The Great Boer War
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'It Was the Best Oftimes, It Was the Worst Oftimes '1
'It was the best oftimes, it was the worst oftimes '1 Natal and the Anglo-Boer War of1899-19022 At the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War the British colony of Natal stood to gain and to lose by virtue of its geographical position, and duly did both as the ensuing conflict unfolded. The territory was obviously vulnerable to Boer invasion, yet the support of its inhabitants for the British war effort was not as axiomatic as might be supposed. The reaction of the colony's African majority to the prospect of war was not recorded, though many were to be affected and some actively involved in what was supposed to be a whites-only conflict. Most white Natalians were slow to rally to the flag as they wrestled with ambivalent feelings towards the Boer republics and uncertainty concerning the sincerity of aggressive imperial diplomacy in southern Africa. Significantly, perhaps, when war was declared less than 20% of the colony's white adult male popUlation of military age (20 to 40 years old) enlisted for service, excluding the existing rifle associations which were on standby.3 Pre-war sentiment Whi le the imperial defeats of 1881, CLl lminating at Majuba, still rankled in loyalist hearts, by the 1890s Natal inescapably depended more than ever before upon the overberg trade as a source of both public and private income. President Kruger was wamily received when he visited the colony in April 1891 to celebrate the completion ofthe main Natal railway line to Charlestown on the Transvaal border.4 By then more than 62% of Natal's imports, upon which customs duties and railway rates were levied, were bound for the interior republics. -
An Australian War Correspondent in Ladysmith: the Siege Report of Donald Macdonald of the Melbourne Argus
http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za An Australian war correspondent in Ladysmith: The siege report of Donald Macdonald of the Melbourne Argus IAN VAN DER WAAG Military History Department, University of Stellenbosch (Military Academy) Some one hundred years ago, South Africa was torn apart by the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). To mark this cataclysmic event, Covos-Day is publishing a series of books. The first is a facsimile of Donald Macdonald's enduring story of How we kept the flag flying through the siege of Ladysmith I and this is followed by several other titles including another Ladysmith-siege diary: one written by George Maidment, a British army orderly.2 Such a publication programme is a monumental and laudable effort. It allows both reflections upon a calamitous episode in South African history and, as is the case of How we kept the flag flying, an opportunity for the collector to acquire old titles, long-out-of-print, at reasonable prices. Donald Macdonald was born in Melbourne, Victoria on 6 June 1859. After a short career as a teacher, he joined the Corowa Free Press and, in 1881, the Melbourne Argus. A nature writer and cricket commentator,) he arrived in South Africa on 21 October 1899, the day of the battle at Elandslaagte, as war correspondent to the Melbourne Argus. This book, How we kept the flag flying, was born from his experiences and frustrations whilst holed-up in Ladysmith throughout the IDO-day siege, whilst the war raged and was reported on by journalists elsewhere. The Second Anglo-Boer War was the last truly colonial war, the last interstate conflict of the nineteenth-century, the first of the twentieth and the first media war too. -
Mafeking'srelief Announced with Baden-Powell at Mafeking
'"H, * * * * ' I I ~^l \u25a0 '^^^Z ~*J^^^^t^^^*T^^^Uo^U^^^^^^^.^^^M Hw^* li^Z^^^^MaK«w^ \u25a0 I^^H - VOlV01 LX N°* 10.543. NEW-YORK. SATURDAY. MAY 10, 1900. -SIXTEEN PAGER^WWS«SU. \u25a0PRICE THREE CENTS. MAFEKING'SRELIEF ANNOUNCED WITH BADEN-POWELL AT MAFEKING. NEW MONTANA CLAIMANT GOT. SMITHAPPOLXTS A SUC- BRITISH COLUMN FROM THE SOUTH DRIVES AWAY THE CESSOR TO CLARK. BESIEGERS AXD EXTERS THE TOWN. THE ANT GOVERNORS ACTION A DAY OF NOTABLE SUCCESSES FOR ROBERTS. DECLARED TO BE VITIATED BY ri:.\ri> macinnis named I as SENATOR. A dispatch from Pretoria announced that a British column, coming from the south, had relieved Mafeking. The Boers, after their laag-crs and forts had been Helena, Mont.. May 18.—Governor Smith this afternoon appointed Martin Magtnnts United severely bombarded, abandoned the siege. States Senator, to succeed William A. Clark. General Robert? announced that General Hutton's mounted infantry The Governor bases his action on the ground sur- that the appointment of Clark by Lieutenant- prised and captured General Botha north of Kroonstad. The British War Oft'ice Governor Spriggs Is vitiate! by fraud. He al- doubted ifthe prisoner was Louis Botha, the Boer Commander in Chief. leges that the resignation of Senator Clark was written In Steyn paid a to Pretoria, April,and that the date It now bears. President hurried visit going from the Orange Free May 11. was the result of an erasure of the State to consult the Transvaal Government. 5 original date, which, it Is said, can be easily announced occupation Newcastle, Upper Xatal, by proved by an examination of the document. -
