepared by the rebellion and their response of the first day was generally un-coordinated. Two troops of British cavalry were sent to investigate what was happening. The cavalrymen retreated and were withdrawn to barracks. On Mount Street, a group of Volunteer Training Corps men stumbled upon the rebel position and four were killed before they reached Beggars Bush Barracks. The British troops, after taking some casualties, managed to regroup and launch several assaults on the position before they forced their way inside and the small rebel force in the tin huts at the eastern end of the Union surrendered. A nurse in uniform, Margaret Keogh, was shot dead by British soldiers at the Union. She is believed to have been the first civilian killed in the Rising.