PART NINE OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 1916 AND COLLECTION

Thursday 18 February 2016 www.independent.ie/1916

THOMAS CLARKE AND THE SURRENDER, TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS + The Rising that shook the world 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent mothers&babies 1 INTRODUCTION Contents Richmond Barracks

4 NAILS IN THE COFFIN Leanne Blaney looks at how the leaders were put to death finally recognised 6 WORLDWIDE ECHOES Eoin Hahessy examines the global impact of the Rising IT is rightly referred to as the of his friend who was one of the “lost chapter” in the 1916 story. executed 1916 leaders. 7 SIXTEEN DEAD MEN Many people may not know Ledwidge’s friend, mentor and Lucy Collins on WB Yeats’s poem of its existence, but in the fellow Meath man, Lord Dunsany narrative of the dramatic events was a captain in the Royal 8 THE QUIET FENIAN of the Easter Rising in Dublin, Inniskillings and it was to him Helen Litton on the fires that Richmond Barracks, Inchicore that the poet gave the manuscript burned within Thomas Clarke played a significant role. of Lament for Thomas

Now, a century on, it is getting McDonagh. ARCHIVES 10 READ ALL ABOUT IT ready to take its place as one of The barracks was converted Felix Larkin reveals how Dublin the State’s seven “permanent to housing in the 1920s and newspapers covered the Rising reminders” of renamed Keogh Square, which 1916, alongside the likes of its declined into a slum and was GRAPHIC 12 OFFICER IN A BLACK CAP near neighbour, Kilmainham demolished in the 1960s to make TO Robert D Maxwell profiles courts

Gaol, the GPO, and Patrick Restoration work underway way for St Michael’s Estate, an PHO martial judge Charles Blackader Pearse’s cottage in Rosmuc, Co at Richmond Barracks equally notorious flats complex Galway. gymnasium. GERRY MOONEY which was razed in recent years 13 TRIAL OR TRAVESTY?

Richmond Barracks is where as part of a regeneration project, TIONAL Niamh Howlin looks at the justice more than 3,000 suspected being restored as part of the now boosted by the restoration of NA meted out to Roger Casement rebels, including Rising leaders State’s 1916 legacy project, in a historic buildings. and 77 women, were imprisoned partnership that also involves Éadaoín Ní Chléirigh, one 14 A NEW ENTERTAINMENT before they were sent for Dublin City Council and the local of the tireless campaigners for Fergus Cassidy on how cinema execution or to prison camps in community. its preservation, is now executive took off in the years up to 1916 England and Wales. The third surviving building, chair of the Richmond Barracks The Richmond gymnasium also a former recreation room, project. was where Rising leaders were standing on the other side of the When the restored buildings UDIES singled out and where the court gymnasium, is in use by the HSE. open on May 2, the gymnasium ST

PART NINE OF TEN martials were held before they Richmond Barracks is about will be home to an immersive CAL SPECIAL MAGAZINES

were brought down the road to more than 1916. Built in early to audio-visual experience evoking LO IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Kilmainham to be shot. the mid-1800s, soldiers departed the atmosphere in this space 1916 AND British Prime Minister Herbert from here for conflicts including following the Rising and stories COLLECTION Asquith visited Richmond the Crimean War, the Boer War of some of those involved Thursday 18 February 2016 www.independent.ie/1916 Barracks in the middle of May and First World War. Surrounded by gardens, the LIBRARIES 1916, following which there were One of its regiments was the restored buildings will also house no further executions. Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, a a tea room and archives, and The gymnasium is one of three well-known member of which classrooms from the 1929 school barracks’ buildings that remain was the poet Francis Ledwidge, building will become a venue DUBLIN and it and a former recreation whose work includes Lament for for community, educational and room standing alongside it are Thomas McDonagh, in honour artistic purposes. KD SOUTH IN MEMORIAM PUBLIC EVENTS

THOMAS CLARKE AND THE SURRENDER, TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS UCD conference explores + The Rising that shook the world 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent mothers&babies 1 the language and culture Published by Independent Newspapers, 27–32 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland TORTHAÍ na Réabhlóide na Gaeilge agus an chultúir Editor: Gerard Siggins 1913-1923 / The Revolutionary in Éirinn sa chomhdháil [email protected] Period 1913-1923: Results and idirnáisiúnta, dhátheangach Reappraisal is an international, agus sa taispeántas seo. Déanfar Design: Joe Coyle bilingual conference and measúnú ar anáil Thréimhse For Irish Independent exhibition at UCD this weekend. na Réabhlóide 1913-1923 ar Francis Sheehy-Skeffington with his Its focus will be a reappraisal phobail na Gaeilge i gcomhthéacs Head of Features: wife Hannah (above) and the plaque of language and cultural revival, náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta. Fionnuala McCarthy in Cathal Brugha Barracks (left). while at the same time assessing Mar thoradh ar an bhfís a Education Editor: the impact of the Revolutionary léirigh na hAthbheochanóirí Katherine Donnelly Period on national and diasporic tháinig litríocht na Gaeilge, Sheehy-Skeffington killing Irish-language communities. na hEalaíona, cúrsaí For University College Dublin Their vision triggered a revival scannánaíochta, cúrsaí Dr Conor Mulvagh, lecturer was an act of insanity in Irish-language literature as oideachais, féilte Gaeilge in Irish History with special well as the promotion of the arts, agus athruithe eile i sochaí responsibility for the TUCKED away in Cathal Brugha Bowen-Colthurst, had them cinema, and education in the Irish na hÉireann chun tosaigh, a Decade of Commemorations. Barracks in Portobello is a fine shot. The officer was later language and cultural festivals, chinntigh láithreacht agus memorial to a victim of 1916. charged with murder and court- all of which ensured that the Irish infheictheacht na Gaeilge mar Eilis O’Brien, Director of Described on the plaque as martialed. He pleaded insanity language itself became an integral ghné lárnach de shochaí agus Communication and Marketing ‘feminist, pacifist, socialist, and was sent to hospital but by part of Irish society and identity d’fhéiniúlacht na hÉireann. Niamh Boyle, Marketing Manager republican’, Francis Sheehy- 1921 he was found to be cured which extended beyond the shores Sháraigh sé seo teorainneacha Skeffington was shot there on the and released on an army pension. of Ireland. an oileáin agus bhí cuid Cover, by Jon Berkeley, shows Wednesday of Easter week. Seán O’Casey wrote, “In Themes to be addressed mhaith de dhul chun cinn na Thomas Clarke, Francis A friend of James Joyce at Sheehy-Skeffington, and not in in this bilingual conference Athbheochana ag brath ar Sheehy-Skeffington, Roger UCD, Skeffington was involved Connolly, fell the first martyr include: lexicography, literature, ionchur ón diaspóra Éireannach. Casement and James Connolly with the Irish Citizen Army but to Irish Socialism, for he linked language, place-names research, Sa chomhdháil seo déanfar left because it conflicted with Ireland not only with the little biography, print and broadcast iniúchadh ar na naisc a his pacifist beliefs. He married nations struggling for self- journalism, film, and the digital cruthaíodh agus déanfar anailís the celebrated feminist Hanna expression, but with the world’s humanities with keynote ar dhúshláin agus ar bhuanna IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Sheehy in 1912 and they both took Humanity struggling for a higher speakers Professor Jerry White, na gluaiseachta i gcomhthéacs each other’s name. life.” Canadian Research Chair in náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta. Sheehy-Skeffington was The plaque was unveiled in European Studies, Dalhousie The events take place arrested without charge, and 1970 by Nora Connolly O’Brien, University, Canada, and An Dr tomorrow and Saturday (Feb AND held with two other journalists, daughter of James Connolly. Éilis Ní Dhuibhne, Writer and 19-20) at the Pearse Museum and Patrick McIntyre and Thomas Also present was the Sheehy- Lecturer, UCD. Newman Building in Belfield. Dickson in Portobello. The Skeffingtons’ son Owen, a long- Déanfar athbhreithniú For more information, go to commanding officer, Major serving Trinity senator. LS ar spriocanna athbheochan www.ucd.ie/icsf/

2 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 INTRODUCTION

THE LOST CHILDREN 1916 ONLINE Two-year-old Seán Foster shot as he lay in his pram

SEÁN FRANCIS FOSTER had already lost his father to war when his own short life was ended on Easter Monday morning. Private John Foster, a cooper (barrel-maker) with Guinness, was a rifleman when he died at Auber’s Ridge in France in May 1915. Watch more online at Less than a year later his independent.ie/1916 widow, Katie, was pushing Seán in a pram from their AS part of the Irish home in Stoneybatter Independent’s unrivalled towards Church Street coverage of the centenary of when she came across a the Easter Rising, a dedicated barricade and was surprised Clockwise from above: Michael website is now online. The site to see one of those manning it O’Hanrahan being escorted into his uses words, pictures and video was her brother, Joseph court martial at Richmond Barracks to enhance understanding O’Neill. on May 3 1916; prisoners under escort of a defining moment in our While they chatted, firing in the Barracks; the married quarters nation’s history. broke out as the Volunteers where the women prisoners were UDIES Read excerpts from came upon a party of Lancers held in 1916; Major John MacBride is ST important books, watch riding up the quays on

escorted through the Barracks. CAL Ryan Tubridy talk about his horseback.

LO grandfather, and marvel at Katie rushed for cover the stunning photos of Dublin towards the Father Mathew

S in 1916. The site also carries Hall but she and Seán were

CK all the articles in our ongoing caught in crossfire. “They’ve series ‘My 1916’ and from ‘The killed my baby”, she LIBRARIES Centenary Papers’. screamed as she reached

BARRA The independent.ie/1916 site the hall. will continue to build into a Seán, who was two years and DUBLIN brilliant resource for students 10 months old, was killed by in years to come. a single bullet which hit him under his left ear. LS RICHMOND SOUTH

FROM THE UCD ARCHIVES THE IRISH CAPUCHIN ARCHIVES Brothers in arms: the Capuchins’ role

