PART EIGHT OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 1916 AND COLLECTION

Thursday 4 February 2016 www.independent.ie/1916

CONSTANCE MARKIEVICZ AND THE WOMEN OF 1916 + Nurse O’Farrell: airbrushed from history

4 February 2016 I Irish Independent mothers&babies 1 INTRODUCTION Contents Witness history

4 EQUALITY AGENDA Mary McAuliffe on the message for women in the Proclamation from GPO at the 6 AIRBRUSHED OUT Nurse Elizabeth O’Farrell’s role was cruelly excised from history heart of Rising 7 FEMALE FIGHTERS Joe O’Shea tells the stories of the women who saw 1916 action WITH its central role newlyweds getting their appeal to an international 8 ARISTOCRATIC REBEL in Easter Week, it was photos taken, the GPO audience, as well as Conor Mulvagh profiles the inevitable focus would has always been a seat of those closer to Dublin 1 enigmatic Constance Markievicz fall on the GPO for the “gathering, protest and who want a “window on Rising commemorations. celebration”, according to Dublin at the time” and its 9 ‘WORLD’S WILD REBELS’ And with the opening of McHugh. When it comes residents. Lucy Collins on Eva Gore- the GPO Witness History to its political past, the As part of the exhibition, Booth’s poem ‘Comrades’ exhibition, An Post hopes immersive, interactive visitors will get to see to immerse visitors in the centre does not set out to inside a middle-class 10 HEART OF THE MATER building’s 200-year past. interpret the events of the child’s bedroom in a Kim Bielenberg delves into the According to Anna time. Georgian home, alongside archives of the Dublin hospital McHugh, Head of “It will show the facts as a room where “you could Communications, the they were,” McHugh says. have a tenement family 11 IRELAND IN 1916 centre expects to welcome “It allows you to tell a story of ten living in a room”, Fergus Cassidy on religion 300,000 visitors per year to without casting judgement McHugh says. O’Connell St following its in any way. There will be Visitors are encouraged 14 RELUCTANT MARTYR March opening. soundscapes, postering; to visit the centre at their Darragh Gannon on Michael Mallin The existing postal it’s loud, it’s colourful. And leisure; there will be museum had limited at the very centre of the guided and self-guided 15 NINE LIVES capacity so extensive exhibition, there will be a tour options available. In The political activists of the era building work has been 15-minute video experience addition to the permanent taking place to develop where you will be at the exhibition, additional permanent, more centre of the activity that events planned include expansive exhibition space. week; you will get a bird’s dance performances and PART EIGHT OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES “We have built a centre eye view of the decisions drama from theatre group IN PARTNERSHIP WITH within the courtyard at being made, the brutality, Fishamble, among others.

AND basement level, and at the individuals involved.” The GPO is also the 1916 ground level, it cuts into It is hoped that the subject of a forthcoming COLLECTION the existing GPO,” McHugh centre will ‘evolve’ over RTÉ fly-on-the-wall Thursday 4 February 2016 www.independent.ie/1916 explains. “There will then time to take in travelling documentary. be a new level courtyard exhibitions. Meanwhile, GPO Witness History where people can reflect the interest from the is open to the public on what they have tourism trade has been from Easter Tuesday, experienced.” extremely positive. An Post March 29. See From campaigners to expects that the centre will gpowitnesshistory.ie. AM

IN MEMORIAM PUBLIC EVENTS

CONSTANCE MARKIEVICZ AND THE WOMEN OF 1916 + Nurse O’Farrell: airbrushed from history

4 February 2016 I Irish Independent mothers&babies 1

Published by Independent Newspapers, 27–32 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland Editor: Gerard Siggins International [email protected] Design: Joe Coyle leaders line For Irish Independent Head of Features: up for UCD Fionnuala McCarthy Education Editor: conferences Katherine Donnelly

For University College Dublin THIS week sees a series of important public events at Dr Conor Mulvagh, lecturer University College Dublin to in Irish History with special mark the centenary. responsibility for the A selection of the Tonight (February 4), Decade of Commemorations. stamps issued by ‘After Empire’ will see three Eilis O’Brien, Director of An Post to mark the former leaders, Thabo Mbeki of Communication and Marketing Rising over the years. South Africa, Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania and Salman Niamh Boyle, Marketing Manager Khurshid of India sharing An Post puts own stamp on 1916 events a platform to discuss the Cover, by Jon Berkeley, shows transition to independence. Constance Markievicz, Elizabeth AN POST has issued no fewer stamp of the day, but later in 1941 and 90th anniversaries of the The ‘Globalising the Rising’ O’Farrell and Margaret Skinnider than 16 stamps to mark the a stamp was issued showing a rebellion. conference takes place in UCD centenary of the Rising, and they rebel with bayonet fixed outside Many other stamps have been O’Reilly Hall, Belfield tomorrow are already proving popular with the GPO. issued to mark centenaries of and Saturday (February 5 and the public and collectors. In 1966 a colourful set was the birth of individuals involved, 6), with leading historians IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Perhaps because of the central produced featuring Seán such as James Connolly and and political scientists from role of the GPO, several series O’Sullivan’s drawings of the Constance Markievicz (in 1968), Ireland and abroad discussing of stamps have been issued by seven signatories to the Patrick Pearse (1979) and Cathal the international context of the the authority that ran the postal proclamation and an eighth Brugha (1987). rebellion. AND service over the years. stamp with an Edward Delaney Two years ago striking issues Booking is essential. The 25th anniversary was design, ‘The Rising’, which marked the centenary of the To register for either initially marked by a slogan depicted the GPO. There were foundation of the Irish Citizen event, go to: www.ucd.ie/ overprinted on the standard other issues to mark the 75th Army and Cumann na mBan. LS centenaries/events-calendar.

2 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 INTRODUCTION

THE LOST CHILDREN 1916 ONLINE 15-year-old shot in face by sniper

ELEANOR WARBROOK was angry at the rebels. Her 17-year- old brother John had been killed in the War four months before, and another brother, Thomas, was at the front fighting the Germans. Many men from Dublin’s inner city were in France too, and many families depended on the separation allowance they received from the British. It was part of the reason why the rebellion was not initially welcomed in all areas, and why Watch more online at witnesses described an encounter independent.ie/1916 as The Battle of Fumbally Lane on Easter Monday, although no AS part of the Irish soldiers were to be seen. Independent’s unrivalled Fumbally Lane is in the coverage of the centenary of Liberties, an ancient part of the Easter Rising, a dedicated Dublin where the brewing, website is now online. The site weaving, distilling and tanning uses words, pictures and video industries were carried out for to enhance understanding centuries. of a defining moment in our A 16-year-old volunteer called nation’s history. Martin Walton, founder of the Read excerpts from music stores, told of how locals important books, watch jeered at them: “Get off and Ryan Tubridy talk about his fight in France you crowd of grandfather, and marvel at slackers.” The scene turned ugly, the stunning photos of Dublin with the civilians attacking the in 1916. The site also carries rebels before a sniper in Jacob’s all the articles in our ongoing Factory shot a young woman in series ‘My 1916’ and from ‘The the face. Centenary Papers’. Eleanor Warbrook, who was 15, The independent.ie/1916 site died later in the Meath hospital will continue to build into a and was buried in Mount Jerome. brilliant resource for students Her eldest brother Thomas was in years to come. killed five months later at Vimy Ridge in France. LS

FRONTLINE ACCOUNT FROM THE UCD ARCHIVES 1916 prisoners remembered in ‘The Home Coming’

ALICE MILLIGAN’S ‘The Home Coming (Lewes to Dublin, June 18th 1917)’ is a poem marking the return to Ireland of prisoners released from Lewes prison in Sussex, England, and the welcome they received: Thousands and thousands since early day/Have waited and thronged. The poem Dr Kathleen Lynn (right, also speaks to the grief of those alongside Countess Markievicz) who died in the Rising: There are and her diary (left). some, remember you who sing/ IRISH INDEPENDENT/NPA ARCHIVE Who can have no share in this triumphing/They are here in the crowd. Dr Lynn’s Rising diaries to go on display Milligan grew up in a Methodist family in Omagh, DR KATHLEEN LYNN, who premises in Kildare Street, and Kilmainham jails. She writes Co Tyrone. She studied as a commanded the Garrison at City and will publish a daily entry about the conditions of her teacher-trainer and published Hall, was an important figure from Dr Lynn’s diaries from imprisonment, the support she her first novel in 1890, the start both in the Rising and in the new March 28 on, chronicling her received from the other women of a prolific writing life. The state that came later. She founded involvement in the Easter Rising prisoners and the rumours following year she moved to St Ultan’s Hospital for infants in and its immediate aftermath that circulated about what Dublin and attended Irish classes 1919. and sharing her views and was happening, who had been at the Royal Irish Academy. She A graduate of the Royal experiences of living and captured and later, who had been was one of the founders and Alice Milligan’s ‘The Home University, now UCD, Dr Lynn practicing medicine in Ireland at killed. editor of the Shan Van Vocht, Coming (Lewes to Dublin, kept a diary recording the events that time. “Kathleen Lynn’s diaries are a monthly literary magazine June 18th 1917)’. of her extraordinary medical and Her entry for Easter Monday among the most unique items in started in 1896. Her mastery of political career from 1916 until 1916 begins: the College’s Heritage Centre”, early photographic technology every day of his trial. In 1941 she her death in 1955. In 1990 her Easter Monday. Revolution. said Harriet Wheelock, Keeper enabled her to utilise gas- received an Honorary Doctorate family donated them to Royal Emer [Helena Molony] and I in of Collections at RCPI. “They powered lanterns in theatre work from the National University of College of Physicians of Ireland City Hall, [Sean] Connolly shot provide a fascinating insight for the Gaelic League. Ireland for her work with the (RCPI) to be held with the papers quite early in day. Place taken into the political and medical After the Rising she was Gaelic League. of St Ultan’s. in evg. career of a unique Irish female involved in fundraising for the ‘The Home Coming (Lewes To coincide with the The entries continue to doctor.” dependents of prisoners. She to Dublin, June 18th 1917)’ is commemorations, the RCPI chronicle her imprisonment in Contact [email protected] campaigned for the release of available from the UCD Archives will stage an exhibition at its Ship Street Barracks, Mountjoy for more information. LS Roger Casement, and attended at: http://url.ie/z8x3. FC

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 3 KEYNOTE

Left: the 1914 Cumann na mBan manifesto. UCD ARCHIVES

Right: Kathleen Clarke, widow of Tom Clarke, in mourning clothes some time after he was executed, with her sons John Daly Clarke, Tom Clarke Jnr and Emmet Clarke. NATIONAL LIBRARY

Hannah Sheehy Skeffington (front row, extreme left) takes her seat before Below: The the 1919 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis with, among others, Harry Boland, Éamon de Proclamation of VaEqualitlera, Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith. IRISH INDEPENDENTy/NLI COLLECTIONwas a the Irish Republic. cornerstone of Proclamation Importance to women activists of the promise of equal citizenship cannot be underestimated, writes Mary McAuliffe

