The “Comfort Women” System The “Comfort Women” System ofof the the Japanese Japanese ImperialImperial ArmyArmy ᮹ݯⱘ“ᝄᅝཛ”ࠊᑺ

Chinese Comfort Women Research Centre

WhatWhat is is a a “Comfort “Comfort Woman”?Woman”?

“Ianfu” or “comfort woman” is a euphemized term used by the Japanese for those women who were forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army during WWII.

什么是“慰安妇” “慰安妇”一词原是日语名词，是战前日本法西斯分 子创造的一个血腥的字眼。 “慰安妇”就是日本政府及其军队强逼妇女充当的军 队性奴隶。 The Making of the “Comfort Women” System

The first comfort station for the Japanese military in Stage One: 1931-January 28, 1932 Asia: Dai-Ichi Saloon at Lane 125, Dongbaoxing Road, 1931--1945 • 1919-1922: Japan learned a “lesson” from meddling the Russian Revolution—one out of seven soldiers and officers were infected with sexual diseases • By the end of 1931, the Japanese navy designated four Japanese clubs in Shanghai as its “comfort stations.” One of them was Dai-Ichi Saloon

亚洲第一个日军慰安所：大一沙龙（东宝兴路125弄）1931--1945

“慰安妇”制度的演变 第一阶段：1931-1932年1月28日 1919年至1922年日本干涉苏俄革命的教训：7个师团官 兵有1个师团的官兵人数患了性病。 1931年底，日本海军指定上海4家日本式俱乐部为海军 特别指定慰安所：大一沙龙等。

Stage Two: Jan. 28, 1932 –July 6, 1937 At the time of “January 28 incident”when the Japanese military fought to take over Shanghai, Yasuji Okamura asked that “comfort women troupes”be sent to the Shanghai war front. In March, “comfort women troupes” arrived at Dachang, Jiangwanand other battle fields. It was not until after Shanghai Truce Agreement was signed that Japanese army men started to returned to Japan. The “comfort women troupes”also returned to Japan. Yet the number of desig- nated navy comfort stations grew bigger and bigger.

Korean “comfort women” were crossing the Yellow River 朝鲜”慰安妇”正在渡过黄河

第二阶段：1932年1月28日—1937年7月6日 “一二八”事变，冈村宁次要求日本国内派遣“慰 安妇团”来上海前线。3月，“慰安妇团”来到大场、 江湾等战地。 直到《淞沪停战协定》签署后，日本陆军才陆续 回国，“慰安妇团”也返回了日本。但海军指定慰安 所则越来越多。

Stage Three: July 7, 1937–August 1945 (end of war) The system of “Comfort Women”was spread to all Japanese occupied territories. In some places, the ratios of “comfort women”to Japanese soldiers were 1:29 or 1:33.

Japanese soldiers 第三阶段：1937年7月7日- waiting in line to 1945年8月日本战败 enter a “comfort “慰安妇”制度被推广到所有 station.” 日军占领地。有些地区的 “慰安妇”与日军比例达到 Location: Henan 1：29或1：33。 日军士兵排着队正在等 待进入“慰安所” 地点：河南 “Comfort Women”

• Yang Jia Zhai “comfort station” established 日军设立的杨家宅慰安所——这张照片是 Regulations of the Comfort Station issued by the local headquarters of by the Japanese Imperial Army in Shanghai. “慰安妇”问题最著名的照片之一，1993年 the Eastern Army Service Station of the Japanese Imperial Army. Photo 我确认上海东沈家宅为该慰安所遗址。 taken by Tetsuo Aso, a Japanese military doctor at Yang Jia Zhai “Comfort Station”. 这是日本军医麻生彻男在杨家宅慰安所拍摄的照片， 《慰安所规定》由日军东兵站司令部自行颁布。

The biggest navy comfort station in Shanghai is located at Kouhei HANA, author of Military 従軍慰安所「海乃家」の伝言／海軍特別陸戦隊指定 の慰安婦たち, 華公平, 日本機関紙出版センター, Gongping Li neighbourhood on Gongping Road Comfort Women: Stories of UMI- NO-IE, came to Shanghai in 1990 1992. to find the site of a branch of the UMI-NO-IE (a seaside house that was designated as a ‘comfort station’), but was not successful. After 10 years of research, the site was identified and confirmed at 3- 609 Lane, East Changzhi Road by Professor Su of the Chinese Comfort Women Research Centre.