IN 2016, Brother Kevin Crowley keeps the Capuchin spirit shining in Dublin’s Church Street with the free shelter, food and other caring services his Day Centre provides to thousands of homeless and needy people every week. ‘In Memory of In 1916, the friars played a a Flying Visit similarly special role in the life to Wormwood of the capital, and of those caught Scrubs’. up in the events of the Rising. UCD ARCHIVES When shots rang out in Church Street shortly after noon on Easter Monday the Wormwood drawing gives Capuchins found themselves in the thick of the fighting. insight to prison cell life The Irish Capuchin Archives holds a wealth of documents Fr Columbus Murphy (right) and (above) a THE internment of thousands Scrubs’. While the illustrator is attesting to the work they did note from Military Headquarters to Dublin

of prisoners in camps like not named his companions are. throughout that week, tending Metropolitan Police advising them to tell the ARCHIVES Knutsford, Lewes and They included Liam O’Brien, John the wounded, hearing Capuchins that the men they had wished to Frongoch was carried out under Ryan, Henry Dixon and Brian na confessions of combatants, see should be seen by them that very night. the Defence of the Realm Act. Banban. The latter was the pen negotiating with the British The following morning, Pearse, Clarke and An Advisory Committee, chaired name of Brian O’Higgins, who and assisting in the surrender. MacDonagh were executed. CAPUCHIN by Sir John Sankey, was set up wrote and published poems and It was the Capuchins who under that act to hear prisoner ballads. heard the last confessions of Other friars who attended the As part of the celebrations appeals against their detention. The pencil drawing provides the executed leaders, attended condemned men included Fr of the 400th anniversary of Prisoners were brought to details of the layout and contents their executions and relayed last Aloysius Travers (Patrick Pearse, the arrivals of the Capuchin London to appear before the of the cell, including eating messages to their relations. Thomas MacDonagh and James Franciscan Friars in Ireland, committee, and spent the night utensils and furnishings. Beside Among them was Fr Columbus Connolly), Fr Augustine Hayden the Irish Capuchin Archives, in in either Pentonville Prison or a small stool, the illustrator Murphy, who accompanied (Joseph Plunkett, Michael conjunction with the Michael Wormwood Scrubs before being indicates a stoic sense of humour nurse Elizabeth O’Farrell, when O’Hanrahan, William Pearse, Ó Cléirigh Institute, UCD will returned to the camps. labelling it as “The Stool of she brought Patrick Pearse’s John MacBride, Eamonn Ceannt, hold a one-day conference at St While being held in Wormwood Unrepentance”. And in the surrender note to Edward Con Colbert and Michael Mallin), Mary of the Angels, Church Street Scrubs on July 21 1916, one bottom corner of the drawing: Daly in the Four Courts and while Fr Albert Bibby attended on Saturday, February 27. It will prisoner used the time to compose “Abandon Despair — All Ye Who convinced him it was genuine. Fr at the execution of Seán Heuston. include a lecture by Dr Conor an illustration of his cell and Enter Here”. Columbus later attended to Daly On May 12, Fr Eugene McCarthy, Mulvagh, UCD, on Fr Columbus titled the drawing ‘In Memory It can be viewed in the UCD and Thomas Clarke before their chaplain to Kilmainham, Murphy and his personal of a Flying Visit to Wormwood Archives at: http://url.ie/z9ir. FC execution in Kilmainham. attended Seán Mac Diarmada. narrative of 1916. All are welcome.

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 3 KEYNOTE

Sixteen nails With the GPO ablaze, the end of the insurrection came swiftly —

HE ‘blood sacrifice’ Thomas Ashe’s last act as Principal of many of them teenagers or in their days anointing the wounded lying on dimension of the Rising Corduff National School in instructing his early twenties who had come to join the the Dublin streets and in Jervis Street — the idea that a Christ- assistant to take flowers from the school Volunteers having previously been active Hospital), returned to the GPO on like act of sacrifice was garden and place them on the local church within the GAA, Na Fianna, Cumann na Thursday to tend the wounded, he was necessary in order to altar in front of the Blessed Sacrament, mBan or had family associations with the besieged by requests from various rebels to ‘save’ Ireland — has further imply that many of the leaders Fenians. Secondly, owing to the confusion deliver notes to their wives and mothers. always been emphasised. involved in the Rising were also aware and secrecy surrounding the organisation Aware that there was a strong likelihood T But was this really the that their actions would result in their of the Rising, very few of the ‘foot-soldiers’ that they would not be returning home case? Certainly the chief protagonists, in deaths. Yet, as with so many other aspects within the Volunteers and the Irish Citizen following the end of the insurgency, the particular Patrick Pearse and Tom Clarke, of the Rising, it would be contentious to Army (ICA) comprehended the difficulties rebels chose to put their affairs in order on were convinced in the weeks leading argue that death was the accepted — and that they and their comrades faced. any available scraps of paper. By the time up to the Rising that it would probably expected — outcome for all those involved As the week progressed and the Dublin Fr Flanagan left on the Friday morning, end in defeat and death for most of its in staging the Rising. rebels learned of their harsh reality, his pockets were full of scraps of paper and participants. Indeed, observation of witness that there would be no German support envelopes (pinched from the Post Office Famously, at a meeting convened for statements recorded by the Bureau of nor had any of the planned provincial supplies) spelling out final instructions the officers of the Dublin Brigade of the Military History in the late 1940s and rebellions been successful, the rebels and parting messages for various loved Volunteers, a few weeks prior to the Rising, early 1950s demonstrate that many of the began to prepare for the worst — especially ones. Pearse apparently asked those assembled if participants in the rebellion were wholly as the fighting intensified. While hopes of a victory were they were ready ‘to meet… God?’ Allegedly, unprepared for the realities of battle. Their Thus when Father John Flanagan, a diminished by the Friday of Easter Week, only a handful of the audience members naivety can be attributed to two things. priest in the Pro-Cathedral (who had few would have suspected that the official were unnerved by his implication. Tales Firstly, their age. Typically, the Volunteers heard confessions in the GPO on Easter surrender was only a matter of hours away. of Éamonn Ceannt preparing his will and were comprised of young men and women, Monday and had spent the subsequent With the exception of the GPO, most of the

4 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 KEYNOTE

in the coffin with deadly consequences for its leaders, writes Leanne Blaney

garrisons had managed to avoid coming send Elizabeth O’Farrell to meet with the evident among the rebels as they learned Joseph McGuinness, described as ‘a mixed under direct assault and serious artillery Commander of the British Forces, General of their leaders’ decision. Some such as the reception, cheering, jeering, booing and bombardment. However the Volunteers William Lowe, and express the Irish Moore Street fighters, had to be talked out of making remarks, mostly uncomplimentary’. had been forced out of their Headquarters Republican Army’s desire to agree terms disobeying orders and continuing the fight By the May 1, the rebellion was over in the GPO on the Friday evening on of surrender. Within three hours, Pearse by (ironically) the two most strident leaders, and the military’s investigations were account of the building being ablaze. Even (accompanied by Elizabeth O’Farrell) Clarke and Mac Diarmada. underway. General Sir John Maxwell, then, Louise Gavan Duffy was convinced officially surrendered unconditionally to Justification for the leaders’ decision the newly arrived British commander-in- that the plan was for the remaining General Lowe at the top of Moore Street. to surrender has often been attributed chief, lived up to his military credentials Volunteers to join other garrisons. While the moment of to their concern for the and by May 5, 3,430 men and 79 women Including the one at Jameson’s Distillery surrender captured by a British lives of ordinary Dublin were arrested on suspicion of being ‘Sinn on Marrowbone Lane, where spirits army photographer appears civilians. Unfortunately, these Féiners’. Confusion persisted among remained high following the capture of a peaceful and reserved, in “ civilians did not universally Dubliners who assumed the Rising was load of cabbages and preparations were reality it was very different. High emotions acknowledge the rebels’ lead by Sinn Féin owing to the similarity underway for Mass to be held within the O’Farrell delivered the ranging from sorrow noble intentions. Instead between the Volunteers and Sinn Féin’s garrison on the Sunday. order signed by Pearse and as the army rounded up the rhetoric as well as the public knowledge Instead on the Saturday morning, countersigned by Connolly to great anger were surrendering rebels and that a number of the prominent rebels having held a council of war in the lying in his Red Cross bed in evident among the marched them towards the were members of Sinn Féin. backroom of 16 Moore Street, where James Dublin Castle, to the various Rotunda Hospital and later However, Arthur Griffith’s political Connolly lay injured in bed, the assembled garrisons around Dublin rebels as they learned Richmond Barracks, large organisation was not behind the Rising, members of the Provisional Government during the next 24 hours. of their leaders’ crowds gathered along the and instead only in 1917 would Sinn Féin — Pearse, Connolly, Joseph Plunkett, Tom High emotions ranging from route and gave the rebels formally join with republicans to form Clarke and Seán MacDiarmada — chose to sorrow to great anger were decision to surrender what Bridget Lyons, niece of CONTINUED ON PAGE 6 >>>

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 5 KEYNOTE Sixteen nails in the coffin

>>> CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5 a new political party. Consequently, following inquiry, 1,424 men and 73 women imprisoned on suspicion had to be released without charge — after their homes had been ransacked and many had lost their jobs due to their association with the rebellion. The court martial trials began immediately, as General Maxwell continued to impose martial law. The first batch of rebels to be tried and sentenced to death by Brigadier Charles Blackader on a charge of ‘waging war against His Majesty the King, with the intention and for the purpose of assisting the enemy’ were Pearse, Clarke and MacDonagh. The three were shot in the disused prison yard of Kilmainham Gaol at dawn on May 3. The executions of Edward ‘Ned’ Daly, Willie Pearse, Joseph Plunkett and Michael O’Hanrahan followed on the May 4. John MacBride was executed on May 5 while Éamonn Ceantt, Michael Mallin, Sean Heuston and Con Colbert were executed on May 8. Thomas Kent was the only individual executed outside of Dublin and who did not participate in the Dublin Rising. Found guilty of shooting dead a Royal Irish Constabulary officer, his execution occurred on May 9 in the yard of Cork Detention Barracks. Séan Mac Diarmada and the injured James Connolly were the last of the two rebel leaders to be executed in Kilmainham on May 12. By then the British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith had arrived in Dublin and insisted on suspending further executions.

earning of the sympathetic romanticism developing around L the dead leaders, as well as the controversial shooting of Francis Sheehy- Skeffington and the journalists Thomas Dickson and Patrick MacIntyre on the orders of Captain JC Bowen-Colthurst, the The Rising that remaining male prisoners were deported to prison camps in England and Wales. Though many received lengthy prison sentences they would all be released by the end of 1917. guarded cable station provided a coded Choosing a suitable punishment for the Tremors from the momentous Easter tip off to American and German Irish female prisoners perplexed the authorities, sympathisers that the Rising had begun. as they had no precedent for punishment of These actions propelled a small uprising female prisoners of war. Held in Richmond 1916 events in Dublin were felt on the into global front page news. Barracks, the women were all interviewed Ireland’s Rising would occupy the front by the barrister William Wylie. page of The New York Times for 14 days. On his recommendation, Maxwell other side of the globe, sparking anger A fact owing largely to New Jersey-born released 62 of them but held on to 18 Joyce Kilmer, whose contribution has ‘prominent and dangerous’ women who been traced elegantly by Robert Schmuhl. were placed in Mountjoy Prison. Of this — and action, writes Eoin Hahessy A poet and staff writer with the Sunday number, eight were deported to Britain, Magazine of The New York Times, Kilmer including Countess Markievicz who, as the AUSE and think of life in 1916. Joseph Plunkett ordered seven men to had converted to Catholicism in 1913 and only one of the Rising’s leaders witnessed A world two years etched into occupy that building and to restore the despite his American lineage declared shooting dead a British soldier, should have a weary world war. The one radio equipment. Setting up the antenna himself to be ‘half-Irish’. received the death penalty. Instead ‘owing superpower being challenged on the roof, the rebels came under sniper On May 7 1916, as the Irish rebels were to her sex’, she was eventually sentenced as it grappled to assert its fire from McBirney’s Department Store on being executed, Kilmer published ‘Poets P Aston Quay. Their perseverance paid off March in the Van of Irish Revolt’ that to penal servitude for life. She remained in influence across its Empire. Aylesbury Prison until her release in 1917. A social struggle, as a heaving mass of and in what is considered the world’s first stressed the involvement of writers in Roger Casement was the final individual working class resentment and frustration pirate broadcast, they sent the following the Rising noting with flurry that ‘the linked to the Rising to be executed. simmered under a dominant social order Morse code.“Irish Republic declared in Leaders of the revolutionary forces were Following a lengthy trial, his hanging was nervous of its position. Dublin today. Irish troops have captured almost without exception men of literary carried out on August 3 in Pentonville In such a world where embers of city and are in full possession. Enemy tastes and training, who went into battle, Prison, London. Eventually his body would disaffection flickered, information was cannot move in city. The whole country as one of the dispatches phrased it, be repatriated back to Ireland in 1965, by controlled and constrained by those who rising.” ‘with a revolver in one had and a copy of which time the legacy of the Rising was held power. The leaders of the Easter Meanwhile in Kerry, two Valentia Island Sophocles in the other.’ Kilmer’s reporting assured. Rising knew that in this historical brothers under British noses in a heavily was joined by a slew of journalism window of opportunity they had to throughout the year, the first 20th make the case for freedom to the world century challenge to British imperial Dr Leanne Blaney is a and they put a plan into action. power was news, as were the tales of social and transport On the corner of O’Connell Street and courage and sacrifice. The British grew historian who recently Abbey Street in Dublin sits the Grand fearful that faith in the Empire would be completed her PhD in Central. Striking yet easily missed shaken. the School of History in a Dublin throng, in 1916 it was the A press censor’s office was established (UCD). Her site of the Reis building, and on its in Dublin to swat any international research focuses on 20th century top floor was occupied by the Dublin reporting that could have an impact Irish and Northern Irish history Wireless School of Telegraphy. Closed in surly Ireland or across the Empire. with a particular focus on cross- by the British upon the outbreak of One notable missive that got through border relations during the early the First World War, in Easter week was Kilmer’s vividly descriptive article

