PART FIVE OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 1916 AND COLLECTION

Thursday 10 December 2015 www.independent.ie/1916

ÉAMONN CEANNT AND THE RISING ERUPTS + WB Yeats’s Easter 1916 and the Proclamation INTRODUCTION Contents Revolutionary

4 UP FOR THE RISING Donal Fallon on how the insurrection started on the morning of Easter Monday notes and words 7 CHANGED UTTERLY Lucy Collins on WB Yeats’s WHEN you think of home, ‘seems to resonate with a meanwhile, is taking part in masterpiece Easter 1916 what does it evoke? The nostalgia for emigration’, she On Revolution on Thursday, 8 THE MANIFESTO National Concert Hall says, ‘it was originally written March 31. He believes it is prompts such questions in its about a short-lived romance’. “important for everyone to Richard McElligott assesses 2016 centenary programme. ‘Lyrically I think in English’, look back at the past... the Proclamation and what ‘Imagining Home’ is a seven- she says ‘but when it comes to because the past is constantly the document stands for concert series in spring: melody and tone, it’s coming changing and constantly 10 IRELAND IN 1916 America, England, Into from somewhere more rooted’. contested. Art, if it’s good, Fergus Cassidy looks at the Europe, On Revolution, The She often uproots to tour offers a special proximity to place of children in society Literary Imagination, This and has crossed the Irish Sea truth,” he says. is Ireland and Out of the “maybe 50 times” to perform And when it comes to 11 DOGGED DEFENDER Tradition. in England. However, it was looking back at Ireland’s Richard McElligott on Seán Heuston Singer-songwriter Lisa a recent “more than choppy” cultural successes of the past Above: writer Joseph O’Neill and Camille O’Sullivan night ferry from France that 100 years, he notes “the Irish O’Neill, who is taking part 12 PIPES OF WAR are among the England line- brings to mind her image of culture of words — Joyce, in ‘On Revolution’ at the Aoife Whelan profiles signatory up on Tuesday, March 29 2016, Ireland: “I lay rocking in the Beckett, late Yeats, Flann National Concert Hall on Éamonn Ceannt while Kim hosted by John Kelly. little cabin bed and I imagined O’Brien, Heaney, Friel, etc”. March 31, 2016. Bielenberg talks to his family “Musically, we are Ireland being a little green He adds: “I’m not a big so connected,” Camille survivor bouncing up and fan of nationalising artistic Right: Camille O’Sullivan 14 A COMPLEX PATRIOT explains of England/Ireland down on the ocean,” she says. achievement, but I can’t will contribute to ‘England’ Fergus O’Farrell on Cathal Brugha relations. Both have toured The concert promises to be willfully fail to notice the at the same venue on considerably in England. a ‘magical’ evening, according asymmetrical per capita March 29. 15 NINE LIVES O’Neill says: “I’ve worked with to O’Sullivan. Among the achievements of ‘our’ writers. More celebrities of the day some wonderful musicians other performers are Martin Ireland has been to writing in like Neill MacColl and Billy Carthy, Cait O’Riordan, Paul English what the Dominican Bragg and I’ve learned from Brady, Andy Irvine and Cathal Republic has been to them.” Coughlan. She is looking baseball.”

PART FIVE OF TEN O’Sullivan has also forward to performing at Alison Martin SPECIAL MAGAZINES worked with MacColl, who is home. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH leading the England concert “It’s like being amongst the Tickets for Imagining Home, 1916 AND band. One of O’Neill’s most family, they know you so well,” from Monday, March 28 to evocative songs is ‘England she says. Sunday, April 3 2016 are COLLECTION

Thursday 10 December 2015 www.independent.ie/1916 Has My Man’. And while it Writer Joseph O’Neill, available from www.nch.ie

FROM THE UCD ARCHIVES The papers of Desmond and Mabel FitzGerald, which includes 179 photographs Fitzgerald’s of historical importance, were placed in the image collection UCD archives in 1987. moved to Bray, County Wicklow. He continued a treasure trove his Irish Volunteer activity there, while ÉAMONN CEANNT AND Mabel campaigned in London for support for THE RISING ERUPTS Francis Sheehy Skeffington’s hunger strike. + WB Yeats’s Easter 1916 and the Proclamation PART of the papers of Desmond FitzGerald Desmond was imprisoned for six months in contains 179 photographs of historical 1915 for making a seditious speech. Published by Independent Newspapers, importance, including atmospheric shots Desmond and Mabel were in the GPO of buildings which were badly damaged garrison during the Rising. Following his 27–32 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland or destroyed during the Rising. Taken in arrest he was sentenced to 20 years penal Editor: Gerard Siggins Sackville Street, Henry Street and Middle servitude, with ten years remitted, but was [email protected] Abbey Street, the photographer remains then freed in the general release. He was Design: Joe Coyle unknown. elected MP for Pembroke in the 1918 general The papers of Desmond and Mabel election. Mabel was his campaign manager, For Irish Independent FitzGerald were placed in the UCD Archives and she was also elected to the Cumann na Head of Features: by their children, including former Taoiseach mBan executive in 1918. Fionnuala McCarthy Garret FitzGerald, in May 1987. The following year Desmond was appointed Education Editor: Desmond FitzGerald was born in London in director of publicity for Dáil Éireann. In 1922 Katherine Donnelly 1888 of Irish emigrant parents. He met Mabel he was appointed Minister for External Affairs Washington O’Connell at a Gaelic League Irish Volunteers. In 1914 Desmond organised in the Provisional Government and then the For University College Dublin class in London and they married in 1911. Two the Volunteers in west Kerry and became a Free State government. He became Minister years later they moved to west Kerry, where member of the IRB. for Defence in June 1927. Dr Conor Mulvagh, lecturer they connected with Ernest Blythe and The The following year an order was issued The collection of photographs are available in Irish History with special O’Rahilly. In December they visited Dublin under the Defence of the Realm Act which at: http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ucdlib:30685. responsibility for the and Belfast, meeting leading figures in the banned him from Kerry, and the couple FC Decade of Commemorations. Eilis O’Brien, Director of IN MEMORIAM Communication and Marketing Niamh Boyle, Marketing Manager South Dublin Union memorial keeps track

Cover by Jon Berkeley, shows THE modern Luas tram wends British forces during Easter Week Ireland just as surely as if she’d Éamonn Ceannt, WB Yeats its way through the grounds 1916. Commanding officer for the worn the Volunteers uniform.” and Cathal Brugha of what used to be the South area of occupation, Commandant She was a niece of Captain Dublin Union. If you get off at Éamonn Ceannt.’ Myles Keogh, who died in the St James’s stop, you will see Another memorial was unveiled Custer’s Last Stand in 1876. LS the monument to the men and in the complex at what was then IN PARTNERSHIP WITH women who fought there in 1916. known as St Kevin’s Hospital in Q On this page in No 4, the crew of The stone pillar carries a 1965. It marked the spot where the Asgard given was incorrect. bronze plaque with inscriptions Margaret Kehoe, a nurse from Those who sailed were Erskine in Irish and English. The latter Leighlinbridge, Co Carlow was and Molly Childers, Mary Spring AND reads: ‘This building was shot dead when she went out to Rice, Pat McGinley, Charlie occupied and held by volunteers look for a missing patient on the Duggan and Gordon Shepherd. of the 4th Battalion, Dublin first day of the Rising. The latter disembarked in Milford Brigade, Irish Volunteers against Ceannt said: “She died for Haven and rejoined in Howth.

2 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 INTRODUCTION

REBEL TALES 1916 ONLINE Drama as comedy film is destroyed

THE very first Irish-made film drama was another victim of the Rising. Fun at Finglas Fair, directed by and starring FJ McCormick, was made by James Sullivan’s Film Company of Ireland. The short comedy told the story of two crooks who escape from jail in England and Watch more online at travel to Ireland to rob some independent.ie/1916 farmers. In the end they are caught and thrown into a canal. AS part of the Irish A junior civil servant, Independent’s unrivalled McCormick was born Peter Judge coverage of the centenary of but adopted the stage name to the Easter Rising, a dedicated conceal his identity from his website is now online. The site employers. He was a member of uses words, pictures and video the Abbey players with whom he to enhance understanding became synonymous through the of a defining moment in our plays of Seán O’Casey, and also nation’s history. acted in major British films such Read excerpts from as Odd Man Out and Hungry Hill. important books, watch But despite its historic nature Ryan Tubridy talk about his as the first fiction filmed here, the grandfather, and marvel at only print was destroyed after its the stunning photos of Dublin first and only screening at a trade in 1916. The site also carries fair in Talbot Street in April 1916. all the articles in our ongoing A contemporary witness series ‘My 1916’. later: “After the trade show at The independent.ie/1916 site the Masterpiece, during the will continue to build into a Rebellion, the [British] soldiers brilliant resource for students entered the theatre and amused in years to come. themselves winding all the films, both positive and negative, on the machines. They succeeded in FROM THE IRISH INDEPENDENT ARCHIVES destroying our good films. The cinema managers agreed that the film was good and would have Photographs unearthed in ‘Irish Independent’ offices been a huge success.” GS

