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The Life and Works of Beatrice Elvery, 1881-1920

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The Life and Works of Beatrice Elvery, 1881-1920 Nationalism, Motherhood, and Activism: The Life and Works of Beatrice Elvery, 1881-1920 Melissa S. Bowen A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History California State University Bakersfield In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History May 2015 Copyright By Melissa S. Bowen 2015 Acknowledgments I am incredibly grateful for the encouragement and support of Cal State Bakersfield’s History Department faculty, who as a group worked closely with me in preparing me for this fruitful endeavor. I am most grateful to my advisor, Cliona Murphy, whose positive enthusiasm, never- ending generosity, and infinite wisdom on Irish History made this project worthwhile and enjoyable. I would not have been able to put as much primary research into this project as I did without the generous scholarship awarded to me by Cal State Bakersfield’s GRASP office, which allowed me to travel to Ireland and study Beatrice Elvery’s work first hand. I am also grateful to the scholars and professionals who helped me with my research such as Dr. Stephanie Rains, Dr. Nicola Gordon Bowe, and Rector John Tanner. Lastly, my research would not nearly have been as extensive if it were not for my hosts while in Ireland, Brian Murphy, Miriam O’Brien, and Angela Lawlor, who all welcomed me into their homes, filled me with delicious Irish food, and guided me throughout the country during my entire trip. List of Illustrations Sheppard, Oliver. 1908. Roisin Dua. St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. 2 Orpen, R.C. 1908. 1909 Seal. The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, Dublin. 3 Kay, Dorothy. 1918. Child at Prayer. Private Collection, Cape Town. 6 Beatrice Elvery. 1900. Photograph of J.W. Elvery's. Irish National Museum, Dublin. 24 Beatrice Elvery. n.d. "Book Plate." National Library of Ireland. The Cuala Press. 32 Dublin. Orpen, William. 1909. Bridgit--A Picture of Miss Elvery. Private Collection, Dublin. 36 Beatrice Elvery. 1908. Queen VIctoria Memorial. Leinster House, Dublin. 37 Beatrice Elvery. 1903/4. The Mother. Private Collection, Dublin. 38 Beatrice Elvery. 1906. Mother and Baby. Private Collection, Dublin. 39 Beatrice Elvery. 1904. Glendalough. Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin. 40 Beatrice Elvery. 1907. The Good Samaritan and The Prodigal Son. Tullow Parish, Dublin. 42 Beatrice Elvery. 1909. The Bath. Private Collection, Dublin. 45 Gentileschi, Artemisia. 1609. Virgin and Child. Spada Gallery, Rome. 45 Beatrice Elvery. 1910. "The Virgin Ironing." Cuala Press. Dublin. 47 Beatrice Elvery. 1911. "The Nativity." National Library of Ireland. The Cuala Press. Dublin. 52 Beatrice Elvery. 1913. "Prayer for a Little Child." Private Collection. The Cuala Press. 56 Dublin. Beatrice Elvery. 1913. "The Faery Harper." Maunsel & Co. Heroes of the Dawn. Dublin. 57 Beatrice Elvery. 1914. "He Kissed them Both." 61 Beatrice Elvery. 1914. "Mother and Child Lying very Still." 62 Beatrice Elvery. 1907. Éire. Private Collection - Lady Davis Goff, Dublin. 74 Beatrice Elvery. 1907. "Color Illustration." Gaelic League. Íosagán Agus Sgéalta Eile. 75 Dublin. Beatrice Elvery. 1907. Íosagán (Watercolor). Patrick Pearse Museum, Dublin. 76 Elvery, Beatrice. 1910. An Íosagán. Patrick Pearse Museum, Dublin. 78 Unknown. 1916. Photograph of Constance de Markievicz. Dublin. 85 Beatrice Elvery. 1920. War Memorial. Tullow Parish, Dublin. 91 Lavery, Sir John. 1928. Lady Lavery. Central Bank of Ireland, Dublin. 106 Hughes, John. Since 1986. Queen Victoria Memorial. Queen Victoria Building, Sydney. 108 Table of Contents Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………… i Timeline…………………………………………………………………………………… xv Introduction: An Artist, Her Nation, and a Revolution…………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: The Birth of an Artist (1881-1898)……………………………………………. 19 Chapter 2: An Artist Blooms (1898-1910)………………………………………………... 34 Chapter 3: An Irish Artist in London (1908-1918)……………………………………….. 50 Chapter 4: The Artist and the Schoolmaster (1902-1916)………………………………… 69 Conclusion: An Artist not quite Forgotten………………………………………………... 87 Afterword: The New Irish Woman: Beatrice Breaks the Rules…………………………... 93 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………... 108 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………. 110 Beatrice Elvery: Glossary i Notable Terms and Figures 1839 Tender Years Doctrine: Officially known as the Custody of Infants Act of 1839, reformist Caroline Norton influenced the doctrine. Her pamphlets argued children belonged with their mothers through an inherent right. The act stated that the court awards all children under seven be to the custody of their mother; the act also guaranteed visitation rights to the mother—unless the mother was deemed unfit by the courts, through adultery, insanity, or criminal behavior. 