Subject Categories

Click on a Subject Category below: Anthropology Archaeology Astronomy and Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Business and Finance Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Chemistry Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Computer Sciences and Technology Economics Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Engineering and Technology Geology and Mineralogy Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences History Law and Jurisprudence Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Literature (Creative Writing) Mathematics and Statistics Medicine and Health Microbiology and Immunology Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Performing Arts and Music – Criticism and Practice Philosophy Physics Physiology and Pharmacology Plant Sciences Political Science / International Relations Psychology / Education Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Sociology / Demography Theology and Ministerial Practice Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Zoology

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Anthropology Das, Veena Gellner, Ernest Andre Leach, Edmund Ronald Davis, Allison (William Gluckman, Max (Herman Leakey, Mary Douglas

Allison) Max) Nicol Adams, Robert Descola, Philippe Goddard, Pliny Earle Leakey, Richard Erskine McCormick DeVore, Irven (Boyd Goodenough, Ward Hunt Frere Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa Irven) Goody, John Rankine Lee, Richard Borshay Appadurai, Arjun Dillehay, Tom D. Grayson, Donald K. LeVine, Robert Alan Bailey, Frederick George Dixon, Roland Burrage Greenberg, Joseph Levi-Strauss, Claude Barth, Fredrik Dodge, Ernest Stanley Harold Levy, Robert Isaac Bateson, Gregory Donnan, Christopher B. Greenhouse, Carol J. Levy, Thomas Evan Beall, Cynthia M. Douglas, Mary Margaret Grove, David C. Lewis, Oscar Benedict, Ruth Fulton Du Bois, Cora Alice Gumperz, John J. Li, Ling Berlin, Overton Brent Dumont, Louis Charles Guyer, Jane I. Linton, Ralph Blumenbach, Johann Jean Hammel, Eugene Alfred Lock, Margaret Friedrich Dundes, Alan Hannerz, Ulf Lomawaima, K. Tsianina Boas, Franz Durand, Jorge Harvey, David Lounsbury, Floyd Glenn Bourgois, Philippe Duranti, Alessandro Haury, Emil Walter Lovejoy, C. Owen Bowditch, Ingersoll Dyson, Jr., Robert Harris Hawkes, Kristen Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Braidwood, Robert John Earle, Timothy Helm, June Marcus, Joyce Brettell, Caroline B. Eckert, Penelope Dorothy Herzfeld, Michael Margolis, Maxine L. Brew, John Otis Edgerton, Robert B. Hill, Jane H. Maudslay, Alfred Percival Brigham, William Tufts Eggan, Fred Russell Holmes, William Henry Maybury-Lewis, David Brooks, Alison Spence Eiseley, Loren Corey Hooton, Earnest Albert Henry Peter Brown, James Allison Ellison, Peter T. Howell, Francis Clark McAllester, David Park Byers, Douglas Swain Erlandson, Jon McVey Howells, William White Mead, Margaret Cabot, William Brooks Evans-Pritchard, Edward Hrdlicka, Ales Milton, Katharine Callison, Candis Evan Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer Mintz, Sidney Wilfred Campbell, Clarence Fallers, Lloyd Ashton Hurtado, Ana Magdalena Moore, Sally Falk Gordon Farabee, William Curtis Hymes, Dell Hathaway Morgan, Lewis Henry Carneiro, Robert L. Farmer, Paul Edward Irvine, Judith Temkin Morris, Craig Carr, Lucien Fash, Jr., William L. Jablonski, Nina G. Moseley, Michael Edward Chang, Kwang-chih Feld, Steven Johnson, Frederick Murdock, George Peter Clark, John Desmond (J. Fernandez, James W. Kenoyer, J. Mark Nader, Laura Desmond) Firth, Raymond William Kertzer, David I. Nicolaisen, Agnes Ida Clifford, James Ford, Richard Irving Kirch, Patrick Vinton Benedicte Cohn, Bernard Samuel Fortes, Meyer Klein, Richard George Ochs, Elinor Ruth Colson, Elizabeth Foster, Jr., George Kluckhohn, Clyde Kay Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko Florence McClelland Maben Oliver, Douglas Llewellyn Comaroff, Jean Fowler, Catherine S. Konner, Melvin J. Ortner, Sherry Beth Comaroff, John Lionel Freyre, Gilberto de Mello Kottak, Conrad Phillip O’Shea, John Michael Conklin, Harold Colyer Friedl, Ernestine Kroeber, Alfred Louis Peacock III, James Lowe Coon, Carleton Stevens Friedrich, Paul Kusimba, Chapurukha M. Pelzel, John Campbell Cordell, Linda S. Fu, Bojie Kuzawa, Christopher W. Pickering, Charles DaMatta, Roberto Gal, Susan Lamberg-Karlovsky, Pilbeam, David Roger Augusto Garn, Stanley Marion Clifford Charles Piperno, Dolores Rita D’Andrade, Roy G. Geertz, Clifford James Latour, Bruno Plog, Stephen

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Powell, John Wesley Sapir, Edward Stocking, Jr., George Watson, James Lee Putnam, Frederic Ward Schneider, David Murray Ward Watson, Rubie S. Rainey, Froelich Seler, Eduard Strathern, Marilyn Wertsch, James V. Gladstone Shapiro, Harry Lionel Strier, Karen B. Whiting, Beatrice Blyth Rappaport, Roy Abraham Shapiro, Judith R. Tambiah, Stanley Whiting, John Wesley Redfield, Robert Sharer, Robert James Jeyarajah Mayhew Redmond, Elsa M. Shweder, Richard Allan Tozzer, Alfred Marston Wissler, Clark Reichel-Dolmatoff, Singer, Milton Borah Traxler, Loa Paulette Wolf, Eric Robert Gerardo Smith, Bruce David Turner, Victor Witter Woolard, Kathryn Ann Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Spencer, Charles S. Verdery, Katherine Worthman, Carol M. Richards, Audrey Isabel Sperber, Dan Maureen Wrangham, Richard W. Roberts, John Milton Spier, Leslie Vogt, Jr., Evon Zartman Wulsin, Frederick Romney, Antone Kimball Spinden, Herbert Joseph Wagley, Charles Walter Roelker Roosevelt, Anna Spiro, Melford Elliot Walker, Alan Cyril Yalman, Nur Osman Curtenius Srinivas, Mysore Wallace, Anthony Francis Zeder, Melinda A. Rosaldo, Jr., Renato Narasimhachar Clarke Ignacio Stanish, Charles Warner, William Lloyd Back to Subject Index Rouse, Irving Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf Washburn, Sherwood Sahlins, Marshall David Larned

Archaeology Deagan, Kathleen A. MacNeish, Richard Rawson, Jessica di Cesnola, Luigi Palma Stockton Redmond, Elsa M.

Dillehay, Tom D. Maspero, Gaston Camille Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Albright, William Foxwell Dinsmoor, William Bell Charles Richardson, Emeline Hill Ballard, Robert D. Dorpfeld, Wilhelm McCormick, Michael Richardson, Rufus Byam Bard, Kathryn A. Earle, Timothy Mellink, Machteld Robert, Louis Bass, George F. Evans, John Johanna Robinson, David Moore Beazley, John Davidson Flannery, Kent Vaughn Meltzer, David J. Rose, C. Brian Bernal, Ignacio Glueck, Nelson Milanich, Jerald T. Rostovtzeff, Michael Betancourt, Philip P. Goldman, Hetty Miyamoto, Kazuo Ivanovitch Bieber, Margarete Hanfmann, George Movius, Jr., Hallam Sabloff, Jeremy Arac Bietak, Manfred Maxim Anossov Leonard Shear, Theodore Leslie Bittel, Kurt Harrison, Evelyn Byrd Mylonas, George Sjoqvist, Erik Blegen, Carl William Haynes, Henry Emmanuel Stanish, Charles Bowditch, Charles Williamson Nilsson, Martin Persson Stein, Aurel Pickering Hencken, Hugh O’Neill O’Shea, John Michael Thompson, Homer Brown, James Allison Hill, Bert Hodge Perrot, Jean Joseph Armstrong Buikstra, Jane E. Hoppin, Joseph Clark Francois Toynbee, Jocelyn Mary Caskey, John Langdon Karkanas, Panagiotis Pietrasanta (Duke of Catherine Caso y Andrade, Alfonso Kenoyer, J. Mark Serradifalco), von Falkenhausen, Lothar Chase, George Henry Kidder, Alfred Vincent Domenico Lo Faso Warren, Peter M. Clark, John Grahame Kramer, Samuel Noah Piggott, Stuart Watson, Patty Jo Douglas Lechtman, Heather Nan Plog, Stephen Weinberg, Saul S. Clarke, Joseph Thacher Lemerle, Paul Emile Pollock, Harry Evelyn Willey, Gordon Randolph Cooke, Richard G. Lepsius, Karl Richard Dorr Curtius, Ernst Porada, Edith Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Astronomy and Blandford, Roger David Clayton, Donald Delbert Garnett, John Bok, Bart Jan Clemence, Gerald Gebbie, Katharine Astrophysics Bolton, John Gatenby Maurice Blodgett Bond, George Phillips Code, Arthur Dodd Gehrels, Neil Abbot, Charles Greeley Bond, J. Richard (John Cohen, Marshall H. Geller, Margaret Joan Adams, John Couch Richard) Comstock, George Cary Ghez, Andrea M. Adams, Walter Sydney Bond, William Cranch Córdova, France A. Giacconi, Riccardo Agassiz, George Russell Borucki, William J. Dalgarno, Alexander Gill, David Airy, George Biddell Boss, Alan Paul Damoiseau (Baron de), Gilliss, James Melville Alcock, Charles R. Boss, Lewis Marie Charles Gingerich, Owen Jay Alexander, Stephen Bowditch, Nathaniel Theodore Glatzmaier, Gary A. Aller, Lawrence Hugh Bowen, Ira Sprague Darwin, George Howard Gold, Thomas Ambartsumian, Viktor Bracewell, Ronald Davidson, George Goldberg, Leo Amazaspovich Newbold Davis, Marc Goldreich, Peter Martin Angel, James Roger Prior Brinkley, John Delambre, Jean Baptiste Gould, Jr., Benjamin Arago, Dominique Brouwer, Dirk Joseph Apthorp Francois Jean Brownlee, Donald E. Delaunay, Charles Greenstein, Jesse Leonard Argelander, Friedrich Burbidge, Eleanor Eugene Gunn, James Edward Wilhelm August Margaret Dollen, Johann Heinrich Gurnett, Donald A. Arnett, David (William Burbidge, Geoffrey R. Wilhelm Gylden, Johan August David) Burckhardt, Johann Karl Drake, Frank Donald Hugo Auwers, Arthur Julius Burg, Johann Tobias Draper, Henry Hagen, John Peter George Friedrich von Burke, Bernard Flood Drell, Persis Sydney Hale, George Ellery Babcock, Horace Burnham, Sherburne Dressler, Alan Michael Hall, Asaph Welcome Wesley Duncan, John Charles Hamilton, William Backlund, Jons Oskar Burrows, Adam Seth Eddington, Arthur Rowan Backus, George Edward Butler, R. Paul Stanley Hansen, Peter Andreas Bahcall, John Norris Cacciatore, Niccolo Edmands, John Rayner Hansteen, Christopher Bahcall, Neta Assaf Cameron, Alastair Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. Harrison, Fiona Anne Bailey, Solon Irving Graham Walter Elmegreen, Debra M. Haynes, Martha Patricia Baily, Francis Campbell, William Emanuel, Kerry A. Heckman, Timothy M. Baker, James Gilbert Wallace Encke, Johann Franz Heeschen, David Sutphin Baldwin, Ralph Belknap Canizares, Claude Roger Evans, Jr., John Heiles, Carl Eugene Barnard, Edward Canup, Robin M. Wainwright Herbig, George Howard Emerson Carlstrom, John E. Ewen, Harold Irving Hernquist, Lars Bartlett, William Holmes Cassini, Jean Dominique, Faber, Sandra Moore Herschel, John Frederick Chambers Comte de Faye, Herve Auguste William Batalha, Natalie M. Caswell, Alexis Etienne Albans Herschel, William Becklin, Eric E. Chandler, Jr., Seth Carlo Field, George Brooks (Frederick William) Beckwith, Steven Van Chandrasekhar, Filippenko, Alexei V. Hertzsprung, Ejnar Walter Subrahmanyan Fischer, Debra Ann Hewish, Antony Bell Burnell, Jocelyn Charbonneau, David Fowler, William Alfred Hewitt, Jacqueline Bennett, Charles L. Chiang, Eugene Fox, Philip Hildebrand, Roger Henry Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Clark, Alvan Freedman, Wendy Laurel Hill, George William Biddle, Owen Clark, Alvan Graham Frieman, Joshua A. Hogan, Craig James Blaauw, Adriaan Clark, George Bassett Frost, Edwin Brant