6 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 THE RISING ABROAD ‘Sixteen Dead Men’ William Butler Yeats

O but we talked at large before The sixteen men were shot, But who can talk of give and take, What should be and what not While those dead men are loitering there To stir the boiling pot?

You say that we should still the land Till Germany’s overcome; But who is there to argue that Now Pearse is deaf and dumb? And is their logic to outweigh MacDonagh’s bony thumb?

How could you dream they’d listen Left: Patrick Pearse, with Elizabeth That have an ear alone O’Farrell by his side, surrenders to For those new comrades they have found, General Lowe on Moore Street. Lord Edward and Wolfe Tone, Or meddle with our give and take Far left: soldiers survey the shell of That converse bone to bone? the GPO after the insurrection.

Above: prisoners being marched through Dublin’s streets in the aftermath of the Rising.

Right: Cork-born Daniel Maddix (circled), then president of St Patrick’s College in Maynooth and later Archbishop of Melbourne, photographed in July 1911 with King George V, Cardinal Michael Logue and Queen Mary during a royal visit to the college.

Inset below left: the Evening Herald reports on Major John MacBride’s execution. GETTY IMAGES

AN ASSESSMENT shook the world DR LUCY COLLINS A MUCH simpler poem than the iconic ‘Easter, 1916’, this ‘Irish Girl Rebel Tells of Dublin Fighting’ fastidiously the footprints of John defeated in Australia, in 1916 and again in text contemplates republished by the Roscommon Herald, Redmond’s Home Rule movement. This 1917, and Mannix’s colourful public duel the influence of the which drew the wrath of the censor to its was an Irish community a generation with the Australian Prime Minister Billy revolutionaries on doorstep in Boyle. removed from the harrows of the Irish Hughes both contributed to its defeat and the renewed political The Irish diaspora, in particular famine. A generation that savoured a led to the first split in Australia’s Labor life of Ireland. the Irish-American diaspora, played different flavour to English rule, striving party. The Irish have “killed conscription”, Yeats’s choice a highly influential role in the plans in a colony where rigid social classes, while lamented Hughes in a cable to British of the ballad form and support for the Rising. “Mother defined, could be punctured by following Prime Minister Lloyd George. Ireland’s emphasises the operated on successfully today, signed the social playbook of the time. Easter Rising was the charge that shaped power of public events to capture the Kathleen”, was the coded message that the The events of 1916 changed the mood a political force on the other side of the popular imagination. In the wake of aforementioned King brothers from Kerry of the Irish-Australian community and world. the Rising, talk has been overtaken by sent to the housekeeper of the leader of through the Archbishop of Melbourne, This was the Rising that inconveniently action, and the energies of debate and Clan na Gael in the US, John Devoy. It was Cork-born Daniel Mannix, a potent force challenged the entire concept of Empire moderation have been dispersed by the the equivalent of a ‘heads up’ to an Irish of Irish nationalism was awakened and a and provoked a superpower to rash compelling sacrifice of the rebel leaders. community Stateside that was close to the Catholic force in Australian politics was reaction. The haunting presence of heart of Irish republicanism. unleashed that still leaves a bitter taste in “If you tell your Empire in India, in Egypt, ‘MacDonagh’s bony thumb’ continues Five of the seven signatories of the a generation of Australian mouths today. and all over the world that you have not got to tip the balance towards violent Proclamation spent time in America, and “Michael, they have shot them”, weeped the men, the money, the pluck, the inclination resistance, evoking the image of the it is no coincidence that the Proclamation Archbishop Mannix to his caretaker in and the backing to restore order in a country weighing scales and its connotations of that Patrick Pearse read on the steps of the Melbourne upon hearing the news of the within 20 miles of your own shore, you may justice. GPO includes the phrase ‘supported by her execution of the leaders of Easter Rising. as well begin to abandon the attempt to make The repetition of the word ‘bone’ exiled children in America’. The equivalent Just as the execution of these leaders British rule prevail throughout the Empire reinforces the essential nature of of $2.5million (€2.3m) in today’s money helped turn the public tide of opinion back at all,” warned Edward Carson in 1916 to a rebellion against oppression. was raised by Clan na Gael. A stunning home, it stirred the leader of a slumbering nervous British establishment. This British This new political narrative is sum that allowed Kevin Kenny to argue Catholic flock into political action in the reaction deepened the cracks in the edifice of in dialogue with the legendary in The American Irish that it was largely capital of a freshly-formed modern nation. their Empire. revolutionaries of the past — Edward Devoy’s fund-raising and organisational “Something in Daniel Mannix was “Even though a rebellion in Dublin Fitzgerald and Wolfe Tone — and here efforts in the United States that the Easter released in the aftermath of the Easter might seem relatively minor in the grand Yeats recalls his own idealisation rebellion of 1916 became possible.’ Rising”, asides biographer Brenda Niall in scheme of things,” summarised Declan of those men in an earlier poem, Often forgotten in the narrative of a recent and welcomingly fresh insight of Kiberd, “it would actually be the pin ‘September 1913’. Irish political life, Easter 1916 is the impact this Rising had an Irishman who loomed over Australian piercing the heart of the imperial giant.” he suggests, is changed forever by the on the social and political trajectory politics for nearly 50 years. Mannix was events of 1916. of other nations. The most popular alone in taking the side of the rebels among Eoin Hahessy is an recounting is its inspiration for a rising the Australian archbishops. He linked the Irish writer working at Dr Lucy Collins is a lecturer in in Bengal, India yet its lasting impact in Rising with World War I and mobilised a the University of English at University College another great centre of Irish emigration, Catholic community on a national question Melbourne and Dublin (UCD). She is the Australia, has received scant focus. that tested the allegiance to the Empire of commentator on the curator of ‘Reading 1916’, an Prior to 1916 the leaders of the Irish this new-born nation. Irish Diaspora on exhibition at UCD Special Collections community in Australia followed Twice the subject of conscription was flightofthecubs.com

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 7 PROFILE THOMAS CLARKE Quiet man made noise with crackle of dynamite

Fires burned for years in tobacconist and activist, the eldest signatory of Proclamation, writes Helen Litton

ISTORIAN Desmond SNAPSHOT Ryan, who had fought as a Volunteer in the THOMAS CLARKE GPO, once wrote: “In a Born: Hurst sense, Tom Clarke is a Castle, England; H man of one small book, March 11, 1858 a few letters, and his signature in the 1916 Proclamation”. This is certainly the Educated: public image of Clarke, still one of the least St Patrick’s NS, well-known of the 1916 leaders. But there Dungannon, is little doubt that this apparently meek, Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers quietly-spoken shopkeeper was one of the driving spirits behind the rebellion. Career: Tobacconist, activist Thomas James Clarke was born in Died: May 3, 1916, Kilmainham Gaol England on March 11, 1858. His father, James, of Carrigallen, Co Leitrim, was a British soldier, and his mother, In June 1883, aged 25, Tom Clarke Mary Palmer, came from Clogheen, Co was sentenced to penal servitude for life Tipperary. In 1859 James was moved to for conspiracy to murder, and was sent South Africa, but the family returned to to Chatham Prison, one of the toughest Ireland in 1865 when he was appointed prisons in England, as Prisoner J464. The Sergeant of the Ulster Militia. Fenian prisoners were kept in a separate They settled in Dungannon, Co wing, under particularly severe conditions. In 1884 John Daly, who had sworn Tom Unable to find work in Ireland, Tom Tyrone, and here Tom grew up, becoming Any contact between prisoners was into the IRB, was arrested for conspiracy to returned to New York. With the help of an assistant teacher. Appalled by the forbidden, and absolute silence was kept use dynamite, along with James Egan, and Clan na Gael he found work in an iron poverty of the local Catholic population, all the time. Punishments ranged from sent to Chatham. Here Clarke, Daly and foundry, and became secretary to John and Dungannon’s strong sectarian solitary confinement, on a bread and water Egan formed a strong friendship, which Devoy, the Clan leader. He also became discrimination, he was sworn into the diet, to beating with a birch or a whip, helped them to defy the physical conditions editor of the Gaelic American, a Clan Irish Republican Brotherhood by John depending on the ‘crime’. The grille cover of their imprisonment. After an enquiry publication. He and Kathleen married in Daly of Limerick in 1879. of the cell door was slammed back every into conditions in Chatham, triggered by 1901, and their first son, John Daly, was In 1880 he emigrated to New York hour at night, so sleep was impossible. a vigorous amnesty campaign in Ireland, born a year later. and joined Clan na Gael, the American Many of the Fenian prisoners ultimately the Fenian prisoners were moved in 1891 Kathleen’s health was not good, and they counterpart of the IRB. He was instructed went mad, or were released with their to Portland Prison, where the regime was were advised to leave the city, so from 1906 in the use of explosives, and in early 1883 health shattered. slightly easier. they ran a market garden in Long Island. was sent to Britain as part of a dynamite Tom’s account of his prison years, John Daly was released in 1896, and In 1907, Tom scented the possibility of a campaign. Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa Glimpses of an Irish Felon’s Prison Life, flung himself into the amnesty campaign, European war, in which Britain would be had started this campaign, hoping that describes how he kept himself sane by appealing particularly for the release embroiled. This would provide Ireland’s it would cause the British authorities to endless calculations — estimating the of Clarke, now almost the only Fenian opportunity, and he persuaded Kathleen to harass the Irish community in Britain, and number of bolts in the doors, the number prisoner left. Tom, aged 40, was released return home. She knew this was his life’s encourage Irish nationalism. of bricks in the prison, the length of hair on licence in September 1898, and ambition, and would not stand in his way, Leaving his job as an assistant hotel cut over the years. received a hero’s welcome in Dublin. He but feared the outcome. By early 1908 Tom manager, Tom set off for England He worked variously as an iron-moulder, was reunited with his mother and sister was in Dublin setting up a tobacconist’s (surviving shipwreck on the way) under a darner and a printer. He developed a Hannah (his father had died in 1894), shop, and Kathleen was in Limerick, the name of ‘Henry Hammond Wilson’. slight heart murmur, and his eyesight and was invited to Limerick by his old awaiting the birth of their second son, Tom. Landing in Liverpool, he made contact deteriorated. His family had no idea where friend Daly, now first nationalist mayor Their third son, Emmet, was born in 1910. with other members of his group, but an he was for months, until an old friend of the city. He was welcomed by the entire Over the next few years, from his shop informer had made sure that they were recognised ‘Wilson’ from a newspaper Daly family — John’s sister and mother, in Parnell Street, Clarke pieced together shadowed by police at every step. In sketch. Visits were few and far between, his widowed sister-in-law, and her eight the remains of the IRB, working with Birmingham, Tom collected a portmanteau because of cost and distance, and were daughters and one son. He and John’s niece such enthusiastic young men as Bulmer full of nitroglycerin and brought it to often cancelled abruptly for a perceived Kathleen, aged 21, fell in love, and became Hobson and Seán Mac Diarmada. An London, where he was arrested. breach of discipline. engaged. important step was the foundation of the