THE LOST CHILDREN Shot while giving water to a soldier ONE of the most famous chemist shops in Dublin sits at a busy junction where Westland Row meets Lincoln Place at the back of Trinity College. It no longer sells potions in powders, but the name ‘Sweny’ still sits over the door in gold paint on black glass. It’s the shop where Leopold Bloom bought lemon-scented Left: The ruins of Wynn’s Hotel on Lower soap in Ulysses, a purchase which Abbey St after it was destroyed by fire has become a tradition for the during the Rising. In 1914 it had hosted Joyceans who flock to Dublin one of the inaugural meetings of the every June. Before that book was Irish Volunteers. published, however, Sweny’s was in the news because one of the Above: The Dublin Bread Company family who ran the pharmacy was premises on the east side of Lower killed in the Rising. Sackville (O’Connell) Street Lionel Sweny, aged 13, was PART OF THE INDEPENDENT NEWSPAPERS shot dead on the Wednesday as IRELAND/NLI COLLECTION the bloodiest battle of Easter Week raged around Mount Street A DUSTY, leather-bound photo past that has just been unveiled Now the collection is in the first meeting of Dáil Éireann, Bridge, half a mile from his home. album that lay forgotten in a to the public. process of being scanned and Just 18 photographs of the Mystery surrounds his death, cupboard contained a treasure Expertly captured by placed online in a labour of Easter Rising were taken because but his family said he was shot trove of images charting the photographers at Independent love by image archive advisor it was deemed too dangerous for by rebels as he gave water to a foundation of the State, including Newspapers over the course at Independent News & Media, staff to be on the streets. wounded soldier. the 1916 Rising. of over 100 years, the overall Michael Hinch, and legendary At the time, the Irish His family searched hospitals The album was discovered in Independent Archives consists of photographer Tom Burke — Independent offices were based for his body but there was some the Irish Independent Editor’s glass plates, plastic negatives and who continues to capture key on Middle Abbey Street, just confusion about other youths office earlier this year during a small number of prints. moments with his lens. around the corner from the GPO. killed in the same area, and others renovations and contained Comprising a staggering 4.3 The images document some The archives are available of similar names. His family some photos which were lost for million images, the Independent of Ireland’s most important to the public to view at gravestone doesn’t carry his name, decades. These photos from this Archives were donated to the historical events including the www.independentarchives.com and it is believed his last resting newspaper are now amongst an National Library of Ireland in 1916 Rising, the formation of the while individual high-quality place is a mass grave in Glasnevin intriguing archive of Ireland’s 2004. Irish state, the Civil War and the prints can also be purchased. FS cemetery. LS

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 3 KEYNOTE

The Rising erupts

HE planning of rebellion, On Easter Monday morning, the rebels began to by its very nature, is a clandestine affair. Still, James Stephens began his gather at Liberty Hall, St Stephen’s Green and diary The Insurrection in Dublin by noting that “this has taken everyone T by surprise. It is possible, other parts of the city. As shots began to ring out, that with the exception of their Staff, it has taken the Volunteers themselves by surprise”. Patrick Pearse stood outside the GPO and began In the confusion of orders and countermanding orders issued in the days and hours before the rebellion, Easter to read the Proclamation, writes Donal Fallon Monday began on a downbeat note for CONTINUED ON PAGE 6 >>>

4 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 KEYNOTE

Illustration by Jon Berkeley 10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 5 KEYNOTE The Rising erupts

>>> CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 While not quite as exotic as the Nordic the rebel forces. At mobilisation points rebels, the Irish Diaspora was represented across the city, the painful effects of Eoin in the form of the Kimmage Garrison, a MacNeill’s countermanding order of the body of men from Liverpool, Glasgow and previous day quickly became apparent. other Irish centres of migration in Britain Poor turnouts at certain gathering who had been preparing for the Rising at points meant that the plans of the the Larkfield Mill in Kimmage, staying on insurrection were altered dramatically the property of George Plunkett. Arthur in places. Thomas Slater of the Second Agnew recalled: “We marched to Harold’s Battalion of the Irish Volunteers, who Cross, where we boarded a tram. Plunkett served under Thomas MacDonagh, insisted on paying the conductor for our remembered that as men began to mobilise tickets.” at St Stephen’s Green, it was clear they The signal that the rebellion had begun would not be able to carry out their duties was to be the destruction of the Magazine in full. In addition to seizing Jacob’s, a Fort in the Phoenix Park, a task that was large imposing factory on Bishop Street, left primarily to members of Na Fianna it was also hoped men from this Battalion Éireann, the youth movement established would seize Trinity College Dublin, but in 1909. Fianna Commandant Eamon “the numbers which could be spared from Martin recalled that, “we arrived at the the main body at Stephen’s Green were so outside of the Fort, pretending to be a small, MacDonagh decided to call off the football team, and by passing the ball taking of Trinity College”. from one to the other got near enough Some stumbled on the insurrection to the outside sentry to rush and disarm by chance. Major John him”. While the Fianna MacBride, a veteran of activists succeeded in the Second Boer War who gaining access to the Fort, was employed by Dublin the blast that followed was Corporation at the time not sufficient to announce of the rebellion, was the rebellion in the innocently in the city to spectacular fashion which meet his brother for lunch. they had hoped. On seeing men mobilising The first fatalities on at St Stephen’s Green, he both sides occurred in the recalled that, “I considered vicinity of Dublin Castle, it my duty to join them.” the symbolic home of The largest body of British rule in the city. participants was mobilised Unbeknownst to the at Liberty Hall, the home Citizen Army, the Castle of the Irish Transport was poorly defended on and General Workers’ Easter Monday, yet they Union, which had become Outside of“ Dublin, news still failed to breach its central to the planning of that events had gone main gates. Constable the insurrection. Patrick James O’Brien of the Stephenson remembered ahead forced men into Dublin Metropolitan Police Above: British troops under fire in Talbot that by 8am, hours before action. Volunteers in was shot dead at the gates. Street during the 1916 rebellion. the rebellion, there was Having failed to GETTY IMAGES The Irish Independent a “fair amount of bustle Maynooth marched into penetrate the Castle Below: Author and historian Donal Fallon. and coming and going”, as the city. ‘We must have beyond its guardroom, the THE day-to-day operation of a newsroom Volunteers, Irish Citizen Citizen Army occupied is underpinned by the diary, and its Army members and others appeared as a motley the neighbouring City list of ‘markings’, the known events for arrived there. group of warriors to him Hall, and it was there that which a reporter and/or a photographer The ICA had been Seán Connolly became is assigned. unaffected by MacNeill’s (Connolly)’ recalled one the first rebel casualty So it was in the Irish Independent in countermanding order, yet of the fighting. Connolly, 1916, when the news diary for April 24, by comparison with the Volunteers it was a a civil servant and a talented actor in Easter Monday, was drawn up. small force, and about 200 of its members the Abbey Theatre, worked in the motor One reporter was marked for the participated in the rebellion. Willie tax department of Dublin Corporation, Viceregal visit to Belfast, but simmering Oman was one member of the workers’ housed in City Hall. Connolly was joined national unrest was obvious. A reporter militia, and as bugler, the teenager would in City Hall by a number of his siblings, all called Linnane was required to check out sound the fall-in at Liberty Hall for the committed Citizen Army members, while ‘Brittas and dynamite’ and ‘volunteers assembled forces. He remembered that in his brother Joseph fought at the College of and Kerry incident’. Two others were also the weeks beforehand, “each member of Surgeons, having walked out of Tara Street marked for ‘volunteers’, one of them to the Citizen Army had been called in before fire station to partake in the Rising. take in ‘strikes’ as well. Commandant Connolly and Commandant The failure of the rebels to seize the Most were not to finish their shift Mallin and asked if he was prepared to Castle was disastrous, and as Fearghal without a theatre assignment, at venues act without assistance of the Volunteers. McGarry has noted, “not only would its including the Abbey, Queen’s, Tivoli, Commandant Connolly explained… that he seizure have represented a tremendous Royal and the Empire (today’s Olympia). was anxious to know the position and how propaganda coup, it would have Some of those theatres have long gone many men he could rely on.” netted leading members of the Irish but, 100 years on, the diary has a certain At Liberty Hall, barely more than 150 administration and provided the rebels of the Headquarters Battalion destined with a strategically important stronghold.” to seize the General Post Office had Outside of Dublin, news that events For many civilians on the streets, would recall that “some looked at it mobilised. Still, the strength of the GPO had gone ahead forced men into action. the first indication that a rebellion was with serious faces, others laughed and garrison would rise drastically during the Volunteers in Maynooth marched into the underway was the sight of the rebel sniggered.” When a party of Lancers week. While the strength of the garrison city. In their midst was Thomas Byrne, Proclamation. Read by Pearse at the arrived onto Sackville Street in the very is often listed in histories of the Rising who had earlier fought in the Boer War. He General Post Office, it was distributed early stages of the rebellion to investigate at about 400, the most comprehensive recalled that the men slept in Glasnevin by young Volunteers, including Seán T events, a volley of shots rang out from the study to date, Jimmy Wren’s recent Cemetery, before making their way onto O’Kelly. O’Kelly had not mobilised at GPO as they approached the Pillar, with The GPO Garrison Easter Week 1916 –A the city. He remembered telling the men Liberty Hall, but arrived on Sackville devastating consequences. Biographical Dictionary, illustrates that “the grave-diggers will be here early Street as the occupation of the GPO From the beginning, it was clear the clearly that it rose to over 500. in the morning and you must all scatter”. was beginning. He watched Volunteers civilian population were going to cause Liam Tannam of the Irish Volunteers Patrick Colgan, who had also spent smash out the glass of the windows of the problems for the Volunteers. Curious, they remembered two very unusual outsiders the night in the cemetery, remembered building, and remembered “the strange milled around rebel positions, and in some in the mix, in the form of a Swede and a that when the men finally got to the impression this smashing of the windows cases were openly hostile. A member of Finn, both seamen, who happened to be GPO and met James Connolly there, “we left on me. It was one of the first things the Jacob’s garrison remembered that, in Dublin at the time and wished to fight. must have appeared as a motley group of that made one realise.” “the women around the Coombe were When Tannam asked why, he was told warriors to him, yet the welcoming smile A copy of the Proclamation was placed in a terrible state; they were like French that “Russia with the British, therefore, we which he gave us made us feel very full of at the base of the Nelson Pillar, and the revolution furies and were throwing their against.” ourselves.” young medical student Ernie O’Malley arms round the police”.

6 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 POETRY Easter 1916 By W. B. Yeats

I have met them at close of day Hearts with one purpose alone Coming with vivid faces Through summer and winter seem From counter or desk among grey Enchanted to a stone Eighteenth-century houses. To trouble the living stream. I have passed with a nod of the head The horse that comes from the road, Or polite meaningless words, The rider, the birds that range Or have lingered awhile and said From cloud to tumbling cloud, Polite meaningless words, Minute by minute they change; And thought before I had done A shadow of cloud on the stream Of a mocking tale or a gibe Changes minute by minute; To please a companion A horse-hoof slides on the brim, Around the fire at the club, And a horse plashes within it; Being certain that they and I The long-legged moor-hens dive, But lived where motley is worn: And hens to moor-cocks call; All changed, changed utterly: Minute by minute they live; A terrible beauty is born. The stone’s in the midst of all.