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Holden, Edward Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Mitchell, Samuel Alfred Pond, John Singleton Joseph Mitchell, William (1791- Poor, Charles Lane Hopkins, Albert Lee, Typhoon 1869) Press, William Henry Hornsby, Thomas Leighton, Robert Moran, James Michael Pritchett, Henry Smith Hoyle, Fred Benjamin Morgan, William Wilson Quataert, Eliot Hu, Wayne Lightman, Alan Paige Moulton, Forest Ray Readhead, Anthony Hubbard, Joseph Stillman Liller, William Munch, Guido Christopher Sanford Huchra, John Peter Lilley, Arthur Edward Murray, Bruce Churchill Rees, Martin John Huggins, William Lin, Douglas N. C. Nassau, Jason John Rieke, George H. Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien Lin, Robert Peichung Neugebauer, Gerry Rieke, Marcia J. Jewitt, David C. Lindblad, Bertil Newcomb, Simon Riess, Adam G. Johnson, Manuel John Linde, Andrei Ney, Edward Purdy Ritchie, Jr., John Johnson, Torrence V. Dmitriyevich Norman, Michael Lester Rittenhouse, David Jones, Harold Spencer Lindenau, Bernhard Oke, John Beverley Roberts, Morton S. Kahn, Steven Michael August, Freiherr von Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Roberts, Walter Orr Kamionkowski, Marc Lockyer, Joseph Norman Matthias Rogers, William Kaspi, Victoria M. Loeb, Abraham Oort, Jan Hendrik Augustus Kauffmann, Guinevere Loomis, Elias Opik, Ernst Julius Rosner, Robert Alice Mei-ing Lovell, Bernard (Alfred Osterbrock, Donald E. Rubin, Vera Cooper Keeler, James Edward Charles Bernard) Ostriker, Jeremiah Paul Ruderman, Malvin Kellermann, Kenneth Low, Frank J. Page, Jr., Lyman Avram Irwin Lowell, Percival Alexander Russell, Henry Norris Kennicutt, Jr., Robert Lubbock (Baronet), John Paine, Robert Treat Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris Charles William (1803-1885) Ryle, Martin King, Edward Skinner Luyten, Willem Jacob Parker, Eugene Newman Sadoulet, Bernard King, Ivan Robert Lynden-Bell, Donald Payne-Gaposchkin, Safford, Truman Henry Kirshner, Robert P. Marcy, Geoffrey W. Cecilia Helena Sagan, Carl Edward Kolb, Edward W. Maskelyne, Nevil Peebles, P. James E. Saha, Meghnad Kouveliotou, Chryssa Mather, John Cromwell (Phillip James E.) Salpeter, Edwin Ernest Kraft, Robert Paul Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich Pekeris, Chaim Leib Sandage, Allan Rex Krook, Max Mayor, Michel Gustave Penzias, Arno Allan Sargent, Anneila Isabel Kuiper, Gerard Peter McKee, Christopher F. Perlmutter, Saul Sargent, Wallace Leslie Kulkarni, Shrinivas Meinel, Aden Baker Peters, Christian August William Ramchandra Menzel, Donald Howard Friedrich Sawyer, Edwin Forrest Lalande, Joseph-Jerome le Merrill, Paul Willard Peters, Christian Schechter, Paul L. Francais Mészáros, Péter István Heinrich Friedrich Schlesinger, Frank Lamb, Frederick Keithley Metcalf, Joel Hastings Pickering, Edward Schmidt, Johann Lamb, Jr., Donald Quincy Michelson, Peter F. Charles Friedrich Julius Lampland, Carl Otto Miller, John Anthony Pickering, William Schmidt, Maarten Lange, Andrew Evan Miller, Joseph Standard Hayward Schonfeld, Eduard Langley, Samuel Pierpont Milne, Edward Arthur Pickering, William Henry Schramm, David Norman Laplace, Pierre Simon, Minnaert, Marcel Gilles Plana (Barone), Giovanni Schubert, Friedrich Marquis de Jozef Antonio Amedeo Theodor Latham, David Winslow Mitchel, Ormsby Plantamour, Emile Schumacher, Heinrich Layzer, David Raymond McKnight Plaskett, Harry Hemley Christian Mitchell, Maria Poirier, Jean-Paul Schwarzschild, Martin

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Sciama, Dennis William Squyres, Steven W. Trouvelot, Etienne Weymann, Ray John Seager, Sara Staggs, Suzanne T. Leopold Whipple, Fred Lawrence Searle, Arthur Stansbury, Daniel Truran, Jr., James Whitford, Albert Edward Searle, George Mary Stebbins, Joel Wellington Whitney, Charles Allen Shapiro, Irwin Ira Sterne, Theodore Eugene Turner, Michael Stanley Wild, John Paul Shapley, Harlow Stetson, Harlan True Tyson, J. Anthony Williams, Robert E. Shayn (Shajn), Grigory Stockwell, John Nelson Urry, C. Megan Willson, Robert Wheeler Abramovitch Strittmatter, Peter Albert van de Hulst, Hendrik Wilson, Robert Woodrow Shectman, Stephen A. Stromgren, Bengt Georg Christoffel Winlock, Joseph Shklovsky, Josif Daniel van Dishoeck, Ewine Wisdom, Jack Leach Samuilovich Struve, Friedrich Georg Fleur Wolfe, Arthur Michael Shoemaker, Carolyn Wilhelm Vogel, Hermann Carl Woltjer, Lodewijk Spellman Struve, Otto Walker, Sears Cook Woosley, Stanford E. Shu, Frank H. Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Ward, William R. Wright, Edward L. Silk, Joseph I. Sunyaev, Rashid Alievich Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm Yendell, Paul Sebastian Sitter, Willem de Swings, Polidore F. F. Watson, Fletcher Guard Young, Charles Augustus Slipher, Vesto Melvin Szalay, Alexander Sandor Watson, James Craig Yung, Yuk Ling Slocum, Frederick Taylor, Jr., Joseph Wendell, Oliver Clinton Zach, Franz Xaver, Smarr, Larry L. Hooton West, Benjamin (1730- Freiherr Smyth, William Henry Teukolsky, Saul A. 1813) Spergel, David Nathaniel Tremaine, Scott Duncan Westphal, James Adolph Back to Subject Index Spitzer, Jr., Lyman

Atmospheric Ferrel, William McAdie, Alexander Ramanathan, Fye, Paul McDonald George Veerabhadran Sciences and Hall, Jonathan Patten McElroy, Michael Redfield, William C. Oceanography Hemmer, Johann Jacob Brendan Rhines, Peter B. Houghton, Henry Garrett McEwen, George Francis Robinson, Allan Richard

