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AL Aldo Leopold ALSW DE Brown and NB Carmony, Eds Notes Frequently cited works are identified by the following abbreviations: AL Aldo Leopold ALSW D. E. Brown and N. B. Carmony, eds., Aldo Leopold’s Southwest (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990). FHL J. B. Callicott and E. T. Freyfogle, eds., Aldo Leopold: For the Health of the Land; Previously Unpublished Essays and Other Writings (Washington, DC: Island Press, Shearwater Books, 1999). LP Leopold Papers (series number followed by box number), University of Wisconsin–Madison Archives. LP is now available online: https: //uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/aldoleopold/ RAMC R. A. McCabe Collection of the Writings of Aldo Leopold, Univer- sity of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries. RMG S. L. Flader and J. B. Callicott, eds., The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold (Madison: University of Wiscon- sin Press, 1991). RR L. Leopold, ed., Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold, Author of “A Sand County Almanac” (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). SCA A. Leopold, A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). USFS USDA Forest Service UW University of Wisconsin–Madison UWDWE University of Wisconsin Department of Wildlife Ecology For a full listing of Aldo Leopold’s publications, the reader is referred to the following: S. L. Flader and J. B. Callicott, eds., The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991). C. D. Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). 353 Julianne Lutz Warren, Aldo Leopold’s Odyssey: Tenth Anniversary Edition, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-754-4, © 2016 Julianne Lutz Warren. 354 Notes to pages xii–14 Preface 1. Albert Hochbaum, letter to AL, 11 March 1944. See also S. Flader, Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974), p. 271: “Leopold wrote, ‘A prophet is one who recognized the birth of an idea in the collective mind, and who defines and clarifies, with his life, its meanings and its implications.’” In that sentence taken from Leopold’s trib- ute to his colleague, “Charles Knesal Cooperrider, 1889–1944,” Journal of Wildlife Management 12, no. 3 (July 1948): 337–339, writes Flader, “Aldo captured the essence of his own ecological odyssey.” See also C. Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 521. In his epilogue Meine states, “Aldo Leopold’s odyssey ended where it began, in the limestone bluffs above the Mississippi River at Burlington, Iowa,” where Leopold was both born and buried. 2. AL, SCA, p. 200. 3. AL, letters to Estella Leopold, 15 August 1935 and 16 September 1935, LP 10-8, 9. 4. AL, “Professional Training in Wildlife Work,” 30 November 1938, LP 10-2, 9, p. 6. Introduction: Launching Out 1. Guttierrezia, or snakeweed (also known as fireweed and turpentine weed), was a plant native to the southwestern plains region. Green and lovely to the eye, it nonetheless was a plant that no animal was known to eat. It often spread in livestock-grazed regions when competition from palatable plants was removed. 2. AL, “Conservationist in Mexico,” RMG, p. 240; AL, “The Community Concept,” SCA, p. 204. 3. Leopold and his companions took turns writing daily journal accounts by which to remember their trip. See AL, RR, pp. 130–141. 4. “Song of the Gavilan” appeared first in Journal of Wildlife Management 4, no. 3 (July 1940): 329–332. 5. AL, SCA, p. 154. 6. See also S. Flader, Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evo- lution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974), p. 5. 7. AL, “The Arboretum and the University,” Parks and Recreation 18, no. 2 (October 1934): 59–60, also in RMG, p. 209; A. Tansley, “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms,” Ecology 16 (1935): 284–307. 8. AL, “The Ecological Conscience,” RMG, p. 340. 9. AL, “A Survey of Nature,” RR, p. 146, SCA, p. 204. 10. AL, “The Round River: A Parable,” RR, p. 158. 11. Ibid., p. 159. 12. AL, “On a Monument to the Pigeon,” SCA, p. 109. See also AL, “A Biotic View of Land,” RMG, p. 268, and AL, “The Land Pyramid,” SCA, p. 215. 13. AL, “On a Monument to the Pigeon,” SCA, p. 109. 14. Donald Worster identifies an essentially similar triadic cultural ethos of land Notes to pages 15–19 355 use in his Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 6. 15. AL, “The Conservation Ethic,” RMG, p. 181; AL, “The Land Ethic,” SCA, p. 201. 16. AL, SCA, p. 203. 17. AL, “Engineering and Conservation,” RMG, p. 254. See C. Meine, “The Oldest Task in Human History,” in Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004), pp. 1–44. 