That woman’s days were spent Too long a sacrifice In ignorant good-will, Can make a stone of the heart. Her nights in argument O when may it suffice? Until her voice grew shrill. That is Heaven’s part, our part What voice more sweet than hers To murmur name upon name, When, young and beautiful, As a mother names her child She rode to harriers? When sleep at last has come This man had kept a school On limbs that had run wild. And rode our wingèd horse; What is it but nightfall? This other his helper and friend No, no, not night but death; Was coming into his force; Was it needless death after all? He might have won fame in the end, For England may keep faith So sensitive his nature seemed, For all that is done and said. So daring and sweet his thought. We know their dream; enough This other man I had dreamed To know they dreamed and are dead; A drunken, vainglorious lout. And what if excess of love He had done most bitter wrong Bewildered them till they died? To some who are near my heart, I write it out in a verse — Yet I number him in the song; MacDonagh and MacBride He, too, has resigned his part And Connolly and Pearse In the casual comedy; Now and in time to be, He, too, has been changed in his Wherever green is worn, turn, Are changed, changed utterly: Transformed utterly: A terrible beauty is born. A terrible beauty is born. 25 September 1916 roster, 24/04/1916 AN ASSESSMENT DR LUCY COLLINS

familiarity.A reporter called Knightly YEATS was absent from Dublin for was down for the Teachers’ Congress, the Rising but his response to it was in Cork, which we would know today as intense: “I had no idea that any public the INTO annual conference. Among event could so deeply move me,” he the motions for discussion was one wrote to Lady Gregory, “and I am condemning ‘the Irish Government very despondent about the future”. and the British Treasury for the This iconic poem, which disappointed callous indifference shown to the Maud Gonne when she read it, is a that the rebels — and ultimately conditions of the Irish teachers’. formal masterpiece, as well as a work Ireland — will undergo is seen as both Another reporter was assigned that charts Yeats’s uncertain feelings redemptive and destructive. Here are to the drapers’ assistants’ annual towards the events of 1916. the seeds of the “terrible beauty” that convention and dinner. Mandate, It begins with an image of the has remained so resonant for modern the union representing retail trade revolutionaries going about their readers. workers, still holds its delegate everyday lives; only their “vivid Tragedy and comedy are interwoven conference at this time of year. faces” indicate the power of their in the poem. Twice — in the reference They were among the markings — inner feeling and their potential for to motley and to the “casual comedy” but then there was also the dramatic, heroic action. Yeats’s disengagement — Yeats allows the ideals of the rebels breaking news, carefully recorded from these men is highlighted by to be viewed lightly, before their full and writ large across the diary page: the repetition of the phrase “polite implications may be recognised. ‘Revolution breaks out in city between meaningless words” and by the fact Likewise, the flux of the world is 11 and 12 noon’. that his most vigorous response in set against the determination of Katherine Donnelly language is to make fun of them to his the revolutionaries, their steadfast friends. commitment to independence: these His contemplation of these figures “hearts with one purpose alone” defy Hostility from working-class women Chaplin with stolen silk hats in the middle as individuals begins with Constance the endless fluctuations of the natural was something the Jacob’s garrison in of the turmoil and murder.” Yet the Markievicz, whom Yeats had known world, where animal life pursues its particular had to contend with in the early first two shops looted were shoe shops, for more than 20 years. His view of own unthinking goals. stages of the Rising. ‘Separation women’, indicative of the intense poverty of inner- her is nostalgic; he contrasts her Yeats distinguishes between as they were known, were often dependent city Dublin. youthful beauty and gentleness to her the larger philosophical questions on the income of family members fighting On the first day of the rebellion, the ‘shrill’ revolutionary persona. Of the that are raised by the actions of the in the trenches of the First World War. looters proved a headache for the Dublin men, first Patrick Pearse and then rebels and our need to honour their Almost 400 Jacob’s employees enlisted in Fire Brigade. Lawrence’s toyshop was Thomas MacDonagh, Yeats is more idealism. This focus on the good faith the British Army during the conflict, and predictably emptied and burned, and two tolerant: as poets, educators and of these men and women ensures their their relations were sometimes more than people taken down by fire escape proved to leaders, their potential for greatness is immortality, both in Yeats’s own poem willing to make their feelings clear. be looters. acknowledged. Even Gonne’s husband, and in Irish cultural and political For some civilians, the outbreak of the Mere hours into events, Sackville Street John MacBride, immortalised here as a history. rebellion created an opportunity to loot, was already burning. “drunken vainglorious lout”, deserves a in particular on Sackville Street. One measure of praise. Dr Lucy Collins is a lecturer in newspaper would write that “half the Donal Fallon is an author and historian, Sweetness is set against bitterness English at University College Dublin shops in Sackville Street were sacked. currently researching republican in this poem, as pure idealism is (UCD). She is the curator of ‘Reading Children who have never possessed two commemoration and memory at UCD contrasted with violence and political 1916’, a forthcoming exhibition at UCD pence of their own were imitating Charlie School of History struggle. Yet the transformation Special Collections

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 7 THE PROCLAMATION IRISHMEN AND IRISHWOMEN: In the name of God and of the dead generations from which she receives her old tradition of nationhood, Ireland, through us, summons her children to her flag and strikes for her freedom

HE Proclamation of a small crowd of inquisitive and the Irish Republic is The lines above bewildered onlookers. The writer both a defiant call Stephen McKenna recalled: ‘For to arms, an eloquent once his magnetism had left him; justification of begin the most the response was chilling; a few T actions, a dramatic thin perfunctory cheers… but no statement of ideals and a poignant enthusiasm whatever; the people prayer to Irish nationhood. famous document were evidently quite unprepared, In equal parts powerful and quite unwilling to see in the moving, its words have echoed uniformed figure, whose burning down through the last century of in modern Irish words had thrilled them again Irish history. The Proclamation’s and again elsewhere, a person principles have defined the history, writes of significance to the country. modern Irish state and, at times, A chill must have gone to his provided a forceful critique of its heart… this dismal reception of failings. Richard McElligott the astonishing Order of the Day On Monday 17 April, the was not what he had dreamed of Military Council devoted one of when in many an hour of fevered its last meetings to approving indicative of the gulf between the text, the compositors ran into passion and many a careful the text. Yet like everything else romantic idealism of 1916 and the considerably trouble with the weaving of plan he had rehearsed which was veiled in secrecy by the hard-headed practicality of the letter E. In all, 23 Es used in the the Act.’ Military Council, we know little revolutionaries who followed. document are of a different font or Accounts by those in the GPO about its creation. Its language — The final handwritten draft, style to the surrounding letters. noted that Pearse suddenly expressive and heroic — suggests consisting of two sheets of paper, Connolly initially wanted seemed plagued with self-doubt that it was largely the work of was given to MacDonagh for 2,500 copies produced on full- over the unenthusiastic reception Pearse. He, more than anyone else, safe-keeping. When the Military size posters. In the end, due to which greeted his pronouncement knew that the Rising’s importance Council convened on Easter a shortage of paper, only 1,000 of the Proclamation. However would lie in its symbolic rather Sunday morning at Liberty Hall, copies were printed. The material once more Volunteers began than its military impact. MacDonagh handed the sheets to used was cheap and of poor to arrive and explained that As the IRB’s orator-in-chief, it Connolly for printing. Connolly quality, being so thin that it easily copies posted around the city was only natural the Proclamation had arranged for three men, tore. The fact it could not survive were attracting attention and would be his composition. Michael Molloy, Liam O’Brien for long in outdoor conditions excitement, his mood lifted. However it is clear that Connolly’s and Christopher Brady, to oversee helps explain the rarity of original Their document was the first influence can be seen and his the production of the document. copies. formal assertion of the Irish socialist convictions are most All three were compositors and The process lasted far longer Republic. By simply standing up likely responsible for much of the printers by trade and considering than was expected and was not and declaring it the Proclamation prose of its mid-section — which the conditions they worked under, finished until Easter Monday made real, at least to the rebels of assert the rights of a sovereign they managed a minor miracle morning. Therefore only for 1916 and those who followed, the people to social justice and total in getting the Proclamation the Military Council’s reluctant dream of a sovereign independent control of the nation’s resources. produced. decision to postpone the Rising for state. The men and women who Within the Proclamation, The Proclamation was printed 24 hours, the Proclamation would subsequently fought the War of the rebellion’s leaders claimed in the tiny printing shop room in not have been ready to launch Independence were not fighting legitimacy for their actions by Liberty Hall on an obsolete Double the Republic. Seán T O’Kelly, the to achieve a Republic; they were arguing they represented the Crown Wharfedale printing press future President, was detailed fighting to preserve the Republic latest in a long line of Irish which Connolly had purchased by Connolly to hang copies Pearse and his comrades had revolutionaries who ‘six times in 1915. The machine was throughout the city centre. Aware created that Easter. during the past 300 years’ have troublesome and time-consuming of its historical importance, the The Proclamation had avowed asserted Ireland’s right to freedom to use and required constant self-proclaimed ‘bill poster to the the revolutionaries’ resolve by the use of arms. mechanical attention. Lacking Republic’, folded one copy into ‘to pursue the happiness and Still the Proclamation was a sufficient type for the printing an official British Government prosperity of the whole nation and progressive statement of intent press, they were forced to print envelope he had taken from the of all its parts, cherishing all the which promoted a generous the document in two halves. The GPO and posted it to his mother. children of the nation equally’ social and political vision for a upper part down to the words It arrived to her house a week — sadly the history of independent new Ireland. It also alluded to ‘among the nations’ was set up later and now hangs in Leinster Ireland often revealed the poverty Ireland’s Protestant minority and first. It was impossible to achieve House. Other Volunteers handed of that noble sentiment. rejected ‘the differences carefully inking of the type evenly, which out duplicates to members of fostered by an alien government, resulted in a lot of smudging and the public. A few enterprising Dr Richard McElligott lectures which have divided a minority in faint printing. The lack of type newsboys managed to sell copies in Modern Irish History in UCD. the past.’ Yet in contrast to Sinn also clearly affected how the text to curious passers-by. He is the co-ordinator of the Féin’s Democratic Programme of was reproduced. For example, At around 12.45pm, shortly Uncovering 1916 and the Irish War January 1919, the Proclamation ‘THE IRISH REPUBLIC’ of the after the GPO was taken, Pearse of Independence courses which made no attempt to outline the heading, has a C which is smaller emerged from the front door and are being hosted by the National political or economic structure than the other letters and looks beneath the building’s shadow Library of Ireland in the spring of the Republic. This is again like a converted O. For the main read aloud the Proclamation to of 2016

8 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 THE PROCLAMATION

THE PRINT RUN The document was printed in a tiny printing shop room in Liberty Hall on an obsolete Double Crown Wharfedale printing press on Easter Sunday and early Easter Monday, 1916. James Connolly initially ordered 2,500 copies to be printed, but due to a shortage of paper only 1,000 were produced. There are now believed to be fewer than 50 copies of the originals still in existence.