Imbrie, John Miles, Edward L. Rossby, Carl-Gustaf Abbe, Cleveland Ingersoll, Andrew Perry Mollo-Christensen, Erik Arvid Austin, James Murdoch Isaacs, John Dove Leonard Rossby, Hans Thomas Bigelow, Henry Bryant Iselin II, Columbus Monin, Andrei Rotch, Abbott Lawrence Bjerknes, Jacob Aall O’Donnell Sergeevich Salmon, Richard Bonnevie Junge, Christian Eduard Murray, John Lawrence Bjerknes, Vilhelm Friedrich Namias, Jerome Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Frimann Koren Kalnay, Eugenia Palmer, Timothy N. Shaw, William Napier Brooks, Charles Franklin Keeling, Charles David Parkinson, Claire L. Smagorinsky, Joseph Cane, Mark Alan Kondratyev, Kirill Pedlosky, Joseph Solomon, Susan Charney, Jule Gregory Yakovlevich Philander, S. George H. Starr, Victor Paul Cicerone, Ralph John Landsberg, Helmut Erich (Samuel George Stern, Melvin Ernest Clayton, Henry Helm Lindzen, Richard Harker) Stocker, Thomas F. Crutzen, Paul Josef Siegmund Phillips, Norman Alton Stommel, Henry Melson Davis, Russ Erik Loomis, Elias Pillsbury, John Elliott Suomi, Verner Edward Davis, Walter Gould Lorenz, Edward Norton Plantamour, Emile Swallow, John Crossley Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm Malone, Thomas Francis Prather, Kimberly A. Talley, Lynne Fassig, Oliver Lanard Mauersberger, Konrad Thiemens, Mark H. Fergusson, Sterling Price

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Toole, John Merrill Ward, Robert DeCourcy Wild, Heinrich Back to Subject Index von Arx, William Stelling Washington, Warren Willett, Hurd Curtis von Hann, Julius Morton Wunsch, Carl Isaac Ferdinand Wexler, Harry Yung, Yuk Ling Wallace, John Michael White, Robert Mayer

Biochemistry and Bear, Richard Scott Bustamante, Carlos J. Cohen, Seymour Stanley Beinert, Helmut Butler, Warren Lee Cohen, Stanley Molecular Biology Bell, Alexis T. Cairns, Bradley R. Cohn (elected as Mildred Benson, Andrew Alm Cane, David E. Cohn Primakoff), Abeles, Robert Heinz Berg, Howard Curtis Cantoni, Giulio Leonardo Mildred Abelson, John Norman Berg, Jeremy M. Cantor, Charles Robert Cohn, Edwin Joseph Abraham, Edward Penley Berg, Paul Carbon, John Anthony Cohn, Melvin Adams, Elijah Berger, James M. Carlson, John R. Cohn, Waldo E. Adler, Julius Berger, Shelley L. Carroll, Dana Cole, Kenneth Stewart Agard, David A. Bergstrom, Sune (Karl Carter, Herbert Edmund Collins, Francis Sellers Ahn, Natalie G. Sune Detlof) Caruthers, Marvin Harry Collip, James Bertram Alberts, Bruce Michael Berman, Helen M. Caspar, Donald Louis Conaway, Joan W. Ambros, Victor Biggins, Sue Dvorak Conaway, Ronald C. Ames, Bruce Nathan Bjorkman, Pamela J. Cate, Jamie H.D. Coon, Minor Jesser Ames, Giovanna Ferro- Blackburn, Elizabeth Cech, Thomas Robert Cori, Carl Ferdinand Luzzi Helen Chagas, Carlos Cori, Gerty Theresa Anfinsen, Christian Bloch, Konrad Emil Chakraborty, Arup K. Court, Donald Lee Boehmer Block, Steven M. Chamberlin, Michael Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. Arnold, Frances Bloom, Kerry Steven John Craig, Elizabeth Anne Hamilton Blout, Elkan Rogers Chambon, Pierre Craig, Nancy L. Arnon, Ruth Blumenthal, Thomas Chance, Britton Cravatt III, Benjamin F. Aronson, Peter S. Boeke, Jef D. Chargaff, Erwin Crick, Francis Harry Artavanis-Tsakonas, Borst, Piet Cheng, Yifan Compton Spyros Botchan, Michael R. Chittenden, Russell Croce, Carlo M. Axel, Richard Bovie, William T. Henry Crothers, Donald Morris Babior, Bernard Macy Boyd, William Clouser Christensen, Halvor Niels Cuatrecasas, Pedro Baker, David Boyer, Herbert Wayne Ciechanover, Aaron Martin Baker, Tania Ann Boyer, Paul Delos Judah Curran, Tom Baldwin, Robert Lesh Braunstein, Aleksandr Clapham, David E. Dahlberg, James E. Ball, Eric Glendinning Evseyevich Clarke, Hans Thacher Dai, Hongjie Banerjee, Utpal Brenner, Sydney Claude, Albert Daley, George Q. Barker, Horace Albert Brink, Jr., Frank Cleland, William Wallace Daly, Joseph Michael Barres, Ben A. Britten, Roy John Cleveland, Don W. Davidson, Norman Ralph Bass, Brenda L. Brown, Gene Monte Clevers, Johannes Carolus Davie, Earl Warren Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Brown, Michael Stuart Cline, Thomas Warren Davies, David R. Baumeister, Wolfgang P. Brunori, Maurizio Clore, G. Marius Davis, Mark M. Bax, Adriaan Buchanan, Bob Branch Cobb, Melanie H. Dawid, Igor Bert Beachy, Philip Buchanan, John Machlin Cohen, Carolyn de Duve, Christian Rene Beadle, George Wells Burger, Max Marcell Cohen, Fred E. Bean, Charles Palmer Burris, Robert Harza Cohen, Georges N.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

De Robertis, Edward Evans, Ronald M. Goldsmith, Timothy Hawley, R. Scott Michael Fasman, Gerald David Henshaw Hayaishi, Osamu DeGrado, William F. Fedoroff, Nina V. Goldwasser, Eugene Heidelberger, Michael Delbruck, Max Ludwig Feinberg, Andrew Paul Goodenough, Ursula W. Heldin, Carl-Henrik Henning Felsenfeld, Gary Gorski, Jack Helinski, Donald DeLuca, Hector Floyd Fernandez-Moran, Gottesman, Maxwell E. Raymond DeRisi, Joseph L. Humberto Gottesman, Michael Marc Henderson, Lawrence DeRosier, David John Ferro-Novick, Susan Gottesman, Susan Joseph Deshaies, Raymond J. Fersht, Alan Roy Gottschling, Daniel E. Hendrickson, Wayne A. Dickerson, Richard Earl Fiers, Walter Charles Gourse, Richard L. Hentze, Matthias W. Dikic, Ivan Cornelius Granick, Sam Heppel, Leon Alma Dill, Kenneth A. Fischer, Edmond Henri Green, David Ezra Hershko, Avram Dixit, Vishva Fiske, Cyrus Hartwell Green, Michael R. Herskowitz, Ira Dixon, Jack Edward Folch-Pi, Jordi Green, Rachel Hess, George Paul Dobson, Christopher M. Folin, Otto Knut Olof Greider, Carol W. Hieter, Philip Andrew Doe, Chris Q. Fox, Maurice Sanford Griffith, Jack D. Hill, Robert Doisy, Edward Adelbert Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz Gros, François Hill, Robert Lee Doolittle, Russell F. Ludwig Grossman, Alan D. Hinnebusch, Alan G. Dorfman, Ralph Isadore Frank, Joachim Grunberg-Manago, Hoagland, Mahlon Bush Doty, Paul Mead Fraser, Scott E. Marianne Hochstrasser, Mark W. Doudna Cate, Jennifer A. Frey, Perry Allen Guidotti, Guido Hockett, Robert Casad Dreyfuss, Gideon Fridovich, Irwin Gunsalus, Irwin Clyde Hogness, David Swenson du Vigneaud, Vincent Frieden, Carl Gustafsson, Jan-Ake Hollaender, Alexander Durbin, Richard M. Friedkin, Morris Enton Guthrie, Christine Holley, Robert William Eaton, William A. Friedman, Jeffrey M. Ha, Taekjip Honig, Barry Hirsh Ebashi, Setsuro Fruton, Joseph Stewart Haber, Daniel Arie Hood, Leroy Edward Ebright, Richard H. Frydman, Judith Hajjar, David P. Hopfield, John Joseph Edelman, Gerald Maurice Garbers, David Lorn Hall, Benjamin D. Horecker, Bernard Edelman, Isidore Samuel Geiduschek, E. Peter Hall, Cecil Edwin Leonard Edmonds, Mary Patricia (Ernest Peter) Hammes, Gordon G. Horwitz, Susan Band Edsall, John Tileston Gelbart, William Michael Hanahan, Douglas Hotchkiss, Rollin Douglas Eisenberg, David Samuel Gellert, Martin Frank Hanawalt, Philip C. Hubbard, Ruth Eisenman, George Gelles, Jeff Handler, Philip Hubbell, Wayne Lester Elgin, Sarah Carlisle Gibson, Quentin Harington, Charles Huennekens, Frank Roberts Howieson Robert Matthew Elledge, Stephen Gierasch, Lila M. Harrington, William Hughes, Jr., Walter Lee Elson, Elliot Lawrence Gilbert, Lawrence Irwin Fields Hunt, Donald Frederick Elvehjem, Conrad Arnold Gilbert, Walter Harrison, Stephen Hunt, Richard Timothy Engel, Lewis Libman Glaeser, Robert M. Coplan Hunter, Tony (Anthony Engelhardt, Vladimir Glazer, Alexander Hartline, Haldan Keffer Rex) Aleksandrovich Namiot Haselkorn, Robert Hurwitz, Jerard Engelman, Donald Max Glomset, John A. Haskins, Caryl Parker Hutchison III, Clyde A. Englander, Solomon Goeddel, David Hassid, William Zev Huxley, Hugh Esmor Walter VanNorman Hastings, Albert Baird Ingber, Donald E. Erikson, Raymond Leo Goff, Stephen Payne Hastings, John Woodland Ingram, Vernon Martin Ernster, Lars Gold, Lawrence Marshall Haurowitz, Felix Michael Inouye, Masayori