8 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 PROFILE THE DYNAMITE

ARCHIVES CAMPAIGN

JAN 1881 Bombs exploded at

TIONAL barracks in Salford and Chester;

police station in Liverpool NA

MAY 1882 Bomb exploded in Mansion House in London

JAN 1883 Bombs exploded at gasworks, coal shed and canal viaduct in Glasgow. 10-12 people were injured

MARCH 1883 Bombs exploded at government buildings in Whitehall and offices of The Times newspaper. No injuries

OCT 1883 Two bombs exploded in the London Underground, injuring 70 people

FEB 1884 Bomb exploded in Victoria station, London. No injuries. Bombs at three other stations defused

MAY 1884 Bombs exploded in London at the HQ of the police Special Irish Branch; a gentleman’s club, and outside the home of a Tory MP

DEC 1884 Three IRB members were killed when the bomb they were planting on London Bridge prematurely exploded

JAN 1885 Bomb exploded at railway Clockwise from main: station A portrait of Thomas Clarke in 1910; with JAN 1885 Bombs exploded in John Daly (left) and the House of Commons chamber Seán MacDiarmada (below), in Westminster Hall and in (right); Clarke is the Tower of London. Two policemen mentioned in this and four civilians injured report produced by the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) detectives on the movements and associations of pro- independence suspects; Kathleen Clarke with sons John Daly Clarke, Tom Clarke Jnr and Emmet Clarke some time after his execution; and the letter written by Tom to Kathleen on the eve of his death.

Inset far left: Thomas Clarke, by Dublin artist Brian O’Neill.

Irish Volunteers in 1914, in reaction to organisers, chose Patrick Pearse, a teacher week there. MacDonagh. Recent research implies that the Ulster Volunteers’ establishment in and writer, to give the oration at the He often chatted to younger people, his execution did not go smoothly, and he the north. Kathleen’s brother, Ned Daly, graveside, telling him to make it “as hot encouraging them to carry on the fight had to be shot a second time. joined the Volunteers on the first night, as hell”. Pearse obliged, and his heartfelt afterwards — he obviously expected that Kathleen, who had been sworn into and subsequently became Commandant of oratory attracted many more to join. he and the other leaders would die. When the IRB to maintain continuity, started a the First Battalion. Kathleen herself was a The Irish Volunteer commander, Eoin the fires in the GPO drove its defenders to Volunteers’ dependants’ fund with money founder member of Cumann na mBan in MacNeill, was not aware that the IRB were retreat to Moore Street, Tom was one of the left by Tom. She lost a baby shortly after 1914, running the organisation’s Central controlling the organisation behind the last to leave. the Rising, and her uncle, Tom’s closest Branch. Gun-running from Germany scenes. Clarke established a secret military After the final surrender in Moore friend, died in June aged 70. Kathleen supplied some arms for the Volunteers; council of Pearse, Éamonn Ceannt and Street, on 29 April, everyone was herded carried on Tom’s work, becoming a TD and others were bought illicitly from British Joseph Plunkett, and plans for a rebellion into the Rotunda Gardens and kept there a Senator, and was elected Dublin’s first soldiers needing cash. Money was pouring were laid. The leaders gathered to sign the overnight. Tom Clarke was treated badly woman lord mayor in 1939. She died in in from Clan na Gael, and Tom controlled Proclamation on April 18, and insisted that by Captain Lea Wilson; he is said to have 1972, aged 94. its distribution. Tom sign it first, a token of the respect in been stripped in front of the nurses at the Tom Clarke had achieved his ambition Clarke was devastated by the 1914 split which they held him. hospital windows, and of a blow against the British Empire, and in the Volunteers, caused by MP John When MacNeill realised verbally abused. hoped that his sacrifice would encourage Redmond’s appeal to them to join Britain what was to happen on At his court-martial he others. This dedicated, reclusive man had in the First World War, but refused to let Easter Sunday, April 23, he “ said little apart from “not engaged the loyalty and commitment of The death of O’Donovan go of his revolutionary aims. Redmond had issued a countermanding guilty”, and was sentenced hundreds of idealistic younger men, and pinned his hopes on the new Home Rule order. Despite this, the Rossa provided an to death. Kathleen was knew in his heart that his death would not Bill as a step forward, but at the outbreak Rising went ahead the opportunity for a display brought to visit him in be the end of the fight. of war it was suspended, and the Unionists following day, but with Kilmainham the night in the north would anyway never accept it. fewer participants because of strength and Tom before his execution; the Helen Litton has written Tom’s hopes grew that a majority of the of the confusion over Clarke chose Patrick following night she came biographies of both Irish population would back a rebellion, orders. Clarke himself back to say goodbye to Edward Daly and and in 1915 the death of O’Donovan Rossa entered the General Post Pearse to give the graveside her brother Ned. Tom Thomas Clarke. in New York provided an opportunity for a Office with Pearse, Mac oration, telling him to Clarke was executed at She also edited Kathleen display of Volunteer strength, as thousands Diarmada and James dawn on May 3, 1916, with Clarke’s memoir, followed the coffin. Tom, one of the chief Connolly, and spent the make it ‘as hot as hell’ Patrick Pearse and Thomas ‘Revolutionary Woman’

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 9 THE PRESS IN 1916

In the line of fire: The ruins of the Freeman Press and Telegraph, Princes Street, Dublin home to the ‘Freeman’s Journal’ in 1916. IRISH INDEPENDENT/NPA ARCHIVE Right: British soldiersOutfire shots at protestors following the 1916 insurrection. GETTY of step

Felix M Larkin on the Dublin newspapers’ reaction to the Rising

HERE were four daily defend the party’s interests against the Connolly and Seán Mac Diarmada, were Independent’s bloodthirsty editorials in newspapers in Dublin in rebels. shot early on 12 May, a few hours after that 1916. They are seen as part of a personal 1916: the Freeman’s The effect of the Government’s reaction second editorial had gone to press; they vendetta against Connolly, one of his chief Journal, the Irish to the Rising was of immediate concern to were already dead when most people read adversaries in the 1913 lock-out. However, Independent, The Irish the Freeman. On May 9, in its first overt it. they were written by the Independent’s T Times and the Daily Express. reference to the death sentences passed The Independent had been founded editor, TR Harrington, without Murphy’s The first two had moderate nationalist on the leaders, the Freeman protested by Parnell after the so-called Parnell knowledge. Murphy was in London at the sympathies, while the other pair were that “sympathy is being aroused with the Split in 1891, when the Freeman defected time for discussions with the Government staunchly unionist. All four roundly victims [i.e. the executed leaders] where to the anti-Parnellite side. It was later on compensation for property damaged condemned the Easter Rising, but they nothing but indignant condemnation acquired by William Martin Murphy, during the Rising. He repudiated the rapidly found themselves out of step of their criminal enterprise previously who in 1905 transformed it into a mass- editorials in private, but never in public — with the growing tide of feeling in favour existed”, and on May 12 it warned that “the circulation newspaper along the lines of apparently out of loyalty to his editor. of the rebels. military dictatorship” has produced “a Lord Northcliffe’s revolutionary Daily Why did Harrington write them? The The Freeman’s Journal was the oldest lamentable revulsion of feeling”. Mail, launched in London in 1896. It cost probable explanation is that he simply of them, dating back to 1763. It was also The Freeman’s nationalist competitor, a halfpenny, half the price of the other misread the shifting public mood, for he the most eloquent in commenting on the the Irish Independent, was not so Dublin dailies, and it had a more modern was quoted soon afterwards as saying — Rising. In its first editorial on the troubled. In the first of two format and a less partisan somewhat ruefully — that “the crowd cried subject, on 5 May, it spoke of the notorious editorials, on editorial policy. out for vengeance and when they got it “stunning horror of the past ten days” May 10, it stated that “we “ It was a resounding they howled for clemency”. and pointed out that “the insurrection do not think that extreme William Martin Murphy success, and quickly The Irish Times was even more was not more an insurrection against severity should be generally is often blamed for the superseded the Freeman vociferous in resisting the calls for the connection with the Empire than it applied... When, however, as the more popular clemency. In its first editorial after was an armed assault against the will we come to some of the Independent’s nationalist daily the Rising, on May 1, it noted that “the and decision of the Irish nation itself, ringleaders, instigators bloodthirsty editorials newspaper. Its circulation surgeon’s knife has been put to the constitutionally ascertained through its and fomenters not yet rose from an initial 25,000 corruption in the body of Ireland, and its proper representatives”. dealt with, we must make in 1916. However, they to 100,000 in 1915, whereas course must not be stayed until the whole Those representatives were the elected an exception”. Two days were written by the the Freeman’s circulation malignant growth has been removed... members of the Irish Party at Westminster, later, on May 12, it called was stuck at between Sedition must be rooted out of Ireland committed since before Parnell’s time to again for the execution Independent’s editor, 30,000 and 35,000 copies once for all”. achieving Home Rule. The Freeman was of those leaders who TR Harrington, without per day. Such sentiments were to be expected the semi-official organ of the Irish Party, “remain undealt with”. The William Martin Murphy from the main unionist organ in Dublin. and it was only natural that it should leaders in question, James Murphy’s knowledge is often blamed for the Its chairman in 1916 was a pillar of the

10 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 THE PRESS IN 1916 Extra, extra! The inside story of the ‘Irish War News’ Copy for publication was dictated from the GPO frontline, writes Fergus Cassidy

