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Ireland and the South African War, 1899-1902 by Luke Diver, M.A

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Ireland and the South African War, 1899-1902 by Luke Diver, M.A Ireland and the South African War, 1899-1902 By Luke Diver, M.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH Head of Department: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisors of Research: Dr David Murphy Dr Ian Speller 2014 i Table of Contents Page No. Title page i Table of contents ii Acknowledgements iv List of maps and illustrations v List of tables in main text vii Glossary viii Maps ix Personalities of the South African War xx 'A loyal Irish soldier' xxiv Cover page: Ireland and the South African War xxv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Irish soldiers’ experiences in South Africa (October - December 1899) 19 Chapter 2: Irish soldiers’ experiences in South Africa (January - March 1900) 76 Chapter 3: The ‘Irish’ Imperial Yeomanry and the battle of Lindley 109 Chapter 4: The Home Front 152 Chapter 5: Commemoration 198 Conclusion 227 Appendix 1: List of Irish units 240 Appendix 2: Irish Victoria Cross winners 243 Appendix 3: Men from Irish battalions especially mentioned from General Buller for their conspicuous gallantry in the field throughout the Tugela Operations 247 ii Appendix 4: General White’s commendations of officers and men that were Irish or who were attached to Irish units who served during the period prior and during the siege of Ladysmith 248 Appendix 5: Return of casualties which occurred in Natal, 1899-1902 249 Appendix 6: Return of casualties which occurred in the Cape, Orange River, and Transvaal Colonies, 1899-1902 250 Appendix 7: List of Irish officers and officers who were attached to Irish battalions who died during the South African War 251 Appendix 8: Total casualties for Irish line regiments in Natal and Cape, Orange River, and Transvaal Colonies 255 Appendix 9: South African War diary of Trooper James Clarke, 45th Dublin Company, Imperial Yeomanry 256 Appendix 10: Informal Will and letter of Lance-Corporal Hamilton Doake, 2nd Royal Irish Fusiliers 265 Appendix 11: Photographs of South African War veterans on their day of submission to the Richmond Asylum, Grangegorman, Dublin 268 Bibliography 274 iii Acknowledgements I am most grateful to all those who supported me in the preparation of this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr David Murphy, for his assistance, encouragement and friendship during this entire process. His support and patience proved invaluable during the course of the research. I would like to thank Dr Ian Speller for providing essential advice and direction that helped to improve the standard of this work. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Professor Marian Lyons, Head of the History Department, for her kindness and interest in my research. I am also grateful to Professor Jacqueline Hill for her unwavering support and helpful guidance. Furthermore, many thanks to An Forsa Feasa for providing me with a work space for two years. I would like to offer my gratitude to the following individuals who took an interest in my research and offered advice along the way: Dr Georgina Laragy of Queen’s University, Belfast; Dr Alison Farrell of NUI Maynooth, Kildare; Dr Harry Laver of South-eastern Louisiana University, United States; Dr Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac of the Service historique de la défense, Vincennes, France; Professor Abel Esterhuyse of Stellenbosch University, South Africa; and, Professor Donal P. McCracken of University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of staff in the various archives and libraries that I frequented: the National Archives of Ireland and the United Kingdom, the National Library of Ireland, the British Library, NUI Maynooth and Trinity College Library. In particular, I wish to express my gratitude to Richard Bennett of the Grangegorman Community Archives, Dublin, who was most helpful and courteous during my research. I am also indebted to Michael Steemson for allowing me to use his grandfather’s war diary. I desire to express my utmost appreciation to my friends and family, who supported my research over the last three years. For their suggestions, advice and empathy, I would like to thank my fellow classmates. I also wish to thank Nancy and Frank Richardson, the Keiths in Scotland, the Carolans in Cavan, Ronan Nestor, Ronan Morris, Harry Freeman, Miriam Whittle and Cillian Ward. Furthermore, I wish to thank Marie and Matt McEvoy, and, in particular, Sadie, who always manages to put life into perspective. Of course, special thanks are owed to my girlfriend Dearbháile McEvoy, for her continuous support, understanding and companionship throughout this journey. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and family for their never-ending encouragement, their support, and financial assistance. Of course, this work may not have been undertaken, had it not been for my father, who allowed me to watch Zulu as a child. For encouraging an unhealthy obsession with military history at a young age, this work is dedicated to him. iv List of maps and illustrations Page No. Fig. 1: Map of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State and Natal ix Fig. 2: Map of Northern Natal x Fig. 3: The battle of Talana Xi Fig. 4: The battle of Elandslaagte Xii Fig. 5: Map of Ladysmith and surrounding heights Xiii Fig. 6: Battle of Nicholson’s Nek Xiv Fig. 7: Birds-eye view of the country covered by General Buller’s operations for the relief of Ladysmith Xv Fig. 8: Map showing the attempted passage of the river by General Buller at the battle of Colenso Xvi Fig.9: Battle of Colenso Xvii Fig.10: Final advance on Ladysmith Xviii Fig. 11: Battle of Lindley Xix Fig. 12: Sir Redvers Henry Buller, V.C. Xx Fig. 13: Field Marshal Lord Roberts Xx Fig. 14: Lord Kitchener of Khartoum Xx Fig. 15: Lieutenant-General J.D.P. French Xxi Fig. 16: General Sir George Stewart White, V.C. Xxi Fig. 17: Major-General Sir W. Penn Symons Xxi Fig. 18: Major-General A. Fitzroy Hart Xxii Fig. 19: Lieutenant-General Thomas Kelly-Kenny Xxii Fig. 20: Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., Secretary for the Colonies Xxii Fig. 21: Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal Republic Xxiii Fig. 22: General Piet Joubert Xxiii Fig. 23: General Louis Botha Xxiii Fig. 24:‘Where do the Boers fight?’ Xxv Fig. 25:‘Reservists at Kilkenny’: 3rd King’s Royal Rifles enter Kilkenny Barracks 10 Fig. 26: The 5th Royal Irish Lancers departing to the front via Fort Napier, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 18 Fig. 27: 2nd Royal Irish Rifles embarking on the White Star Liner 'Britannia' at Queenstown, County Cork 18 Fig. 28: ‘The last rites' at Dundee 33 Fig. 29: The battle of Elandslaagte - charge of the 5th Lancers 37 Fig. 30: Victims of the disaster at Nicholson's Nek. British prisoners at Pretoria 43 Fig. 31: Fusiliers captured by Boers' and Blake's Brigade. Arrival under escort at Pretoria 45 Fig. 32: The 6th Inniskilling Fusiliers boarding the 'Siberian' at Queenstown 51 Fig. 33: Officers of the Irish Brigade and several war correspondents watching the bombardment at Colenso 54 Fig. 34: Map detailing the advance of the 5th Irish Brigade at Colenso 58 Fig. 35: General Hart's flank attack from the Boer point of view 58 Fig. 36: The battle of Colenso - The Dublin Fusiliers attempt to ford the Tugela 63 Fig. 37: Satellite image of the Tugela River 72 Fig. 38: The final advance to Ladysmith - Hart's infantry bivouacking on the banks of Tugela 83 v Fig. 39: After the fight: burying the dead following the battle of Inniskilling Hill 84 Fig. 40: The town of Ladysmith 85 Fig. 41: Trenches of Ladysmith 93 Fig. 42: 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers, heading relief troops, marching into Ladysmith 99-100 Fig. 43: Trooper Maurice Fitzgibbon, 45th Dublin Company, 13th Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry 112 Fig. 44: A drawing of the Duke of Connaught inspecting the 45th Dublin Company 134 Fig. 45: A photograph of the Duke of Connaught inspecting the 45th Dublin Company 134 Fig. 46: Some members of No. 1 troop of the Dublin Squadron, Imperial Yeomanry 136 Fig. 47:Temporary military hospital at Reitz with casualties of the 13th Battalion 142 Fig. 48: Officers of the 45th and 47th Companies, captured at Lindley 148 Fig. 49: Members of the 13th Battalion inside a prison at Nooitgedacht 151 Fig. 50: Trooper N.F. Fenner and Trooper H.H. Fenner, 45th Dublin Company, Imperial Yeomanry 151 Fig. 51: The Countess of Limerick's Shamrock League 180 Fig. 52: An inspection of Lord Iveagh's Field Hospital Staff at Dublin, prior to departure 185 Fig. 53: A group of Irish nurses for South Africa 185 Fig. 54: The founding sisters of the Mafeking Convent 187 Fig. 55: Irish Sisters of Mercy received by the Queen 189 Fig. 56: The Lower House, Richmond Asylum 197 Fig. 57: The Roman Catholic Church and unit '23' at the Richmond Asylum 197 Fig. 58: A contemporary drawing of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers memorial arch 198 Fig. 59: The return of the 61st Dublin Company, Imperial Yeomanry, to Dublin 202 Fig. 60: The return of the 1st Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers to Derry-Londonderry 202 Fig. 61: The Duke of Connaught's opening speech at the unveiling of Fusiliers’ Arch 209 Fig. 62: A photograph of the crowds surrounding the memorial arch during the unveiling 210 Fig. 63: A photograph of Fusiliers’Arch circa 1907/08 213 Fig. 64: The 'dead' Dublin Fusilier once attached to Queen Victoria's memorial in Dublin 214 Fig.65: A contemporary photograph of the damage caused by the explosion at the South African War memorial in Connaught Avenue, Cork (2014) 219 Fig. 66: A modern photograph of the front of Fusilier’s Arch 226 Fig.
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