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Itano, Harvey Akio Klotz, Irving Myron Lorand, Laszlo Nakanishi, Shigetada Jacks, Tyler E. Klug, Aaron Losick, Richard Marc Nash, Howard Allen Jacobson, Allan S. Kobilka, Brian K. Low (Mrs. Metchie Neher, Erwin Jan, Lily Y. Kolodner, Richard D. Budka), Barbara Nesbitt, David John Jan, Yuh Nung Koonin, Eugene V. Wharton Neuberger, Albert Jencks, William Platt Kornberg, Arthur Lowey, Susan Neufeld, Elizabeth Fondal Jensen, Lyle Howard Kornberg, Hans Leo Luger, Karolin Neurath, Hans Jenuwein, Thomas P. Kornberg, Roger David Lynen, Feodor Felix Newport, John W. Johnston, Mark Koshland, Jr., Daniel E. Konrad Niemann, Carl George Jones, Mary Ellen Kouzarides, Tony Macallum, Archibald Nirenberg, Marshall Joshua-Tor, Leemor Kowalczykowski, Stephen C. Byron Warren Joyce, Gerald Francis Krebs, Edwin Gerhard Maniatis, Thomas Peter Nishimura, Susumu Kaback, Howard Ronald Krebs, Hans Adolf Manley, James L. Nishizuka, Yasutomi Kadonaga, James T. Kuriyan, John Maquat, Lynne E. Nisonoff, Alfred Kaiser, Armin Dale Kuroda, Mitzi Irene Margoliash, Emanuel Nogales, Eva Kaiser, Emil Thomas Lake, James A. Marians, Kenneth J. Noller, Harry F. Kalckar, Herman Moritz Lamb, Robert Andrew Marletta, Michael A. Nomura, Masayasu Kamen, Martin David Lambowitz, Alan Marc Marqusee, Susan Northrop, John Howard Kaplan, Nathan Oram Lander, Eric S. Marshall, Alan George Nossal, Nancy Goldman Karlin, Arthur Landick, Robert C. Mattaj, Iain William Nudler, Evgeny A. Karnovsky, Manfred Landy, Arthur Matthews, Brian Wesley Numa, Shosaku Leslie Lardy, Henry Arnold Matthews, Rowena Green Nurse, Paul Maxime Katchalski (see also Lehman, Israel Robert (I. McClain, William H. Ochoa, Severo Katzir, Ephraim), Robert) McElroy, William David O’Farrell, Patrick H. Ephraim Lehninger, Albert Lester McKnight, Steven Lanier Okunuki, Kazuo Katchalsky (Katzir- Leloir, Luis Federico Meister, Alton Olivera, Baldomero M. Katchalsky), Aharon Lerman, Leonard Melton, Douglas A. Olson, Eric Newell Kaufman, Seymour Solomon Merchant, Sabeeha Olson, Maynard V. Kaushansky, Kenneth Lerner, Richard Alan Meselson, Matthew O’Malley, Bert William Keasling, Jay D. Lester, Henry Allen Stanley Oncley, John Lawrence Keilin, David Levine, Lawrence Meyer, Karl Onuchic, Jose Nelson Kelly, Jr., Thomas J. Levinson, Arthur D. Miller, Jeffrey H. Orgel, Leslie E. Kendall, Edward Calvin Levinthal, Cyrus Mirsky, Alfred Ezra Osborn, Mary Jane Kendrew, John Cowdery Levitt, Michael Mitchell, Peter Dennis Merten Kennedy, Eugene Patrick Liao, Shutsung Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi Otto, Sarah P. Kenyon, Cynthia J. Lifton, Richard P. Moazed, Danesh Pabo, Carl O. Khorana, Har Gobind Lima, Christopher D. Modrich, Paul Lawrence Page, David Conrad Kim, Peter S. Lindquist, Susan Lee Monod, Jacques Lucien Palmer, Jeffrey Donald Kim, Stuart K. Linn, Stuart Michael Moore, Melissa Palmiter, Richard Kim, Sung-Hou Lipman, David J. Moore, Peter Bartlett Deforest Kingston, Robert E. Lipmann, Fritz Albert Moras, Dino Pappenheimer, Jr., Alwin Kirschner, Marc Wallace Lis, John T. Morimoto, Richard I. Max Kleckner, Nancy Loeb, Lawrence A. Mueller, Paul Hubert Pardee, Arthur Beck Elizabeth Long, Cyril Norman Hugh Munro, Hamish Nisbet Parker, Roy R. Klee, Claude Elise Blanc Long, Sharon Rugel Mutt, Viktor Pastan, Ira Harry Klinman, Judith Pollock Loofbourow, John Robert Nachmansohn, David Patel, Dinshaw J.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Pavletich, Nikola Panayot Robbins, Phillips Wesley Shooter, Eric Manvers Szabo, Attila Penhoet, Edward E. Roberts, Eugene Shuman, Stewart Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert Perlmutter, Roger Roberts, Jeffrey Warren Shuvalov, Vladimir A. von Nagyrapolt Matthew Roberts, Richard John Sigler, Paul Benjamin Szent-Gyorgyi, Andrew Perutz, Max Ferdinand Rodbell, Martin Simon, Melvin I. Gabriel Peters, Rudolph Albert Roeder, Robert Gayle Simons, Kai Lennart Szilard, Leo Petsko, Gregory Anthony Roelofs, Wendell Lee Simpson, Larry Tabor, Herbert Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Rose, Irwin Allan Singer, Maxine Frank Tait, James Francis Phillips, David Chilton Roseman, Saul Singer, Seymour Jonathan Tanford, Charles Phillips, Robert B. Rosenblith, Walter Alter Sinsheimer, Robert Louis Tatum, Edward Lawrie Pickart, Cecile M. Rosenfeld, Michael Skalka, Anna Marie Taylor, Edwin William Platt, John Rader Geoffrey Skou, Jens Christian Taylor, Susan Serota Ploegh, Hidde L. Rossmann, Michael Smith, Emil L. Temin, Howard Martin Popjak, George Joseph George Snell, Esmond Emerson Theorell, Hugo (Axel Porter, Rodney Robert Rothman, James Edward Sober, Herbert Alexander Hugo Theodor) Potter, Van Rensselaer Rothman-Denes, Lucia B. Solomon, Arthur Kaskel Thomas, Jr., Charles Prives, Carol L. Rothstein, Rodney J. Sonenberg, Nahum Allen Ptashne, Mark Steven Roussel, Martine F. Southern, Edwin Mellor Thorner, Jeremy W. Puck, Theodore Thomas Rubenstein, John L. R. Spudich, James Anthony Tilghman, Shirley Marie Putnam, Frank William Ruderman, Joan V. Spudich, John Lee Caldwell Pyle, Anna Marie Russell, David W. Stadtman, Earl Reece Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Racker, Efraim Rutter, William J. Stadtman, Thressa Kaurin Radman, Miroslav Salas (Salas Falgueras), Campbell Tjian, Robert RajBhandary, Uttam Lal Margarita Stein, William Howard Tomizawa, Jun-ichi Ramachandran, Sancar, Aziz Steiner, Donald Frederick Tomkins, Gordon Mayer Gopalasamudram Sanes, Joshua Richard Steitz, Joan Argetsinger Tonegawa, Susumu Narayana Sanger, Frederick Steitz, Thomas Arthur Udenfriend, Sidney Randall, Linda Lea Sauer, Robert Thomas Stent, Gunther Siegmund Uhlenbeck, Olke Cornelis Rando, Robert Richard Schachman, Howard Sternberg, Paul W. Ullrich, Axel Rapoport, Tom A. Kapnek Stetten, Jr., DeWitt Umbarger, Harold Edwin Ratliff, Floyd Schatz, Gottfried Stillman, Bruce William Umezawa, Hamao Ratner, Sarah Scheller, Richard H. Stoker, Michael George Ussing, Hans Henrikson Record, M. Thomas Schellman, John Anthony Parke Utter, Merton Franklin Redfield, Alfred Guillou Schimke, Robert Tod Storb, Ursula Beate Vagelos, Pindaros Roy Reed, Lester James Schimmel, Paul Reinhard Storz, Gisela T. Vale, Wylie Reich, Edward Schmidt, Gerhard Strominger, Jack Leonard Vallee, Bert Lester Reichard, Peter Adolf Schulman, Brenda A. Stroud, Robert M. van Deenen, Laurens L. Reinberg, Danny F. Seeman, Nadrian C. Struhl, Kevin M. Rich, Alexander Selker, Eric Ursell Stryer, Lubert van Holde, Kensal Richards, Frederic Setlow, Richard Burton Studier, F. William Edward Middlebrook Shapiro, Lucille (Frederick William) Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Richards, JoAnne Stewart Sharp, Phillip Allen Sturtevant, Julian Vande Woude, George F. Richardson, Charles Shatkin, Aaron Jeffrey Munson Varmus, Harold Eliot Clifton Shemin, David Sumner, James Batcheller Varshavsky, Alexander Richardson, Jane S. Shi, Yigong Sundquist, Wesley I. Jacob Rittenberg, David Shokat, Kevan M. Sutherland, Earl Wilbur Vaughan, Martha