《从军慰安妇（海乃家）的故事》作者华公平 1990年来上海寻访海乃家的分馆，但没有找到。 2003年，我在一本1944年上海日本人名录中找到了 地址，确认了该处是：东长治路609弄3号。 Mother of Kouhei Hana and a 从寻找到确认，这一过程经历了整整十年。 Japanese “comfort woman” The Misery of “Comfort Women”

The misery of “comfort women” ���“���”们 After 13 years of strenuous investigation, beginning in 1993, the following was confirmed: About 400,000 women from different countries were forced to be sex slaves by the Japanese military during the war. Among them 200,000 were Chinese. During the past 10 years, comfort stations in 22 provinces were identified. These included autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, from Heilongjiang to Hainan, from Liaoning to Yunnan. There were at least 160 Japanese military comfort stations in Shanghai.

Disposing “comfort women” when they were too sick or useless as deemed by the Japanese Imperial forces.

Women and young girls were abducted from wherever the Japanese Imperial forces invaded. Former “Comfort Women” in China Former “Comfort Women” in China

WAN Aihua (万爱花), a CCP member, was captured, raped and beaten Chen Jinyu, a Yi native from Hainan Island badly in a Japanese fortress in Shanxi. She was the first Chinese victim came forward to testify the sexual slavery in the Japanese military. 来自海南的黎族受害者陈金玉

GUO Yaying(䛁Ѯ㣅) from Chong Ming Island, Shanghai, passed away due to illnesses on August 24, 2001. ZHU Qiaomei passed away in 2005

ZHU Qiaomei’s living condition

ZHU Qiaomei (朱巧妹), a victim from Shanghai, was born in 1910. She was the oldest living “comfort women” survivor in the world. Former “Comfort Women” in China

80岁的 Yuan’s story was re-told by a well-known Hong Kong writer 袁 竹林老 LI Bihua (李碧华) in the book The Cloudy and Misty March. 人在

原 慰 安 所 前

Eighty-year-old YUAN Zhulin (㹕ネᵫ) in front of a former 香港著名作家李碧华为她 comfort station, she passed away in March 2006. 写了《烟花三月》一书。

LEI Guiying (���) of Nanjing testified at the age of 78

HE Junzi (何君子) still uses the name given by the comfort station—kunshi. Potassium permanganate 22 Ji Qing Li, Hankou is the that Lei took place where HE suffered. from the comfort station when 她至今还在使用慰安所里的名字——君子 she escaped 汉口积庆里22号，是何君子大娘受难之地 消毒用的高锰酸钾 Lei Passed away on April 25, 2007 Former “Comfort Women” in China

LI Lianchun (李连春), who escaped from a comfort station, hid in a mountain cave for half a year in order to avoid being caught by the Japanese military.

从慰安所逃出的李连春，为了躲避 日军，曾穴居山洞半年之久。 LI Lianchun’s home is located deep in Bingsai mountains, Baoshan, Yunnan Province 李连春的家：云南保山秉塞大山深处

This is the cave where LI Lianchun hid.LI Lianchun (李连春), who escaped She passed away in January 2004. from a comfort station, hid in a mountain cave for half a year in order to avoid being caught by the Japanese military.

开 二 当年 了 零零 人 李 世 四 连 。 年 春避 一 月 难 ， 的 老 山 人 洞 离 。 从慰安所逃出的李连春，为了躲避 日军，曾穴居山洞半年之久。 林亚金 生于1926年， 海南保亭县南 林乡人。1943 年10月与多名 少女一起被日 军抓去，在多 Former “Comfort个日军据点间 Women” 辗转充当性工 具。因被蹂躏 致病，得以回 in家。 China 林亚金 生于1926年， 林亚金海南保亭县南 LIN Yajin (林亚金), born in 1926, was from Baoting 生于1926年， 海南保亭县南林乡人。1943 County of Hainan Province. In October 1943, she and 林乡人。1943 年10年月与多名10月与多名 several other girls were captured by the Japanese soldiers 少女一起被日少女一起被日 军抓去，在多 and forced to serve as sex slaves in different Japanese 个日军据点间军抓去，在多 辗转充当性工 strongholds. She became very sick after being raped 具。因被蹂躏个日军据点间 repeatedly, and thus was allowed to return home. 致病，得以回 FU Xueying (符学英), with 家。辗转充当性工 具。因被蹂躏 her hands mimicking the