General Andrew Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal. a Character Sketch and Brief Historical Tribute Eric Mcpherson*
General Andrew Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal. A character sketch and brief historical tribute Eric McPherson* Two months after the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer in turn was based on his family background and War a series of battles took place which shook upbringing. Andrew Gilbert Wauchope was born Britain. These were Stormberg (10 December at Niddrie Marischal, Midlothian, Scotland, on 1899), Magersfontein (11 December 1899) and the 5th July, 1846. His father was Andrew Wau- Colenso (15 December 1899). All had been re- chope and mother Frances, daughter of Henry verses for the British army and had taken place Lloyd, County Tipperary. The Wauchope family within a week which became known as Black had been associated with Niddrie for many cen- Week - a phrase coined by the British Liberal turies and belonged to the landed gentry. Andy Party politician Asquith. Great Britain was re- Wauchope's father was described as being garded as having the world's most powerful "long known and respected as a kind and indul- army at the time and the losses suffered against gent landlord, ever ready to give a helping hand the Boers resulted in humiliation and anguish for to his tenants or to religious and philanthropic the British nation. However, nowhere was the objects". It is not surprising therefore that from anguish greater than in Scotland for at Magers- this genteel background he inherited this fontein the Highland Brigade had fared badly characteristic consideration for his fellow man suffering severe losses including their com- and those under his command. mander, Major-General Andrew Wauchope, killed in action. -
Ireland and the South African War, 1899-1902 by Luke Diver, M.A
Ireland and the South African War, 1899-1902 By Luke Diver, M.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH Head of Department: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisors of Research: Dr David Murphy Dr Ian Speller 2014 i Table of Contents Page No. Title page i Table of contents ii Acknowledgements iv List of maps and illustrations v List of tables in main text vii Glossary viii Maps ix Personalities of the South African War xx 'A loyal Irish soldier' xxiv Cover page: Ireland and the South African War xxv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Irish soldiers’ experiences in South Africa (October - December 1899) 19 Chapter 2: Irish soldiers’ experiences in South Africa (January - March 1900) 76 Chapter 3: The ‘Irish’ Imperial Yeomanry and the battle of Lindley 109 Chapter 4: The Home Front 152 Chapter 5: Commemoration 198 Conclusion 227 Appendix 1: List of Irish units 240 Appendix 2: Irish Victoria Cross winners 243 Appendix 3: Men from Irish battalions especially mentioned from General Buller for their conspicuous gallantry in the field throughout the Tugela Operations 247 ii Appendix 4: General White’s commendations of officers and men that were Irish or who were attached to Irish units who served during the period prior and during the siege of Ladysmith 248 Appendix 5: Return of casualties which occurred in Natal, 1899-1902 249 Appendix 6: Return of casualties which occurred in the Cape, Orange River, and Transvaal Colonies, 1899-1902 250 Appendix 7: List of Irish officers and officers who were attached -
History 1886
How many bones must you bury before you can call yourself an African? Updated December 2009 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part D: 1886 - 1909 Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton [email protected] Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are “facts”, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator’s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a “fact” is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times . All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author’s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete. -
Report Case Study 25