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Venter, J. Craig (John Weber, Annemarie Williams, Jr., Robley Wuthrich, Kurt Craig) Weber, Gregorio Cook Wyckoff, Ralph Walter Verma, Inder M. Weinberg, Robert Allan Williams-Ashman, Graystone Vickery, Hubert Bradford Weiss, Samuel Bernard Howard Guy Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman Villee, Jr., Claude Alvin Weissmann, Charles Williamson, James R. Yamamoto, Keith Robert Vinograd, Jerome Rubin Wells, James A. Wilson, Allan Charles Yancopoulos, George D. Vogt, Peter K. Westphal, Otto Hermann Wilson, Ian Andrew Yang, Wei von Hippel, Peter Hans Eduard Wittmann, Heinz-Gunter Yaniv, Moshe Wagner, Gerhard White, Abraham Wolberger, Cynthia Yanofsky, Charles Wald, George Wickens, Marvin Pete Wolfenden, Richard Yokoyama, Shigeyuki Walker, Graham Charles Wickner, Reed Brendon Vance Yonath, Ada Walsh, Christopher Wickner, Sue Hengren Wood III, William Barry Zakian, Virginia A. Thomas Wickner, William Tobey Wood, Harland Goff Zamecnik, Paul Charles Wang, James Chuo Wieschaus, Eric F. Wood, Richard D. Zhuang, Xiaowei Wang, Jean Yin Jen Wigler, Michael H. Woolley, Dilworth Zipursky, Stephen Wang, Jui Hsin Wiley, Don Craig Wayne Lawrence Waterston, Robert Hugh Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Workman, Jerry L. Watson, James Dewey Frederick Wright, Peter Edwin Back to Subject Index Waugh, David Floyd Wu, Carl

Business and Augustine, Norman Bloomberg, Michael R. Browne (Lord Browne of Ralph Bodman, Samuel Wright Madingley), John Finance Balch, Francis Noyes Bogle, John Clifton (Edmund John Phillip) Barger, J. Perry Boiteux, Marcel Paul Bryan, John Henry Abbot, Edwin Hale Barnard, Chester Irving Bok, Joan Toland Bryson, John E. Adams, Charles Francis Barnevik, Percy Nils Bolton, Patrick Buffett, Warren Edward (1835-1915) Bartlett, Francis Bowditch, Jonathan Burgin, Clarence Rodgers Adams, Charles Francis Bechtel, Riley Peart Ingersoll Burke, James Edward (1866-1954) Beckman, Arnold Orville Brace, Lloyd DeWitt Burns, Ursula M. Adams, Charles Francis Benioff, Marc R. Bradshaw, Thornton Byers, Brook H. (1910-1999) Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Frederick Cabot, George Adams, Thomas Boylston Beranek, Leo Leroy Brady, Nicholas Frederick Cabot, Godfrey Lowell (1910-1997) Berman, Mandell (Bill) Brattle, Thomas Cabot, Louis Wellington Agassiz, George Russell Leslie Bren, Donald Cabot, Paul Codman Aig-Imoukhuede, Bernard, Lewis W. Brewster, William Cabot, Philip Aigboje I. Beutner, Austin M. Souther Cabot, Thomas Dudley Allen, Paul Gardner Bezos, Jeffrey Preston Brin, Sergey Cape, Ronald Elliot Allen, Robert Eugene Bigelow, Erastus Brigham Broad, Eli Carter, Marshall N. Anderson, O. Kelley Biggs, John Herron Bronfman, Sr., Edgar M. Cary, Frank Taylor (Oscar Kelley) Bilsland (Lord), Brooke, Peter A. Cary, Thomas Greaves Appleton, Nathan Alexander Steven Brooks, Edward Pennell Case, Jean N. Appleton, Nathaniel Binder, Gordon M. Brown, Charles Lee Cash, Jr., James Ireland Arnhold, Henry H. Bing, Peter Stephen Brown, John Seely Cavanagh, Richard E. Atkinson, Edward Birkelund, John Peter Brown, Theodore Henry Chambers, Anne Cox Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Black, Samuel Bruce Chambers, John T. Block, James A. Chan, Gerald L.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Chan, Ronnie C. Dillon, C. Douglas Gates, William Henry (Bill) Hewson, Marillyn A. Chapman, Richard (Clarence Douglas) Gelb, Arthur Hiatt, Arnold Selig Palmer Dilworth, Joseph Gellert, Michael Erwin Higgins, Robert F. Chenault, Kenneth Irvine Richardson George, Edward Higginson, Henry Lee Clark, Paul Foster Dixwell, George Basil Gerstner, Jr., Louis Hobson, Mellody L. Clayton, William Doerr, John Vincent Hodgkinson, Harold Lockhart Donham, Wallace Brett Geschke, Charles M. Daniel Claytor, Jr., William Donnelley, Gaylord Gibbons, Robert S. Hoffman, Paul Gray Graham Doriot, Georges Frederic Gilbert, Carl Joyce Hoffman, Reid G. Cobb, John Candler Dreyfoos, Jr., Alexander W. Goldberg, Avram Jacob Hogg, Christopher Cockrell, Ernest H. Drucker, Peter Ferdinand Golden, Clinton Strong Anthony Cogan, Jr., John Francis Dubinsky, David Goldstein, Arthur L. Holliday, Jr., Charles O. Coleman, Lewis W. Eaton, Cyrus Stephen Goldston, Eli Hostetter, Jr., Amos B. Collado, Emilio Gabriel Edgerly, William Skelton Gordon, Bernard M. Houghton, Amory Connors, John M. Edwards, David Frank Grant, Hugh Houghton, Jr., Amory Conrades, George Henry Edwards, Timothy Grantham, R. Jeremy Houser, Theodore Virgil Coonley, Howard Eliot, Samuel (1739-1820) Grass, Albert Melvin Hubbard, Jr., William Copeland, Melvin Elliott, Byron Kauffman Grass, Ellen Robinson Neill Thomas Ellis, Charles D. Graves, Sr., Earl Gilbert Hunnewell, Horatio Cordiner, Ralph Jarron Ellis, George Hathaway Gray, Francis Calley Hollis Corrigan, E. Gerald Enriquez, Juan (1890-1976) Hutchins, Glenn H. (Edward Gerald) Erburu, Robert F. Gray, Horace (1800-1873) Iger, Robert A. Cowen, Scott Stephen Erickson, Joseph Austin Gray, William Immelt, Jeffrey R. Cranch, Richard Erving, George Greenberg, Sanford D. Ingersoll, Robert Stephen Crown, James S. Feeney, Charles Francis Griffin, William Lester Jackson, Jr., Charles Crown, Lester Ferguson, Jr., Roger W. Hadley (W. L. Hadley) Jassy, Andrew R. Cullman, Lewis B. Ferri, Paul J. Grove, Andrew S. Jefferson, Edward Culver, David M. Finn, David Guild, Benjamin Graham Dachs, Alan Mark Fish, Lawrence K. Gupta, Rajat Kumar Jenrette, Richard Dalton, Marshall Fisher, Avery Robert Haas, Robert D. Jensen, Michael Cole Bertrand Fisher, Richard Welton Hall, Jonathan Patten Johnson 3d, Edward Dalton, Tristram Flanders, Ralph Edward Hambrecht, William R. Crosby Dangote, Aliko Flom, Joseph Harold Harman, Sidney Johnson, James A. Daniel, D. Ronald Folsom, Marion Bayard Harriman, Henry Jones, Matt Bushnell d’Arbeloff, Alexander V. Forbes, William Cameron Ingraham Kahle, Brewster David, Donald Kirk Ford, Horace Sayford Harris, Irving Brooks Kaiser, Edgar Fosburgh Davis, Archibald Foster, Richard Norman Hart, Francis Russell Kaufman, Henry Kimbrough Franke, Richard James Hastings, W. Reed Kavli, Fred Day, Robert Addison Frazier, Kenneth C. Hatch, Francis Whiting Kearns, David Todd de Rothschild, David French, Edward Sanborn Hazard, Rowland Gibson Kekst, Gershon Deane, Charles Fudge, Ann M. Heineman, Sr., Ben Keller, Carl Tilden Dell, Michael Saul Fuller, Carlton Perry Walter Kelly, Edmund Francis Dennison, Henry Sturgis Fuller, Kathryn Scott Hellman, F. Warren Kelly, Mervin Joe Dexter, Samuel (1726- Galvin, Robert W. (Frederick Warren) Kemper, David Woods 1810) Gardner, Jr., George Henderson, Ernest Kendall, Henry Plimpton Dibner, Bern Peabody Henderson, Robert P.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Keough, Donald Mandel, Morton L. Page, Larry Rose, Marshall Raymond Marshall (Lord Marshall Palmisano, Samuel J. Rosenberg, Richard M. Kidder, Henry Purkitt of Knightsbridge), Parsons, Richard Rosenblum, Mendel Kidder, Nathaniel Thayer Colin Peabody, Francis Rosenfeld, Gerald Kim, Peter S. Martin, Jr., William Pearce, Edward Rosenwald, Jr., E. John Kimmel, Sidney McChesney Penhoet, Edward E. Ross, Arthur Kluge, John Werner McCune, Jr., William Peretsman, Nancy Beth Ross, Ian Munro Knight, Charles Field James Perkin, Richard Scott Rothenberg, James F. Knight, Philip H. McDonnell, John F. Peterson, Peter G. Rothschild, Loren R. Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome McGovern, Patrick J. Pforzheimer III, Carl H. Rothschild, N. C. Jacob Koller, Daphne McNerney, Jr., W. James Phillips, Thomas Leonard Rowe, John W. Kovner, Bruce Mead, Dana G. Pirie, Robert Rowe, John Wallis Kraft, Robert K. Mettler, Ruben Frederick Poorvu, William James Rubenstein, David M. Kravis, Marie-Josee Meyer, Jack R. Pounds, William Frank Rubin, Robert E. Kresa, Kent Meyerson, Morton H. Pozen, Robert Charles Ruml, Beardsley Kuehler, Jack D. Millard, Robert Brian Preston, Lewis Thompson Russell, Thomas Lamont, Thomas William Miller, Arjay Pritzker, Penny S. Ryan, Patrick G. Lane, Gardiner Martin Miller, Joseph Irwin Pritzker, Thomas J. Sagan, Paul Larsen, Ralph Stanley Miller, William I. Putnam, George (1926- Sandler, Herbert M. Laubach, Gerald David Minehan, Cathy E. 2019) Sant, Roger W. Lauder, Leonard Alan Mitchell, William (1791- Quelch, John A. Savitz, Maxine L. Lawrence, Abbott 1869) Rabb, Irving William Scardino, Marjorie M. Lazarus, Maurice Mogae, Festus G. Rabb, Sidney Rabinowitz Schacht, Henry Brewer Lee, David L. Moore, Ann S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Schell, Erwin Haskell Lee, George Gardner Morita, Akio Constantine Samuel Schlaifer, Robert Osher Lee, John Clarke Morss, Everett Rajan, Raghuram G. Schmidt, Eric Lee, Seng Tee Morton, R. Alastair Rand, William McNear Schrempp, Juergen E. Leeds, Morris Evans (Robert Alastair) Randall, Clarence Belden Segel, Arthur I. Leghorn, Richard Sully Munnell, Alicia H. Reed, John Shepard Selekman, Benjamin Leibowitz, Martin L. Murdock, Harold Reilly, William K. Morris Leighton, Frank Neubauer, Joseph Reuther, Walter Philip Sever, William Thomson (Tom) Nicholas, Peter M. Ripley, Alfred Lawrence Shanker, Albert Leventhal, Norman B. Nichols, Guy W. Robinson, Jr., Dwight Shapiro, Robert Bernard Levinson, Arthur D. Nilekani, Rohini Parker Shaw, David E. Lewent, Judy C. Nooyi, Indra Rock, Arthur Shaw, Henry Southworth Lincoln, Frederic Walker Nora Johnson, Suzanne Rockefeller, Jr., David Sherwin, Martin Jay Linde, Edward H. M. Nora Roe, Mark J. Shinn, George Latimer Livermore, George Novogratz, Jacqueline Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules Shipley, Walter Vincent Lorsch, Jay William O’Donnell, Peter Rogers, Jr., John Siebel, Thomas M. Lowell, Augustus Olds, Irving Sands Washington Simons, James Harris Lowell, Francis Cabot Olsen, Kenneth Harry Rogers, Theodore C. Simonyi, Charles (1803-1874) Olson, Ronald L. Rohatyn, Felix George Sloan, George Arthur Lowell, John Amory Omidyar, Pierre Roosa, Robert Vincent Sloan, Jr., Alfred Lowell, Ralph O’Neill, Paul Henry Ropes, Joseph Samuel Pritchard Lynch, Peter S. Orr, Susan Packard Rose, Daniel Smith, Raymond W. Mallinckrodt, Jr., Edward Packard, David Rose, Elihu Smith, Richard Alan