THE IMPERFECT ‘C’ Notice how this ‘C’ is slightly smaller than the letters that come before it?A scarcity of type at the printers meant that different fonts and sizes were used. This ‘C’ looks to be a converted ‘O’. Check your attic to see if you own one of the scarce Proclamations

F you have any suspicion your But when they come up for sale huge I great-grandfather or great- sums have been known to change grandmother might have been hands. The highest price paid was around Dublin in 1916, then it €390,000, at an Adam’s auction in could be worth your while to have a Dublin in 2004. It was the first time rummage around the attic. one had come on to the market for 15 There are now believed to be years. fewer than 50 copies of the original Four years later a copy signed by Proclamation still in existence, with Seán McGarry, who fought in the GPO about half in public ownership — in and was Tom Clarke’s bodyguard, sold libraries, universities and museums for €360,000. around the world. Four are owned by Prices have dropped in recent years, the State — in the National Museum, with one original selling for €90,000 National Library, Kilmainham Jail in 2014, just seven years after the and Leinster House. owner had paid €240,000 for it.

THE AUTHORS We don’t know for certain who was responsible for the wording of the Proclamation, but as the IRB’s orator-in-chief, it was only natural that much of the wording would come from Patrick Pearse. James Connolly’s influence can also be seen, particularly in the socialist prose of the document’s mid-section.

A PROCLAMATION IN TWO PARTS The document was printed in two separate runs and then pieced together, due to the lack of type at the printers that day. The upper part down to the words ‘among the nations’ was printed first. The lower half was later found — still on the printing press — by British soldiers after they entered Liberty Hall during the rebellion, and souvenir copies were run off. WANTED! Christopher Brady, the man who printed the document...

ESPITE not letter by converting Dfighting in the an ‘F’ into an ‘E’ Rising, Christopher from sealing wax Brady is a central to make up the figure to the story supply.” of the event, as he As they printed was responsible the Proclamation, for printing the an armed guard of Proclamation. A Irish Citizen Army printer by trade, men protected the Brady had been room, while Brady employed at Liberty was also given an Hall since 1915, automatic pistol by where he printed The Workers’ Connolly for his own protection. Republic newspaper and union The printing had to be carried in materials for the Irish Transport two separate halves — when British and General Workers’ Union. soldiers arrived in Liberty Hall Brady recalled that James during the rebellion, the lower half Connolly and Thomas MacDonagh of the Proclamation was still set for informed him and two workmen at printing, and some souvenir copies Liberty Hall of the importance of were run off. the document he was to print only Brady was ultimately unsuccessful on Easter Sunday. Owing to the in his applications for a 1916 medal secrecy around the document and in later years, though he appealed the manner in which it was sprung directly to the Taoiseach in 1968, upon the workmen, they were not writing that “for a long time after entirely prepared for the task. He the Rising I was on the run as the recalled that “the shortage of type much wanted man who had printed was so great that wrong fonts had the seditious Proclamation”. to be used and I had to make a new Donal Fallon

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 9 SOCIETY IRELAND IN 1916 Children of the revolution Fergus Cassidy on what kept young people entertained — when they weren’t working

N the years up to 1916 the word ‘teenager’ did not exist. The line separating children and adults was thin and grey, with the word ‘juvenile’ arriving as definition of I a hazy middle ground. The 1911 census provides statistics based on ages up to 15 years old, but then jumps to figures for 20 year-olds. Out of a population of 4.39million in 1911, over 1.72m were aged under 15, almost 40pc of the total. Yet their position in society did not reflect such strength in numbers. Daily life for many children, especially those aged over 12, mirrored that of adult life — dominated by work and making ends meet. For younger children working before and after school was normal. A national primary school programme, started in 1831, was revised around 1900, with new principles, such as “development from within rather than moulding from without”. By 1901 there were 20,478 teachers in Ireland. Sixty per cent of those were female, earning about 80pc of the male wage.A Blasket Islander remembered his first day of school: “Shyly I sat on the bench. The children were making a power of noise. The mistress went to the cupboard and took out a big tin and put it down before me. Then I saw a sight which Dublin children collecting firewood from the ruined buildings damaged in the Easter Rising. GETTY IMAGES put gladness into my heart — sweets in the shape of a man, a pig, a boat, a horse had to have a licence in the form of a “Give a thing and take it back/God’ll ask as reported by the Ladies’ School Dinner and many another. ‘Be a good boy, now’, badge. They could lose it if caught trading you where is that/You’ll say you don’t Committee, which provided for hundreds said she, ‘and come to school every day’. So during school hours, or if obstructing the know/God’ll send you down below.” of children, “...some paying a halfpenny, there I sat looking at the book while not footpath. Where children really struggled was most received it for free”. It consisted of “a forgetting to fill my mouth.” When not at school or working, children in health and welfare. Twenty percent of pint of Irish stew, or pea soup and bread”. A teacher in Coolbanagher NS, Laois, played in the fields or in the streets. Most the 72,475 deaths recorded in 1911 were The Children’s Act of 1908 legislated on the was examined and her results show the made their own toys, from sticks, wood, children under five. Causes of death prevention of cruelty and the protection of type of skills required to teach in 1903: paper, matchsticks. A length of rope included convulsions, bronchitis, scarlet infant life. In its 1914 report, the National “...needlework and literacy, hand and eye was ample for group skipping, which is fever, measles and whooping cough. In Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to training, which included stick-laying, probably where James Joyce picked up the 1914, one baby out of every 11 born died Children recorded 4,000 complaints. paper-folding, scale drawing and string following street rhyme he used in Ulysses: within a year. Children also went hungry, While Ireland had no school medical work”. inspection programme, there was one for Children worked before going to school, THE POPULARITY OF PANTO dental, which included 49 clinics: “The especially in rural areas where they helped need for dental inspection is shown by the out on farms. Older children also had the During Christmas 1915 excitable while in the city The New Red Riding fact that while only 4pc of children aged responsibility of minding and showing crowds of children enthusiastically Hood was presented in the 7 have decayed teeth, 75pc of children younger ones what to do. In urban areas, cheered on a gang of 40 thieves in Fr Mathew Hall. aged 13, who have not previously been children worked after school — cleaning, Dublin. Even bigger roars greeted Dick Whittington brought his cat to inspected, have decayed teeth.” fetching water, fuel for a fire, and maybe their nemesis Ali Baba, as he took to the stage of the Gaiety in Dublin, and the That didn’t stop some children helping a paper round. In cities many children the stage in the panto at the Queen’s Opera House in Derry offered Cinderella. themselves to sweets and chocolates worked on the streets and in markets. Theatre in Great Brunswick St (now The Abbey put on comedy plays The during the Rising, as newspapers reported Street-trading included: “The hawking of Pearse St). It was one of many pantos Lord Mayor and A Minute’s Wait, and that Woolworths, Noblett’s Toffee House newspapers, matches, flowers and other over the holiday period. a Christmas Revue by Madame Rock’s and the Maison Philippe’s chocolate shop articles, playing singing or performing for Over in the Empire theatre (now students. Connor’s Circus performed in had their stocks removed free of charge. profit, shoe-blacking and any other like the Olympia), Cinderella played to Dublin’s Rotunda Rink, while a picture “Whoever did it”, wrote author James occupation...” packed houses, while Sinbad took show was held in the Round Room. Stephens, “must have tasted sweetstuffs An overhaul of the Employment of the stage at the Coliseum in Henry Other picture-houses which catered they have never toothed before and will Children Act in 1915 stipulated that only Street. Cork seemed to have a split in for the holiday season were the Town Hall never taste again in life. And until they die, boys aged 14 and over could legally trade pantoland, with Red Riding Hood at and Princess Cinema, both in Rathmines, the insurrection of 1916 will have a sweet on the streets (over 16 for girls), and they the Recreation Hall in Rochestown, and the Bohemian in Phibsborough. savour for them”.

10 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 PROFILE

Heuston’s Seán Heuston led25 men down Sackville Street on Easter station Monday 1916, and then on to the Mendicity Institution Dogged defence of the Mendicity Institution on the south quays, where they held out lead to execution, writes Richard McElligott for two days.