HE Irish War News was the brainchild of Patrick Pearse, who wanted to get the T message about the rebellion out to the public. He recruited printer Joe Stanley, a well-known republican who published several activist papers and edited The Gael magazine. Stanley explained how the newspaper came together. “On the evening of Easter Monday 1916, I went into the GPO to join the military action, which had started by that time. I had some previous acquaintance with James Connolly and in view of my knowledge of printing, he instructed me that I could be of most service by getting official publications and arranging their distribution. At a conference, which took place subsequently, with PH Pearse, James Connolly and myself and at which the commandeering by me — with Military Escort — of the Irish Independent works was considered at length — it was finally decided that it would be of better military value Patrick Pearse envisaged if a smaller plant was the ‘Irish War News’ as commandeered”. a good way to get the Armed with a revolver message of the rebellion given to them by Connolly, out to the greater public. they took possession of Left: a ‘breaking news’ James O’Keefe’s works at style article announced Halston Street. the events of the Rising on Charles Walker, a young the back of the four-page printer at the Gaelic publication. UCD ARCHIVES Press, gave an account to the Bureau of Military satire, but the most History. important article came on “We all worked there. the last of its four pages. Irish unionist establishment, Sir John newspaper. The Express would close Mr Stanley checked Headlined ‘STOP PRESS! Arnott, and the editor was John E Healy, in 1917, and be absorbed into its sister and read the proofs. My THE IRISH REPUBLIC’, who also served as Irish correspondent of publication, the Evening Mail, which father, Matthew J Walker, it begins “(Irish) ‘War the London Times. survived until 1962. (Thomas) Ryan and News’ is published to-day Unlike the other Dublin newspapers, The Express’ office on Parliament (James) O’Sullivan set up because a momentous The Irish Times’ premises were unaffected Street, opposite City Hall, was occupied type and I printed the jobs. thing has happened. The by the fighting in Easter week. Their by the rebels during Easter week. Its Mr Stanley carried the Irish Republic has been reporters were thus in a position to recapture by troops was recounted in printed jobs to the GPO and declared in Dublin, and a gather the news as it happened, albeit detail in its issue of May 9. The following collected extra copy.” Provisional Government that publication of the newspaper was day’s Express carried a feature by its Stanley wrote, “We has been appointed to restricted. racing correspondent bemoaning that the produced and circulated administer its affairs.” The Times published all the horse-racing form books, the bible for turf two editions of the Irish It went on to detail contemporary reportage a year later in the correspondents, had been stolen in the War News and three the signatories to the Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook, together commotion. issues of the Official Proclamation, and with maps of the battle sites and lists This is a manifestation of what Conor Daily bulletins. This work reported on where of those killed or taken prisoner. The Cruise O’Brien called “the Fairyhouse involved my attendance at the rebels had seized Handbook remains today an important tradition” in relation to 1916: in other the GPO for two or three buildings. It boasted “the source for the history of the Rising. words, for many people the news from hours each day on Tuesday, populace of Dublin are The Irish Times’ circulation in 1916 was Fairyhouse racecourse on that Easter Wednesday and Thursday plainly with the Republic, similar in size to that of the Freeman, and Monday was more important than the in addition to dangerous penetration and the officers and men are everywhere it attracted readers from the intellectual news from Sackville Street. through the British cordons which were cheered as they march through the and commercial worlds in addition to drawing in around the Post Office from streets.” the unionist community whose views it Felix M Larkin is a former chairman of Wednesday. Twelve thousand copies were produced, reflected. the Newspaper and Periodical History “Our operations at Halston Street with Pearse writing his articles inside The other unionist newspaper, the Daily Forum of Ireland, and he was academic finished on Friday morning when I the GPO itself before Connolly’s secretary Express, had a narrower base comprising director of the Parnell Summer School ordered my staff to disperse and as any Winifred Carney, who entered the post the remnants of the landed gentry and 2013-2015. He is pictured (opposite page) further contact with the Post Office was office “with a typewriter in one hand and Protestant clergy. There is a reference to at the statue of Sir John Gray in O’Connell impracticable – in view of the British a Webley revolver in the other”, typed it up it as a ‘West Briton’ organ in James Joyce’s Street, Dublin. Gray owned the ‘Freeman’s cordons, I had to ‘go on the run’.” for the printers. The Dead. Since 1915, it had been owned Journal’ from 1841 until his death in 1875, Priced at one penny, most of the only Copies of Irish War News are rare, with by HL Tivy, a Cork butter merchant who and it remained in the hands of the Gray issue was taken up with commentary one copy selling on the 90th anniversary also owned the unionist Cork Constitution family until 1892 on Irish and world affairs, and some for €20,000, although in recent years

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 11 PROFILE CHARLES BLACKADER Old Black’s military court fired volleys

Charles Blackader Robert D Marshall on the photographed at his British Army HQ in Le soldier without legal training Sart, France in July 2015. who condemned seven rebels BRITISH LIBRARY

AJOR General Charles trials) considered him dreadfully affected was produced at the trial presided over The court Blackader chaired sentenced Guinand Blackader by the work he had to do. by Blackader and relied upon to convict seven of the 15 executed in Ireland. An aide was born in Richmond, Blackader, like the other judges, had Pearse. MacDonagh and Clarke were on Maxwell’s staff wrote to Lady Maxwell southwest London in 1869. no legal training, although Maxwell who charged similarly on the same day before that General Byrne had been a marvel and M His father was a teacher, convened the trials, had a lawyer on his the same judges, and found guilty. the trials would not otherwise have been and his mother Charlotte Guinand was staff and informal advice from James During MacDonagh’s trial, Blackader, completed before the civilians intervened. German, possibly from Alsace. Charles Campbell MP, the Irish Attorney General. possibly concerned that the proofs being Controversy surrounds the demeanour regarded himself as half French. The courts convened were military courts presented were thin, enquired about the of Constance Markievicz at her trial A career soldier, Blackader had been to try those coming before them under Proclamation which referred to “gallant presided over by Blackader. Publicly she commissioned into the Leicestershire military law. The law of the army was allies in Europe”. Wylie, the prosecutor, was forthright but afterwards Wylie, her regiment in August 1888 and served in English and applied whether in India, conceded he could not rely upon it, as a prosecutor, alleged she pleaded emotionally Bermuda, Nova Scotia, and West Africa. France, or Ireland. The army courts were signed copy could not be found. at the trial that a woman could not be shot: During the Boer War, Blackader’s battalion structured to administer discipline, not On the night of their trial, Maxwell shrewdly raising the spectre of Nurse Edith was besieged at Ladysmith where he won necessarily the same as justice, and could confirmed the sentences on Pearse, Cavell shot by the Germans in Belgium in the Distinguished Service Order. not try soldiers for crimes such as murder MacDonagh and Clarke, who were shot at November 1915. The court recommended Less heroically, his subsequent or assault which were matters for the civil dawn the next morning. He had before him the Countess to mercy, solely on account of administrative responsibilities at Balmoral courts. the terse blue forms signed by Blackader her sex. in the Transvaal, included the railway From the middle of Easter Week, Dublin which précised the evidence, and, it Blackader, on promotion to Major station and the concentration camp. was a proclaimed area under Defence of appears, additional information from the General, left Ireland in June 1916, to Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1912, the Realm Acts (DORA). Martial law was RIC and DMP files not produced to the command the 38th Welsh Division at he was given command of a battalion. In also declared so that the military could court. the battles of the Somme in July. He October 1914, Blackader was on rotation not be restrained by the civil courts. All those accused denied an intention to was invested with the Order of the Bath in India when his battalion was posted Wimbourne’s proclamation declaring aid Germany. While not produced at any (Military Division) in January 1917 for to France as part of the Garhwal Brigade, DORA operative, made civilians in Dublin other trial, the damage had been done by valuable military services in the field and, seeing action for much of 1915. subject to military law to the extent that Pearse’s letter, despite his care to confine like many other senior British officers, Known in his regiment as ‘Old Black’, they could be tried by military rather than the admission to himself. There were 160 received decorations from Belgium and Blackader — following a recommendation civil courts for breaches of the DORA code. trials in two weeks, imposing 90 death France. He contracted lockjaw in May 1918 by Lieut-Col Haig — commanded 177 DORA envisaged an invasion and hostilities sentences, of which 75 were commuted. when licked by his dog and was treated at Brigade, 59th (2nd North Midland) within the King’s realm when those waging the Pasteur Clinic in Paris before returning Division from January to the end of June war with the intention of aiding the enemy SNAPSHOT to Ireland in November 1918 to command 1916. He was also an extra Aide-de-Camp — broadly, treason — would be exposed to CHARLES BLACKADER the southern district. to the King from 1 January 1916 to 31 the death penalty before a military court. Blackader, who married with two December 1917. The insurgents were so charged in trials Born: September 20, 1869, daughters, died on April 2, 1921 and is Blackader’s brigade was posted to conducted hastily and in secret, organised London buried in Putney Vale Cemetery near Ireland to quell the Easter Rising and he by General Aloysius Byrne from Derry. Educated: Royal Military Richmond. was one of the officers chosen by General Initially, no evidence of “intention to aid College, Sandhurst Maxwell to sit on the military courts. While the enemy” was available. Pearse provided Robert D Marshall was President of the William Wylie — prosecutor in the trials the evidence. A postscript on a letter to his Affiliation: British Army Irish Legal History Society from 2012-2015. at which Blackader presided — regarded mother from Arbour Hill Prison read: “I Career: Soldier He is the author of Lieutenant WE Wylie him as not particularly imaginative, the understand that the German expedition KC: the Soldiering Lawyer of 1916 published Countess of Fingall (with whom Blackader on which I was counting actually set sail Died: April 2, 1921, Millbank by Four Courts Press (2013) in Larkin and dined on 2 May 1916, in the midst of the but was defeated by the British.” This letter Military Hospital Dawson eds. Lawyers the Law and History

12 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 THE TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS A legal travesty?

Dr Niamh Howlin examines the evidence in Roger Casement’s London trial — the only full court hearing afforded one of the rebels