N May 1936, after the publication fellow former Senator, feminist campaigner citizenship in the Proclamation of 1916 The importance of this promise of of the draft of a proposed new Jennie Wyse Power, argued that the cannot be underestimated. equality in the Proclamation was such that constitution, which was to be put inclusion of articles which regulated the In its opposition to the 1937 Constitution, it became a touchstone for women activists to referendum for acceptance by rights of women workers and articles 40.1 the Association of Old Cumann na mBan in the succeeding years, especially as many the Irish people in 1937, journalist and 40.2 which placed women firmly in were particularly incensed about the of them felt that the subsequent Irish Free I Gertrude Gaffney, in her Irish the domestic realm were a betrayal of the inclusion of a reference to the “inadequate State viewed and treated women as second Independent column, made a call to arms promises of the 1916 Proclamation and strength of women” (article 45.5.2): where, class citizens. The interesting question is from feminist activists and nationalist principles of equality contained therein. they wondered, were the feelings about how a promise of full and equal citizenship women to defend the women’s rights. Both Senators Clarke and Wyse Power the inadequate strength of women when for women became a cornerstone of the Under the proposed constitution, she had a long history of using the promises they were engaged in “heavy muscular toil Proclamation at a time when women did argued, women ‘are to be no longer citizens of equality in the Proclamation to counter conveying machine guns, heavy explosives not even have the vote? entitled to enjoy equal rights under a the constant chipping away at women’s and rifles”, during the War of Independence From the mid-19th century Irishwomen democratic constitution but laws are to be rights as full and equal citizens by the and Civil War. They felt that there was no had campaigned for the right to vote enacted which take into consideration our governments of the Irish Free State from need for the inclusion of these articles in a and by the middle of the first decade “differences of capacity, physical and moral 1922. As early as 1925 Senator Wyse Power new Constitution as “the Proclamation of of the 20th century that campaign had and of social function”.’ objected to the Juries Act, which sought Easter week 1916 gave to us women equal become more strident and militant. From In particular, many feminists were to prevent women serving on juries, as rights and equal opportunities in simple involvement in the Ladies Land League in angered by predominant discourse in ‘unconstitutional’. She argued that the language that no legislation could change the early 1880s, through ongoing suffrage the draft on: The life of women within Act went against the rights guaranteed or tamper with and on this Declaration of campaigns, as well as support of the the home; allusions to her inadequate to women in the 1922 Constitution, to be Independence did Cumann na mBan base campaign for Home Rule, and involvement strength; and the proposed restrictions on equal citizens; rights first promised in its Constitution”. in cultural nationalism, women had been her working rights. The President of the 1916. The main argument against the engaged with all of the major political National University Women Graduates’ Later, in opposing the 1936 Conditions proposed 1937 Constitution was, for causes in early 20th century Ireland. Association, Professor Mary Hayden, of of Employment Bill, Senator Clarke said most women’s groups, based on promises Groups such as Inghinidhe na hÉireann UCD, called on women not to “let the empty that section 16 (which curtailed the rights of equality contained in the 1916 (founded in 1900 by Maud Gonne), the promises of needless ‘safeguards’ and of women workers) went against the spirit Proclamation of Independence. In the Irish Women’s Franchise League (IWFL, vague declarations of the value of ‘her life of the Proclamation; “that proclamation simple, clear language admired by Cumann founded in 1908), the Irish Women’s within the home” blind our women to the gave to every citizen equal rights and na mBan, the Proclamation claimed Workers Union (1911), and Cumann na fact that, under this proposed Constitution, equal opportunities, and it seems to me “the allegiance of every Irishman and mBan (1914), allowed opportunities for her opportunity of earning, her civil that if you legislate against one section Irishwoman” and guaranteed “religious female nationalists, suffragists and trade status, her whole position as a citizen will of the community… where are the equal and civil liberty, equal rights and equal unionists to contribute to the various depend on the judgment of perhaps a single opportunities provided for in that opportunities to all its citizens”. The Irish political ideologies, debates and events of minister or a single state department as to Proclamation?” Republic envisaged by the signatories the day. As Countess Markievicz said in a her “physical or moral capacity”. Although its meaning and intent had was to have a “permanent National speech to the Students’ National Former Free State Senator Kathleen already been severely limited by legislation Government, representative of the whole Literary Society in 1909, this was time Clarke, widow of Thomas Clarke, one of the in the 1920s and 1930s, the importance to people of Ireland, and elected by the where there was a “chance for our signatories to the Proclamation, and her women activists of the promise of equal suffrage of all her men and women”. women to… Fix [their] mind on the ideal

4 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 KEYNOTE

Front row: Madeleine ffrench Mullen, Miss Foley, Dr Kathleen Lynn. Second row: Rose McNamara, Kathleen Kenny, MJ Walsh, Mrs Lawless, Jenny Milner, Eileen Walsh, K Kennedy, May Byrne, Eileen Cooney, Annie Cooney. Third row: M Moore; K Lane; Sara Kealy, Gertie Colley, Mary O’Hanrahan, Amee Wisely, Bridget Murtagh, Cilla Quigley, Julia Grenan, Stasia Twomey, B Walsh. Fourth row: Nora Thornton, Rose Mullally, Sheila O’Hanlon, Maria Quigley, Margaret O’Flaherty, Josie McGowan, Eileen Cooney, Josie O’Keeffe. Fifth row: Lucy Smith, Nora Foley, Pauline Morecombe, D Sullivan, M Elliott, Mary Sullivan, Tilley Simpson, Catherine Treston. Sixth row: M Kelly, Brigid Brady, Jeannie Shanahan, Kathleen Barrett, Rosie Hackett, Margaret Ryan, Brigid Davis, Chris Caffrey, Patricia Hoey. Standing (left side): A Tobin, Aoife Taaffe, Marcella Cosgrave, Kathleen Murphy, Bridget Foley. Standing (right side): May Kelly, Maire Nic Shuibhlaigh, Lily O’Brennan, Elizabeth O’Farrell, Nora O’Daly, Mary Murray. (There was more than one photo taken on this occasion, which has contributed to some discrepancies in lists of names. This list is taken from Sinead McCoole’s No Ordinary Women, 2003). KILMAINHAM GAOL MUSEUM COLLECTION of Ireland free, with her women enjoying and was closely associated with many women take up their proper position in the Dáil said that “Irish women were given the full rights of citizenship in their own feminist women, such as Helena Molony, life of the nation”. equal citizenship, equal rights and equal nation…” Kathleen Lynn and Countess Markievicz The promise of equal citizenship for opportunities”, but subsequent retrograde The actions of these advanced among others. women also formed part of the 1922 legislation and the 1937 Constitution had nationalist and feminist women in Two others, Thomas MacDonagh Constitution which stated that “every rendered the promises of equality in the campaigning for the citizenship rights of was married to, and Joseph Plunkett person without distinction of sex... [shall] 1916 Proclamation an “empty formulae” women is vital in our understanding of was in a relationship with, women who enjoy the privileges and be subject to the and “meaningless”. the egalitarian ideals of the Proclamation, were members of both the separatist obligations of such citizenship”. However, Perhaps, as many of the feminist and but equally vital are the alliances and and feminist Inghinidhe na hÉireann the reality of women’s participation in nationalist women later felt, if some or networks which existed between these and the militant suffrage IWFL (Muriel the political and public life of the Irish any of the signatories had survived, things women and their male nationalist and and Grace Gifford respectively). Both Free State was soon undermined by the would have been different. As late as in socialist comrades, especially the alliances MacDonagh and Plunkett were fully legislative, cultural and social ideals of 1970, Rosie Hackett, a member of the Irish with those of the seven signatories who supportive of the campaigns for women’s ‘respectability and domesticity’ for women. Citizen Army, the Irish Women Workers’ were supportive of women’s rights. rights. The inclusion of gender equality in Women who had participated in the fight Union and a trade union activist, who The feminist campaigner and co- the Proclamation therefore is a reflection for Irish freedom and who had rejoiced fought at St Stephen’s Green/Royal College founder of the IWFL, Hanna Sheehy of the importance and influence of the in the promises of the Proclamation were of Surgeons, remarked that if only “Mr Skeffington, recalled that James Connolly campaigns for women’s rights on the soon disheartened. Connolly were living, women would not be had assured her, a week before the Rising, thinking of the signatories and the The Cumann na nGaedheal government in the backward position we are in today”. that there was a full citizenship clause alliances that women activists had with introduced several pieces of legislation Already by 1937 the Irish Women’s for women in the 1916 Proclamation and the advanced nationalist male leadership. which positioned women firmly as second- Citizens’ Association had noted that the that six of the seven signatories were The Proclamation class citizens, while, in position of women within the Irish State fully supportive of its inclusion. Who the gave, as Hanna Sheehy 1932, if feminists had any had deteriorated from the ideal implicit demurring signatory was is unknown, Skeffington wrote in notion that a De Valera- in the Proclamation. Gender equality, a but as Kathleen Clarke later mentioned, 1917, “equal citizenship “ led government might cornerstone of that Proclamation, was he was soon persuaded of the rightness to women”, beating, she The reality of women’s be any better, they were by the second decade of the Irish Free of including full rights for women by the was proud to note, “all participation in the soon disabused. As Hanna State, despite the promise of 1916 and the other men. records except that of the Sheehy Skeffington said achievement of the vote for some women in Looking at the statements and activism Russian Revolution”. The political and public life of him, he was “well- 1918 and equal suffrage for all in 1922, as of all seven men prior to 1916, four of the 1916 promise of full and of the Irish Free State meaning, of course, better distant a dream as it had ever been. signatories — Pearse, Ceannt, Clarke and equal citizenship formed than Cosgrave, but really Connolly — had been publicly supportive the basis for the Cumann was soon undermined by essentially conservative Dr Mary McAuliffe lectures on of the suffrage campaign prior to 1916. na mBan manifesto of and Church-bound, anti- the legislative, cultural gender history at UCD Women’s Patrick Pearse was a strong supporter of 1918 which stated that feminist, bourgeois and the Studies. She is co-author of the women’s rights, saying in early 1916 that the organisation was to and social ideals of like”. forthcoming book ‘Realists and “every man and every woman within the “follow the policy of the By 1943 Sheehy ‘respectability and Idealists: 77 women of the Easter nation has normally equal rights”, while Republican Proclamation Skeffington, when running Rising’. (March 2016) James Connolly was an avowed feminist [of 1916] by seeing that domesticity’ for women unsuccessfully for the

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 5 PROFILE

Above: UCD’s Catherine Cox. Below: Elizabeth O’Farrell.