18. AL, “Defenders of Wilderness,” SCA, pp. 200–201. Chapter 1: Seed Plots 1. C. A. Beard and M. R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1930); J. Bronowski and E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revo- lution, 1789–1848 (New York: New American Library, 1962); S. P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957); H. D. Croly, The Promise of American Life, edited by A. M. Schlesinger Jr. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1965). 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1908 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909), pp. 19–21. 3. Statistical Abstract: 1910, pp. 33, 48–49. Density ranged from 0.7 people per square mile in Nevada to 5,517.8 people per square mile in the District of Columbia. Arizona and New Mexico, where Leopold worked, held popula- tions of 204,354 and 327,301 people and densities of 1.8 and 2.7 people per square mile (1910 figures), respectively. 4. Statistical Abstract: 1909, p. 23. 5. Ibid., p. 734. 6. Statistical Abstract: 1917, pp. 125–126, 247–257. Farmers numbered nearly 6 million out of 38 million, or 16 percent, of the gainfully employed. 7. Statistical Abstract: 1909, p. 32. 8. Statistical Abstract: 1917, pp. 247–257. There were about 10.5 million Americans working in manufacturing and mechanical industries by 1910. 9. Ibid., p. 744. 10. Statistical Abstract: 1910, p. 715. 11. Statistical Abstract: 1911, p. 279. 12. Ibid., pp. 308–314. 13. Ibid., p. 278. 14. R. A. Long, in Proceedings of a Conference of the Governors of the United States, 1908, White House, May 13–15 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 89. 15. Statistical Abstract: 1910, p. 161. 16. Ibid., pp. 163–164. 17. Ibid., p. 165. 18. An M ft. is 1,000 feet, board measure, and a board foot of timber is one foot long, one foot wide, and one inch or less thick. 356 Notes to pages 19–21 19. Statistical Abstract: 1910, p. 165. Up from 18 million M ft. milled annually in the 1880s. 20. Ibid., p. 162. 21. J. J. Berger, Understanding Forests (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1998), p. 29. 22. Ibid. 23. Statistical Abstract: 1909, pp. 159–160. Also see the Forest History Soci- ety’s Web site, http://www.lib.duke.edu/forest/Research/usfscoll/people/ Pinchot/Pinchot.html (accessed 8 December 2005); these figures include national forests established in Alaska (1909) and Puerto Rico (1903). The first installments of forest conservation are recounted in R. W. Judd, “A Wonderfull Order and Ballance: Natural History and the Beginnings of For- est Conservation in America, 1730–1830,” Environmental History 11, no. 1 (2006): 8–36, and D. Pisani, “Forests and Conservation, 1865–1890,” in American Forests: Nature, Culture, and Politics, edited by C. Miller (Law- rence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 15–34. 24. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 had given the president power to proclaim national forest reserves. The Fulton Amendment of 1907 would disallow the president’s setting aside of additional national forests in the six northwestern states. On the eve of this bill’s signing Roosevelt, with assistance from Gifford Pinchot and his assistant Arthur Ringland, mapped out millions of acres of new reserves in these six states, and Roosevelt signed a proclamation establishing them. On the first forest reserves, see H. K. Steen, “The Begin- ning of the National Forest System,” in American Forests: Nature, Culture, and Politics, edited by C. Miller (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 49–68, and H. K. Steen, ed., The Origins of the National Forests (Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 1992). 25. Statistical Abstract: 1909, pp. 159–160. 26. Ibid., p. 156. 27. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Forests and Forest Products Series L 1-223 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 534. 28. Statistical Abstract: 1909, p. 156. 29. Statistical Abstract: 1917, p. 247. The U.S. Bureau of the Census counted about 4,332 professional foresters in 1910. But fewer than that number had been trained in the nation’s only two college forestry programs, which existed at Cornell and Yale. In 1909 only 91 foresters received bachelor’s and master’s degrees. In 1939, however, the numbers had risen to more than twenty colleges graduating a total of 1,200 foresters. See D. W. MacCleery, American Forests: A History of Resiliency and Recovery, 3rd ed. (Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 1994), p.
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