EÁN HEUSTON was born in Fianna contingent that unloaded the rifles Instead they assembled near Mountjoy at any moment, Heuston ordered his men Dublin and following school, he during the Howth gunrunning. Square and marched down O’Connell to surrender around noon on Wednesday. became an office clerk with the By 1916 Heuston had been appointed Street. There after a brief conference with After spending the rest of the week Great Southern and Western captain in the Irish Volunteers’ Dublin James Connolly, the appointed commander incarcerated at Arbour Hill detention Railway Company. At 19, he Brigade, taking command of D Company in of rebel forces, Heuston’s company was barracks, Heuston was tried by court- S joined Na Fianna Éireann, the Edward Daly’s 1st Batt. On Easter Monday, ordered to cross the Liffey to take over the martial on 4 May. Republican Boy Scout movement founded the battalion was ordered to take up Mendicity Institution, a poorhouse located He was sentenced to death for falling by the IRB member Bulmer Hobson and positions around the Four Courts. However on Usher’s Island on the south quays. into the second category of rebels defined Constance Markievicz. Like many, Heuston Heuston’s small company of 25 men did not This was a vital position for disrupting by the British authorities as meriting found it a radicalising experience. mobilise with the rest of Daly’s main force. British reinforcements coming from the execution: ‘Those who commanded rebels After attaining the rank of vice Royal Barracks or via Kingsbridge Station actually shooting down soldiers, police commandant of Na Fianna’s Dublin SNAPSHOT (renamed in Heuston’s honour in 1966) and others’. Though actually only a minor Brigade in 1913, Heuston was also SEÁN HEUSTON into the city centre. The decision to station officer, the trial was most likely swayed in appointed Director of Training on its Daly’s main force in the Four Courts its decision by the number of casualties his headquarters staff. This position led to Born: 21 February 1891, Dublin instead of the Mendicity Institution was outpost had managed to inflict. him becoming a founding member of the Educated: CBS North a major tactical blunder by the Rising’s Despite this, Heuston made an Irish Volunteers. Leading members of Richmond St planners. For the next two days Heuston’s audacious effort to escape this sentence Na Fianna were soon picked to fill vital men doggedly defended the position as by strongly challenging the inaccurate positions within the new movement. Affiliation: Fianna Éireann/Irish hundreds of British troops encircled his evidence put forward against him. It was In the years before the Rising, Heuston Volunteers increasingly-exposed outpost. to no avail. continued to drill Fianna members, often Career: Clerk in railway company Desperately short of food, rest and on the grounds of Patrick Pearse’s school, ammunition, hopelessly outnumbered Dr Richard McElligott lectures in St Enda’s. In July 1914, he commanded the Died: 8 May 1916, Kilmainham Jail and expecting the position to be overrun Modern Irish History in UCD

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 11 PROFILE GunmanÉAMONN CEANNT in the shadow

Perhaps the least known of the Proclamation’s signatories, Éamonn Ceannt is nonetheless an important figure, writes Aoife Whelan

N the eve of his execution, the visit of King George V in July 1911, MacDonagh. Despite Eoin MacNeill’s Éamonn Ceannt issued a under the auspices of the newly-formed countermanding orders which appeared statement from his cell in United National Societies Committee. His in the Sunday Independent, on Easter Kilmainham Jail, declaring colleagues on the committee included Seán Monday 1916 Ceannt took command of that ‘Ireland has shown she Fitzgibbon, Seán Mac Diarmada, Thomas 120 Volunteers at the South Dublin Union O is a Nation. This generation MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and The workhouse and hospital (now St James’s can claim to have raised sons as brave as O’Rahilly. The protestors organised a visit Hospital). Cathal Brugha served as his Vice- any that went before. And in the years to to the grave of Wolfe Tone at Bodenstown Commandant. come Ireland will honour those who risked during the royal visit. Ceannt’s wife Áine, son Rónán and all for her honour at Easter in 1916.’ In March 1912, Pearse launched his own mother-in-law had been dispatched to Edward Thomas Kent was born in 1881 newspaper, An Barr Buadh, as a platform stay with the Brugha family during the in the RIC barracks in Ballymoe where his for his nationalist philosophy. Ceannt was agitation. Ceannt and his men entered father was a constable. In 1883 the family among its most significant contributors. the Union through the Rialto entrance moved to Ardee, Co Louth when his father By 1913, Ceannt had been sworn into the and immediately cut the telephone lines was transferred and in 1892 they settled in Irish Republican Brotherhood by Seán Mac and erected barricades. Patients, inmates Dublin. By the age of 15, he had begun to Diarmada. When the Irish Volunteers were and staff were relocated to safer buildings sign his name Éamonn Ceannt in his school established in November 1913 in response displaying Red Cross Flags and provisions diaries and, in 1898, achieved excellent to the foundation of the Ulster Volunteer were allowed through. The strategically- results in his final exams and took up a Force, Ceannt was elected to the provisional located Night Nurses’ Home became the clerical position with Dublin Corporation. committee. Although by this point Home rebels’ HQ. They soon came under fire from The same year also marked the centenary Rule seemed to be within reach, many British forces on the ground, supported of the United Irishmen’s 1798 Rebellion. extreme nationalists believed the time had by marksmen from the roof of the Royal Ceannt marched in the commemorative come to seek political independence for Hospital nearby. The Volunteers held their processions and was greatly influenced Ireland by force if necessary. positions and following the deaths of two by these public displays of nationalist Ceannt played an active role in the commanding officers, Lieutenant Ramsey sentiment. The following St Patrick’s Day, financing and arming of the Volunteers and Captain Warmington, the British he purchased a copy of O’Growney’s book and was involved in the importation of retreated. on the Irish language. Shortly after, on 13 guns at both Howth and Kilcoole in the A second wave of troops managed to September 1899, Ceannt joined the central summer of 1914. These manoeuvres by the enter the Union complex. The fighting branch of the Gaelic League. Although the Volunteers were praised openly by the Irish became an intense hand-to-hand struggle League claimed to be apolitical, it seems Independent’s Gaelic columnist, Eoghan but Ceannt’s military expertise and bravery that Ceannt became more politicised in it, Ó Neachtain, who beseeched God to reward ensured that his men held their position having been introduced to Patrick Pearse the men who completed this task for despite heavy losses on both sides. On and Eoin MacNeill among others. He Ireland’s benefit: ‘Nár laga Dia na buachaillí Thursday 27 April, British troops launched began teaching Irish at various League a rinne obair an Domhnaigh ar son na a fierce assault on Ceannt’s headquarters. branches and his students included Seán T hÉireann,’ he wrote. Although losses were sustained and Ó Kelly and Áine Ní Bhraonáin, who was to Following the split within the Volunteers, Cathal Brugha was seriously wounded, become his wife in 1905. Áine was a sister Ceannt was elected financial secretary the British military didn’t succeed in of the journalist and playwright Kathleen and was appointed commandant of the 4th breaching the rebels’ barricade. When O’Brennan. Battalion in March 1915. He was also co- the order to surrender was issued on The Gaelic League was concerned not opted onto the IRB Military Council, along Sunday 29 April, Ceannt was initially only with the revival of the Irish language, with Pearse and Plunkett, and became reluctant to comply but eventually stood but also with promotion of a truly ‘Irish- director of communications. Many of the down as the orders had come from Ireland’. This included the fostering of meetings of the Military Council were held Pearse and Connolly. Irish music, dancing, literature, heritage, at Ceannt’s residence in Dolphin’s Barn. The Éamonn Ceannt was sentenced to customs, habits and points of view. Ceannt song ‘Ireland Over All’, penned by Ceannt, death following court-martial and was shared this ideology. As an enthusiast of the was sold to raise money for his battalion. executed on 8 May. He hoped his actions uileann and war pipes, he was involved in As plans for an armed rebellion took and those of his comrades would form a the establishment of Cumann na bPíobairí shape, Thomas Clarke and Seán Mac legacy for future generations. He wrote (The Pipers’ Club) in Dublin in February Diarmada were recruited to the Military in a letter to his wife: ‘Tell Rónán to 1900 and was elected honorary secretary Council, followed by James Connolly of the be a good boy and remember Easter a year later. Ceannt purchased a printing Irish Citizen Army and finally by Thomas 1916 for ever.’ Although overshadowed press in order to produce a journal entitled somewhat in the aftermath of the An Píobaire which first appeared on 5 July SNAPSHOT Rising as scholars focused on other 1901. In September 1908, he travelled to ÉAMONN CEANNT Nationalist leaders, Ceannt was Rome as official piper for a contingent of nonetheless a quintessential revival Irish athletes. He is reported to have played Born: 21 September 1881, figure as his political and military ‘O’Donnell Abú’ and ‘The Wearing of the Ballymoe, Co Galway activism was preceded by his Green’ during the group’s audience with Educated: De La Salle NS, Ardee; involvement in the Gaelic League, his Pope Pius X. CBS, Drogheda; CBS North Catholic schooling and his interest in In 1907, Ceannt joined the central branch traditional Irish music. of Sinn Féin in Dublin. He was an active Richmond St, Dublin member of the movement and was elected Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers Dr Aoife Whelan (pictured right) has to the branch committee and then to the Career: Dublin Corporation recently completed a PhD in UCD’s National Council. He was also elected to the accountant School of Irish, Celtic Studies and Gaelic League Executive in 1909. Ceannt Folklore on Irish language journalism was among those who protested against Died: 8 May 1916, Kilmainham Jail during the revival period

12 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 PROFILE

Left: The Kent family. Back row (l–r): William, Richard, Michael, Éamonn, Áine (née Brennan). Front row (l–r): James Patrick, Elizabeth (née Cummins), James Snr, Nell Casey (née Kent) and Jack Casey. PHOTOGRAPH COURTESY MARY GALLAGHER Above: Mary Gallagher and Éamonn Ceannt pictured at UCD Newman House, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin. ARTHUR CARRON Family brings Éamonn Ceannt’s story to life Relatives share stories of the rebel’s legacy with Kim Bielenberg