Two versions of the photograph of Patrick Pearse surrendering to General Lowe, only one features Elizabeth O’Farrell by his side. ELIZABETH O’FARRELL The woman airbrushed

death in the Irish Press she was from history described as “big, blonde and fearless”. A decade later, during the period of commemoration marking the 50th anniversary of the Rising, a memorial plaque to Nurse was trusted confidante of her was unveiled at Holles Street Hospital and the Nurse Elizabeth O’Farrell foundation established. rebel leaders before and after the More recently, another plaque was unveiled at the renamed Rising, writes Catherine Cox Elizabeth O’Farrell Park while in 2014 a play entitled Airbrushed was staged in Dublin. OR many Elizabeth reporting back to the GPO The play reignited the old O’Farrell has where most of the leaders of speculation that O’Farrell was come to symbolise the Rising were based. She removed from the photograph of the airbrushing and Grenan acted as dispatch Pearse delivering the surrender of women from carriers, ‘running’, according to Elizabeth O’Farrell is immortalised in a panel in the Kevin to Lowe. Though she was F the history of a 1957 Irish Press report, “the Barry Memorial Window at UCD. The stained glass window was standing beside him, only the Easter Week 1916. Today she is gauntlet of the military snipers commissioned from the Harry Clarke studio by medical graduates hem of O’Farrell’s dress and remembered in two ways: as the taking food, ammunition and of UCD in the 1930s in memory of Kevin Barry, the UCD medical her feet are visible. Allegedly, woman Patrick Pearse selected ‘War News’ copy to the printer”. student executed during the War of Independence. O’Farrell gave an account of the to carry his message seeking The Catholic Bulletin’s 1917 event to the Cistercian monks to open negotiations for the description of the women’s The next day, Saturday 29 anyone but Thomas MacDonagh of Roscrea in May 1956, and cessation of hostilities at the activities, is less dramatic, April, O’Farrell left Moore Street required her to cross the city a explained that she deliberately end of Easter Week. And, as the emphasising the role of Cumann armed with a “small white flag” second time to consult with him. hid from the camera, which she woman who, in an alleged act of na mBan women as assistants and a red cross on her arm and Despite being assured by subsequently regretted. There is wilful amnesia, was ‘airbrushed’ rather than participants in the apron to deliver Pearse’s message Lowe that she would not be also a version of the photograph from the photograph of Pearse Rising, a view shared by some of to Lowe. When Lowe insisted taken prisoner, she spent a in which her dress and her feet delivering the surrender to its members: “They looked after on an unconditional surrender, short time in Ship Street and are removed. Brigadier General William Lowe. the needs of the men under arms, she delivered the order to the Richmond Barracks and then in The contribution women like She is remembered for being they nursed the wounded, they other commandants throughout Kilmainham Gaol though she O’Farrell made to the Rising and forgotten. soothed the suffering and it was Dublin. This involved going to was released on 1 May on Lowe’s other movements has received So who was O’Farrell? Born they who softly breathed the last the Royal College of Surgeons orders who apologised; she more attention over the last in Dublin in 1884 — her father, prayer into the ear of the dying”. where Markievicz was based and found him to be ‘most courteous’. decades. Ground-breaking Christopher, was a dock labourer O’Farrell’s own, very detailed Grand Canal Street Dispensary, Unlike her friend Grenan who work of scholars publishing in and her mother, Margaret, a account of the events of Easter near Boland’s Mill, where Eamon remained in Kilmainham, the 1980s has been built upon, shopkeeper. Elizabeth was a Week suggests she did all these de Valera had moved to. she was spared hearing the providing us with a nuanced trained midwife and became a things and more. She, along While traversing the city, she execution of Pearse, Clarke and and sophisticated history of the fluent Irish speaker, a suffragist with Grenan and Winifred recalls seeing The O’Rahilly’s MacDonagh. nature of Irish women’s activism and trade unionist. In 1906, Carney, accompanied Pearse body outside “Kelly’s shop” on After the Rising, she continued in this period. As Senia Paseta she, along with her lifelong and the Volunteers to Moore Moore Street and the shooting to be active in Cumann na mBan, shows these “women built the friend Julia Grenan, joined Street following the evacuation of a man behind her when she delivering dispatches for the IRA foundations for the liberation Inghinidhe na hÉireann; they of the GPO. There, she nursed was crossing Grand Canal Street during the War of Independence. of their sex and their country”. later became members of the the wounded, including James Bridge. De Valera’s They both opposed the Treaty Sadly, many subsequently Inghinidhe branch of Cumann na Connolly, and cooked food for the refusal to accept and were hostile to the Free became disillusioned with the mBan, an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers. orders from State. During and after the state they helped to inaugurate. Volunteers. She supported the Civil War they raised funds workers during the 1913 Lockout for the families of anti- SNAPSHOT Dr Catherine Cox, UCD and worked with Constance Treatyite prisoners, and School of History, is Markievicz, who is credited with ELIZABETH O’FARRELL she remained involved in author of Negotiating introducing her and Grenan to Born: 5 November 1884, City Quay, Dublin Republican politics right up Insanity in the James Connolly at Liberty Hall as to the IRA’s 1956-62 border Educated: Convent of Mercy Southeast of Ireland, “someone he could trust”, at the campaigns. O’Farrell died 1820-1900 and, with Dr start of Easter Week. Affiliation: Cumann na mBan in 1957. Susannah Riordan, is co-editor From Monday 24 April, she Her role in the Rising has Career: Nurse, midwife, activist of Adolescence in Modern Irish acted as a dispatch driver to the been marked in various ways. History (1915) West of Ireland subsequently Died: 25 June 1957, Bray, Co Wicklow In a front-page report on her

6 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 PROFILES They fought with their brothers

As many as 200 women took an active part in the Easter Rising, writes Joe O’Shea

T has taken 100 years and tireless research and campaigning on their THE DISTILLERY WOMEN behalf. In the years after the Rising, the new Irish state denied most of them recognition. And on a more I practical level, the pensions and sup- port offered as a matter of course to the men. But now the women of 1916, many of whom fought alongside or even commanded their male comrades, are finally being given a voice. And their stories, which take in the parallel struggles of the suffragette and trade union movements, the struggle for equality and basic rights, provide a fascinating coun- terpoint to the more familiar tales of brave Irishmen standing firm as the bullets flew and the bombs fell. Up until very recently, if the women of 1916 were talked of at all, it was as nurses, angels of mercy and comfort, passively standing by with bandages and cups of tea as the men stood to their posts and took fire. But while estimates vary, as many as 60 women were Above: A group of Limerick combatants and between 170 and 200 took volunteers and members of Cumann an active part, in many roles, from snipers na mBan photographed in 1915. and section commanders to nurses, HQ staff, FRANZ S. HASELBECK’S IRELAND, THE Marrowbone Lane Distillery quarter-masters and despatch runners (one THE COLLINS PRESS, 2013 was occupied by a virtually all-female of the most dangerous roles on a chaotic, Left: Winifred Carney was in the GPO garrison under the command of Rose urban battlefield). in 1916. Below: Margaret Skinnider McNamara (above). On the day of the Rising, some 40 women sniped at soldiers on top of the Royal At the end of the fighting, she went entered the GPO with their male comrades. College of Surgeons. ‘More than to surrender herself and 21 other One, Winifred Carney, was armed with both a once I saw the man I aimed at fall.’ women volunteers to the British. Webley revolver and a typewriter. By nightfall An account of that surrender from on the first day, there were women volunteers the Military Archives observes: “The in all of the significant strongholds across women of the garrison could have the city. Except one. evaded arrest but they marched down In Boland’s Mills, Eamon de Valera had no four deep in uniform along with the women under his command. Some sources men. later claimed that Dev straight-out refused to “An attempt was made to get them include women in the garrison, ignoring the to sign a statement recanting their direct orders of Pearse and Connolly. Sighle stand but this failed. Miss McNamara Bean Uí Donnachadha, a Cumann na mBan who led the contingent went to the woman who fought, later said, “De Valera British OC (Officer Commanding) and refused absolutely to have Cumann na mBan explained they were part of the rebel girls in the posts… the result, I believe, was contingent and were surrendering that the garrison there did not stand up to with the rest”. the siege as well as in other posts.” Winifred Carney was a trade unionist from Belfast who became James Connolly’s the Rising, the young Margaret had become “It was dark there, full of smoke and the of Dublin Castle in the early stages of the aide-de-camp, friend and confidante. She is a crack shot in her youth after joining a rifle din of firing, but it was good to be in action... fighting. They were beaten back and occu- said to have been the only woman present club which was set up to train young ladies more than once I saw the man I aimed at fall”. pied City Hall. The actress and journalist at the initial occupation of the GPO and was to “defend the British Empire”. When the Skinnider was wounded three times in the Helena Molony took part in the fight and there until the end, with the rank of adjutant. Rising broke out, she took her rifle onto the fighting. But she was typical of the Cumann later helped tend the wounded. On Connol- She refused to leave the side of the wounded roof of the Royal College of Surgeons and na mBan (and Citizen’s Army) women who ly’s death Dr Lynn, chief medical officer of Connolly (despite direct orders to evacuate began sniping at soldiers. were drilled and trained to be more than just the Irish Citizen Army, took command and along with the other women) and alongside passive supporters of the men. later surrendered. Elizabeth O’Farrell and Julia Greman, finally HOW THE NUMBERS ADD UP The constitution of the organisation, set The reaction of British officers was in- left the GPO with the last to surrender. up by a committee of nationalist women in dicative of how they saw the armed women O’Farrell and her lifelong friend Greman While the precise number of 1913, made it clear that its primary role was volunteers. They initially refused to take the were both nurses. It was O’Farrell who, at participants has been debated for a to “Advance the cause of Irish liberty”, and surrender from Lynn, who survived impris- 12.45pm on April 24th, walked out into very century, recent research by historians by any means necessary. onment and a hunger strike before going on heavy fire on Moore Street to deliver the fi- allows us to provide approximate Weapons training and military drill were to have a long career in medicine in Ireland, nal surrender. And she was sent back by the numbers of those who fought with an integral part of the training. Members setting up a children’s hospital in Dublin British commander to give the rebel leaders each garrison. One tally of the were expected — as set out in the constitution and starting the first mass immunisation his call for an unconditional capitulation. breakdown of men and women who — to become proficient with rifles. programme for Irish children. When O’Farrell and Greman were reunited fought there is as follows: Documents held in the Military Archives In many cases, especially in the early with the wounded Connolly, he was said to in Dublin report on Cumann women such as stages of the fighting, baffled British officers have exclaimed: “When I was lying there in Men Women Total Lily O’Connor being “highly proficient in the simply told the women rebels to “go home”. the lane I thought of how often the two of GPO 412 60 472 use of a range of weapons including Webley, When British soldiers ran into Citizen you went up and down there and nothing Boland’s Mills 284 0 284 Colt and Smith & Wesson revolvers”. Army member Jenny Shanahan while they ever happened to ye!” Cabra Bridge 13 0 13 It was clear: In the event of the shooting were storming City Hall, they mistook her Margaret Skinnider was the daughter City Hall 41 8 49 starting, young women like Lily were not to for an innocent bystander. The quick think- of Irish immigrant parents and grew up in Four Courts 286 34 320 cry out and look to the protection of the near- ing Shanahan immediately played the role Lanarkshire in Scotland. She joined Cumann Jacob’s Factory 180 11 191 est Irishman. They were to stand and fight. assigned to her by the tommies and warned na mBan after becoming involved in the Magazine Fort 12 0 12 There were casualties. Nurse Margaretta them that there was a large, well-armed Suffrage movement in Glasgow and then met Marrowbone Lane 116 21 137 Keogh was shot dead in the initial, confused force of rebels on the roof. The soldiers Countess Markievicz in Dublin. Mendicity Institute 25 0 25 fighting at the South Dublin Union. A nurse halted their storming of the building for Skinnider started smuggling explosives Roe’s Distillery 19 0 19 in the Union, she had rushed to tend to her several hours. and detonators to Dublin from Scotland St Stephen’s Green 92 16 108 patients when the shooting started. Volun- Across the burning city, in Easter 1916, (sometimes, she later recalled, the smaller South Dublin Union 68 0 68 teer commander Eamon Ceannt hailed the in all the garrisons and posts (except de components went in her hat). She later said Enniscorthy 216 35 251 Carlow woman as “the first martyr of the Valera’s Boland’s Mills) scores of women she joined the struggle because the Repub- Fingal Volunteers 37 3 40 Rising”. stood and fought, ran dangerous missions or lican Proclamation promised equal rights Galway 105 6 111 Ten men and nine women, under the acted as vital support. When the surrender for women. Other combatants 10 9 19 command of Abbey actor Seán Connolly, came, they marched off to prison with their Ironically, since she became a sniper in tried to shoot their way through the gates brothers in arms. Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 7 PROFILE CONSTANCE MARKIEVICZ Aristocratic leader of men