Case 1 2013/14: The Baden-Powell Desk by William Seuffert Expert adviser’s statement Reviewing Committee Secretary’s note: Please note that any illustrations referred to have not been reproduced on the Arts Council England Website EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Brief Description of item(s) A secretaire with marquetry depicting the people, topography, flora and fauna of New Zealand, incorporating the then coat of arms of Major-General Robert Baden-Powell (1857-1941, created 1st Baron Baden-Powell in 1929), and bearing a silver plaque which reads: ‘Presented to Major-General R. S. S. Baden-Powell by admirers in the province of Auckland, New Zealand, in recognition of distinguished services rendered to the Empire during the siege of Mafeking, from 13 Oct. 1899 to 17 May 1900’. The marquetry is made of New Zealand woods, including burr totara. The secretaire measures 167 cm high, 130 cm wide and 66 cm deep. It was made by William Seuffert (1858-1943) between 1900 and 1902 in Auckland, New Zealand, with the carvings attributed to Anton Teutenberg. It is in very good condition. The carving on the centre of the top is a modern reproduction based on photographs of the original. The marquetry on the front has faded. 2. Context When British forces relieved Mafeking (now Mafikeng) on 17 May 1900 the news was greeted with an extraordinary outpouring of celebrations throughout Britain and her colonies. In Auckland, a shilling subscription was launched to raise money for a gift in honour of Major-General Baden-Powell, who had been in charge of the besieged garrison. -
British Scorched Earth and Concentration Camp Policies
72 THE BRITISH SCORCHED EARTH AND CONCENTRATION CAMP POLICIES IN THE 1 POTCHEFSTROOM REGION, 1899–1902 Prof GN van den Bergh Research Associate, North-West University Abstract The continued military resistance of the Republics after the occupation of Bloemfontein and Pretoria and exaggerated by the advent of guerrilla tactics frustrated the British High Command. In the case of the Potchefstroom region, British aggravation came to focus on the successful resurgence of the Potchefstroom Commando, under Gen. Petrus Liebenberg, swelled by surrendered burghers from the Gatsrand again taking up arms. A succession of proclamations of increasing severity were directed at civilians for lending support to commandos had no effect on either the growth or success of Liebenberg’s commando. His basis for operations was the Gatsrand from where he disrupted British supply communications. He was involved in British evacuations of the town in July and August 1900 and in assisting De Wet in escaping British pursuit in August 1900. British policy came to revolve around denying Liebenberg use of the abundant food supplies in the Gatsrand by applying a scorched earth policy there and in the adjacent Mooi River basin. This occurred in conjuncture with the brief second and permanent third occupation of Potchefstroom. The subsequent establishment of garrisons there gave rise to the systematic destruction of the Gatsrand agricultural infrastructure. To deny further use of the region by commandos it was depopulated. In consequence, the first and largest concentration camp in the Transvaal was established in Potchefstroom. The policies succeeded in dispelling Liebenberg from the region. Introduction Two of the most controversial aspects of the Anglo Boer War are the closely related British scorched earth and concentration camp policies. -
Rewriting Empire: the South African War, the English Popular Press, and Edwardian Imperial Reform
Rewriting Empire: The South African War, The English Popular Press, and Edwardian Imperial Reform Lauren Young Marshall Charlottesville, Virginia B.A. Longwood University, 2004 M.A. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Department of History University of Virginia August, 2017 ________________________________ Dr. Stephen Schuker ________________________________ Dr. Erik Linstrum ________________________________ Dr. William Hitchcock ________________________________ Dr. Bruce Williams Copyright © 2017 Lauren Y Marshall Table of Contents ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS v INTRODUCTION 1 Historiographical Survey 12 CHAPTER ONE 33 The Press, The Newspapers, and The Correspondents The Pre-War Imperial Context 33 The Rise of The Popular Press 48 The Newspapers, The Correspondents, and Their 52 Motivations CHAPTER TWO 79 The Siege of Mafeking, Army Blunders, and Post-War Military Reform Early Mistakes 79 The Sieges: Mafeking and Its Aftermath 108 The Khaki Election of 1900 152 Post-War Military Reforms 159 CHAPTER THREE 198 Domestic Anti-War Activity, Pro-Boers, and Post-War Social Reform Anti-War Organizations and Demonstrations 198 The Concentration Camps, The Backlash, and Censorship 211 Post-War Social Reforms 227 CHAPTER FOUR 245 The Treaty of Vereeniging, The Fallout, Chamberlain, and Post-War Economic Reform The War’s Conclusion, Treaty Negotiations, and Reactions 245 Post-War Economic Reforms 255 South Africa as a Microcosm of Federation and The 283 Shifting Boer Myth CONCLUSION 290 The War’s Changing Legacy and The Power of the Press BIBLIOGRAPHY 302 i Abstract This dissertation explores the ways in which English newspaper correspondents during the South African War utilized their commentaries and dispatches from the front to expose British imperial weaknesses. -
The Psychological Impact of Guerrilla Warfare on the Boer Forces During the Anglo-Boer War