FTER Roger Casement’s that the case concerned a point of law of capture on Banna Strand exceptional public importance. he was brought to London. Even at this late stage in proceedings, During his interrogation Casement and his supporters still had hope: on Easter Monday, news of there was the possibility that a reprieve A the Rising filtered through, might be granted by the Cabinet. Usually, and by the end of the week, English public the more influential individuals and groups opinion of Casement had plummeted. He that supported a petition for clemency, was presumed to have been the instigator of the more likely it was to be granted. There the Rising, although in reality he had come was significant international pressure to Ireland to try to prevent it. While their brought to bear, and George Bernard Shaw, first instinct had been to try him before Arthur Conan Doyle, Douglas Hyde, John a court-martial, the British government Dillon, Eva Gore-Booth, Cardinal Logue, ultimately opted for the public spectacle of Alice Stopford Green and William Butler a full civil trial. Casement, however, would Yeats were among those who supported have preferred a court-martial like the other Casement’s appeal for clemency. rebels. Above: Gavan Many others refused, however, either Solicitor Gavan Duffy offered to arrange Duffy, with because of their abhorrence at Casement’s the defence. A number of leading barristers, Professor betrayal, or because of the rumours of his fearing contamination by association, Morgan, at Bow homosexuality. These were fuelled by the refused to represent Casement. Eventually, Street, London, circulation of parts of the Black Diaries. Duffy’s brother-in-law, Alexander Martin for the defence Ernley Blackwell, the Home Office’s legal Sullivan agreed to take the case. Well- of Roger advisor, was largely responsible for the established as a lawyer in Ireland, he Casement. leak, and also prepared a memorandum viewed this as his opportunity to make a for the Cabinet referring to the diaries and name for himself in English legal circles. Above right: emphasising that Casement’s sentence With him was Artemus Jones, Professor For the should be carried out. The stigma of JF Morgan, an expert in constitutional prosecution, homosexuality had a devastating effect on law, and American lawyer Michael Francis Archibald public support for Casement. No reprieve Doyle. They were pitted against the Bodkin and was granted, and Casement was hanged on attorney-general for England and Wales, Travers August 3. Frederick Smith (a strong opponent of Irish Humphreys. Was the Casement trial a travesty of nationalism); Archibald Bodkin (later the justice? There was a certain inevitability Director of Public Prosecutions) and Travers Right: Roger about the verdict. It was extremely unlikely Humphreys. Casement is that any English jury would have failed to The four-day trial at bar took place in escorted to find him guilty. In fact, during his speech the King’s Bench, before not one but three the gallows from the dock, Casement lamented the fact senior judges, as well as a jury of high- of Pentonville that he had not been tried before an Irish ranking individuals. A trial at bar was quite Prison, London jury: “With all respect I assert this court is the public spectacle, often used in serious after being to me, an Irishman, not a jury of my peers... cases such as high treason. Many Irish found guilty of I have a right, an indefeasible right... to be nationalists had been tried in this manner high treason. tried in Ireland, before an Irish court and by in the past, including Daniel O’Connell and an Irish jury.” Charles Stewart Parnell. Inset, top left: Casement would have had a very strong Casement was charged with high treason, a drawing of chance of acquittal by an Irish jury; defined under a 1351 statute as “levying war Casement in however, had he been tried in Ireland it is against the King or being adherent to the the dock. unlikely that the authorities would have King’s enemies in his realm, giving them been prepared to risk this. He would either aid and comfort in the realm or elsewhere.” GETTY IMAGES have been court-martialled like the other Sullivan’s defence was that Casement had rebels, or tried in a juryless civil court not “adhered to the King’s enemies” in the following the suspension of jury trials realm; all of his treasonable acts had taken during Easter week. place before he had set foot on British soil. One striking omission from the trial In other words, he did not deny the treason, was any mention of Casement’s real reason but argued that as it had taken place outside for landing in Ireland. The prosecution the jurisdiction, the 1351 Act did not apply. sidestepped this issue because it would This was a fairly novel argument, and not have weakened (or at least complicated) one with which Casement was particularly their case; Casement avoided mentioning it comfortable. Helped by George Bernard be a conviction followed by a reprieve. in less than an hour they returned with the because he did not wish to appear disloyal Shaw, he had intended to use his defence After the prosecution case consisting unsurprising verdict of ‘Guilty’. to the rebels, especially in the aftermath as an opportunity to make a very public of testimony from Limburg POWs and Having been convicted, Casement could of the executions. In any event, it probably declaration of Ireland’s cause. His friends, witnesses from Banna Strand, Sullivan then make a speech from the dock. This was would not have helped his defence, because however, did not think he ought to testify set out his argument. His motion to quash his opportunity to explain and justify the his treasonable acts were said to have been at trial at all, and were of the view that he the indictment was, predictably, refused. Rising, and he read out an eloquent speech, committed while he was in Germany. would be unable to stand up to a gruelling He had staked everything on this line of contextualising the events of the previous There were other dubious aspects to the cross-examination by the prosecution. defence, and could not now change course three years. When he concluded, the judges trial, such as Smith’s oblique references to Such a cross-examination was also likely and call witnesses. donned the traditional black caps and ‘a diary’ before the jury, and Casement’s to bring squarely into the public domain Casement was allowed to make a brief passed the sentence of death. unhappiness with Sullivan’s defence. the personal diaries (known as the Black unsworn statement, then both sides He was sent to Pentonville Prison until Although there were certainly defects in Diaries) which had been discovered among addressed the jury in turn. In his speech, his appeal began on July 17, 1916 in the Casement’s trial, the fact that he received his possessions. If, however, he went along Sullivan began to shift his defence towards Court of Criminal Appeal. The five senior a full jury trial at least afforded him the with Sullivan’s more technical argument, he that which had been suggested by Casement judges heard more than a day’s worth of opportunity to make his speech from the would not have to testify under oath at all. and Shaw, drawing parallels between the argument from Sullivan, but it was not dock; something denied to those who Sullivan did not, realistically, expect actions of Casement and those of the Ulster considered necessary for the Attorney were summarily convicted in the that his defence would actually succeed. It Volunteers. However, he was rebuked by General to address the court at all. The immediate aftermath of the Rising. was a highly academic argument and there the bench and could not continue with this judges rejected the appeal. Leave to appeal were legal precedents against it. Casement’s line of argument. Chief Justice Reading to the House of Lords was refused, because Dr Niamh Howlin is a lecturer at best hope, in the view of many, would charged the jury before they retired, and the Attorney General would not certify the UCD Sutherland School of Law

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 13 SOCIETY IRELAND IN 1916 Irish agog at moving pictures

First films shown less than year after cinematograph invention, writes Fergus Cassidy

N the early 1900s one newspaper CRIMES OF THE YOUNG referred to the cinematograph as BLAMED ON NEW MEDIA an invention that “is beyond all doubt one of the most marvelous of The popularity of moving pictures, the the century”. Whatever about the new media of that time, was linked to I rest of the 20th century, the years the causes of criminality, especially by between 1896 and 1916 saw the new media the young. of silent film projection firmly established In 1913 three Dublin boys appeared in Ireland. It was no passing fad, and it in court charged with stealing two experienced growth and popularity that dozen tennis balls from Tritonville continued to the present. Moving pictures Tennis Club in Sandymount, Dublin. and film-making initially availed of the They were also charged with the plentiful theatres throughout the country, theft of biscuits, 2s 6d in coppers, before the emergence of dedicated cinemas. and a football pump from Lansdowne The success also brought regulation, firstly US-based movie firm Kalem Road Football Club. on safety grounds, then classification, produced movies based in They pleaded guilty and their followed by censorship. Ireland such as ‘The Lad From solicitor appealed on their behalf. He Ireland didn’t lag behind international Old Ireland’ (above) and said that “it would seem that the boys trends as less than a year after Auguste ‘Colleen Bawn’ (below). became excited over some films they and Louis Lumière displayed their Right: July 1915 newspaper ads had seen at a picture theatre dealing cinematograph invention in Paris in 1895, for picture houses in Dublin’s with Broncho Bill.” the first films were shown in Dan Lowrey’s Talbot and Dame Streets. Broncho Billy Anderson (1880- Star of Erin Theatre of Varieties (now the 1971) was an American, actor, Olympia) in Dame Street, Dublin. These writer, director and producer, who was were very short films made by the Lumière the first cowboy star, making over 140 brothers themselves. The following year short films, including Broncho Billy’s the brothers sent camera crews to film on Last Deed and Broncho Billy’s Last the streets of Belfast and Dublin, the latter Hold Up. footage lasting less than 30 seconds. In January 1916, two young boys In 1908, a dedicated picture house were charged with breaking and opened at St George’s Hall, High Street, entering a Dublin banana store. Their Belfast, and was followed by the Star solicitor argued that did it because Picture Palace in that city. The Evening of watching burglaries at the picture Mail pointed out that: “In England there houses which “were the means of is a growing demand for cinematograph leading many a young fellow astray”. entertainments. Every important town In Mullingar Petty Sessions court has its permanent ‘picture show’, and the pianist, but many cinemas hired up to ten unsavoury literature”. This was extended two, boys aged 11 were found guilty Colonial Picture Combine see no reason musicians per show. Local soloists were to cinemas where films were occasionally of stealing 30s from shops. They were why Ireland should not be adequately put on contracts, providing openings for disrupted by the group. They weren’t alone. arrested in the picture house and represented in this respect.” The comment professional players. The Irish Examiner Joseph O’Shea, a Fianna na hÉireann money was found in their stockings. marked the opening of the People’s Popular carried a tongue-in-cheek article under member in Cork, recalled a protest against The court was told that the showing Picture Palace at the former Queen’s the heading “A New Profession”, declaring: the showing of a British Army recruiting of pictures such as The Clutching Hand Theatre in Dublin’s Brunswick Street (now “Among the new callings which the film. “We were to have got rotten eggs but had a very bad effect on them. They Pearse Street) with over 1,000 seats. cinematograph has brought into being is they could not be got and we had to use were committed to industrial school Another dedicated cinema opened to that of ‘film reviewer’. The trade journal, good ones. About six boys went into the for five years. the public on 21 December 1909 in 45 Mary The Irish Builder, reported in 1914 that gallery, and when Míceál Ó Cuill blew a Street, Dublin, called the Volta Electric there were “26 buildings for cinematograph whistle signal in the pit we battered the Theatre. It was set up and managed by display in Dublin alone”. The total for screen with the eggs.” the writer James Joyce. There was room Britain was 5,000 in that same year. While films about Ireland were made, for 420 people who paid from 3d to 6d (1.5 Following several serious fires, caused they were produced by companies such as to 3cent). The opening night featured La by flammable nitrate film stock, the the US-based Kalem and aimed at Irish- Pourponièrre, The First Paris Orphanage, Cinematograph Act came into operation American audiences. Its first film, The Lad and Beatrice Cenci. The Grafton cinema in January 1910. This placed responsibility from Old Ireland (1910), was shot in Kerry opened its doors in Grafton Street, Dublin on local authorities to license cinemas. and New York and ran for 12 minutes. The in 1911. While limited to the safety aspects of company also made Colleen Bawn (1911). In March 1912 Rotunda Pictures, Dublin, buildings, there were calls to go further The Film Company of Ireland produced showed Objections Overruled, a wild west and regulate the content of films. Two years the drama Fun Fair at Finglas in 1915. It comedy, a drama Princess of the Hills, later the British Board of Film Censors was featured the adventures of two escaped and Easter Celebrations in Malta. Music established. It offered two certificates, U prisoners and was shot in Finglas, Westland was provided by the Irish Ladies’ String (suitable for all) and A (adults only). Row railway station and Blanchardstown. Quartet. The Irish Vigilance Association The film was never released as the footage Films were initially accompanied by a campaigned to stop the spread of “bad and was destroyed during the Rising. Broncho Billy Anderson (1880-1971).