The 1916 story sought a handy Joan of Arc figure and this daughter of the gentrified world fitted the bill, writes Conor Mulvagh

T is perhaps predictable to SNAPSHOT Gonne’s Inghinidhe na hÉireann. In 1909, focus on the figure of Constance alongside Bulmer Hobson, she founded Markievicz when considering CONSTANCE MARKIEVICZ Fianna Éireann, a republican boy-scouts the role of women in the Irish Born: Constance Gore-Booth, organisation. Its members, mostly boys Revolution. Markievicz was 4 February 1868, London from Dublin’s most economically deprived I one of the most identifiable neighbourhoods, developed a deep and iconic female revolutionaries of Educated: Slade School of Art, personal devotion to their Chief Scout, the period. To her supporters, she was London; Académie Julien, Paris Madame Markievicz, and she actively selfless and principled; she had foregone Affiliation: Irish Citizen Army/ encouraged their harassment of the rival a life of comfort and opulence in order IRB/Cumann na mBan Baden Powell Scouts and Boys’ Brigade to champion the causes of labour and members. republicanism; and she had suffered Career: Painter, activist, MP, Markievicz had added socialism to her for it. To her detractors, and there have Minister for Labour expanding range of political interests been several, she has been denigrated Died: 15 July 1927, Sir Patrick when she joined the Women’s Workers both for her gender and her class. She Dun’s Hospital, Dublin Union in 1911. Arrest that year for anti- has been singled out as the aristocrat monarchist activities was followed by who descended from the gentrified world experience of police violence during the of her youth and hogged the limelight, a ‘bad mother’ has been levelled at 1913 Lockout. Further eschewing the posing as a diva among Dublin’s poor, both Markievicz by many of her detractors. preconceptions of her gender, she later during the 1913 Lockout and in the 1916 However, it is interesting that Constance became one of the only women to take a Rising. Constance Markievicz has posed a herself was raised by a governess for much full command and combat role in the Irish challenge both to her contemporaries and of her youth and the same criticism has Citizen Army. to later biographers: she is anomalistic not been levelled at her parents. Equally, In 1916 itself, Markievicz has been among Ireland’s leading revolutionaries among the Easter rebels, none of the criticised for the killing of an unarmed both in terms of her class and her gender. fathers who went out knowing the risks of policeman and for taking credit for the Born in London to the prominent Anglo- their struggle have had the same criticism actions of the Irish Citizen Army around Irish Gore-Booth Family of Lissadell, Co hang over them. Consider Connolly, St Stephen’s Green when it was Michael Sligo, Constance was the eldest of five Ceannt, Mallin, and MacDonagh. All Mallin and not her who was in command. children. Her prowess in horsemanship left behind bereaved wives with young On the latter charge, it should be borne is something still celebrated at Lissadell families. It speaks to the preconceptions in mind that Mallin had tried to avoid today with photographs demonstrating of gender and motherhood both then and detection as garrison commander when her equestrian ability on display. now that this criticism has stubbornly his unit surrendered. He had four young Underlining the position of the Gore- adhered to Markievicz’s legacy. children and his wife was pregnant with So what place does Constance Booths in society, at 19 Constance made A variety of explanations and a fifth. It is a compelling theory that Markievicz have in Irish history? All her debut in high society being presented turning points have been identified in Markievicz’s highly theatrical surrender revolutions are subjected to retrospective to Queen Victoria. A grand tour of the Markievicz’s political awakening: the may have been calculated to detract mythologisation. Likewise, all states and continent deepened Constance’s interest Boer War, encountering suffrage in attention from him. When Mallin’s nations craft their foundation narratives. in art and, despite parental reluctance, London, the Anglo-Irish literary revival, daughter was born four months after her Think of America’s 1776, of France’s 1789, at 25 she entered art college in London. encountering Russian oppression on two father’s execution, her mother christened of Russia’s 1917, and of the cultural and Student life exposed her to new ideas. summers home with Casimir, the list the child Mary Constance. civic importance of Germany’s unification The historian Senia Paseta notes how, goes on. Underlining her rejection of her It is unnecessary to go through the well- in 1870 and of its re-unification in 1990. when she returned to Sligo from London, background and her dual commitment to worn but nonetheless remarkable story Foundation narratives do not have to be Constance founded the Sligo Women’s feminism and nationalism, around 1908 of Markievicz from 1916 through to her triumphs, nations can be forged through Suffrage Society. Markievicz joined Sinn Féin and Maud election as the first female MP in British adversity. Ireland’s 1916 was transformed Art also brought new people into history to the crowning achievement from defeat into a triumph of failure. This her life. In 1898, further study in art of being granted one of eight has created two 1916s, one historical and brought her to Paris. There she met cabinet portfolios when De Valera one which is theatrical, elegiac, mythic. a fellow art student, a member of the announced the first Republican The former can never fully be recovered, Polish nobility, recently widowed cabinet in April 1919. As Minister the latter can never fully be unravelled. with a young son but, at 25, six years for Labour, Markievicz’s ministry What does all this have to do with her junior. Casimir Dunin-Markievicz was no mere window dressing. With Constance Markievicz, the daughter married Constance in 1900 and, after a staff largely comprised of women of aristocrats who turned on her own a difficult birth, their only daughter, and an office that prided itself class and died a pauper? I would argue Maeve, was born in 1901. Like her on never having been discovered, that, in assembling Ireland’s foundation step-brother Stanislaus, Maeve spent the Ministry of Labour proved narrative out of the rubble of 1916 and much of her infant years being reared highly successful in dealing with all that followed, Markievicz presented a by her grandmother and a governess arbitration cases and related unique opportunity for the myth makers. at Lissadell. Once Constance’s industrial relations issues. This was Certainly there had been women casualties political life took off in 1908, Maeve at a time when other departments of of the Rising, they numbered among the was left almost permanently in the Countess Markievicz arriving at Liberty Hall marking the revolutionary government were wounded and the dead but, out of these, care of Lady Gore-Booth. the return of Irish Republican prisoners in June 1917. coming in for harsh criticism for no martyr was found. Borrowing from the Interestingly, the charge of being UCD ARCHIVES PETER PAUL GALLIGAN PAPERS inefficiency and disorganisation. French national tradition, what the Easter

8 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 PROFILE

From left: Constance Markievicz as a debutante in 1886, stirring soup in the Liberty Hall kitchen and with a revolver.

COURTESY OF: KILMAINHAM GAOL MUSEUM (17PC-1K43-08); SOUTH DUBLIN LIBRARIES HET LEVEN COLLECTION; SOUTH DUBLIN LIBRARIES JOHN MULLEN COLLECTION

Below: Eva Gore-Booth with her sister, Constance Markievicz

‘Comrades’ Eva Gore-Booth The peaceful night that round me flows, Breaks through your iron prison doors, Free through the world your spirit goes, Forbidden hands are clasping yours. The wind is our confederate, The night has left her doors ajar, We meet beyond earth’s barred gate, Where all the world’s wild Rebels are.

AN ASSESSMENT DR LUCY COLLINS

EVA GORE-BOOTH, poet and activist, was the sister of Constance Markievicz. Both women rejected their privileged upbringing in different ways: Constance became a revolutionary 1916 story needed was a Joan of Arc, a Kathleen Lynn, Margaret Skinnider, debated 1927 Juries Bill. She lived on until nationalist while Eva Liberty storming the barricades, ideally Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, and Madeleine the 25th anniversary of the Rising in 1941. chose pacifism and social reform. immortalised in some sort of Hibernicised ffrench-Mullen. One who is worth Constance Markievicz became valuable Though the sisters disagreed on the Delacroix painting. They found it in a rebel examining briefly here is Jennie Wyse to propagandists because she was subject of violent rebellion, ‘Comrades’ Countess. Power. Ten years Markievicz’s senior, Wyse dead. Unlike Lynn, Skinnider, Sheehy powerfully expresses their deep personal Markievicz was perfect in many ways. Power was a veteran of the Ladies’ Land Skeffington, or ffrench-Mullen, she bond — its simplicity reflects the poet’s She had been handed down a death League, she campaigned in the first Sinn could not speak back and pose awkward need to speak of feelings unfettered by sentence; she had been dramatic in her Féin by-election of 1908. Before the Rising, questions about what the revolution had the descriptive detail of everyday life. surrender and arrest; and she had been she ran a vegetarian restaurant on Henry achieved in terms of gender equality. After Night, traditionally a time for poetic a leader of men. Unlike the women of Street which became a focal point for all 1927, Markievicz was exactly where those reflection on mortality, offers release; Cumann na mBan who shades of advanced politics who crafted the mythologised 1916 wanted single syllable words aptly express the had been consigned to in the city. Indicating the her — she could be seen but not heard. flow of emotion across all obstacles and the roles of cooks, nurses, proximity of Jennie Wyse the convergence of these two lives. and messengers, she Power to the leadership The sisters were convinced of their “ Dr Conor Mulvagh is a lecturer was an equal and not a Markievicz became of the IRB, it was in her power to communicate telepathically in Irish History at the School of subordinate. However, this restaurant that the leaders since childhood, and here their valuable to propagandists History at University College was only half the reason of the Rising signed the instinctive closeness finds poetic form. Dublin (UCD) with special Markievicz best fit the bill. because she was dead. Proclamation. In the spirit of love and solidarity responsibility for the Decade of She had also died relatively After independence the poem charts a move beyond earthly Unlike Lynn, Skinnider, Commemorations. He is the author of early on, in 1927, before however, Wyse Power lived states towards spiritual transcendence ‘Irish Days, Indian Memories - VV Giri the paint had dried on the Sheehy Skeffington, or on. A leading pro-treaty — the place of pure feeling where and Indian Law Students at University canvass of Ireland’s “four Cumann na mBan member, idealists unite. ffrench-Mullen, she could College Dublin, 1913-16’, which launches glorious years.” she became a Cumann na today. Dr Mulvagh is co-ordinating Roy Foster has recently not speak back and pose nGaedheal senator in 1922 Globalising the Rising, a conference Dr Lucy Collins is a lecturer in examined the lives of but broke from the party awkward questions taking place in UCD tomorrow and English at University College revolutionary women after in 1925. As an independent Saturday, February 5th and 6th, which Dublin (UCD). She is the curator independence. Eclipsed about what the revolution senator, she railed against will consider the impact and legacy of of ‘Reading 1916’, launching behind Markievicz were economically and gender- had achieved in terms 1916 on global political systems: www. tomorrow night, an exhibition a host of other women regressive legislation ucd.ie/centenaries/events-calendar at UCD Special Collections activists, among them of gender equality including the hotly-

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 9 FEATURE

Mater Hospital archivist and historian Sister Eugene Nolan with some of the records from 1916 held at the hospital, including (inset left) the post- mortem report of the hero of Ashbourne, Thomas Ashe. MARK CONDREN Rebels at the heart of Mater Hospital staff conspired to protect Volunteers from arrest, finds Kim Bielenberg