S a young man who had “But in the middle there is a “He received us and shook just left school, Éamonn stunning account of some of the hands quite calmly and, after a Ceannt looked set to events around the Rising.” word or two, put his arm around A become a reporter at the While Éamonn Ceannt Áine, bent down with a sweet Irish Independent. was single-minded and smile and kissed her lovingly... He had an interview with uncompromising in his political seeing them wrapped in one the editor, but got cold feet. outlook and prepared to take another we turned away and According to his sister-in-law up arms, his brother Michael conversed with the two sentries Lily, “upon learning that he took a sceptical view that would at the door…” would be on duty by day and have been quite common among Ceannt was executed by firing by night with little freedom, he ordinary Dubliners at the time. squad early on the following day. changed his mind”. Mary says: “My grandfather After the death of Éamonn, Áine It wasn’t that Ceannt was was quite the opposite to became more politically active, anything other than an extremely Éamonn. He was an extremely getting elected for Sinn Féin in diligent young man. He just peaceable man.” Áine Ceannt with her son Rónán. local elections and organising needed time outside work to Michael happened to visit UCD ARCHIVES/THE ELGIN fundraising for the widows pursue all his other interests Éamonn on the day before O’RAHILLY PAPERS of rebels, and the families of — from playing the pipes, and the Rising, when there were imprisoned volunteers. teaching and learning the Volunteers crowding the Michael may have been Éamonn and Áine had a son Irish language, to becoming a family drawing room, with sceptical, and another brother Rónán, who was 10 at the time of dedicated political conspirator. bicycles stacked four abreast Bill served in the British army, Rising. He refused to join the Civil on the railings outside. He later but Mary Gallagher says they Rónán is remembered by Service, because it was British, recalled: “All through this I had were a close family, and there members of the family as a sad but accepted a job with Dublin the feeling that the whole thing were few political tensions. figure, who felt the burden of Corporation on the grounds that was a jest: that they were boys Mary tells how on the eve of the being the son of a 1916 leader. its funds came from the people playing at being soldiers.” execution of Ceannt his family A grand-nephew of Éamonn, of Dublin. He stayed in his job as Later that day, Michael drafted were taken by British army car to who is also called Éamonn a clerk right up until the Rising, a letter urging Éamonn to give visit him in Kilmainham Jail. Ceannt, remembers Rónán and after his execution his wife up the Volunteers. He said Michael’s diary describes how coming to visit for Sunday Above: Éamonn Ceannt on Áine fetched his final pay packet, afterwards: “I believed physical the car travels slowly across the dinner. the pipes. which ran until Easter. force against England with city, and is stopped every quarter Éamonn Ceannt says: “His COURTESY: NA PÍOBAIRÍ UILLEANN These details in the life of one her Super-Dreadnoughts (which of a mile by sentries, their rifles father had said to him at the time Below: The Evening Herald of the forgotten leaders of the could blow up Dublin city from pointing and their bayonets fixed. of the Rising that he should look of 8th May, 1916. ‘Four More Rising are contained in Mary 9-10 miles out to sea) would be In Kilmainham Jail, “the keys after his mother, and he did so Shot. Edmund Kent among Gallagher’s intriguing biography utter madness.” rattle, doors open and we enter dutifully to the end. the executed. Twenty Others of Ceannt in the O’Brien Press 16 But he had to concede that to find poor Éamonn, after rising “But when she died he didn’t Sentenced’. Lives series. once the rebels had guns, “wild from a little table, lit by one seem to hold it together. Mary is a grand-niece of horses would not pull them back”. candle. “He was a solicitor but as the Ceannt and came to the work of years went on, he experienced ill- biographer as a late vocation. She WILLIAM KENT health and he never really made previously worked for Enterprise it economically in life, and he Ireland and the IDA. Éamonn Ceannt’s brother stolen food to give to a died in poor circumstances. It was only when an aunt died William, a sergeant-major prisoner named Thomas Kent “He always felt that he could and she read a family diary of the in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers (no relation). not quite live up to his father’s Rising period by her grandfather stationed in Fermoy, Co This was the same Thomas reputation.” Michael Kent (Ceannt’s brother) Cork, was court-martialled Kent who was executed in In a recently-uncovered letter, that her interest was sparked and in 1916 and subsequently Cork Jail in 1916 and whose Rónán wrote to a family friend: she wanted to find out more. sent to the front line where remains have recently been “For years past I have wondered “My grandfather’s diary mostly he was killed almost on the identified through DNA if Mamy (sic) was, in a way, concerned itself with ordinary anniversary of the Rising. testing in UCD. He was given not disappointed in me for not family life, including children The charge at court- a State funeral in September having shown myself as fine a having coughs and colds. martial was that he had 2015. AW man as my father was.”

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 13 PROFILE CATHAL BRUGHA A very complex patriot

Fergus O’Farrell on the republican who refused to surrender

ATHAL BRUGHA was centrally involved in all of the major events of Ireland’s struggle for independence. Despite this, he remains C one of the least understood personalities of the revolution. There is no dedicated English language biography of this complex and important Irish patriot. Born in Dublin in 1874, Brugha was a gifted sportsman as well as an active member of the Gaelic League, IRB and Irish Volunteers. Though not on the military council of the IRB, he was considered important enough for the leadership to reveal its plans for rebellion to him in the weeks before the Rising. During Easter week, Brugha was second-in-command of the garrison at the South Dublin Union, led by Éamonn Ceannt. Those who fought alongside Brugha remarked on his daring bravery, his silent Cathal nature, his devout Catholicism and his Brugha steely determination. On Thursday, 27 arrives April, Brugha led a charge toward a British to Dáil position through the warren of rooms Éireann on around the Union. He sustained up to 25 his bike in wounds and, cut off from his unit by the December, heavy fighting, could be heard shouting, 1921. “Come on, you cowards, ’til I get one shot GETTY before I die. I am only a wounded man. Éamonn, Éamonn (Ceannt), Come here crisis, Brugha led a handpicked team ministerial authority over a decentralised On July 5, surrounded by Free State and sing ‘God Save Ireland’ before I die.” of IRA assassins to London, where he IRA. troops in a burning hotel on present The rebels mounted a rescue mission planned to execute the British Cabinet if He was strongly opposed to any actions day O’Connell Street, he ordered his and found Brugha propped up against they introduced conscription in Ireland. which might involve civilian casualties, men to lay down their weapons and a wall in a pool of his own blood, still The mission was aborted when the threat and clashed with Michael Collins on many give themselves up. Characteristically, clutching his Peter the Painter revolver. of conscription passed. He returned to issues, including Collins’s plan to shoot Brugha refused to surrender. There are Joseph Doolan, who fought with Brugha Ireland just in time to be elected to the British intelligence officers, in what later several accounts of what happened next, during the Rising, later recorded that, first Dáil as TD for West Waterford. became known as Bloody Sunday. Brugha but the result was that Brugha was shot “It was the greatest, bravest and most Brugha presided over the first meeting removed some names from the hit list as and mortally wounded. Before exiting inspiring incident of that glorious week.A of the independent legislature on 21 he believed that there was not sufficient the hotel, he told a female comrade that wounded man, alone practically, holding January 1919, and became Minister for evidence against them. his death would shock the country into the forces of England at bay for an hour, Defence in April. During the War of Unlike many rebel leaders, he evaded ending the civil war. He died in hospital taunting them with cowardice and Independence he strove to assert his capture throughout the war. He sometimes on July 7. proclaiming to them that he was only a disguised himself as an Anglican minister, Brugha has been remembered as wounded man.” SNAPSHOT never slept at home, and was always an uncompromising republican who Delirious from blood loss, Brugha was CATHAL BRUGHA armed. He was always prepared to fight favoured war over politics. However, this removed from the garrison, under the to the death rather than surrender or be interpretation is too simplistic, and belies Red Cross flag, to a hospital in Dublin Born: 18 July 1874, Dublin captured. He ran his ministry from an Brugha’s inherent belief in politics and Castle. He underwent recovery in various Educated: Belvedere College office above his candle-making business, his complex attitudes towards violence. hospitals until autumn, by which time the Lalor’s, on the North Quays. As this Decade of Centenaries progresses, order for his detention had expired. From Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers Brugha opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, perhaps a more rounded portrait will his hospital bed, he began reorganising Career: Candle salesman, working hard to maintain unity within the emerge. what was left of the Irish Volunteers. His President of the Dáil, Minister IRA in the months before the outbreak of wounds never fully healed and he walked for Defence the Civil War in June 1922. Once the war Fergus O’Farrell recently completed with a limp for the rest of his life. had begun, he joined the anti-treaty forces his MA thesis on Cathal Brugha at the In the midst of the 1918 conscription Died: 7 July 1922 in the rank of private. UCD School of History

LEARN MORE part in the rebellion in the GPO History Show special on (RTÉ, 1965), http://bit.ly/1lTexuC the Rising’s defining READ... document (RTÉ 2014), Q Eamonn Ceannt, by Mary CHECK OUT... http://tinyurl.com/jj2fr9a Gallagher (16 Lives Series, Q Eamonn Ceannt’s last letter O’Brien Press) in the UCD archives, VISIT... Q Cathal Brugha — As I Knew http://bit.ly/1TnCbfU Q Many of the sites of the 1916 Him, by Sceilg [JJ O’Kelly] garrisons still exist. The South (Dublin, 1922) LISTEN TO... Dublin Union is now St James’ Q A Terrible Beauty, Poetry Q The Week to Come. An Hospital, part of the Jacob’s of 1916, selected by RTÉ documentary made by Factory is DIT Aungier Street, Mairéad Ashe FitzGerald Proinsias Mac Aonghusa in 1966 part of Boland’s Mills is the (Dublin 2015) from archive recordings of those Nama HQ. The GPO museum who took part in the Rising, closed in March 2015 but a new WATCH... http://tinyurl.com/hj3k5en visitor centre, GPO Witness Q Seán Nunan describes taking Q The 1916 Proclamation.A History, will open in March 2016.