LIN致病，得以回 Yajin (林亚金), born in 1926, was from Baoting Japanese soldiers who County家。 of Hainan Province. In October 1943, she and grabbed people in those several other girls were captured by the Japanese soldiers and forced to serve as sex slaves in different Japanese days, said that she still strongholds. She became very sick after being raped dreamed of being repeatedly, and thus was allowed to return home. FU Xueying (符学英), with LIN Yajin (林亚金), born in 1926, was from Baoting captured by the her handsFU Xueying mimicking (符学英 the), with County of Hainan Province. In October 1943, she and Japanese soldiers at Japaneseher soldiershands mimicking who the night. Japanese soldiers who several other girls were captured by the Japanese soldiers grabbed people in those grabbed people in those and forced to serve as sex slaves in different Japanese符学英 Born in March 1913, she days, saiddays, that said thatshe shestill still FU Xueying ( ), with strongholds. She became very sick after being raped was from Cheng Mai dreameddreamed of being of being her hands mimicking the 符学英 repeatedly, and thus was allowed to return home. County, Hainan Province. capturedcaptured by the by the Japanese soldiers who 蒲阿白在女儿的坟墓前。 用双手做出当年日本兵抓人的样子， Japanese soldiers at Japanese soldiers at grabbed people in those She was captured by the 她说现在每天晚上自己都还会梦到日本兵 night. 蒲阿白，生于 年，海南省三 night. days, said that she still 1915 来抓她。生于1913年3月的符学英，海南 Born in March 1913, she Japanese soldiers in July dreamed of being 亚市凤凰镇人。 省澄迈县福山镇人。 年 月被日军抓 Born inwas March from 1913,Cheng Maishe 1941 and brought to the 1941 7 符学英 captured by the 至军部，成为慰安妇。 was fromCounty, Cheng Hainan Mai Province. 用双手做出当年日本兵抓人的样子， headquarters年被日军抓去，当日即遭多 to serve as 符学英 Japanese soldiers at 1941 County,She Hainan was captured Province. by the 她说现在每天晚上自己都还会梦到日本兵 a “comfort名日军强奸并被关押。一年后被 woman.” 用双手做出当年日本兵抓人的样子， night. Japanese soldiers in July 来抓她。生于1913年3月的符学英，海南 转移至司令部，直至日军投降。 She was1941 captured and brought by theto the 她说现在每天晚上自己都还会梦到日本兵省澄迈县福山镇人。1941年7月被日军抓 Born in March 1913, she Japaneseheadquarters soldiers toin serveJuly as 来抓她。生于至军部，成为慰安妇。1913年3月的符学英，海南 蒲阿白在被关押期间怀孕，后生 a “comfort woman.” was from Cheng Mai 1941 and brought to the 省澄迈县福山镇人。1941年7月被日军抓 符学英下一女婴，女孩 岁时受伤致 至军部，成为慰安妇。 County, Hainan Province. 15 headquarters to serve as 用双手做出当年日本兵抓人的样子，病，后在井旁打水时病发，落井 a “comfort woman.” She was captured by the 她说现在每天晚上自己都还会梦到日本兵死亡。 Japanese soldiers in July 来抓她。生于1913年3月的符学英，海南 1941 and brought to the 省澄迈县福山镇人。1941年7月被日军抓 headquarters to serve as 至军部，成为慰安妇。 蒲阿白在女儿的坟墓前。PU Abai (蒲阿白) in front of her daughter’s grave a “comfort woman.” 蒲阿白，生于1915年，海南省三 亚市凤凰镇人。Born in 1915, she was from Fenghuang, San Ya City, Hainan Province. She was 1941kidnapped年被日军抓去，当日即遭多 by the Japanese soldiers in 1941, raped by several Japanese soldiers 名日军强奸并被关押。一年后被and was locked up. A year later, she was moved to the headquarters where she 转移至司令部，直至日军投降。 was kept until Japan surrendered. 蒲阿白在被关押期间怀孕，后生 下一女婴，女孩15岁时受伤致 病，后在井旁打水时病发，落井She became pregnant while she was locked up and gave birth to a baby girl. Her 死亡。daughter suffered from some diseases after an injury at the age of 15. She became sick suddenly while fetching water from a well. She fell into the well and PU Abai (蒲阿白) in front of her daughter’s grave died. Born in 1915, she was from Fenghuang, San Ya City, Hainan Province. She was kidnapped蒲阿白在女儿的坟墓前。 by the Japanese soldiers in 1941, raped by several Japanese soldiers and was locked up. A year later, she was moved to the headquarters where she was蒲阿白，生于 kept until Japan surrendered.年，海南省三 She became pregnant1915 while she was locked up and gave birth to a baby girl. Her daughter亚市凤凰镇人。 suffered from some diseases after an injury at the age of 15. She became sick suddenly while fetching water from a well. She fell into the well and died. 1941年被日军抓去，当日即遭多 名日军强奸并被关押。一年后被 转移至司令部，直至日军投降。 蒲阿白在被关押期间怀孕，后生 下一女婴，女孩15岁时受伤致 病，后在井旁打水时病发，落井 死亡。