T was the scene of an audacious some of those who were wounded were accounts of how McCrea was able to get which was involved in the Easter week escape as nurses took pity on civilians. away. According to the nun’s witness battle at Ashbourne. wounded volunteers. The Mater As the nun’s witness statement puts statement, the escape happened when He had been released from prison Hospital in Dublin’s north it: “One of the badly wounded, Margaret a nurse distracted the police guard by after the Rising, but was rearrested for inner city was close to some Nolan, a forewoman in Jacob’s factory, asking him into the kitchen to have dinner. sedition before he went on hunger strike in I of the fiercest fighting during died that day, as also did James Kelly, a According to McCrea’s own account in Mountjoy. the Rising, and was to play a role in its schoolboy who was shot through the skull. the Bureau of Military History, there were After he was force-fed in jail, he took aftermath when the hero of Ashbourne, Another schoolboy, John Healy, aged 14, two policemen guarding him, and a nurse ill and was taken to the Mater in an Thomas Ashe, died there. a member of the Fianna whose brain was called Joy took the pair of them to the ambulance. As the nurse recalled in her In the old part of the hospital, the hanging all over his forehead when he was pantry for a drink, making out she was witness statement: “About 10 o’clock that Mater’s archivist and historian Sr Eugene brought in, died after two days.” fond of them. night a great change came over him and Nolan shows me some of the records, Dealing with Volunteer casualties had According to both accounts, while we knew he was dying.” including a doctor’s log, where medical to be handled with political sensitivity, the police were distracted by one nurse, In the Mater archives, Sr Eugene staff registered as they arrived for work according to Sr Eugene. At the time, the another sister led McCrea along a corridor showed me the autopsy report for Ashe, day-by-day. For Easter week 1916, each day Mater was also treating troops who had down into the mortuary where she let him immaculately written in blue ink. is blank: just one word is scrawled across been injured in the First World War. out an exit door onto the street. McCrea Ashe’s body was laid out in the hospital the bottom next to the date, April 24: “Nurses helped to protect the wounded was put in a car and driven to Wicklow. in a Volunteer uniform with the head of “Riots!!” volunteers from police,” says Sr Eugene. Sr Eugene says there were other similar the bed draped in a tricolour — as up to Sr Nolan says: “The surgeon Alexander One of the wounded rebels in the incidents in Dublin hospitals. On one 30,000 people came to pay respects. Blayney was on duty that week and never hospital was Patrick McCrea, who had occasion, a Volunteer was hidden in a The British authorities later complained left the hospital. He was operating day and been fighting in the GPO, and was shot female ward, and a nurse attached plaits of the republican leanings of hospital night.” twice — first in a skirmish on Jervis Street, to his head to make him look like a staff. One policeman wrote in a letter: One of the Sisters of Mercy who and then as he crossed the street near the woman. “The community of nuns who manage this was there in Easter Week left a vivid GPO. In all, 75 people were taken to the Mater hospital, the majority of the medical staff, anonymous account in a statement to McCrea was conveyed to the hospital during the Rising, of whom 25 died. the nurses and practically all the staff are the Bureau of Military History. She covered up in a cart-load of cabbages. Most casualties were Volunteers, but Sinn Féiners or Sinn Féin sympathisers. describes the difficulties faced by Dr Once inside the hospital, he was as one of the Sisters recalled: “There was The Superioress is definitely hostile to the Blayney when the gas and electricity were recognised by a policeman, and a constant one looter brought in. He was very drunk Police.” cut off. guard of one or two officers was put and wearing a couple of suits of clothes The Mater was regularly raided by the “He had to operate by the light of outside his room. and was in possession of many other Black and Tans, looking for hidden IRA candles brought from the sacristy. There He was due to be transferred by the accessories including a toy revolver which men. was no sterilisation of instruments or authorities to the hospital at Dublin Castle was large enough to be taken for a real During one search, they lifted a cloth dressings as there was no boiling water and arrested, but the doctors and nursing one.” covering a parrot cage and the disturbed available…” staff conspired to stop this happening. The Mater was at the centre of media bird let out an almighty shriek. The Black The Mater did not receive any casualties One medical student even suggested that attention in the year after the Rising and Tans fell to the ground in terror, on the first day of the Rising, but on the police guard should be chloroformed. following the hunger strike of Thomas thinking they were the target of an attack. Tuesday, there was a sudden influx, and There are slight variations in the Ashe, commander of the 5th battalion, The nuns just stood by and laughed.

10 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 SOCIETY IRELAND IN 1916 Catholicism had strong hold

Irish people’s everyday lives were shaped by church teachings, writes Fergus Cassidy

N 1916 over 98pc of the island’s population were members of four main religious denominations. According to the 1911 census returns, the membership of those I churches was accounted for as follows: Roman Catholic 73.8pc; Church of Ireland 13.1pc, Presbyterian 10pc and Methodist 1.4pc. Once baptised, which was usually within days following birth, the other major moments of a person’s life — education, marriage, and death — were shaped by the laws and teachings of their church. Covering almost three-quarters of the population, Catholic practice centred on the parish, the church and the school. In 1911 there were 15,397 priests, nuns, monks and brothers engaged in this and other work. Those numbers were a 21pc increase from the 1901 census. Nuns managed schools, hospitals, orphanages and homes for the aged. It was a devotional culture, with practices such as the Forty Hour Adoration, Blessed Sacramentals, Novena of Grace, First Fridays, May Devotions and Stations of the Cross. Particularly popular was devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and to Mary, the Mother of God. The Queen Mary meets the nuns at Maynooth College in Kildare during a visit in July 1911. GETTY IMAGES Mass liturgy was conducted in Latin, and fasting from midnight was a requirement biscuit makers Jacobs, and the Bewley and all the men go to Father Letheby’s Relationships between the two main for receiving communion. The Knights of family. confessional. The old women and the little religious denominations became strained Columbanus, an order of Catholic laymen Catholic children were instructed in the children come to me. They don’t mind an after 1908 following the worldwide decree was founded in Belfast in 1915, and groups articles of faith based around the question occasional growl, which will escape me on marriage issued by Pope Pius X. The such as the Pioneer Total Abstinence and answer format of the Catechism (see sometimes. Indeed, they say they’d rather Ne Temere (‘not rashly’) decree sought to Society had a large membership. panel). Canon PA Sheehan, parish priest of hear one roar from the ‘ould man’ than if regulate canon law on Roman Catholic The Church of Ireland also campaigned Doneraile, Co Cork, wrote about confession Father Letheby, ‘wid his gran’ accent’, was marriage, which from 1785 stated that a on alcohol use. In 1900 the Irish Women’s of sin in 1899: “And so the young girls preaching forever.” marriage did not have to be celebrated Temperance Union was set up expanding by a Catholic priest to be recognised. Ne to 87 branches throughout the country. EXTRACTS FROM THE CATHOLIC CATECHISM (1891) Temere reversed this and stated that “... a The following year the Church of Ireland mixed marriage performed by anyone but a Temperance Society was launched. The Q. Who made the parents, and in which we 2. To fast and abstain Catholic priest is invalid in the eyes of God church was disestablished in 1869, ending world? were conceived and born on the days and his Church”. The priest was expected to its position as the state church, but it A. God made the world. children of wrath. commanded. be from the bride’s parish and the marriage maintained and strengthened its numbers Q. Who is God? Q. Who were our first 3. To confess our sins at had to be witnessed. over the following decades. It provided A. God is the Creator parents? least once a year. In 1911 Cardinal Logue, Archbishop Bible and Sunday School classes and set and Sovereign Lord of A. Our first parents were 4. To receive worthily of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, up the Young Men’s Christian Association heaven and earth and of Adam and Eve, the first the Blessed Eucharist responded to the changed situation: “If the (YMCA), and a Women’s Association. all things. man and woman. at Easter, or within the decree Ne Temere attains one object, Protestant clergy numbered 2,657 in Q. How many Gods are Q. Are there any other time appointed; that is which is no doubt among those chiefly 1911. Almost two-thirds of Protestants there? Commandments besides from Ash Wednesday to intended by the Holy Father, the cessation recorded in the census lived in Ulster, with A. There is but one God, the Ten Commandments Ascension Thursday... or a decrease of mixed marriages, it will 96pc of Presbyterians lived in the northern who will reward the good of God? 5. To contribute to the confer inestimable blessing on Roman province. The Jewish population grew from and punish the wicked. A. Besides the support of our pastors. Catholics.” 1,500 in 1901 to 5,101 (0.1pc of population), Q. What is sin? commandments of 6. Not to solemnise The burial places of the dead were based mainly in Dublin where a community A. Sin is any wilful God there are the marriage at the forbidden also determined by religion, largely due grew up around Portobello and the South thought, word, deed, or commandments or times — nor to marry to which church controlled a particular Circular Road. Many were immigrants omission contrary to the precepts of the Church, persons within the graveyard. As most were owned by religious from eastern Europe. The Religious Society law of God. which are chiefly six. forbidden decrees of organisations, preference was given first of Friends, known as Quakers, numbered Q. What is original sin? 1. To hear Mass on kindred — nor otherwise to members of that church, with many 2,480 in 1991. Members were very involved A. Original sin is the sin Sundays and all holidays prohibited by the Church graveyards, over time, appearing to be in education and business — including we inherit from our first of obligation — not clandestinely. divided in two.

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 11 WOMEN IN 1916 Women, suffrage and class

The groundwork for equality was laid well before events of 1916, writes Mary McAuliffe