14 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015 PROFILES NINE 1 2 3 LIVES

Grainne Coyne on the social and 4 cultural heavyweights of the era

BORN in Slane in 1887, Francis in 1916. He turned his energy to drama Ledwidge was the eighth of nine and after several rejections, the Abbey 5 8 children. After school he undertook Theatre produced The Shadow of 1 a variety of jobs but contributed a Gunman (1923), Juno and the poetry to the Drogheda Independent. Paycock (1924) and The Plough and the Local aristocrat Lord Dunsany became Stars (1926). He continued to write but his patron and helped his poetry reach a none of his work had the impact of the wider audience. Ledwidge was a socialist early trilogy. He died in 1964 in England. and republican and a founding member of the Slane branch of the Volunteers. *** He enlisted to fight in World War One and while serving his first collection 5 Born Isabella Gertrude Amy 6 9 was published, Songs of the Fields Ovenden in Dublin in 1877, Dr Ella (1915). Upon learning of the execution Webb would go on to play a major role in of his friend and fellow poet Thomas pediatric care. Webb ran her own private 8 and 9 Brothers Wilbur in 1903. After much scepticism Orville MacDonagh he wrote Lament, which is practice and free-dispensary and in 1918 and Orville Wright (born 1867 and 1871 eventually demonstrated flights for the US regarded as one of his greatest works. was appointed as anaesthetist to the respectively) developed the first successful Army, which led to a passenger seat plane Ledwidge died in a shell explosion in Adelaide Hospital, its first female doctor. airplane and are considered the fathers being built in 1909. They became successful Belgium in 1917. Webb also worked at Saint Ultan’s. She of modern aviation. The Wright brothers businessmen, filling contracts for airplanes went on to found the Children’s Sunshine owned a bicycle shop and manufactured in both Europe and the US. After Wilbur’s *** Home as a convalescent place for their own design from 1896. They death in 1912, Orville took over but sold the children suffering from rickets. She was successfully conducted the first free, company in 1915. Orville died in Ohio in 2 Mary ‘Molly’ Allgood was born in made a Lady of Grace of the Order of St controlled flight of a power-driven airplane 1948. Dublin in 1885. Sister to actress Sara John of Jerusalem and was awarded the Allgood, she chose to separate herself MBE in 1918 for her medical work during from her by changing her name to the Rising. She died in 1946. Máire O’Neill. She first appeared on stage in John Millington Synge’s, The *** Well of Saints (1905) and they became engaged before Synge’s death in 1909. 6 John Henry Bernard was the She remained at the Abbey until she Church of Ireland Archbishop from married drama critic GH Mair in 1911 1915-1919. His family came from Kerry and she moved to England. In her later but he was born in India in 1860. At 15, years she made films, starring alongside he entered Trinity to study mathematics Sara in Alfred Hitchcock’s Juno and the and philosophy and became a leading Paycock (1930). She continued to act figure in the university. In 1902 he until her death in 1952. became Dean of St Patrick’s Cathedral and later became the Bishop of Ossory, *** Ferns and Leighlin before he was elected Archbishop of Dublin. He was also 3 The first feature film made by the delegate to the Irish Convention in 1917- Film Company of Ireland was premiered 18 representing Unionist views. After his in August 1916 at the Bohemian Theatre, archbishopric ended, Bernard wrote a Phibsborough. O’Neill of the Glen was commentary on St John’s Gospel which directed by and starred JM Kerrigan, was published after his death in 1927. who was born in Dublin in 1882. Kerrigan was a newspaper reporter and member *** of the Abbey Players and later moved to the US where he performed on Broadway. 7 Jem Roche was a significant After a role in John Ford’s film about the figure in Irish sport early in the 20th Irish War of Independence The Informer, century. A county footballer and hurler he moved again, to Hollywood, where with Wexford, he also boxed for a world he found plenty of work in the booming title. After the American Tommy Burns movie industry. He appeared in Gone with came to London to defend his title, he the Wind as the mill-owner and most of was persuaded to fight in Dublin to his later roles were minor, but despite this defray his costs. He met the leading Irish he has a ‘star’ on Hollywood Boulevard. heavyweight for a purse of £1,500 at the Olympia Theatre on St Patrick’s Day *** 1908. Roche was knocked out in the first round. He returned to Wexford GAA and 4 John Casey was born in Dublin trained one of the in 1880 and was mostly self-educated greatest football teams having started work at the age of 14. In ever, winning Leinster 1906 he joined the Gaelic League and six times in succession changed his name to Seán O’Casey. from 1913-18, and Influenced by Jim Larkin, he soon winning the All-Ireland became active in the labour movement in the last four years. and joined the Irish Citizen Army in He died in 1934, 1914. However, O’Casey soon became aged 57. 7 disillusioned with the direction of nationalism and was a non-combatant ***