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Soros, George Tatlock, Anne M. Wang, An Williams, Samuel (1760- Spangler, Jr., C. D. Teele, Stanley Ferdinand Warnock, John E. 1841) (Clemmie Dixon) Termeer, Henri A. Watson, Jr., Thomas John Wilson, Carroll Louis Spaulding, Huntley Thayer, Nathaniel Webster, William Wilson, Charles Edward Nowell Thomas, Charles Allen Weill, Sanford I. Wilson, Joseph Spector, Alfred Z. Thornton, John L. Weinberg, John Chamberlain Spencer, Edson White Tilden, Joseph Livingston Winthrop, Thomas Speyer, Jerry I. Tisch, James S. Weinberg, Jr., Sidney Lindall Stamp, Josiah Charles Tisch, Laurence Alan James (Jim) Wolfensohn, James David Stata, Raymond Stuart Tisch, Preston Robert Weinstein, David Wriston, Walter Bigelow Steinert, Alan Tracy, Nathaniel Welch, Jr., John Francis Wyss, Hansjorg Stephenson, Randall L. Tuttle, Robert H. Wells, William Young, John Alan Steyer, Thomas F. Tyson, Bernard J. Welters, Anthony Young, Owen D. Stone, James M. Ubiñas, Luis A. Wexner, Leslie H. Zaffaroni, Alejandro Stone, Jr., Robert Gregg Ueberroth, Peter Victor White, Erskine Norman Cesar Stonebraker, Michael Vasella, Daniel White, Miles D. Zraket, Charles Anthony Storer, Ebenezer Vaughan, Benjamin Whitehead, John Zuckerman, Paul Swett, Samuel Vaughan, Charles Cunningham Sebastian Sylla, Richard E. Vaughan, Sr., Samuel Whitman, Margaret C. Tanenbaum, Morris Vaughan, William Wiener, Malcolm H. Back to Subject Index Tang, Oscar Wadsworth, Eliot Williams, Ronald A. Tata, Ratan N. Wallach, Kenneth L.

Cellular and Beerman, Wolfgang Bretscher, Anthony P. Cooper, Kenneth Willard Wilhelm Walter Brink, Royal Alexander Cotran, Ramzi Suliman Developmental Belfort, Marlene Brinster, Ralph Lawrence Croce, Carlo M. Biology and Benirschke, Kurt Bronner, Marianne Cyster, Jason G. Bennett, G. Vann Brown, Donald David Darnell, Jr., James Edwin Genetics Berger, Shelley L. Brugge, Joan S. De Camilli, Pietro V. Berridge, Michael John Bucher, Nancy Leslie de Lange, Titia Ackerman, Susan L. Beutler, Bruce A. Rutherfurd Demerec, Milislav Adhya, Sankar Biggins, Sue Bunting-Smith, Mary DePinho, Ronald A. Allis, C. David Billingham, Rupert Ingraham Dikic, Ivan Altman, Sidney Everett Burridge, Keith W.T. Doermann, August Altshuler, David Matthew Bissell, Mina J. Cantley, Lewis Clayton Henry Amon, Angelika Blobel, Gunter Klaus- Cao, Xuetao Dove, William F. Anderson, David J. Joachim Capecchi, Mario R. Drubin, David Gil Anderson, Everett Bloom, Kerry Steven Carlson, Marian B. Dubinin, Nikolay Anderson, Kathryn Bodmer, Walter Fred Caspersson, Torbjorn Petrovich Virginia Bonini, Nancy Oskar Duboule, Denis Andrews, Nancy C. Bonner, John Tyler Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca Dunn, Leslie Clarence Ashburner, Michael Borisy, Gary G. Chalfie, Martin Dutcher, Susan K. Ausubel, Frederick M. Botstein, David Chilton, Mary-Dell Dymecki, Susan M. Banerjee, Utpal Boyse, Edward Arthur Matchett Eagle, Harry Bartel, Bonnie Breakefield, Xandra Clark, Andrew G. Ecker, Joseph R. Beckerle, Mary Catherine Owens Cohen, Stanley Norman Edgar, Robert Stuart Beckwith, Jonathan Roger

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Eisenman, Robert N. Harlow, Jr., Edward King, Mary-Claire McIntosh, J. Richard Elowitz, Michael B. Everett Kingsley, David Mark McLaren, Anne Emlen, Douglas J. Harper, J. Wade Klausner, Richard D. McMahon, Andrew P. Emr, Scott D. Harris, Henry Klein, George Mellman, Ira Ephrussi, Boris Hartl, Daniel Lee Klionsky, Daniel J. Mello, Craig Cameron Esposito, Rochelle Easton Hartl, Franz-Ulrich Kornberg, Thomas B. Messing, Joachim Farquhar, Marilyn Gist Hartwell, Leland Koshland, Douglas Elliott Meyer, Barbara Jean Fields, Stanley Harrison Krainer, Adrian R. Miller, Elizabeth Cavert Fink, Gerald R. Hawley, R. Scott Krasnow, Mark Alan Miller, James Alexander Fire, Andrew Z. Hay, Elizabeth Dexter Krumlauf, Robert Eugene Mintz, Beatrice Forget, Bernard G. Henkin, Tina M. Kunkel, Louis M. Mitchison, Timothy J. Francke, Uta Heuser, John E. Kunkel, Thomas A. Monroy, Alberto Fuchs, Elaine V. Hilleman, Maurice Ralph Lane, Malcolm Daniel Moscona, A. A. (Aron Full, Robert J. Hobbs, Helen Haskell Langley, Charles Hunt Arthur) Fuller, Margaret Tatnall Hoffmann, Ary A. Le Douarin, Nicole Muller, Hermann Joseph Gall, Joseph Grafton Hogan, Brigid L. M. Marthe Murray, Andrew W. Garcia-Bellido, Antonio Holter, Heinz Leder, Philip Nabel, Elizabeth G. Garen, Alan Hopkins, Nancy Lederberg, Joshua Nanney, David Ledbetter Gehring, Walter Jacob Horowitz, Norman Lehmann, Ruth Nasmyth, Kim Geiger, Benjamin Harold Levine, Michael Steven Nelson, Jr., Oliver Evans Ginty, David D. Horvitz, H. Robert Lewis, Edward B. Nelson, W. James Glass, Hiram Bentley (Howard Robert) Ley, Timothy James Nevins, Joseph R. Goldberg, Alfred Lewis Howley, Peter Maxwell Lin, Haifan Niehrs, Christof Goldstein, Lawrence Hughes-Schrader, Sally Lindsley, Jr., Dan Leslie Novick, Peter J. Steven Hynes, Richard Olding Lippincott-Schwartz, Nowell, Peter C. Goodenough, Ursula W. Inoue, Shinya Jennifer Nusse, Roeland Gottesman, Michael Marc Jacob, François Little, Clarence Cook Nusslein-Volhard, Green, Howard Jacobsen, Steven E. Lodish, Harvey F. Christiane Green, Michael R. Jaenisch, Rudolf Lowe, Scott William O’Brien, Stephen James Green, Rachel Jasin, Maria Lupski, James R. O’Farrell, Patrick H. Greenough, William Jenuwein, Thomas P. Lyon, Mary Frances Ohno, Susumu Tallant Jones, Peter A. Mackay, Trudy Frances Ohta, Tomoko Greenwald, Iva S. Jost, Alfred Daniel Charlene Oppenheimer, Jane Grewal, Shiv I. S. Joyner, Alexandra Leigh Magnuson, Terry R. Marion Gross, Jerome Kafatos, Fotis Mahowald, Anthony Orci, Lelio Gross, Paul Randolph Constantine Peter Oren, Moshe Groudine, Mark Kaufman, Thomas C. Mandel, Gail Orr, H. Allen Grunstein, Michael Kazazian, Jr., Haig H. Markert, Clement O’Shea, Erin K. Gruss, Peter Keating, Mark Taylor Lawrence Oster, George F. Guarente, Leonard P. Keeney, Scott N. Martin, Gail Roberta Owen, Ray David Gurdon, John Bertrand Kemphues, Kenneth J. Massague, Joan Page, David Conrad Haber, James E. Kennedy, Mary Mazia, Daniel Palade, George Emil Hadorn, Ernst Bernadette McClintock, Barbara Parada, Luis Fernando Hall, Jeffrey C. Kihara, Hitoshi McConnell, Susan K. Pardue, Mary Lou Harlan, Jack Rodney Kimble, Judith Elisabeth McCormick, Frank P. Pawson, Anthony James Harland, Richard M. Kimmel, Charles McGinnis, William J. Penman, Sheldon