ROM the mid-19th century, especially in 1884, when women were middle-class suffrage women not included in the Reform Act which in Ireland campaigned for the extended the male franchise. One of right to vote on the same basis their successes came in 1898 when the as men. As well as seeking the Local Government (Ireland) Act allowed F right to vote, they supported certain women to vote in and sit on rural changes to legislation on married women’s and urban district councils and on town property rights, they sought access to commissions. third level education and an improvement However, by the early years of the in the conditions for middle-class working 20th century, suffrage activists began women. to become more radical and militant. A major campaign which many of the In 1908 Hanna Sheehy Skeffington early suffrage pioneers were engaged and Margaret Cousins set up the Irish with was the campaign to repeal the Women’s Franchise League (IWFL), which Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866, represented a new generation of suffrage and 1869. In an effort to combat the activists who had lost patience with the spread of venereal diseases, especially moderate, reformist tactics with the older among the members of the armed suffrage organisations, and, influenced forces, the government introduced such by the militancy of the British Women’s stringent controls on women suspected of Social and Political Union (WSPU), were prostitution that middle-class women felt determined to push their ideology of it reinforced the sexual double standard ‘Suffrage First, before all else’. and undermined the civil liberties of More radical and outspoken than all women. Belfast-based Isabella Tod, previous suffrage groups initially, its main educator and reformer, and Dublin-based aim was to achieve female suffrage within suffragette Anna Haslam were active in the context of the campaign for Home the Ladies’ National Association which Rule. Despite the support of individual was founded in 1869 to members, John Redmond’s campaign for repeal of the Irish Parliamentary Party Acts. (IPP) was, in general, Because of her work on In Dublin“in not in favour of female axe which missed him and grazed John working-class IWWU women worked the campaign Tod became suffrage. However, Redmond. The women, Mary Leigh and together in the soup kitchen in Liberty convinced of the necessity 1876, Anna the IWFL launched a Gladys Evans, were arrested, imprisoned Hall. However, working-class women did of female participation in Haslam determined campaign to and went on hunger strike. Despite the fact not, in general, join the IWFL, as Helena the public realm, and in have the right of women that many of the Irish women resented Molony later said, there grew “a deep 1872 she set up the first (pictured) to the vote included in the intrusion of WSPU members in Irish feeling of social consciousness and revolt Irish suffrage group, the founded the third Home Rule Bill. affairs, Sheehy Skeffington and other among women of a more favoured class, Northern Ireland Society In order to stabilise its IWFL members in prison at the time went [which] passed over the heads of the Irish for Women’s Suffrage the Dublin political alliance with the on a sympathetic hunger strike. The IWFL working woman and left her untouched”. Committee. In Dublin, Women’s Suffrage Society Liberals and secure the women were not force-fed while on hunger Rather the more radical middle-class in 1876, Anna Haslam passage of Home Rule, the strike and were soon released, but Sheehy suffrage campaigners began to lean left founded the Dublin Women’s Suffrage IPP refused, in March 1912, to support a Skeffington did lose her job as a German in their thinking, and influenced by the Society, which later became known as conciliation Bill in the House of Commons teacher because of her imprisonment. thinking and support of James Connolly, the Irishwomen’s Suffrage and Local which would have granted a limited By 1913 militancy was dying down, and most of them joined the IWWU and, later, Government Association. female franchise. the suffrage movement was becoming the Irish Citizen Army. While there were suffrage societies and The following month, when the third more engaged with the labour movement. By late 1914 the largest women’s groups in most urban centres in Ireland, Home Rule Bill was introduced, it did Members of the IWFL had taken an organisation in the country was nationalist the number of women, mostly protestant not include a provision for the female increasing interest in the plight of women rather than feminist in orientation. In and middle class, actively engaged in franchise. In response the IWFL stepped workers, and, in 1911, Sheehy Skeffington April 1914, Cumann na mBan was founded suffrage campaigning remained small up its militant campaign. Chaining and Countess Markievicz shared a with the aim of creating an organisation through the later 19th century. They themselves to railings and breaking platform with Delia and James Larkin where advanced nationalist women could were reformist rather than militant and windows in public buildings including at the launch the female trade union, the work for the cause of Ireland. Its manifesto used the ‘soft’ campaigning techniques Dublin Castle, the GPO and Custom Irish Women Worker’s Union (IWWU). initially spoke of funding and “arming a of letter-writing, organising drawing House, led to a swift response from the Here Markievicz declared that while body of men” for the defence of Ireland. room meetings, gathering signatures authorities. Several activists, including women may not have the vote a “union This seeming auxiliary status to the Irish on petitions, contributing to supportive Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, found such as now being formed will not alone Volunteers did not endear it to suffrage publications, issuing pamphlets and co- themselves arrested and imprisoned. help you obtain better wages, but will also activists. The Irish Citizen condemned operating with their English counterparts. In July 1912, two members of the WSPU be a means of helping you get votes”. its “crawling servility to the men”, while They supported the introduction of private travelled to Dublin to protest at a visit of During the Lockout of 1913 many of Sheehy Skeffington described Cumann members’ bills in the House of Commons, Prime Minister Asquith. They threw an the middle-class IWFL women and the na mBan as little more than “animated

12 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 WOMEN IN 1916 Second class citizens in health of the nation Improvements were experienced unevenly, writes Susannah Riordan

EVELS of health in Ireland improved enormously in the 30 years before the Easter Rising. However, the health of poor women and children, L especially infants, gave cause for concern. Rates of smallpox vaccination were high and incidences comparatively low. The numbers of deaths from scarlet fever, typhus, and gastro-enteritis (the main killer of infants) were all falling. Tuberculosis was an anomaly. Ireland was one of the few developed countries in which the tuberculosis mortality rate was not falling. In 1911 the disease still accounted for 13pc of all deaths. Better health reflected many social changes. Measures had been taken by local authorities to address public and environmental health. Access to medical services and information about preserving health were becoming more widespread. But a general rise in household income was probably the most important Children play in a street in Belfast, where, in 1909, the death rate was 18.2 per 1,000. development. The old age pension, introduced in During the early years of the 20th with the traditional methods they had 1909, made a valuable contribution to century there was a new interest in the learned from their own mothers. Such family resources and may have improved health of mothers and children. This arose advice may even have a detrimental effect, conditions for every age group, not just the from widespread European concern about making practices like breast-feeding more over-70s who were entitled to claim it. In national deterioration and a growing regimented and therefore more difficult 1911, the National Insurance Act provided realisation that infant deaths could and and unattractive. maternity benefits for wives of insured should be prevented. Statistics reveal one major peculiarity workers. In 1915, 44,318 mothers — nearly In Ireland, the official response was about women’s own health at this time. half of those who gave birth — received unenthusiastic. There was also strong Usually, other things being equal, this. It did not, of course, help the families local opposition to raising rates and women enjoy a longer lifespan. In 1911, of uninsured workers or the unemployed. taxes and religious suspicion of measures life expectancy for Irishwomen was 54.1 Higher incomes led to better nutrition. which intruded on the family. The years, compared with 53.6 years for men. Female Irish This meant greater resistance to disease vacuum was filled by pioneering women’s In England and Wales at this time, the Republican and a greater chance of recovery. It also organisations, both nationalist and difference was close to four years. supporters helped women to survive complications unionist. Strangely, it was only rural women who pose for a from childbirth. Deaths in childbirth fell Maud Gonne became a champion of lacked an obvious female advantage. This photograph from 6.18 per 1,000 in 1900 to 4.87 in 1920 school meals for poor children when suggests that while rural women were with an Irish but remained greatest among those who legislation to provide this service was becoming healthier, they were less healthy tricolour to were poor and badly-fed. not extended to Ireland. She founded than they should have been. publicise a Health improvements were experienced the Ladies School Dinner Committee in This can’t be explained by the large size meeting in unevenly throughout the country. Life in 1911 and provided meals for 400 Dublin of Irish families. In 1911, 36pc of married June 1916. rural areas was much healthier than cities schoolchildren. The Committee also women had seven children or more and GETTY IMAGES due to fewer environmental hazards, lower lobbied for Irish legislation. This was this had an impact on their health, aging incidences of infectious disease, better passed in 1914 and soon 4,000 Dublin them prematurely. But, though women collecting boxes”. housing and access to better-quality food. children were being fed in national and in towns and cities had access to better The IWFL was unwilling to accept Dublin had the highest overall death convent schools. maternal healthcare, big families were the nation first ideology of Cumann na rate of any city in Britain and Ireland. In 1907, Lady Aberdeen, the viceroy’s equally common. Nor can the phenomenon mBan despite the fact that many suffrage While this was declining, the impact was wife, set up the Women’s National Health be explained by harder physical labour in activists were on its executive. However mainly felt among the wealthier classes. Association (WNHA) to educate women the countryside. as Cumann na mBan grew in urban and In 1909, the overall death rate in the about preventing disease through better Historians have suggested that in other rural areas many suffrage campaigners affluent southern suburbs was 16 per 1,000 hygiene and nutrition. It established societies where there is little or no female and members of the IWFL joined, and compared with 24.7 per 1,000 in the north mother and baby clubs in Dublin and advantage, it is due to cultural factors. If although initially middle-class, by 1915 it inner city. Belfast and, most importantly, made free a low social value is placed on girls and had become a cross-class organisation. In Belfast, the death rate was 18.2 or cheap pasteurised milk available to women, they may have less access to scarce Despite their class difference and per 1,000 in 1909. However, the linen mothers. resources. Did girls have less access to arguments, most especially their debates mills, which mainly employed young Partly due to WNHA lobbying, local food and healthcare than their brothers in about suffrage first or nation first, the women and girls, were associated with authorities were empowered to ensure late 19th and early 20th-century Ireland? women in Cumann na mBan, the IWWU, a range of respiratory illnesses. Many that all births were registered. In Or, did feeding the men and children the Irish Citizen Army and the IWFL contemporaries believed they were 1915 registration became compulsory. before sitting down to eat herself leave co-operated on many issues including responsible for Belfast’s unusually high Consequently, local authorities were able the Irish country mother dangerously resistance to any move to introduce death rate from tuberculosis among young to identify poorer mothers — and it was undernourished? conscription in Ireland once war broke women. Given the unreliability of urban inevitably poorer mothers — who were out in 1914. The influence in the activism milk supplies, the inability of millworkers thought to be in need of advice on caring Dr Susannah Riordan and ideologies of these women can be to breast-feed for as long as other women for their new babies. lectures in Modern Irish best seen in the inclusion of the promise may also have contributed to infant deaths Historians are divided about whether the History in the UCD School of full citizenship in the Proclamation of in the city. drive to educate women about motherhood of History. She is co- 1916. There were great discrepancies in infant had much of an impact. Instructions editor, with Dr Catherine mortality rates between city and town and from well-meaning middle-class social Dr Mary McAuliffe lectures on Cox, of ‘Adolescence in between classes. In 1901, 150 infants died workers were often unrealistic. Hygiene gender history at UCD Modern Irish per thousand live births in urban areas, was difficult to maintain by even the most Women’s Studies. She is History’ (1915) and co-editor, with compared with 74 in rural areas. A baby house-proud mother on a small farm or in a co-author of the forthcoming Professor Diarmaid Ferriter, of born into a labourer’s family was 17 times tenement. Simple, nutritious food was not book ‘Realists and Idealists: ‘Years of Turbulence: The Irish more likely to die within a year than one always available or affordable. 77 women of the Easter Rising’. Revolution and Its Aftermath’ born into a professional household. Women may have resented interference

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 13 PROFILE

Michael Mallin (left) and Darragh Gannon at the National Museum of Ireland.

STEVE HUMPHREYS

MICHAEL MALLIN ‘I am prepared’

Darragh Gannon on the Commandant who claimed to be a mere foot soldier at the St Stephen’s Green garrison

HE words, ‘I am prepared’, SNAPSHOT were among the last written by Michael Mallin to his MICHAEL MALLIN wife Agnes hours before Born: 1 December 1874, Dublin his execution. Lightly-worn T within an emotional final Educated: Denmark Street NS letter, they are nonetheless thought Affiliation: Irish Socialist Party/ provoking, for an assessment of Michael Irish Citizen Army Mallin’s 1916 Rising is essentially a question of preparation, indeed questions. Career: Soldier, weaver, trade Was Michael Mallin organisationally unionist prepared as Chief of Staff of the Irish Died: 8 May 1916, Kilmainham Jail Citizen Army? Was he militarily prepared as Commandant of the St Stephen’s Green garrison? Was Mallin personally prepared Shelbourne Hotel, the dominant building to face death after the Rising? overlooking the garrison, leaving the Born in Dublin, Mallin joined the British rebels fatally exposed. Machine gun fire Army Royal Scots Fusiliers at 15 in 1889. from British positions in the hotel had, by He served as a drummer for the majority Tuesday, forced the rebels into the nearby of his time in uniform (1891-1902), and Royal College of Surgeons from where they saw military action in India. On his return surrendered that Sunday. Mallin, on the to Ireland he became secretary of the miscalculation of both garrison numbers Silk Weavers’ Union and a member of the and military tactics, was unprepared for ITGWU. the battle. Mallin was appointed as Irish Citizen Michael Mallin was sentenced to death Army Chief of Staff by James Connolly in by field court martial on 5 May 1916. October 1914. He had much to recommend Unlike Patrick Pearse, he had clearly not him. Under his leadership, the ICA became prepared psychologically for this eventuality. a much more disciplined body than before, During his trial Mallin denied holding with members committing to regular, any commission in the ICA; having prior timely drill sessions. Countess Markievicz knowledge of plans for a Rising; or being joined in several training exercises. Never in the confidence of James Connolly. He as well armed as the Irish Volunteers, claimed to have been a mere foot soldier in St the ICA availed of Mallin’s contacts in Stephen’s Green, acting under the command Richmond Barracks to secure rifles, of Countess Markievicz during Easter Week. later joining the Volunteers in shooting Brian Hughes, his biographer, has competitions. His military strategies and termed his misrepresentations a tactics evidenced flexible preparation. He “particularly dishonourable” attempt to joined Connolly in delivering lectures on avoid the firing squad. The distress of street fighting and defensive warfare but leaving his wife and four, soon to be five, also illustrated the advantages of guerrilla children to face into life without a husband warfare in a number of articles. and father, may have accounted for Michael Mallin was appointed Mallin’s uncharacteristic behaviour. Commandant of the St Stephen’s Green garrison. Countess Markievicz became Dr Darragh Gannon, UCD, is his second-in-command later on Monday. currently Curatorial Researcher Their objective was to secure the Green. to the National Museum of On Mallin’s orders the rebels cleared it of Ireland’s ‘Proclaiming a Republic: civilians and dug defensive trenches at its the 1916 Rising’ exhibition four entrances. He declined to take the

