Second Sino-Japanese War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945), so Second Sino-Japanese War named due to the First Sino- Part of the Pacific Theater of World War Japanese War of 1894–95, was a II[b] military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1941. China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation until 1941), the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into The bodies of victims massacred in the the greater conflict of World War II Rape of Nanking on the shore of the as a major front of what is broadly Qinhuai River, with a Japanese soldier known as the Pacific War. The standing nearby. Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th Date July 7, 1937 – September 9, century.[10] It also made up more 1945 than 90% of the casualties in the Minor fighting since September Pacific War. (see World War II 18, 1931 casualties) (8 years, 2 months and 2 days) The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist Location Mainland China and Burma policy aimed at expanding its Result influence politically and militarily Chinese victory as part in order to secure access to raw of the Allied victory in material reserves and other the Pacific War economic resources in the area, Surrender of all particularly food and labour, and Japanese forces in engage war with others in the mainland China policy context of aggressive (excluding Manchuria), modernized militarism in the Asia- Formosa, the Spratly Pacific, at the height of Imperial Rule Assistance Association's Islands, the Paracel Hideki Tojo cabinet and with the Islands, and French order from Emperor Shōwa. Indochina north of 16° Before 1937, China and Japan north to the Republic fought in small, localized of China engagements, so-called China becomes a "incidents". In 1931, the Japanese permanent member of invasion of Manchuria by Japan's the United Nations Kwantung Army followed the Security Council Mukden Incident. The last of these Resumption of the incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, which Chinese Civil War marked the beginning of total war between the two countries. Territorial China recovers all territories changes lost to Japan since the Treaty Initially the Japanese scored major of Shimonoseki victories, such as the Shanghai, Belligerents and by the end of 1937 captured the Chinese capital of Nanking. [a] Japan with After failing to stop the Japanese China collaborator support in Wuhan, the Chinese central with foreign support government was relocated to United Nanjing Chongqing in the Chinese interior. States (1941–45) Government By 1939, after Chinese victories in Changsha and Guangxi, and with Soviet Union (1940–45) stretched lines of communications (1937–41, 1945) Manchukuo deep into the Chinese interior British (1932–45) territories, the war had reached a Empire (1942– Mengjiang stalemate. The Japanese were also 45) (1936–45) unable to defeat the Chinese Germany Provisional communist forces in Shaanxi, Government which continued to perform (1933-1938) sabotage operations against the (1937–40) Japanese using guerrilla warfare Reformed tactics. On December 7, 1941, the Government Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, (1937–40) and the following day (December East Hebei 8, 1941) the United States (1937–38) declared war on Japan. The United States began to aid China via Commanders and leaders airlift matériel over the Himalayas after the Allied defeat in Burma Chiang Kai-shek Hirohito that closed the Burma Road. In Chen Cheng Korechika 1944 Japan launched a massive Cheng Qian Anami invasion and conquered Henan Yan Xishan Yasuhiko Asaka and Changsha. However, this Li Zongren Shunroku Hata failed to bring about the Xue Yue Seishirō Itagaki surrender of Chinese forces. Bai Chongxi Kotohito Kan'in Despite continuing to occupy Wei Lihuang Iwane Matsui Chinese territory, Japan eventually Du Yuming Toshizō Nishio surrendered on September 2, 1945 Fu Zuoyi Yasuji Okamura to Allied forces following the Sun Liren Hajime atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Mao Zedong Sugiyama Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion Zhu De Hideki Tōjō of Japanese-held Manchuria. The Peng Dehuai Yoshijirō Umezu Seizo Ishikawa remaining Japanese occupation Lin Biao Puyi troops in China (excluding Joseph Stilwell Claire Chennault Manchuria) formally surrendered Wang Jingwei on September 9, 1945 with the Albert following International Military Wedemeyer Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the Strength outcome of the Cairo Conference 5,600,000 Chinese 4,100,000 of November 22–26, 1943, the ROC Air Force: 645 Japanese[3] Allies of World War II decided to combat aircraft 400 army and navy restrain and punish the (1937-1941)[1] aircraft (1937- aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories Japan annexed 3,600 Soviets (1937– 1941)[1] in China, including Manchuria, 40) 900,000 Chinese