14 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016 PROFILES

2 4 5 NINE1 3 LIVES 6 7 Grainne Coyne on the sports stars

politicians and artists of the era 8 9

BORN Grigori Yefimovich He took to training with little for Parliament in 1918. She ran for collection of short stories A made history in 1913 by winning Rasputin in Siberia around success and died in 1945. Westminster as a Conservative, Munster Twilight was published their seventh All-Ireland medal, 1869, he briefly studied at a but her campaign was disrupted in 1916 but perhaps his best- the others being Dick Doyle, 1 monastery before becoming by ill health and she died in 1928, known book is his study of Irish Sim Walton and Jack Rochford. * * * known for his alleged healing shortly before women were given literature, The Hidden Ireland ‘Drug’ picked up his nickname as abilities. He was a favourite 3 Woodrow Wilson was born full voting rights. (1924). After 1916 he channelled a boy when he mispronounced a of Empress Alexandra after in Virginia in 1856, and spent his patriotism into promoting popular song, ‘Clare’s Dragoons’, he appeared to help cure her his youth in the South, where he * * * cultural nationalism in the growing up in Mooncoin. Walsh haemophiliac son, Alexei, through lived through the Civil War. He Gaelic League. In 1931 Corkery made his Kilkenny debut in 1904, prayer. The imperial family’s studied at Princeton and became 5 Born in Kentucky in 1875, was appointed UCC Professor of helping the county to dominate opponents used Rasputin to the university’s 13th president DW Griffith began his creative English, and was later nominated the next decade. They clinched undermine its credibility but the in 1902 before entering politics career as a playwright before to the Seanad by Éamon De the three-in-a-row in 1913 with a Empress continued to defend where he spent two years as moving onto acting and Valera. Corkery died in 1964. 2-4 to 1-2 win over Tipperary in Rasputin and dismissed ministers governor of New Jersey. In 1912 directing. He was famous for the first 15-a-side hurling final. who were said to be suspicious he was elected President of the creating highly innovative * * * He retired after Kilkenny lost to of the “mad monk”. Rasputin United States, and endorsed filmmaking techniques and Laois in the 1914 Leinster final, survived an assassination women’s right to vote, which was started to develop two-reel 7 An Asian circus elephant but the following year took over attempt in 1914 but two years ratified in 1920. Wilson also saw works which led him to making named Big Mary, dubbed as trainer of Laois and took them later a group of conspirators fed America through the First World the four-reel film Judith of ‘Murderous Mary’, became to their only All-Ireland win. He him wine and cakes laced with War, negotiated the Versailles Bethulia (1914), which meant renowned across the world died in 1958. cyanide, shot him, and threw him Treaty and crafted the League the movie could play for an hour. in 1916. During a circus in the Neva River. of Nations. He was awarded the He independently directed the performance in Kingsport, * * * Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 and feature-length work Birth of a Tennessee an unqualified * * * died in 1924. Nation (1915), which was very handler, Red Eldridge, tried to 9 Born in 1874 in Aberdeen, successful but surrounded in persuade Mary back on track soprano Mary Garden was 2 Steve Donoghue was one * * * controversy. In 1919, Griffith with a hook, but dug too deep famous for her vivid operatic of the biggest sports stars of co-founded United Artists into her skin. She reached him portrayals. Garden’s family the era, winning the British flat 4 Born Emmeline Goulden in with Charlie Chaplin, Douglas from behind with her trunk, emigrated to America when jockey championship every year Manchester in 1858, she became Fairbanks Sr. and Mary Pickford. slammed him to the ground and she was seven. She travelled from 1914 to 1923. Born into a Emmeline Pankhurst after He died in Hollywood in 1948. then squashed his head with to Paris to train and made her steel-worker’s family in 1884, marrying in 1879. In 1889, she her foot. Kingsport’s magistrate public debut in 1900 in Gustave he decided to become a jockey joined the Women’s Franchise * * * ordered Big Mary’s execution Charpentier’s Louise at the after winning a prize for riding League and founded the Women’s and circus owner, Charlie Opéra-Comique. She was an a donkey at a circus. He learned Social and Political Union (1903). 6 Born in 1878 in Cork, Daniel Sparks, reluctantly agreed. More immediate success and sang his trade with spells in France She encouraged the WSPU to use Corkery was an accomplished than 2,500 came to witness the in La Traviata (1903). She was and, from 1907-11, in Ireland. militant tactics, which often led water-colourist, dramatist lynching but it took two attempts chosen by Claude Debussy to sing He won the Epsom Derby on six to members being imprisoned, and co-founder of the Cork before the elephant died. the female lead in the premiere occasions, including three in including Pankhurst herself in Dramatic Society (1908). He of his Pelléas et Mélisande, which succession from 1921-23. One of 1908. She shelved suffragette was also an inspiring teacher * * * became her most infamous role. his famous mounts was Brown activism when war broke out, and mentor to writers Frank She sang with the Chicago Civic Jack, who he rode to six Queen and British women were granted O’Connor, Seán Ó Faoláin and 8 Dick ‘Drug’ Walsh was one Opera from 1910 until she retired Alexandra Stakes at Ascot. limited rights to vote and stand Seán Ó Tuama. Corkery’s first of four Kilkenny players who in 1931. She died in 1967, aged 93.

LEARN MORE Q Years of Turbulence, the Irish GO TO... The stonebreakers yard days a week, from 9.30am Revolution and its Aftermath, Q ‘De Valera and 1916’, a in Kilmainham Jail, to 5.30pm, with the last tour READ... edited by Diarmaid Ferriter and lecture by Professor Ronan where most of the leaving at 4.30pm. Access Q 16 Dead Men: The Easter Susannah Riordan (UCD Press, Fanning in St Mary’s Church, leaders of the Rising is by guided tour only. Rising Executions, by Ann Marie 2015) Haddington Road, Dublin. were executed Recent building works has Ruan (Mercier Press, 2014) Q Joe Stanley: Printer to the Thursday March 10, 7.15pm. meant parts of the prison Q Thomas Clarke, by Helen Rising, by Tom Reilly Admission free. have been inaccessible but Litton (O’Brien Press, 2014) (Brandon, 2005) it is expected to open fully Q The Secret Court Martial LISTEN TO... next month. Tickets cannot Records of the Easter Rising, WATCH... Q The Stonebreakers Yard — be booked in advance and by Brian Barton (The History Q RTÉ three-part RTÉ documentary from 1999 long queues have been a Press, 2010) documentary series 1916 on the executions, regular occurrence this year. Q Grandpa the Sniper: The narrated by Liam Neeson. www.rte.ie/radio1/ Admission is €4 for adults, Remarkable Story of a 1916 Now available on the RTÉ €3 seniors, €2 for children/ Volunteer, by Frank Shouldice player. VISIT students, with a €10 family (Liffey Press, 2015) http://bit.ly/23YDRTE Q Kilmainham Jail is open seven ticket.