14 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 4 February 2016 PROFILES

2 4 5

1 3

NINE 6 LIVES 7 Grainne Coyne on the artists

and political activists of the era 8 9

Born in Dublin in 1892, at 3 Born John Griffith Chaney * * * developed a reputation thanks joined up at the outbreak of the 18 Rosie Hackett helped to in San Francisco, California to his bright red Fokker triplane First World War. In 1915 he was organise women protesting in 1876, Jack London was an 5 Michael Logue was leader and was nicknamed the “red serving as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1 at poor working conditions American activist, author and of the Catholic Church in Ireland baron,” and “diable rouge”. He the Scots Guards near Cambrin in the Jacob’s factory. She also journalist, best known for the for almost 37 years. Born in was credited with a total of 80 in France. A German mortar joined the ITGWU and two adventure novels The Call of Kilmacrennan, Co Donegal in victories before being shot down landed beside the trench he was weeks after the Jacob’s strike the Wild (1903) and White Fang 1840, Logue attended Maynooth over the Somme in 1918, where he stationed in, at which Boyd- she co-founded the Irish Women (1906). In 1893 he entered a where he earned the nickname died instantly. Rochfort warned his men, rushed Workers Union which set up a writing contest and won first ‘the Northern Star’. He was to the bomb, and hurled it over soup kitchen in Liberty Hall for prize. From there he decided to appointed Bishop of Raphoe * * * the parapet where it exploded those who were affected by the dedicate his life to writing short in 1879 where he was active in harmlessly. His quick-thinking 1913 Dublin Lockout. After losing stories and in 1899 he began famine relief and the temperance 7 Born Nikolai and bravery saved several lives her job in 1914, she joined the publishing stories in the Overland movement. In 1887 he became Aleksandrovich Romanov in 1868 and he was later promoted to Irish Citizen Army, and occupied Monthly. He published more than Archbishop of Armagh and Pushkin, Nicholas II was the captain. After the war he became St Stephen’s Green and the 50 books in his lifetime and died Primate of All Ireland, and was last Tsar of Russia. He inherited a racehorse trainer like his very College of Surgeons during the at his Californian ranch in 1916. later elevated to Cardinal. Logue the throne in 1894, but was not successful brother Cecil (who Rising. Hackett continued her publicly supported Home Rule officially crowned until 1896. He won 12 classics), and died in 1940. work in Liberty Hall and in 1970 * * * and the Anglo-Irish Treaty, faced immense criticism over was awarded a gold medal. She and issued a warning in 1917 to his actions on Bloody Sunday in * * * died in 1976, aged 82. 4 Known as ‘America’s priests who were beginning to 1905, where his troops opened Sweetheart’, Mary Pickford was flirt with Sinn Féin. However, fire on peaceful demonstrators 9 Born Margaret Gillespie in * * * an actress, producer and co- the following year he spoke out in St Petersburg. Further strikes 1878 at Boyle, Co. Roscommon, founder of United Artists along against conscription and helped and uprisings forced him to and marrying poet James Cousins 2 Born in 1870 in Paris, with Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas broker election deals between create an elected legislature, the in 1903, Margaret Cousins Georges Claude is best known Fairbanks Sr. Born Gladys Smith SF and the Irish Parliamentary Duma. He continued to resist was a committed activist and for his invention of the neon light. in 1892 in Toronto, Canada, she Party. He died in 1924. reform and even appointed suffragette in Ireland and India. In 1897 he discovered a safe way took the stage name of Mary himself commander-in-chief Cousins was involved in groups of transporting acetone, which Pickford during her Broadway * * * during the First World War. Riots such as the Irish Vegetarian helped expand the acetylene days. She made her debut in in 1917 led to full scale revolution Society and the Irish Women’s industry. He also proposed the The Warrens of Virginia (1915) 6 Baron Manfred von and he was forced to abdicate. He Franchise League. In 1910 she use of liquid oxygen in iron and soon after linked up with Richthofen earned fame in and his family were executed by was imprisoned for a month in smelting, but this wasn’t adopted head of the American Biograph World War One as an ace fighter the Bolsheviks in 1918. Holloway prison for suffragette until after the Second World Company, DW Griffith. She moved pilot. Born in 1892, he first served activity, and again in 1913 for War. His most famous discovery to California, married Fairbanks, as a German cavalry officer and * * * breaking Dublin Castle windows. came in 1910 when he found that and helped establish the Academy in the infantry before being She and James later moved to passing electrical current through of Motion Picture Arts and transferred to the Imperial Air 8 George Boyd-Rochfort India, where she became the first inert gases produces light, and Sciences in 1927, winning an Service in 1915. Despite some was a multi-decorated soldier, non-Indian member of the Indian from there he developed the neon Oscar for her first talkie, Coquette initial struggles with aircraft, including the highest award in Women’s University at Poona lamp for use in lighting and signs. in 1929. She was unable to Richtofen fought by plane at the British Army, the Victoria and in 1917 helped organise the He died in 1960 aged 89. recreate the same success she had the battle of Verdun. He became Cross. Born in 1880 in Middleton Women’s India Association. She with silent films, but continued to leader of the squadron known Park House, Co Westmeath, he was paralysed after a stroke in the * * * work as a producer. as the Flying Circus, where he was a noted jockey before he 1940s, and died in 1954.

LEARN MORE Irish Revolution by Cal McCarthy Réabhlóde is available Donncha O Dulaing UCD Special Collections, at (Collins Press 2007) on the TG4 player, interviews Nora UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4. READ... Q Revolutionary Lives: http://bit.ly/1RN7QKf Connolly O’Brien Q Realists and Idealists: 77 Constance and Casimir Q TG4’s excellent (left), Margaret DOWNLOAD... Women of the Easter Rising, Markievicz by Lauren documentary on Skinnider, Rosie Q Seven Women of the Labour by Mary McAuliffe and Liz Gillis Harlington, (Princeton Kathleen Lynn Hackett and others Movement by Sinéad McCoole. (Four Courts Press, 2016) University Press, 2016) is also available, who participated Free PDF booklet with Q Elizabeth O’Farrell by F. Q Michael Mallin by Brian http://bit. in the Rising, biographies of seven women Clarke and J. Quinn in 1916. Hughes (O’Brien Press 16 Lives, ly/1RN7QKf http://bit.ly/1PDwixh who served with the Irish Portraits and Lives by LW White 2012) Citizen Army in 1916: Kathleen and J Quinn (Dublin, 2015) Q Rosamund Jacob by Leeann LISTEN TO... VISIT... Lynn, Countess Markievicz, Q Events of Easter week by Lane, (UCD Press, 2010) Q Rebel Countess, RTÉ Q Reading 1916, Helena Molony, Winnie Carney, Elizabeth O’Farrell, Catholic radio documentary, an exhibition of books, Nora Connolly O’Brien, Margaret Bulletin, 7 (1917), 265–70, WATCH... http://bit.ly/1ZSpsn9 documents, private papers, Skinnider and Madeleine 329–34. Q TG4’s documentary on Q Women of the Revolution, periodicals and collected items ffrench-Mullen, http://bit. Q Cumann na mBan and the Cumann na mBan Mná na 1971 RTÉ documentary in which held in UCD Archives and in ly/1KEHXEH