PU Abai (蒲阿白) in front of her daughter’s grave Born in 1915, she was from Fenghuang, San Ya City, Hainan Province. She was kidnapped by the Japanese soldiers in 1941, raped by several Japanese soldiers and was locked up. A year later, she was moved to the headquarters where she was kept until Japan surrendered. She became pregnant while she was locked up and gave birth to a baby girl. Her daughter suffered from some diseases after an injury at the age of 15. She became sick suddenly while fetching water from a well. She fell into the well and died. Former “Comfort Women” in China

Pak Yong-sim came forward as a witness of history in the 1990s.

On Nov. 19, 2003, Pak Yong- sim revisited Nanjing in an effort to find Liji Lane, one of the places where she was enslaved and victimized.

90年代人们终于寻找到这位见证人 2003年11月19日，朴永心来到南京， 寻访当年的受害之地——利济巷。 Pak Yong-sim with her adopted son in Korea 朴永心与其养子在朝鲜

Pak Yong-sim came forward as a witness of history in the 1990s.

90年代人们终于寻找到这位见证人 In March 2000, the first International Symposium on Chinese “Comfort Women” was held in Shanghai. Pak Yong-sim with her 2000年3月第一届中国慰安妇问题国际学术研讨会在上海举行 adopted son in Korea 朴永心与其养子在朝鲜 Sanctioning JapanSanctioning for its Japan Sexual for itsSlavery System Sexual Slavery System is a Challenge to is a Challengethe to International the international Legal Community legal community Four Lawsuits Filed in Japan 1. LIU Mianhuan (���), LI Xiumei (���) and et al from Shanxi Province (1995) 2. WAN Aihua (���) et al 3. Ah Zhu(��), Ah Tao (��) and et al from Taiwan 4. CHEN Yabian (���), HUANG Youliang (���) and et al from Hainan

对“���”���������������������� ����The4� �Claims� of LIU Mianhuan The Claims of LIU Mianhuan The Claims of LIU MianhuanIn March 2002, Tokyo District CourtIn March dismissed 2002, the Tokyo claims District of In MarchLIUCourt 2002, Mianhuan Tokyo dismissed District and other the claims four of Court dismissed the claims of victimsLIU Mianhuan on the ground and of other state four LIU Mianhuanimmunity and other and four statute of victims on the ground of state limitations.victims on Two the weeks ground later, ofLIU state immunity immunity and statute and of statute of limitations.filed Two an weeks appeal later, to LIU Japan’s High filed anCourt. appeallimitations. to Japan’s Two High weeks later, LIU Court. filed an appeal to Japan’s High Court.