Formosa, and the Pescadores, to 900 U.S. aircraft collaborators[4] the Republic of China, and to (1942–45)[2] expel Japan from the Korean Casualties and losses Peninsula. Nationalist: Japanese estimates 1,320,000 killed, —including 480,000 1,797,000 wounded, military dead and Contents 120,000 missing, and 1.9 million military [5] casualties in China 1 Etymology 1.1 Name Communist: 160,603 [c][7][d] 1.2 Other names killed, 290,467 Contemporary PRC 2 Background wounded, 87,208 studies: 1,055,000 2.1 First Sino-Japanese missing, 45,989 dead War POW. [6] 1,172,200 injured 2.2 Republic of China Civilians:17,000,000– Total: 2,227,200 [8] 2.3 Twenty-One Demands 22,000,000 dead[5] Nationalist Chinese 2.4 Jinan incident (ROC) estimates— 2.5 Nominal unification 1.77 million deaths, of China 1.9 million 2.6 Communist Party of wounded[9] China 2.7 Invasion of a. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was the Manchuria, leader of Nationalist Government that led a interventions in China Chinese united front which included 3 Course of the war Nationalists, Communists, and regional 3.1 1937: Full-scale invasion of China warlords. 3.2 Around the Battle b. From 1941 onward. of Shanghai c. This number does not include Japanese killed 3.3 Nanking Massacre by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign 3.4 1938 d. This number does not include as casualties of 3.5 1939-40: Chinese large number of Chinese collaborator Counterattack and government troops fighting on the Japanese Stalemate side. 3.6 Japanese expansion 3.7 Chinese resistance strategy 3.8 Relationship between the Nationalists and Communists 3.9 Entrance of the Western Allies 4 Foreign support for China 4.1 German support 4.2 Italian support 4.3 Soviet support 4.4 Allied support 4.5 Korean independence movement 5 Intrusion into French Indochina 6 Contemporaneous wars being fought by China 7 Use of chemical and bacteriological weapons 8 Use of suicide attacks 9 Ethnic minorities 9.1 Japanese atrocities committed against Hui Muslims 10 Conclusion and aftermath 10.1 End of Pacific War and surrender of Japanese troops in China 10.2 Post-war struggle and resumption of civil war 10.3 Peace treaty and Taiwan 10.4 Aftermath 10.4.1 China-Japan relations 10.4.2 Aftermath in Taiwan 10.4.3 Japanese women left behind in China 10.4.4 Korean women left behind in China 11 Casualties assessment 11.1 Chinese casualties 11.2 Japanese casualties 12 Number of troops involved 12.1 Chinese forces 12.1.1 National Revolutionary Army 12.2 Japanese forces 12.2.1 Imperial Japanese Army 12.2.2 Collaborationist Chinese Army 13 Military equipment 13.1 National Revolutionary Army 13.2 Imperial Japanese Army 14 Major figures 14.1 Chinese Nationalists 14.2 Chinese Communists 14.3 Foreigners supporting China 14.4 Imperial Japanese Army 14.5 Chinese collaborators supporting Japan 15 Military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War 15.1 Battles 15.2 Aerial engagements 15.3 Japanese invasions and operations 16 Commemorations 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Bibliography 21 External links 21.1 Internet videos Etymology Name In the Chinese language, the war is most commonly known as the War of Resistance Against Japan (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: The beginning of the war. ), and also known as the Eight Years' War of Resistance (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ), simply War of Generalissimo Chiang Resistance (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Kai-shek, Allied Chinese: ), or Second Sino-Japanese War Commander-in-Chief in (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: the China theatre from ). 1942 to 1945. In Japan, nowadays, the name "Japan–China War" (Japanese: Hepburn: Nitchū Sensō) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. In Japan today, it is written as in shinjitai. When the invasion of China proper began in earnest in July 1937 near Beijing, the government of Japan used "The North China Incident" (Japanese: / Hepburn: Hokushi Jihen/Kahoku Jihen), and with the outbreak of the Battle of Shanghai the following month, it was changed to "The China Incident" (Japanese: Hepburn: Shina Jihen). The word "incident" (Japanese: Hepburn: jihen) was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal declaration of war. Especially Japan wanted to avoid intervention by other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which were its primary source of petroleum; the United States was also its biggest supplier of steel. If it was formally expressed that the fighting had already escalated to "general war", US President Franklin D. Roosevelt would have been legally obliged to impose an embargo on Japan in observance of the US Neutrality Acts.[11] Other names In Japanese propaganda, the invasion of China became a "holy war" (Japanese: Hepburn: seisen), the first step of the Hakkō ichiu ( ?, eight corners of the world under one roof).