Thursday 4 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 15 JOHN COSTELLO LAURENCE MULLIGAN PERCIVALHAVELOCKACHESON CHRISTOPHER JORDAN WILLIAM MULRANEY l JAMES ARTHUR MULVEY JAMESFRANCISADAMS JANE COSTELLO l THOMAS COUGHLAN THOMAS MORAN JOZÉ l JANE KANE MICHEAL MULVIHILL l EDWARD MURPHY l RICHARD MURPHY CLEMENT COURTNEY l THOMAS KEARSE COWLEY ERNEST KAVANAGH l CHARLES KAVANAGH JOHN MURPHY l GEORGINA MURPHY l CATHERINE MURPHY HENRYTHOMASWARDALLATTlTHOMASALLEN JOHN MURRAY l JOSEPHY MURRAY l DANIEL JOSEPH MURRAY l ANNIE MYERS RICHARD COXON l HENRY COYLE l JOHN COYLE l JULIA CRAWFORD MICHAEL KAVANAGH l ALEXANDER KEANE l JOHANNA KEARNS BRIDGETALLENlJOSEPHCHRISTOPHERANDREWS JOHN CREAVEN l JOHN CRENIGAN l CHARLES LOVE CROCKETT CORNELIUS KEATING l FRANCIS KEEGAN l JOHN KEELY l ALBERT KEEP MARGARET NAYLOR l JOHN NEAL l PATRICK NEALAN l JAMES CRAWFORD NEIL JOHN HERBERT ARMSTRONG l JOHN BALLANTYNE MARGARET KEHOE l LAURENCE KELLY l JAMES KELLY l DENIS KELLY GERALD ALOYSIUS NEILAN l MARY NEILL l ALBERT NEWLAND l JAMES NOLAN l MARGARET NOLAN JOHN CROMIEN l JOSEPH CULLEN l JAMES CUNNINGHAM MICHAEL NUNAN l ROBERT F. O’BEIRNE l JAMES O’BRIEN l JOHN O’CALLAGHAN l RICHARD O’CARROLL PATRICK KELLY l MARY KELLY l MARY KENNY l RICHARD KENT ALICE BAMBRICK l ARTHUR BANKS MARY CUNNINGHAM l ANDREW CHRISTOPHER CUNNINGHAM l FRANCIS CURLEY JOHN O’CONNOR l MICHAEL O’CONNOR l PATRICK O’CONNOR l ELLEN O’CONNOR l JOHN O’DONOGHUE THOMAS KENT l THOMAS KENYON l MICHAEL KEOGH l GERALD KEOGH FREDERICKCHARLESBANTINGlGEORGEWILLIAMBARKS HAROLD CHARLES DAFFEN l MARGARET DALY l EDWARD DALY l CHARLES DARCY JOHN O’DUFFY l RICHARD O’FLAHERTY l JOSEPH O’FLAHERTY l PATRICK JOSEPH O’FLANAGAN ERNEST DAVENPORT l CATHERINE DAVIS l JOHN DAWSON l PATRICK DERRICK JOHN KIRWAN l ALBERT JAMES KITCHEN CHARLES O’GORMAN l PATRICK O’GRADY l JOHN O’GRADY l EDWARD O’GRADY GEORGE WILLIAM BARNETT l HAROLD BARRATT HENRY KNOWLES l FRANCIS WILLIAM WHITE KNOX HARRY DICKINSON l THOMAS DICKSON l FREDERICK CHRISTIAN DIETRICHSEN MICHAEL O’HANRAHAN l MARTIN O’LEARY l WILLIAM O’NEILL l JOHN O’REILLY JOHN BARRATT l BRIDGET BARRY l WILLIAM BARTER MICHAEL LAHIFF l WILLIAM LANG RICHARD O’REILLY l THOMAS JOSEPH O’REILLY PATRICK BEALIN l JOHN BEIRNES l OSCAR BENTLEY PATRICK DIGNAM l ROBERT DILLON l HENRY CHARLES DIXEY PETER JOSEPH LAWLESS l CHRISTOPHER LAWLOR l MICHAEL LEAHY JAMES BLAYNEY l JOHN SAMUEL BLISSETT l JAMES BLUNDELL PATRICKLEENlMARYLENNONlKATELENNONlWILFREDLLEWELLYN O’TOOLE l MICHAEL JOSEPH O’RAHILLY l CLARENCE OSBORNE l JOHN OWENS HENRY BOND l HAROLD BOURNE l JOHN REGINALD BOWCOTT CHARLIE THOMAS DIXON STEPHEN PATRICK DOYLE SAMUEL LONG l FRANCIS LUCAS l ALGERNON LUCAS JAMESHORACEBRADFORDl JAMESBRADYl JOHNBRENNAN CECIL EUSTACE DOCKERAY THOMAS DOYLEl JOHN DOYLE FRANCIS A BRENNAN l MALACHY BRENNAN l JOHN BRENNAN BRENDAN DONLAN l JOHN DONNELLY DANIEL DOYLE l JAMES DUFFY PATRICK LYNCH l JOHN HENRY MACNAMARA PADRAIG HAROLD BRINDLEY l PATRICK BROSNAN CORNELIUS DUGGAN l RICHARD DUNLEA GEORGE BROWN l MONTAGUE BERNARD BROWNE THOMAS DONNELLY FRANCIS HENRY BROWNING DOMINICK THOMAS DONOHOE MOSES DUNNE l EDWARD DUNNE JOHN DUNPHY l JOHN DWAN PEARSE PERCY VIVIAN CLAUDE PERRY JULIA BRUNELL l MARY BRUNSWICK JOSEPH DONOHOE SEAN LUCY BUCKLEY l WILLIAM FRANCIS BURKE MARY DWYER l ALFRED GODDARD ELLIOTT HARRY PHILLIPS l GEORGE PIERCE JAMES DOOLEY l DENIS DORGAN WILLIAM PEARSE FREDERICK WILLIAM ROBERT BURKE ALFRED ELLIS l PETER ENNIS MACDIARMADA GUY VICKERY PINFIELD RICHARD BUTLER l LOUIS BYRNE MOSES DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE GEORGE ENNIS l EDWARD ENNIS THOMAS PENTONY GEORGE ALEXANDER PLAYFAIR JOHN BYRNE l PATRICK BYRNE PATRICK DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE PETER FAHEY l ERNEST FARNSWORTH EDWARD BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE JEREMIAH FARRELL l PATRICK FARRELL l JOHN FARRELLY l PAUL FEENEY l JOHN JOSEPH FENNELL ANDREW JAMES BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE THOMAS JOSEPH MARY PLUNKETT PATRICK FENNELL l ARTHUR FERRIS l PATRICK FETHERSTON l FRANCIS FINLAY CHRISTINA CAFFREY l GEORGE WILLIAM CAHILL JAMES POWER l CHRISTINA PURCELL l PHILIP ADDISON PURSER l JAMES QUINN ANNE JANE CALDWELL l JAMES HOWARD CALVERT JAMES FINNEGAN l WILLIAM FINNEGAN l JOHN HENRY FLETCHER ELIZABETH QUIRK l THOMAS RAFFERTY l ALAN LIVINGSTONE RAMSAY l MARY REDMOND MICHAEL CARR l WILLIAM CARRICK JOHN FLYNN l MICHAEL FLYNN l THOMAS FORAN l JOHN ROBERT FORTH l JOHN FRANCIS FOSTER MACDONAGH CHARLES CARRIGAN l JAMES JOSEPH CARROLL WILLIAM FOX l JAMES FOX l ERNEST FOX l JAMES FRAZER l PATRICK FRIEL FRANCIS MACKEN l PETER (PAUL) MACKEN CHRISTOPHER REDMOND l REILLY l JOHN REILLY l THOMAS REILLY l GEORGE REYNOLDS ROBERTANDERSONMACKENZIE PATRICK REYNOLDS l WILLIAM JOHN RICE TIMOTHY SPELLMAN l PATRICK STEPHENSON ROGER CASEMENT WILLIAM FRITH l NEVILLE NICHOLAS FRYDAY l ROBERT GAMBLE HAROLD RODGERS l THOMAS F. ROURKE BRIDGET STEWART l JOHN STILLMAN JOSEPH CASEY l JAMES CASHMAN JOHN HENRY GIBBS l JOHN GIBNEY WILLIAMMAGUIREl MICHAELMALLIN JOHN MALLON l MICHAEL MALONE WILLIAM NELSON ROWE l PATRICK RYAN HOLDEN STODART l GEORGE SYNNOT CHRISTOPHER CATHCART l JAMES CAVANAGH GEORGE GEOGHEGAN ROBERT GLAISTER l DAVID GLENNON FREDERICK RYAN l GEORGE PERCY SAINSBURY PETER PAUL MANNING l PATRICK MARTIN ROSANNA TAAFFE l DAVID PERCIVAL TEMPEST EAMONN CEANNT PATRICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY MICHAEL GLYNN l JAMES GORMLEY FRANCIS SALMON l CHARLES SAUNDERS JOHN A THOMPSON l MARY TIMMONS JOHN MCBRIDE l HARRIET MCCABE ARTHUR JAMES SCARLETT l ABSLONE SCHERZINGER THOMAS HENRY CHAPMAN l JAMES CHICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY JOSEPH GOSS l ANDREW GOULDING JOHN JOSEPH TRAYNOR l THOMAS TREACY MICHAEL MCCABE l JOHN MCCARTHY WALTER ERIC SCOTT l JOHN SHANAGHER JOSEPH CLARKE l PHILIP CLARKE l RICHARD CLARKE GEORGE GRAY l ALEXANDER GRAY PATRICK TREVOR l WALTER ASTLE TUNNICLIFFE JAMES MCCARTNEY l ALEXANDER MCCLELLAND JOSEPH SHARGINE l DANIEL SHEEHAN ALFRED TYLER l PRUDENCE VANTREEN PATRICK GREEN l WILLIAM GREGG JAMES MCCORMACK l JAMES MCCORMACK FRANCIS JOSEPH CHRISTOPHER SHEEHY-SKEFFINGTON THOMAS J CLARKE EDWARD CARDEN VARNALS JAMES CLEARY l REGINALD FRANCIS CLERY ROBERT CANTEBURY HALL FLORENCE SHEILS l HENRY SHEPHERD HENRY HARE JAMES MCCULLOUGH JOHN HENRY SHERWOOD l PATRICK SHORTIS MARGARET MARY VEALE l WILLIAM WALKER JAMES JOSEPH COADE l ARTHUR ELIAS COBBOLD ABRAHAM HARRIS WILLIAM JAMES HALLIDAY l JOHN HANNA CORNELIUS COLBERT l MARY ANNE COLE ANDREW MCDONNELL ALFRED SIBLEY l VINCENT PAUL SIMPSON KATE WALSH l PHILIP WALSH l EDWARD WALSH PATRICK HARRIS ELIZABETH HANRATTY l THOMAS HARBORNE THOMASALBERTCOLLINSlJULIACONDRON WILLIAM MCDOWELL l JOHN MCELVERY ARTHUR CHARLES SMITH l HENRY SMYTH JOHN WALSH l PHILIP WALSH JOHN CONNOLLY l WILLIAM CONNOLLY THOMAS HARRISON l WILLIAM VICTOR HAWKEN l MORGAN HAYES EDWARD MCGALEY l CHARLES MCGEE ELIZABETH SMYTH l BERT SPEED JAMES JOSEPH WALSH l AUSTIN JOSEPH WALTON PETER CONNOLLY CHARLES HAYTER l JAMES DAVID ARTHUR HEADLAND l JOHN HEALY MARGARETMCGUINESSlRICHARDMCHALE ELEANOR WARBROOK l ALFRED ERNEST WARMINGTON l ARTHUR WARNER l ABRAHAM WATCHORN JAMES PATRICK HEALY l WILLIAM HEAVEY l ROBERT PATRICK HEENEY PATRICK MCINTYRE l BRIDGET MCKANE RICHARD WATERS l WILLIAM WATSON l FELIX JOSEPH WATTRES MICHAEL MCKILLOP l JAMES MCLOUGHLIN THOMAS JOSEPH WEAFER l WILLIAM WEST l PATRICK WHELAN l PATRICK WHELAN SEAN HEUSTON l HENRY MEYRICK HEWETT l JAMES HICKEY l THOMAS HICKEY RAPHAEL MCLOUGHLIN l PATRICK MCMANUS JAMES CHRISTOPHER HICKEY l CHRISTOPHER HEGGINS l PATRICK HOEY l JOHN HOEY JOHN MEAGHER l JOHN MEEGAN CHRISTOPHER WHELAN l DANIEL WHELAN l SARAH WHELAN JEREMIAH HOGAN l JAMES HOGAN l ARTHUR HOLBROOK l LUKE HOLLAND THOMAS MELEADY l JULIA MERON JOHN WHELAN l MYLES WHITE l ELIZABETH WILKINSON CONNOLLY JOSEPH HOSFORD l JOHN BERNARD HOWARD l CHARLES HOYLE THOMAS HENRY MILLER DAVID WILSON l PETER WILSON l ALBERT EDWARD WOOD FREDERICK JOHN HUGHES l MICHAEL HUGHES l JOHN WILLIAM HUMFREY HUMPHREYS CHRISTOPHER MILLER l CHARLES MONAHAN MARY CONNOLLY l CHRISTOPHER CONNOR RICHARD WOODCOCK l BASIL HENRY WORSLEY-WORSWICK WILLIAM HENRY HUMPHRIES l GODFREY JACKSON HUNTER l JOHN HURLEY CHRISTOPHER MOORE l WILLIAM MOORE JOHN COOKE l CORBIN l JAMES CORCORAN SÉAN HURLEY l CHARLES HACHETTE HYLAND l PATRICK IVORS WILLIAM THOMAS PERCY WRIGHT l GEORGE WYLD HERBERTJOHN CORDWELL l JAMES HAMLET CORNWELL JAMES MOORE l ELIZABETH MORAN MARYANNECORRIGANlEDWARDCOSGRAVE WILLIAM EDGAR MOY JAMES l PERCY JEFFS MARY MORRIS l NATHANIEL MORTON SIDNEY LEONARD YOUNG EDWARD JOSEPH COSTELLO l JOHN COSTELLO JAMES JESSOP l FRANK JOBBER JOHN MULHERN l WILLIAM MULLEN JOHN YOUNG ROBERT JOHNSTON

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