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Perelson, Alan S. Sabatini, David Domingo Sonneborn, Tracy Waddington, Conrad Hal Perrimon, Norbert Sager, Ruth Morton Waelsch, Salome Petes, Thomas D. Salmon, Edward D. Spector, David L. Gluecksohn Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Salzberg, Steven L. Spiegelman, Bruce Wahl, Geoffrey Myles Piwnica-Worms, Helen M. Sánchez Alvarado, Michael Wallace, Bruce Plomin, Robert Alejandro Spradling, Allan Charles Wallace, Douglas C. Pollard, Thomas Dean Sato, Gordon Hisashi Springer, Timothy Alan Walter, Peter Pontecorvo, Guido P. A. Scharff, Matthew Daniel Srivastava, Deepak Warren, Stephen T. Porter, Keith Roberts Schatz, David Gilliam Stahl, Franklin William Weigel, Detlef Prescott, David Marshall Schekman, Randy Wayne Stern, Claudio Daniel Weintraub, Harold Pringle, John William Schell, Jozef Stephaan Stern, Curt Martin Sutton Schmid, Sandra L. Stern, Herbert Weiss, Paul Alfred Pritchard, Jonathan K. Schneiderman, Howard Stoeckenius, Walther Wells, James A. Raff, Martin Allen Strome, Susan Werb, Zena Rajewsky, Klaus Schull, William Jackson Struhl, Gary Wessler, Susan R. Ratcliffe, Peter J. Schupbach, Gertrud M. Sturtevant, Alfred Henry Willier, Benjamin Reznikoff, William S. Scott, Matthew P. Sueoka, Noboru Harrison Rine, Jasper Selander, Robert Keith Swaminathan, Wilson, Edmund Beecher Roman, Herschel Lewis Seydoux, Geraldine Monkombu Sambasivan Wilson, Thomas Hastings Rosbash, Michael Shenk, Thomas E. Swift, Hewson Hoyt Winston, Fred M. Ross, Russell Sherr, Charles J. Symington, Lorraine S. Witkin, Evelyn Maisel Rossant, Janet Shi, Yang Szostak, Jack W. Workman, Jerry L. Rothenberg, Ellen V. Siekevitz, Philip Tabin, Clifford J. Wright, Sewall Rowley, Janet Davison Silhavy, Thomas J. Takeichi, Masatoshi Wysocka, Joanna K. Rubin, Gerald Mayer Silver, Pamela A. Thorner, Jeremy W. Yanofsky, Martin F. Rubin, Harry Singer, Robert H. Tocchini-Valentini, Yuan, Junying Ruddle, Francis Hugh Slonimski, Piotr Glauco Pasquale Zakian, Virginia A. Rudensky, Alexander Smithies, Oliver Truman, James William Zinder, Norton David Ruoslahti, Erkki Snell, George Davis Tsien, Roger Yonchien Zwilling, Edgar Russell, Elizabeth Buckley Snyder, Michael Vale, Ronald D. Shull Solter, Davor Villeneuve, Anne M. Back to Subject Index Ruvkun, Gary B. Vousden, Karen H.

Chemistry Andersen, Hans Baeyer, Adolf Johann Bartlett, Paul Doughty Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Barton, Derek Harold

Anderson, James Gilbert Baird, Barbara A. Richard Abruña, Héctor Daniel Anson, Fred Colvig Baker, William Oliver Barton, Jacqueline K. Adams, Roger Apeloig, Yitzhak Baldeschwieler, John Basolo, Fred Aizenberg, Joanna Arigoni, Duilio Dickson Battersby, Alan Rushton Alberty, Robert Arnold Arnold, James Richard Baldwin, Jack Edward Bawendi, Moungi Gabriel Albrecht, Andreas Arnold, Samuel Bancroft, Wilder Dwight Baxter, Gregory Paul Christopher Tomlinson Baran, Phil S. Beak, Peter Andrew Alder, Berni Julian Avery, Charles Barbara, Paul Frank Beattie, James Alexander Alivisatos, A. Paul Avouris, Phaedon Bard, Allen Joseph Beckman, Arnold Orville Amdur, Isadore Badger, Richard McLean Bartlett, Neil Beebe, Ralph Alonzo Anders, Edward Bartlett, Paul A. Bell, Alexis T.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Bell, Ronald Percy Brus, Louis Eugene Comey, Arthur Dexter, William Prescott Benedict, Manson Buchi, George Hermann Messinger Diederich, François N. Benkovic, Stephen James Buchwald, Stephen Leffler Conant, James Bryant DiSalvo, Jr., Francis Bercaw, John E. Buckingham, Amyand Cooke, Josiah Parsons Joseph Berg, Jeremy M. David Cooks, Robert Graham Djerassi, Carl Bergman, Robert George Bunnett, Joseph Coolidge, Albert Sprague Doering, William von Berne, Bruce J. Frederick Cope, Arthur Clay Eggers Bernstein, Richard Barry Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Corey, Elias James Dougherty, Dennis A. Berry, Richard Stephen Eberhard Cornforth, John Warcup Draper, John William Bersohn, Richard Burrows, Cynthia J. Coryell, Charles DuBois Drickamer, Harry George Berson, Jerome Abraham Butler, Alison Cotton, Frank Albert Drown, Thomas Berthelot, Marcelin Butler, Laurie J. Coulson, Charles Alfred Messinger (Pierre Eugene Cabot, Samuel (1850- Cowan, George Arthur Dumas, Jean Baptiste Marcelin) 1906) Crabtree, Robert Howard Andre Berthollet, Claude Louis, Calvin, Melvin Crafts, James Mason Dumesic, James Anthony Comte Cane, David E. Craig, Lyman Creighton Dunitz, Jack David Bertozzi, Carolyn R. Carreira, Erick M. Cram, Donald James Dye, James Louis Berzelius, Jons Jacob Carrington, Alan Crawford, Jr., Bryce Low Edwards, Peter P. Biemann, Klaus Carter, Emily Ann Crim, F. Fleming Eigen, Manfred Bigeleisen, Jacob Casey, Charles Philip Cross, Paul Clifford Eisenberg, Richard Blagden, Charles Castleman, Jr., Albert Cummins, Christopher C. Eliel, Ernest Ludwig Blake, John Harrison Welford Curl, Robert F. Ellman, Jonathan A. Blanchard, Arthur Ceyer, Sylvia Teresse Dahl, Lawrence Frederick El-Sayed, Mostafa Amr Alphonzo Aida Dailey, Benjamin Peter Ernst, Richard R. Boger, Dale L. Chamot, Emile Monnin Dainton, Frederick Ertl, Gerhard Ludwig Bogert, Marston Taylor Chan, Sunney I. Sydney Eschenmoser, Albert Boltwood, Bertram Chandler, David Dalton, John Jakob Borden Chang, Christopher J. Dana, Samuel Luther Esselen, Gustavus John Booker, Squire J. Chatt, Joseph Daniels, Farrington Evans, David Albert Booth, Harold Simmons Cheetham, Anthony K. Danishefsky, Samuel J. Evans, William Lloyd Bowring, Samuel A. Chevreul, Michel Eugene Darensbourg, Donald J. Eyring, Henry Boxer, Steven George Chisholm, Malcolm Darensbourg, Marcetta Faraday, Michael Brauman, John I. Harold York Fay, Henry Bray, William Crowell Clardy, Jon Christel Dauben, William Garfield Fayer, Michael D. Breslow, Ronald Charles Clark, Thomas Edwards Davidson, Ernest Roy Fenn, John Bennett David Clary, David Charles Davis, Tenney Lombard Feringa, Bernard Lucas Brewer, Leo Clayton, Robert Norman Davy, Humphry (Ben Lucas) Brinker, C. Jeffrey Closs, Gerhard Ludwig de Hevesy, George Charles Ferry, John Douglass Brönsted, Johannes Coates, Geoffrey W. Denmark, Scott E. Field, Robert Warren Nicolaus Coggeshall, George DePuy, Charles H. Fieser, Louis Frederick Brookhart, Maurice S. Whitely Dervan, Peter Brendan Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. Brown, Harrison Scott Cohen, Saul Gerald DeSimone, Joseph Mark Fischer, Emil Brown, Herbert Charles Cole, Robert Hugh Deutch, John Mark Fischer, Ernst Otto Brown, Theodore Collins, Samuel Cornette Dewar, Michael James Fisher, Michael Ellis Lawrence Collman, James Paddock Steuart Fixman, Marshall Bruice, Thomas Charles Colombo, Umberto Dexter, Aaron