10 December 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 15 JOHN COSTELLO LAURENCE MULLIGAN PERCIVALHAVELOCKACHESON CHRISTOPHER JORDAN WILLIAM MULRANEY l JAMES ARTHUR MULVEY JAMESFRANCISADAMS JANE COSTELLO l THOMAS COUGHLAN THOMAS MORAN JOZÉ l JANE KANE MICHEAL MULVIHILL l EDWARD MURPHY l RICHARD MURPHY CLEMENT COURTNEY l THOMAS KEARSE COWLEY ERNEST KAVANAGH l CHARLES KAVANAGH JOHN MURPHY l GEORGINA MURPHY l CATHERINE MURPHY HENRYTHOMASWARDALLATTlTHOMASALLEN JOHN MURRAY l JOSEPHY MURRAY l DANIEL JOSEPH MURRAY l ANNIE MYERS RICHARD COXON l HENRY COYLE l JOHN COYLE l JULIA CRAWFORD MICHAEL KAVANAGH l ALEXANDER KEANE l JOHANNA KEARNS BRIDGETALLENlJOSEPHCHRISTOPHERANDREWS JOHN CREAVEN l JOHN CRENIGAN l CHARLES LOVE CROCKETT CORNELIUS KEATING l FRANCIS KEEGAN l JOHN KEELY l ALBERT KEEP MARGARET NAYLOR l JOHN NEAL l PATRICK NEALAN l JAMES CRAWFORD NEIL JOHN HERBERT ARMSTRONG l JOHN BALLANTYNE MARGARET KEHOE l LAURENCE KELLY l JAMES KELLY l DENIS KELLY GERALD ALOYSIUS NEILAN l MARY NEILL l ALBERT NEWLAND l JAMES NOLAN l MARGARET NOLAN JOHN CROMIEN l JOSEPH CULLEN l JAMES CUNNINGHAM MICHAEL NUNAN l ROBERT F. O’BEIRNE l JAMES O’BRIEN l JOHN O’CALLAGHAN l RICHARD O’CARROLL PATRICK KELLY l MARY KELLY l MARY KENNY l RICHARD KENT ALICE BAMBRICK l ARTHUR BANKS MARY CUNNINGHAM l ANDREW CHRISTOPHER CUNNINGHAM l FRANCIS CURLEY JOHN O’CONNOR l MICHAEL O’CONNOR l PATRICK O’CONNOR l ELLEN O’CONNOR l JOHN O’DONOGHUE THOMAS KENT l THOMAS KENYON l MICHAEL KEOGH l GERALD KEOGH FREDERICKCHARLESBANTINGlGEORGEWILLIAMBARKS HAROLD CHARLES DAFFEN l MARGARET DALY l EDWARD DALY l CHARLES DARCY JOHN O’DUFFY l RICHARD O’FLAHERTY l JOSEPH O’FLAHERTY l PATRICK JOSEPH O’FLANAGAN ERNEST DAVENPORT l CATHERINE DAVIS l JOHN DAWSON l PATRICK DERRICK JOHN KIRWAN l ALBERT JAMES KITCHEN CHARLES O’GORMAN l PATRICK O’GRADY l JOHN O’GRADY l EDWARD O’GRADY GEORGE WILLIAM BARNETT l HAROLD BARRATT HENRY KNOWLES l FRANCIS WILLIAM WHITE KNOX HARRY DICKINSON l THOMAS DICKSON l FREDERICK CHRISTIAN DIETRICHSEN MICHAEL O’HANRAHAN l MARTIN O’LEARY l WILLIAM O’NEILL l JOHN O’REILLY JOHN BARRATT l BRIDGET BARRY l WILLIAM BARTER MICHAEL LAHIFF l WILLIAM LANG RICHARD O’REILLY l THOMAS JOSEPH O’REILLY PATRICK BEALIN l JOHN BEIRNES l OSCAR BENTLEY PATRICK DIGNAM l ROBERT DILLON l HENRY CHARLES DIXEY PETER JOSEPH LAWLESS l CHRISTOPHER LAWLOR l MICHAEL LEAHY JAMES BLAYNEY l JOHN SAMUEL BLISSETT l JAMES BLUNDELL PATRICKLEENlMARYLENNONlKATELENNONlWILFREDLLEWELLYN O’TOOLE l MICHAEL JOSEPH O’RAHILLY l CLARENCE OSBORNE l JOHN OWENS HENRY BOND l HAROLD BOURNE l JOHN REGINALD BOWCOTT CHARLIE THOMAS DIXON STEPHEN PATRICK DOYLE SAMUEL LONG l FRANCIS LUCAS l ALGERNON LUCAS JAMESHORACEBRADFORDl JAMESBRADYl JOHNBRENNAN CECIL EUSTACE DOCKERAY THOMAS DOYLEl JOHN DOYLE FRANCIS A BRENNAN l MALACHY BRENNAN l JOHN BRENNAN BRENDAN DONLAN l JOHN DONNELLY DANIEL DOYLE l JAMES DUFFY PATRICK LYNCH l JOHN HENRY MACNAMARA PADRAIG HAROLD BRINDLEY l PATRICK BROSNAN CORNELIUS DUGGAN l RICHARD DUNLEA GEORGE BROWN l MONTAGUE BERNARD BROWNE THOMAS DONNELLY FRANCIS HENRY BROWNING DOMINICK THOMAS DONOHOE MOSES DUNNE l EDWARD DUNNE JOHN DUNPHY l JOHN DWAN PEARSE PERCY VIVIAN CLAUDE PERRY JULIA BRUNELL l MARY BRUNSWICK JOSEPH DONOHOE SEAN LUCY BUCKLEY l WILLIAM FRANCIS BURKE MARY DWYER l ALFRED GODDARD ELLIOTT HARRY PHILLIPS l GEORGE PIERCE JAMES DOOLEY l DENIS DORGAN WILLIAM PEARSE FREDERICK WILLIAM ROBERT BURKE ALFRED ELLIS l PETER ENNIS MACDIARMADA GUY VICKERY PINFIELD RICHARD BUTLER l LOUIS BYRNE MOSES DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE GEORGE ENNIS l EDWARD ENNIS THOMAS PENTONY GEORGE ALEXANDER PLAYFAIR JOHN BYRNE l PATRICK BYRNE PATRICK DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE PETER FAHEY l ERNEST FARNSWORTH EDWARD BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE JEREMIAH FARRELL l PATRICK FARRELL l JOHN FARRELLY l PAUL FEENEY l JOHN JOSEPH FENNELL ANDREW JAMES BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE THOMAS JOSEPH MARY PLUNKETT PATRICK FENNELL l ARTHUR FERRIS l PATRICK FETHERSTON l FRANCIS FINLAY CHRISTINA CAFFREY l GEORGE WILLIAM CAHILL JAMES POWER l CHRISTINA PURCELL l PHILIP ADDISON PURSER l JAMES QUINN ANNE JANE CALDWELL l JAMES HOWARD CALVERT JAMES FINNEGAN l WILLIAM FINNEGAN l JOHN HENRY FLETCHER ELIZABETH QUIRK l THOMAS RAFFERTY l ALAN LIVINGSTONE RAMSAY l MARY REDMOND MICHAEL CARR l WILLIAM CARRICK JOHN FLYNN l MICHAEL FLYNN l THOMAS FORAN l JOHN ROBERT FORTH l JOHN FRANCIS FOSTER MACDONAGH CHARLES CARRIGAN l JAMES JOSEPH CARROLL WILLIAM FOX l JAMES FOX l ERNEST FOX l JAMES FRAZER l PATRICK FRIEL FRANCIS MACKEN l PETER (PAUL) MACKEN CHRISTOPHER REDMOND l REILLY l JOHN REILLY l THOMAS REILLY l GEORGE REYNOLDS ROBERTANDERSONMACKENZIE PATRICK REYNOLDS l WILLIAM JOHN RICE TIMOTHY SPELLMAN l PATRICK STEPHENSON ROGER CASEMENT WILLIAM FRITH l NEVILLE NICHOLAS FRYDAY l ROBERT GAMBLE HAROLD RODGERS l THOMAS F. ROURKE BRIDGET STEWART l JOHN STILLMAN JOSEPH CASEY l JAMES CASHMAN JOHN HENRY GIBBS l JOHN GIBNEY WILLIAMMAGUIREl MICHAELMALLIN JOHN MALLON l MICHAEL MALONE WILLIAM NELSON ROWE l PATRICK RYAN HOLDEN STODART l GEORGE SYNNOT CHRISTOPHER CATHCART l JAMES CAVANAGH GEORGE GEOGHEGAN ROBERT GLAISTER l DAVID GLENNON FREDERICK RYAN l GEORGE PERCY SAINSBURY PETER PAUL MANNING l PATRICK MARTIN ROSANNA TAAFFE l DAVID PERCIVAL TEMPEST EAMONN CEANNT PATRICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY MICHAEL GLYNN l JAMES GORMLEY FRANCIS SALMON l CHARLES SAUNDERS JOHN A THOMPSON l MARY TIMMONS JOHN MCBRIDE l HARRIET MCCABE ARTHUR JAMES SCARLETT l ABSLONE SCHERZINGER THOMAS HENRY CHAPMAN l JAMES CHICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY JOSEPH GOSS l ANDREW GOULDING JOHN JOSEPH TRAYNOR l THOMAS TREACY MICHAEL MCCABE l JOHN MCCARTHY WALTER ERIC SCOTT l JOHN SHANAGHER JOSEPH CLARKE l PHILIP CLARKE l RICHARD CLARKE GEORGE GRAY l ALEXANDER GRAY PATRICK TREVOR l WALTER ASTLE TUNNICLIFFE JAMES MCCARTNEY l ALEXANDER MCCLELLAND JOSEPH SHARGINE l DANIEL SHEEHAN ALFRED TYLER l PRUDENCE VANTREEN PATRICK GREEN l WILLIAM GREGG JAMES MCCORMACK l JAMES MCCORMACK FRANCIS JOSEPH CHRISTOPHER SHEEHY-SKEFFINGTON THOMAS J CLARKE EDWARD CARDEN VARNALS JAMES CLEARY l REGINALD FRANCIS CLERY ROBERT CANTEBURY HALL FLORENCE SHEILS l HENRY SHEPHERD HENRY HARE JAMES MCCULLOUGH JOHN HENRY SHERWOOD l PATRICK SHORTIS MARGARET MARY VEALE l WILLIAM WALKER JAMES JOSEPH COADE l ARTHUR ELIAS COBBOLD ABRAHAM HARRIS WILLIAM JAMES HALLIDAY l JOHN HANNA CORNELIUS COLBERT l MARY ANNE COLE ANDREW MCDONNELL ALFRED SIBLEY l VINCENT PAUL SIMPSON KATE WALSH l PHILIP WALSH l EDWARD WALSH PATRICK HARRIS ELIZABETH HANRATTY l THOMAS HARBORNE THOMASALBERTCOLLINSlJULIACONDRON WILLIAM MCDOWELL l JOHN MCELVERY ARTHUR CHARLES SMITH l HENRY SMYTH JOHN WALSH l PHILIP WALSH JOHN CONNOLLY l WILLIAM CONNOLLY THOMAS HARRISON l WILLIAM VICTOR HAWKEN l MORGAN HAYES EDWARD MCGALEY l CHARLES MCGEE ELIZABETH SMYTH l BERT SPEED JAMES JOSEPH WALSH l AUSTIN JOSEPH WALTON PETER CONNOLLY CHARLES HAYTER l JAMES DAVID ARTHUR HEADLAND l JOHN HEALY MARGARETMCGUINESSlRICHARDMCHALE ELEANOR WARBROOK l ALFRED ERNEST WARMINGTON l ARTHUR WARNER l ABRAHAM WATCHORN JAMES PATRICK HEALY l WILLIAM HEAVEY l ROBERT PATRICK HEENEY PATRICK MCINTYRE l BRIDGET MCKANE RICHARD WATERS l WILLIAM WATSON l FELIX JOSEPH WATTRES MICHAEL MCKILLOP l JAMES MCLOUGHLIN THOMAS JOSEPH WEAFER l WILLIAM WEST l PATRICK WHELAN l PATRICK WHELAN SEAN HEUSTON l HENRY MEYRICK HEWETT l JAMES HICKEY l THOMAS HICKEY RAPHAEL MCLOUGHLIN l PATRICK MCMANUS JAMES CHRISTOPHER HICKEY l CHRISTOPHER HEGGINS l PATRICK HOEY l JOHN HOEY JOHN MEAGHER l JOHN MEEGAN CHRISTOPHER WHELAN l DANIEL WHELAN l SARAH WHELAN JEREMIAH HOGAN l JAMES HOGAN l ARTHUR HOLBROOK l LUKE HOLLAND THOMAS MELEADY l JULIA MERON JOHN WHELAN l MYLES WHITE l ELIZABETH WILKINSON CONNOLLY JOSEPH HOSFORD l JOHN BERNARD HOWARD l CHARLES HOYLE THOMAS HENRY MILLER DAVID WILSON l PETER WILSON l ALBERT EDWARD WOOD FREDERICK JOHN HUGHES l MICHAEL HUGHES l JOHN WILLIAM HUMFREY HUMPHREYS CHRISTOPHER MILLER l CHARLES MONAHAN MARY CONNOLLY l CHRISTOPHER CONNOR RICHARD WOODCOCK l BASIL HENRY WORSLEY-WORSWICK WILLIAM HENRY HUMPHRIES l GODFREY JACKSON HUNTER l JOHN HURLEY CHRISTOPHER MOORE l WILLIAM MOORE JOHN COOKE l CORBIN l JAMES CORCORAN SÉAN HURLEY l CHARLES HACHETTE HYLAND l PATRICK IVORS WILLIAM THOMAS PERCY WRIGHT l GEORGE WYLD HERBERTJOHN CORDWELL l JAMES HAMLET CORNWELL JAMES MOORE l ELIZABETH MORAN MARYANNECORRIGANlEDWARDCOSGRAVE WILLIAM EDGAR MOY JAMES l PERCY JEFFS MARY MORRIS l NATHANIEL MORTON SIDNEY LEONARD YOUNG EDWARD JOSEPH COSTELLO l JOHN COSTELLO JAMES JESSOP l FRANK JOBBER JOHN MULHERN l WILLIAM MULLEN JOHN YOUNG ROBERT JOHNSTON

TEN PART SIX OF PART SPECIAL MAGAZINES NERSHIP WITH SIX RT IN PA FREE ON PART FIVE OF TEN AND THURSDAY 14 SPECIAL MAGAZINES NERSHIP WITH PART JANUARY IN 2016 AND .independent.ie/1916 FOUR OF TEN 16 www PART GAZINES SPECIAL MA RTNERSHIP WITH IN PA 19LLECTION CO

AND y 2016 www.independent.ie/1916 THREE OF TEN 16 14 Januar PART SPECIAL MAGAZINES Thursday F RTNERSHIP WITH IN PA 19LLECTION CO AND 2015 16 Decemberwww.independent.ie/1916 Thursday 10 19LLECTION CO

16 vewww.independent.ie/1916mber 2015 Thursday 26 No 19LLECTION CO

mber 2015 Nove Thursday 12

NNOLLY AND CO REBELLION JAMES AY AND S THE SIX-D

1 IN MACNEILL EAMONN&babies CEANNTCEANNT AND EO mothers AND PLANNING THE RISINGRISING ERUPT ERUPT 1 &babies THE REBELLION mothersSEÁN MACDIARMADAMACDIARMADA AND AND Roger Casement I Irish Independent + vember 2015 and the recruiting THE LEADERSLEADERS OF OF THE THE12 No RISING RISING I Irish Independent trips to Germanyvember 2015 12 No

I Irish Independent vember 2015 12 No From the assembling of the armies to the trials and executions, the momentous events of the 1916 Rising remain part of our lives, a century later. Now, in an exclusive 10-part collection we commemorate the individuals whose actions changed our history forever — the revolutionaries, the politicians, the women and the unsung heroes. A unique collection of supplements dedicated to recalling the legacy of the events of 1916. Continue your collection on Thursday 14 January, 2016, free only in the Irish Independent. 1916 In partnership with COLLECTION

16 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 10 December 2015