University of Pretoria etd - McLeod AJ (2004) THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF GUERRILLA WARFARE ON THE BOER FORCES DURING THE ANGLO-BOER WAR by ANDREW JOHN MCLEOD Submitted as partial requirement for the degree DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (HISTORY) in the Faculty of Human Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria 2004 Supervisor : Prof. F. Pretorius Co-supervisor : Prof. J.B. Schoeman University of Pretoria etd - McLeod AJ (2004) Abstract of: “The psychological impact of guerrilla warfare on the Boer forces during the Anglo- Boer War” The thesis is based on a multi disciplinary study involving both particulars regarding military history and certain psychological theories. In order to be able to discuss the psychological experiences of Boers during the guerrilla phase of the Anglo-Boer War, the first chapters of the thesis strive to provide the required background. Firstly an overview of the initial conventional phase of the war is furnished, followed by a discussion of certain psychological issues relevant to stress and methods of coping with stress. Subsequently, guerrilla warfare as a global concern is examined. A number of important events during the transitional stage, in other words, the period between conventional warfare and total guerrilla warfare, are considered followed by the regional details concerning the Boers’ plans for guerrilla warfare. These details include the ecological features, the socio-economic issues of that time and military information about the regions illustrating the dissimilarity and variety involved. In the chapters that follow the focus is concentrated on the psychological impact of the guerrilla war on the Boers. The wide range of stressors (factors inducing stress) are arranged according to certain topics: stress caused by military situations; stress caused by the loss of infrastructure in the republics; stress caused by environmental factors; stress arising from daily hardships; stress caused by anguish and finally stressors prompted by an individuals disposition. -
ENGLAND's WAR AGAINST the SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLICS PART I by Colonel Romeiko-Gurko Translated from Russian and Introduction by Mrs
Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 11, Nr 4, 1981. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za ENGLAND'S WAR AGAINST THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLICS PART I by Colonel Romeiko-Gurko_ Translated from Russian and Introduction by Mrs. E. Foxcroft* Introduction: Africa, to write a full 'confidential' report - solely Soon after the outbreak of the South African War for the use of the Russian Military Academy of the (1899-1902) the Imperial Russian government General staff. sent military attaches to both fighting sides in South Africa. The military attache with the British I was extremely fortunate to be lent a copy of this forces was Lt, Colonel Stakhovich. He was an report during one of my visits to Moscow of which officer in one of the best Imperial Guard a photo copy was made at Unisa for my research regiments and was probably chosen for that on my project 'Russia and the South African War'. mission on account of his good command of the English language. The title of the confidential report - which is a book 335 pages long is entitled: ENGLAND'S Stakhovitch's counterpart with the Boer forces WAR AGAINST THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUB- was Lt Colonel V. I. Romeiko-Gurko, also an LICS by colonel Romeiko-Gurko of the Academy officer of the Imperial Guard (both attaches were of the General Staff, sent as military attache with graduates of the Russian Military Academy of the the forces of the Allies - the South African General Staff). Prior to being sent to South Africa Republics, by order of His Imperial Majesty. -
The Times History of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902;
aia of The War in South Africa of The War in South Africa 1899-1902 Edited by L. S. Amery Fellow of All Souls With many Photogravure and other Portraits, Maps and Battle Plans Vol. VII Index and Appendices LONDON SAMPSON Low, MARSTON AND COMPANY, LTD. loo, SOUTHWARK STREET, S.E. 1909 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W PREFACE THE various appendices and the index which make up the present volume are the work of Mr. G. P. Tallboy, who has acted as secretary to the History for the last seven years, and whom I have to thank not only for the labour and research comprised in this volume, but for much useful assistance in the past. The index will, I hope, prove of real service to students of the war. The general principles on which it has been compiled are those with which the index to The Times has familiarized the public. The very full bibliography which Mr. Tallboy has collected may give the reader some inkling of the amount of work involved in the composition of this history. I cannot claim to have actually read all the works comprised in the list, though I think there are comparatively few among them that have not been consulted. On the other hand the list does not include the blue-books, despatches, magazine and newspaper articles, and, above all, private diaries, narratives and notes, which have formed the real bulk of my material. L. S. AMERY. CONTENTS APPENDIX I PAGE.