InIn November November 2003, 2003, LIU MianhuanLIU Mianhuan went to wentJapan toagain. Japan again. TheThe Tokyo Tokyo High High Court Court rejected rejected their demands their demands for an official for apologyan official apology In andNovemberand compensation compensation 2003, on Dec. onLIU Dec.15, Mianhuan 2004. 15, 2004. went to Japan again. 2002年3月，日本东京地裁法院以政府无答责和超时效为由，驳回了刘面换等5 The人的控诉。两个星期后，老人向日本高等法院提起上诉。2002 Tokyo年3月，日本东京地裁法院以政府无答责和超时效为由，驳回了刘面换等 High Court rejected their demands for an official apology5 On Dec. 15, 2004,人的控诉。两个星期后，老人向日本高等法院提起上诉。 77-year-old LIU Mianhuan, a and compensation年 月刘面换再度去日本 on Dec. 15, 2004. representative2003 of the11 Chinese “comfort women” victims, 2003年11月刘面换再度去日本 tearfully spoke2002 年to3 the月，日本东京地裁法院以政府无答责和超时效为由，驳回了刘面换等 media outside the Tokyo High Court. 5 12月15日，中国慰安妇代表、人的控诉。两个星期后，老人向日本高等法院提起上诉。77岁的山西老人刘面换在日本东京高等法院 外哭诉。新华社记者马平摄 2003年11月刘面换再度去日本

2004年12月15日，刘面换2004年12月15日，刘面换 （前右）在日本东京高等（前右）在日本东京高等 法院外感谢日本民众对她 的支持。 法院外感谢日本民众对她 的支持。 2004年12月15日，刘面换 （前右）在日本东京高等 法院外感谢日本民众对她 的支持。

On Dec. 15, 2004, LIU Mianhuan (front right) thanked On Dec. 15, 2004, 77-year-old LIU Mianhuan, a the Japanese people for their support to her. On Dec.representative 15, 2004, of 77-year-old the Chinese LIU“comfort Mianhuan, women” a victims, On Dec. 15, 2004, LIU Mianhuan (front right) thanked representativetearfully spoke of the to the Chinese media “comfortoutside the women” Tokyo High victims, Court. the Japanese people for their support to her. tearfully spoke to the media outside the Tokyo High Court. 12月15日，中国慰安妇代表、77岁的山西老人刘面换在日本东京高等法院 外哭诉。新华社记者马平摄 12月15日，中国慰安妇代表、77岁的山西老人刘面换在日本东京高等法院 外哭诉。新华社记者马平摄 On Dec. 15, 2004, LIU Mianhuan (front right) thanked the Japanese people for their support to her. Findings ofFindings Women’s of Women's International International War Crimes War Crimes Tribunal 2000 for the Trial of Findings of Women's International Tribunal 2000 forWar Japanesethe Crimes Trial TribunalMilitary of Japanese 2000 Sexual for the SlaveryMilitary Trial of Sexual Slavery Japanesein Military the matter Sexual of Slavery the Prosecutors andin thethe matterPeoples of of the Asia-Pacific V. Emperorthe Prosecutors Hirohito and etthe al. Peoples and theof the Government Asia-Pacific of V. Emperor Hirohito etJapan al. and the Government of Japan

JudgeJudge Gabrielle Gabrielle Kirk Kirk McDonald,McDonald, Presiding Presiding JudgeJudge Carmen Carmen ArgibayArgibay JudgeJudge Christine Christine Chinkin Chinkin JudgeJudge Willy Willy MutungaMutunga

在审判日本军事性奴隶制度2000年女性国际战犯法庭上关于 在审判日本军事性奴隶制度2000年女性国际战犯法庭上关于 原告及亚太地区人民告诉昭和天皇（等）及日本政府一案的判决 原告及亚太地区人民告诉昭和天皇（等）及日本政府一案的判决 加百利.柯克.麦克唐纳主法官、卡门.阿吉贝法官、克里斯廷.钦肯法官、 威利.芒廷夹法官

加百利.柯克.麦克唐纳主法官、卡门.阿吉贝法官、克里斯廷.钦肯法官、In December 威利.芒廷夹法官 2000, the International Women’s Tribunal in Tokyo ruled against Japan’s crimes of sexual slavery.