Thursday 18 February 2016 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 15 JOHN COSTELLO LAURENCE MULLIGAN PERCIVALHAVELOCKACHESON CHRISTOPHER JORDAN WILLIAM MULRANEY l JAMES ARTHUR MULVEY JAMESFRANCISADAMS JANE COSTELLO l THOMAS COUGHLAN THOMAS MORAN JOZÉ l JANE KANE MICHEAL MULVIHILL l EDWARD MURPHY l RICHARD MURPHY CLEMENT COURTNEY l THOMAS KEARSE COWLEY ERNEST KAVANAGH l CHARLES KAVANAGH JOHN MURPHY l GEORGINA MURPHY l CATHERINE MURPHY HENRYTHOMASWARDALLATTlTHOMASALLEN JOHN MURRAY l JOSEPHY MURRAY l DANIEL JOSEPH MURRAY l ANNIE MYERS RICHARD COXON l HENRY COYLE l JOHN COYLE l JULIA CRAWFORD MICHAEL KAVANAGH l ALEXANDER KEANE l JOHANNA KEARNS BRIDGETALLENlJOSEPHCHRISTOPHERANDREWS JOHN CREAVEN l JOHN CRENIGAN l CHARLES LOVE CROCKETT CORNELIUS KEATING l FRANCIS KEEGAN l JOHN KEELY l ALBERT KEEP MARGARET NAYLOR l JOHN NEAL l PATRICK NEALAN l JAMES CRAWFORD NEIL JOHN HERBERT ARMSTRONG l JOHN BALLANTYNE MARGARET KEHOE l LAURENCE KELLY l JAMES KELLY l DENIS KELLY GERALD ALOYSIUS NEILAN l MARY NEILL l ALBERT NEWLAND l JAMES NOLAN l MARGARET NOLAN JOHN CROMIEN l JOSEPH CULLEN l JAMES CUNNINGHAM MICHAEL NUNAN l ROBERT F. O’BEIRNE l JAMES O’BRIEN l JOHN O’CALLAGHAN l RICHARD O’CARROLL PATRICK KELLY l MARY KELLY l MARY KENNY l RICHARD KENT ALICE BAMBRICK l ARTHUR BANKS MARY CUNNINGHAM l ANDREW CHRISTOPHER CUNNINGHAM l FRANCIS CURLEY JOHN O’CONNOR l MICHAEL O’CONNOR l PATRICK O’CONNOR l ELLEN O’CONNOR l JOHN O’DONOGHUE THOMAS KENT l THOMAS KENYON l MICHAEL KEOGH l GERALD KEOGH FREDERICKCHARLESBANTINGlGEORGEWILLIAMBARKS HAROLD CHARLES DAFFEN l MARGARET DALY l EDWARD DALY l CHARLES DARCY JOHN O’DUFFY l RICHARD O’FLAHERTY l JOSEPH O’FLAHERTY l PATRICK JOSEPH O’FLANAGAN ERNEST DAVENPORT l CATHERINE DAVIS l JOHN DAWSON l PATRICK DERRICK JOHN KIRWAN l ALBERT JAMES KITCHEN CHARLES O’GORMAN l PATRICK O’GRADY l JOHN O’GRADY l EDWARD O’GRADY GEORGE WILLIAM BARNETT l HAROLD BARRATT HENRY KNOWLES l FRANCIS WILLIAM WHITE KNOX HARRY DICKINSON l THOMAS DICKSON l FREDERICK CHRISTIAN DIETRICHSEN MICHAEL O’HANRAHAN l MARTIN O’LEARY l WILLIAM O’NEILL l JOHN O’REILLY JOHN BARRATT l BRIDGET BARRY l WILLIAM BARTER MICHAEL LAHIFF l WILLIAM LANG RICHARD O’REILLY l THOMAS JOSEPH O’REILLY PATRICK BEALIN l JOHN BEIRNES l OSCAR BENTLEY PATRICK DIGNAM l ROBERT DILLON l HENRY CHARLES DIXEY PETER JOSEPH LAWLESS l CHRISTOPHER LAWLOR l MICHAEL LEAHY JAMES BLAYNEY l JOHN SAMUEL BLISSETT l JAMES BLUNDELL PATRICKLEENlMARYLENNONlKATELENNONlWILFREDLLEWELLYN O’TOOLE l MICHAEL JOSEPH O’RAHILLY l CLARENCE OSBORNE l JOHN OWENS HENRY BOND l HAROLD BOURNE l JOHN REGINALD BOWCOTT CHARLIE THOMAS DIXON STEPHEN PATRICK DOYLE SAMUEL LONG l FRANCIS LUCAS l ALGERNON LUCAS JAMESHORACEBRADFORDl JAMESBRADYl JOHNBRENNAN CECIL EUSTACE DOCKERAY THOMAS DOYLEl JOHN DOYLE FRANCIS A BRENNAN l MALACHY BRENNAN l JOHN BRENNAN BRENDAN DONLAN l JOHN DONNELLY DANIEL DOYLE l JAMES DUFFY PATRICK LYNCH l JOHN HENRY MACNAMARA PADRAIG HAROLD BRINDLEY l PATRICK BROSNAN CORNELIUS DUGGAN l RICHARD DUNLEA GEORGE BROWN l MONTAGUE BERNARD BROWNE THOMAS DONNELLY FRANCIS HENRY BROWNING DOMINICK THOMAS DONOHOE MOSES DUNNE l EDWARD DUNNE JOHN DUNPHY l JOHN DWAN PEARSE PERCY VIVIAN CLAUDE PERRY JULIA BRUNELL l MARY BRUNSWICK JOSEPH DONOHOE SEAN LUCY BUCKLEY l WILLIAM FRANCIS BURKE MARY DWYER l ALFRED GODDARD ELLIOTT HARRY PHILLIPS l GEORGE PIERCE JAMES DOOLEY l DENIS DORGAN WILLIAM PEARSE FREDERICK WILLIAM ROBERT BURKE ALFRED ELLIS l PETER ENNIS MACDIARMADA GUY VICKERY PINFIELD RICHARD BUTLER l LOUIS BYRNE MOSES DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE GEORGE ENNIS l EDWARD ENNIS THOMAS PENTONY GEORGE ALEXANDER PLAYFAIR JOHN BYRNE l PATRICK BYRNE PATRICK DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE PETER FAHEY l ERNEST FARNSWORTH EDWARD BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE JEREMIAH FARRELL l PATRICK FARRELL l JOHN FARRELLY l PAUL FEENEY l JOHN JOSEPH FENNELL ANDREW JAMES BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE THOMAS JOSEPH MARY PLUNKETT PATRICK FENNELL l ARTHUR FERRIS l PATRICK FETHERSTON l FRANCIS FINLAY CHRISTINA CAFFREY l GEORGE WILLIAM CAHILL JAMES POWER l CHRISTINA PURCELL l PHILIP ADDISON PURSER l JAMES QUINN ANNE JANE CALDWELL l JAMES HOWARD CALVERT JAMES FINNEGAN l WILLIAM FINNEGAN l JOHN HENRY FLETCHER ELIZABETH QUIRK l THOMAS RAFFERTY l ALAN LIVINGSTONE RAMSAY l MARY REDMOND MICHAEL CARR l WILLIAM CARRICK JOHN FLYNN l MICHAEL FLYNN l THOMAS FORAN l JOHN ROBERT FORTH l JOHN FRANCIS FOSTER MACDONAGH CHARLES CARRIGAN l JAMES JOSEPH CARROLL WILLIAM FOX l JAMES FOX l ERNEST FOX l JAMES FRAZER l PATRICK FRIEL FRANCIS MACKEN l PETER (PAUL) MACKEN CHRISTOPHER REDMOND l REILLY l JOHN REILLY l THOMAS REILLY l GEORGE REYNOLDS ROBERTANDERSONMACKENZIE PATRICK REYNOLDS l WILLIAM JOHN RICE TIMOTHY SPELLMAN l PATRICK STEPHENSON ROGER CASEMENT WILLIAM FRITH l NEVILLE NICHOLAS FRYDAY l ROBERT GAMBLE HAROLD RODGERS l THOMAS F. ROURKE BRIDGET STEWART l JOHN STILLMAN JOSEPH CASEY l JAMES CASHMAN JOHN HENRY GIBBS l JOHN GIBNEY WILLIAMMAGUIREl MICHAELMALLIN JOHN MALLON l MICHAEL MALONE WILLIAM NELSON ROWE l PATRICK RYAN HOLDEN STODART l GEORGE SYNNOT CHRISTOPHER CATHCART l JAMES CAVANAGH GEORGE GEOGHEGAN ROBERT GLAISTER l DAVID GLENNON FREDERICK RYAN l GEORGE PERCY SAINSBURY PETER PAUL MANNING l PATRICK MARTIN ROSANNA TAAFFE l DAVID PERCIVAL TEMPEST EAMONN CEANNT PATRICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY MICHAEL GLYNN l JAMES GORMLEY FRANCIS SALMON l CHARLES SAUNDERS JOHN A THOMPSON l MARY TIMMONS JOHN MCBRIDE l HARRIET MCCABE ARTHUR JAMES SCARLETT l ABSLONE SCHERZINGER THOMAS HENRY CHAPMAN l JAMES CHICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY JOSEPH GOSS l ANDREW GOULDING JOHN JOSEPH TRAYNOR l THOMAS TREACY MICHAEL MCCABE l JOHN MCCARTHY WALTER ERIC SCOTT l JOHN SHANAGHER JOSEPH CLARKE l PHILIP CLARKE l RICHARD CLARKE GEORGE GRAY l ALEXANDER GRAY PATRICK TREVOR l WALTER ASTLE TUNNICLIFFE JAMES MCCARTNEY l ALEXANDER MCCLELLAND JOSEPH SHARGINE l DANIEL SHEEHAN ALFRED TYLER l PRUDENCE VANTREEN PATRICK GREEN l WILLIAM GREGG JAMES MCCORMACK l JAMES MCCORMACK FRANCIS JOSEPH CHRISTOPHER SHEEHY-SKEFFINGTON THOMAS J CLARKE EDWARD CARDEN VARNALS JAMES CLEARY l REGINALD FRANCIS CLERY ROBERT CANTEBURY HALL FLORENCE SHEILS l HENRY SHEPHERD HENRY HARE JAMES MCCULLOUGH JOHN HENRY SHERWOOD l PATRICK SHORTIS MARGARET MARY VEALE l WILLIAM WALKER JAMES JOSEPH COADE l ARTHUR ELIAS COBBOLD ABRAHAM HARRIS WILLIAM JAMES HALLIDAY l JOHN HANNA CORNELIUS COLBERT l MARY ANNE COLE ANDREW MCDONNELL ALFRED SIBLEY l VINCENT PAUL SIMPSON KATE WALSH l PHILIP WALSH l EDWARD WALSH PATRICK HARRIS ELIZABETH HANRATTY l THOMAS HARBORNE THOMASALBERTCOLLINSlJULIACONDRON WILLIAM MCDOWELL l JOHN MCELVERY ARTHUR CHARLES SMITH l HENRY SMYTH JOHN WALSH l PHILIP WALSH JOHN CONNOLLY l WILLIAM CONNOLLY THOMAS HARRISON l WILLIAM VICTOR HAWKEN l MORGAN HAYES EDWARD MCGALEY l CHARLES MCGEE ELIZABETH SMYTH l BERT SPEED JAMES JOSEPH WALSH l AUSTIN JOSEPH WALTON PETER CONNOLLY CHARLES HAYTER l JAMES DAVID ARTHUR HEADLAND l JOHN HEALY MARGARETMCGUINESSlRICHARDMCHALE ELEANOR WARBROOK l ALFRED ERNEST WARMINGTON l ARTHUR WARNER l ABRAHAM WATCHORN JAMES PATRICK HEALY l WILLIAM HEAVEY l ROBERT PATRICK HEENEY PATRICK MCINTYRE l BRIDGET MCKANE RICHARD WATERS l WILLIAM WATSON l FELIX JOSEPH WATTRES MICHAEL MCKILLOP l JAMES MCLOUGHLIN THOMAS JOSEPH WEAFER l WILLIAM WEST l PATRICK WHELAN l PATRICK WHELAN SEAN HEUSTON l HENRY MEYRICK HEWETT l JAMES HICKEY l THOMAS HICKEY RAPHAEL MCLOUGHLIN l PATRICK MCMANUS JAMES CHRISTOPHER HICKEY l CHRISTOPHER HEGGINS l PATRICK HOEY l JOHN HOEY JOHN MEAGHER l JOHN MEEGAN CHRISTOPHER WHELAN l DANIEL WHELAN l SARAH WHELAN JEREMIAH HOGAN l JAMES HOGAN l ARTHUR HOLBROOK l LUKE HOLLAND THOMAS MELEADY l JULIA MERON JOHN WHELAN l MYLES WHITE l ELIZABETH WILKINSON CONNOLLY JOSEPH HOSFORD l JOHN BERNARD HOWARD l CHARLES HOYLE THOMAS HENRY MILLER DAVID WILSON l PETER WILSON l ALBERT EDWARD WOOD FREDERICK JOHN HUGHES l MICHAEL HUGHES l JOHN WILLIAM HUMFREY HUMPHREYS CHRISTOPHER MILLER l CHARLES MONAHAN MARY CONNOLLY l CHRISTOPHER CONNOR RICHARD WOODCOCK l BASIL HENRY WORSLEY-WORSWICK WILLIAM HENRY HUMPHRIES l GODFREY JACKSON HUNTER l JOHN HURLEY CHRISTOPHER MOORE l WILLIAM MOORE JOHN COOKE l CORBIN l JAMES CORCORAN SÉAN HURLEY l CHARLES HACHETTE HYLAND l PATRICK IVORS WILLIAM THOMAS PERCY WRIGHT l GEORGE WYLD HERBERTJOHN CORDWELL l JAMES HAMLET CORNWELL JAMES MOORE l ELIZABETH MORAN MARYANNECORRIGANlEDWARDCOSGRAVE WILLIAM EDGAR MOY JAMES l PERCY JEFFS MARY MORRIS l NATHANIEL MORTON SIDNEY LEONARD YOUNG EDWARD JOSEPH COSTELLO l JOHN COSTELLO JAMES JESSOP l FRANK JOBBER JOHN MULHERN l WILLIAM MULLEN JOHN YOUNG ROBERT JOHNSTON

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RT THREE OF TEN y 2016 PA GAZINES AND CIAL MA CTION 21 Januar SPE WITH 19LLE Thursday RTNERSHIP IN PA CO .independent.ie/1916 16 www y 2016 AND CTION 7 Januar 19LLE Thursday .independent.ie/1916 16CO www 2015 CTION 10 December 19LLE Thursday .independent.ie/1916 16CO www 2015 vember CTION 26 No 19LLE Thursday TERENCE CO McSWINEY 2015 vember 12 No AND Thursday THE LEGACY OF THE 18 RISING February 2016 I IrishSIndependent CLARKE 1 &babies mothers&babies THOMASURRENDER,mothers 1 THE EXECUTIONS AND THEAND SURRENDER, Y 16 19 1 MARKIEVICZTRIALSbabies AND EXE ONNOLLAY OF & MES C -D TANCE MARKIEVICZMEN mothers JA Independent NS OMENI Irish OF 19 WO 2016 y COGH 4 Februar AND THE SIX + TTHE REBELLIONGPO e 1 OL the sfir&babies AND THE W osmothers CNEILL Inside cr S MacDONA IN MA in the S’ REV EO S Independent A AND 1 Civilians THOMA I Irish &babies y 2016 AND PLANNING mothers 21 Januar 1 &babies CDIARMAD THE REBELLION mothers EAMONN CEANNT AND AND THE POET + Roger Casementecruiting THE RISING ERUPT y Independent SEÁN MA I Irish and theo r German y 2016 trips t THE LEADERS OF THE RISING 7 Januar Independent Independent I Irish I Irish 2015 2015 vember mber 12 No Independent Nove I Irish 12 2015 ember From12 Nov the assembling of the armies to the trials and executions, the momentous events of the 1916 Rising remain part of our lives, a century later. Now, in an exclusive 10-part collection we commemorate the individuals whose actions changed our history forever — the revolutionaries, the politicians, the women and the unsung heroes. A unique collection of supplements dedicated to recalling the legacy of the events of 1916. Complete your collection with Part Ten, free only in the Irish Independent, on Thursday 3 March.

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16 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I Thursday 18 February 2016