1884 Reform Act: Also, known as the Representation of the People Act, the act extended voting rights to a larger population of citizens than before. The law made all voting rights available in the towns to extend to rural areas. It also allowed non-landowners voting rights, which increased the overall British electorate to 5,500,000. Abbey Theatre: Irish: Amharclann na Mainistreach, also known as the National Theatre of Ireland or Amharclann Náisinta na hÉireann. The Abbey debuted its first performance December 27 1904. The original building burned down in 1951, but the theatre remains active today at its new location on 26 Lower Abbey Street in Dublin proper. The British government originally subsidized the theatre, but since1925, the Republic of Ireland has supported the Abbey. It was initially known for its association with the Gaelic Revival and the artists involved. An Tr Gloine: Irish for Tower of Glass, the studio founded by artist Sarah Purser in1901, was a center for the arts and crafts movement that produced stained glass windows for various churches throughout Ireland. Eventually, the studio completed commissions for secular buildings, public exhibitions, and even organizations overseas. Active throughout the first half of the 20th century, the studio housed such artists as Michael Healy, Evie Hone, Beatrice Elvery, Wilhelmina Geddes, Harry Clarke, and founder Sarah Purser. Edward Martyn originally opened the studio to service the construction of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Loughrea, County Galway—St. Brendan’s. Co-founder Sarah Purser hoped the studio would become a hub for Irish artisans to supply an alternative to importing goods from England. Anglo-Irish Treaty: Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach, signed December 6, 1921, between Great Britain and Ireland that concluded the Irish War of Independence. It created the establishment of the Irish Free State as a self-governing entity within the British Commonwealth. It also provided Northern Ireland the option to opt out, which it did and thus still remained a subject of Great Britain to this day. As required by its terms, the agreement was ratified by the members elected to Irish Parliament and British Parliament. Though the treaty was narrowly ratified, the split still led to the Irish Civil War, which was ultimately won by the pro-treaty side. Anti-Treatyites: Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, the IRA in the southern 26 counties split between supporters and opponents of the Treaty. The Anti-Treatyites sometimes referred to by as Irregulars spent several months laying siege on public buildings as well as storming private residences of those thought to be important members of the pro-treaty side. Archduke Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914), Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia. Beatrice Elvery: Glossary ii His assassination in Sarajevo may have led to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia, which in turn resulted in the declaration of war between Serbia and the Central Powers, starting World War I—although Ferdinand’s assassination being the actual cause of World War I is still a heavily debated topic among historians. Arts and Crafts Movement: An international movement in the decorative and fine arts that flourished between 1880 and 1910. It consisted of traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and it often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. It often coincided with the social idea of local or nationalist commerce that encouraged domestic trade and placed focus on a handcrafted rather than factory-made product. Its influence existed until Modernism displaced it in the 1930s, but continued among craft makers, designers, and city planners who wished to appeal to a local pride. Ascendancy: originating from wealthy or powerful Protestant landowners, the group eventually came to include professional Protestant Anglo-Irish who garnered most of the power and control in Ireland up through the early 20th century. Balfour, Arthur: Arthur James Balfour (25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British politician who was the British Prime Minister from July 1902 to December 1905, and then Foreign Secretary. Entering Parliament in 1874, he was well known as Chief Secretary for Ireland, he attempted to quell rural unrest by standing up to absentee landlords. He opposed Irish Home Rule, arguing that it was not feasible to have a semi-independent Ireland and that Ireland was not self-sufficient enough to be completely independent. From 1891, he led the Conservative Party in the House of Commons, serving under his uncle, Lord Salisbury, whose government won large majorities in 1895 and 1900. Baroque: A period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion, intense shading, and detailed imagery to produce
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