Conclusions (I)

38. After considering the extensive documentation received by the Tribunal during the course of these proceedings, andConclusions in reviewing the(II) applicable law as it stood at the time the crimes were committed, the Conclusions2000年12月，东京，制裁日本性奴隶罪行民间法庭 (III) The international judges The former “comfort women” who testified39.Tribunal at theThe Tribunal Tribunal rendered finds, its summary based on of the findings. evidence The final The international judges The former “comfortbeforeJudgment women” it, that whowill Inthetestifiedbe December deliveredProsecution at 2000, the the Tribunalon International hasMarch proved 8, Women’s 2001. its Tribunal case The former “comfort women” who testified at the40. Tribunal As to the otherin Tokyo accused, ruled against Japan’the Judgess crimes of sexualhave slavery. not againsthad sufficient the accused time to Emperor digest the Hirohito, voluminous and finds Conclusions (I) himevidence guilty presented of responsibility to it to fordetermine rape and criminal sexual slaveryliability asat thisa crime stage. against Therefore, humanity, individual under and Counts 38. After considering the extensive documentation 1-2superior of the responsibility Common�� Indictment, of2000 the年 12other月 12and日 accused guilty ofwill rape be received by the Tribunal during the course of these as38determined、在考虑了在诉讼过程中所收到的大量的档案后，在审查了在犯罪实施时存在 a crime against in the finalhumanity Judgment. under Count 3 of the proceedings, and in reviewing the applicable law as 的适用法律中，法庭提出了判决摘要，最后的判决将在Common Indictment. Additionally, the2001 年Judges3月8日提出。 it stood at the time the crimes were committed, the determine that the government of Japan has Tribunal rendered its summary of findings. The final incurred state responsibility, as recognized under Judgment will be delivered on March 8, 2001. 40、在现阶段，关于其他的被告，法官们没有足够的时间整理呈递上来的众多的证 据来决定罪责。因此，其他被告的个人和上级责任将在罪状判决书中确定。Article 4 of the Charter, for its establishment and maintenance of the comfort2000年12月，东京，制裁日本性奴隶罪行民间法庭 system. Conclusions (III) 39、基于前面提到的证据，法庭认为检察团已经证明了对被告昭和天皇的起诉。在 总诉状的1—2条罪状中，认为他对强奸和性奴隶制度的反人道罪的责任而有罪。在 �� 2000年12月12日 40. As to the other accused, the Judges have not 总诉状的第3条中，作为反人道罪的强奸罪为有罪。另外，正如在宪章第4章中确认 38、在考虑了在诉讼过程中所收到的大量的档案后，在审查了在犯罪实施时存在 的，法官们判决日本政府负有国家责任，因为它建立和维持了慰安妇制度。 的适用法律中，法庭提出了判决摘要，最后的判决将在had sufficient time to digest the voluminous2001年3月8日提出。 evidence presented to it to determine criminal liability at this stage. Therefore, individual and superior responsibility of the other accused will be determined in the final Judgment.

Conclusions (II) 40、在现阶段，关于其他的被告，法官们没有足够的时间整理呈递上来的众多的证 据来决定罪责。因此，其他被告的个人和上级责任将在罪状判决书中确定。39. The Tribunal finds, based on the evidence before it, that the Prosecution has proved its case against the accused Emperor Hirohito, and finds him guilty of responsibility for rape and sexual slavery as a crime against humanity, under Counts 1-2 of the Common Indictment, and guilty of rape as a crime against humanity under Count 3 of the Common Indictment. Additionally, the Judges determine that the government of Japan has incurred state responsibility, as recognized under Article 4 of the Charter, for its establishment and maintenance of the comfort system. 39、基于前面提到的证据，法庭认为检察团已经证明了对被告昭和天皇的起诉。在 总诉状的1—2条罪状中，认为他对强奸和性奴隶制度的反人道罪的责任而有罪。在 总诉状的第3条中，作为反人道罪的强奸罪为有罪。另外，正如在宪章第4章中确认 的，法官们判决日本政府负有国家责任，因为它建立和维持了慰安妇制度。