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Fleming, Graham Goldschmidt, Victor Heller, Eric Johnson Jackson, Charles Loring Richard Gomer, Robert Hendricks, Sterling Jacobsen, Eric N. Flory, Paul John Gooch, Frank Austin Brown Jennings, Walter Louis Flygare, Willis H. Good, Mary Lowe Herschbach, Dudley Johnson, Mark A. Flynn, George William Gordon, Roy Gerald Robert Johnson, Samuel William Forbes, George Shannon Gorham, John Herzberg, Gerhard Johnson, William Fox, Marye Anne Graham, Thomas Heyrovsky, Jaroslav Summer Francisco, Joseph S. Gray, Harry Barkus Hill, Henry Barker Johnston, Harold Sledge Franklin, Edward Curtis Greene II, Frederick Hilvert, Donald Jonas, Jiri Fraser-Reid, Bertram O. Davis Hinshelwood, Cyril Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert Frechet, Jean M. J. Greenewalt, Crawford Norman Jones, Grinnell Freed, Jack Herschel Hallock Hirschfelder, Joseph Jorgensen, William L. Freed, Karl Frederick Grey, Clare P. Oakland Jorgenson, James W. Frenkel, Daniel Griffin, Robert Guy Hirschmann, Ralph Franz Jortner, Joshua Freund, Hans-Joachim Gronenborn, Angela M. Hochstrasser, Robin Main Joullie, Madeleine M. Fried, Josef Groves III, John Taylor Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Julian, Percy Lavon Friedlander, Gerhart Grubbs, Robert H. Crowfoot Kahne, Daniel Friend, Cynthia M. Gruebele, Martin Hoffman, Brian M. Karle, Isabella Lugoski Friesner, Richard A. Grunwald, Ernest Max Hoffman, Darleane Karplus, Martin Frumkin, Alexander Gutowsky, Herbert Christian Kasha, Michael Naumovich Sander Hoffmann, Roald Katz, Thomas Joseph Fu, Gregory Chung-Wei Haber, Fritz Hofmann, August Katzenellenbogen, John Fukui, Kenichi Hackerman, Norman Wilhelm Albert Fuoss, Raymond Hahn, Otto Holm, Richard Hadley Kauzmann, Walter Matthew Hall, Frederick Hornig, Donald Joseph Garland, Carl Wesley Halpern, Jack Frederick Kegeles, Gerson Gassman, Paul George Hamilton, Andrew D. Horsford, Eben Norton Kekulé von Stradonitz, Gates, Marshall DeMotte Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon Houk, Kendall Newcomb Friedrich August Gay, Martin Hammond, George Houston, Paul Lyon Kelly, Jeffery W. Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis Simms Howe, Henry Marion Keyes, Frederick George Gelbart, William Michael Hannay, Norman Bruce Hsieh-Wilson, Linda C. Khosla, Chaitan Gellman, Samuel H. Hare, Robert Huisgen, Rolf Kiessling, Laura Lee Genth, Frederick Harker, David Huizenga, John Robert Kimball, George Elbert Augustus Harris, Charles Bonner Hume, David Newton King, David A. Gerber, R. Benny Harris, Louis Hunt, Thomas Sterry King, Gilbert William Ghiorso, Albert Hartwig, John F. Huntington, Oliver Kinnicutt, Leonard Giauque, William Francis Hawker, Craig J. Whipple Parker Gibbs, Wolcott (Oliver Hawthorne, Marion Huntress, Ernest Hamlin Kinsey, James Lloyd Wolcott) Frederick Hush, Noel S. Kirkwood, John Gamble Giese, Bernd Hayes, Augustus Allen Hutchison, Jr., Clyde Kirwan, Richard Gillespie, Louis John Head-Gordon, Martin P. Allen Kishi, Yoshito Goddard III, William A. Heathcock, Clayton Hynes, James Thomas Kistiakowsky, George Goldanskii, Vitalii Howell Ibers, James Arthur Bogdan Iosifovich Heidt, Lawrence Joseph Imperiali, Barbara Klafter, Joseph Goldberg, Karen I. Heilbronner, Edgar Ingold, Christopher Kelk Klein, Michael Lawrence Golden, Sidney Heller, Adam Irvine, Jr., John Withers Klemperer, William Aloys

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Knowles, Jeremy Randall Marcus, Rudolph Arthur Moore, Jeffrey Scott Olah, George Andrew Kohler, Elmer Peter Marignac, Jean Charles Moore, Stanford Onsager, Lars Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits Galissard de Morley, Edward Williams Oppenheim, Irwin Kraus, Charles August Mark, Herman Francis Morse, Harmon Ordway, John Morse Kubiak, Clifford P. Mark, Kenneth Northrop Osborne, Thomas Burr Kuhn, Werner Lamartine Morton, Avery Adrian Ostwald, Wilhelm Lamb, Arthur Becket Marks, Tobin Jay Moyes, Henry (Friedrich Wilhelm) Langmuir, Irving Marshall, Alan George Mueller, Edward Ourisson, Guy Laudise, Robert Alfred Martell, Arthur Earl Muetterties, Earl Leonard Overbeek, Jan Theodore Le Chatelier, Henri Louis Martinez, Todd Joseph Mukamel, Shaul Gerard Lea, Mathew Carey Marvel, Carl Shipp Müllen, Klaus A. Overman, Larry Eugene Lee, Yuan Tseh Masamune, Satoru Mulliken, Robert Oxtoby, David W. Lehn, Jean-Marie Pierre Mayer, Joseph Edward Sanderson Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Leonard, Nelson Jordan McCammon, J. Andrew Mulliken, Samuel Parsons Parkes, Samuel Leone, Stephen R. McClure, Donald Stuart Munroe, Charles Edward Parmenter, Charles Lester, Marsha I. McConnell, Harden Murphy, Carine J. Stedman Letsinger, Robert Lewis Marsden Murray, Royce Wilton Parr, Robert Ghormley Levine, Raphael David McDermott, Ann Elizabeth Nakamura, Eiichi Parrinello, Michele Levy, Donald Harris McLafferty, Fred Warren Nakanishi, Koji Parshall, George William Lewis (Lord), Jack McMahon, Howard Nash, Leonard Kollender Patterson, Robert Maskell Lewis, Gilbert Newton Oldford Nef, John Ulric (1862- Pauling, Linus Carl Lewis, Warren Kendall Mees, Charles Edward 1915) Perkin, Jr., William Libby, Willard Frank Kenneth Negishi, Ei-ichi Henry Lieber, Charles M. Meijer, Bert W. Nelson, Keith Adam Perlman, Isadore Liebig, Justus Freiherr von Meinwald, Jerrold Nesbitt, David John Pettit, Rowland Linderstrom-Lang, Kaj Mendeleeff Nesmeyanov, Alexander Phillips, William Dale Ulrik (Mendeleyev), Dmitri Nikolaevich Pickett, Lucy Weston Lineberger, William Carl Ivanowitsh Neumark, Daniel M. Pimentel, George Claude Lingane, James Joseph Merrick, John Mudge Newell, Lyman Churchill Pines, Alexander Linschitz, Henry Meyer, Thomas J. Newton, Marshall D. Pitzer, Kenneth Sanborn Lippard, Stephen James Meyer, Victor Nichols, William Ripley Polanyi, John Charles Lipscomb, Jr., William Michael, Arthur Nicolaou, Kyriacos Costa Polanyi, Michael Nunn Michl, Josef (KC) Pople, John Anthony Little, Arthur Dehon Milas, Nicholas Nitzan, Abraham Porter (Lord Porter of Lodge, Timothy P. Athanasius Nocera, Daniel George Luddenham), George Long, Franklin Asbury Miller, Scott J. Norris, James Flack Poulter, Charles Dale Long, Jeffrey R. Miller, William Hughes Norris, Jr., James Rufus Prelog, Vladimir Longuet-Higgins, Hugh Mirkin, Chad A. Norton, John Pitkin Priestley, Joseph Christopher Mislow, Kurt Martin Norton, Lewis Mills Prigogine, Ilya Lord, Richard Collins Mitscherlich, Eilhard Noyes, Arthur Amos Purves, Clifford Mabery, Charles Frederic Mizushima, Sanichiro Noyes, Jr., William Albert Burrough MacInnes, Duncan Moerner, William Esco Noyes, Richard Macy Quack, Martin Arthur Moffitt, William Edward Noyes, William Albert Rabinovitch, Benton MacMillan, David W.C. Moore, C. Bradley Noyori, Ryoji Seymour Mallet, John William Moore, Forris Jewett Nuzzo, Ralph George Rabinowitch, Eugene Mallouk, Thomas Moore, George Dunning Oka, Takeshi

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Rammelsberg, Karl Schaefer III, Henry Sörensen, Soren Peter Toste, F. Dean Friedrich Frederick Lauritz Troe, Jurgen (Hans Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Schatz, George Chappell Sorm, Frantisek Jurgen) Ramachandra Schepartz, Alanna Stang, Peter John Trost, Barry Martin Ratner, Mark A. Scheraga, Harold Stein, Richard Stephen Truhlar, Donald G. Ravenel, Saint Julien Abraham Stephenson, Clark Tully, John Charles Raymond, Kenneth Schleyer, Paul von Ragué Conkling Turkevich, Anthony Norman Schreiber, Stuart Lee Stevens, Raymond Sawtell Leonid Rebek, Jr., Julius Schrock, Richard Royce Stevenson, Earl Place Turnbull, David Rees, Douglas C. Schultz, Peter G. Stieglitz, Julius Oscar Turro, Nicholas John Regnault, Henri Victor Schumb, Walter Cecil Still, Jr., W. Clark Tycko, Robert Reichman, David R. Schwarz, Helmut F. (William Clark) Underwood, Jr., Henry Reichstein, Tadeus Schwarzenbach, Gerold Stockmayer, Walter Hugo Weeden Remsen, Ira Karl Stoddart, J. Fraser Urbain, Georges Rice, Stuart Alan Schwenk, Erwin Storer, Francis Urey, Harold Clayton Richards, Theodore Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Humphreys Vaida, Veronica William Seeman, Nadrian C. Stork, Gilbert Valentine, Joan Richmond, Geraldine L. Seyferth, Dietmar Streitwieser, Jr., Andrew Selverstone Roberts, John Sharples, Stephen Stubbe, Joanne van der Donk, Wilfred A. Dombrowski Paschall Stucky, Galen D. Van Duyne, Richard Robinson, Robert Sharpless, Karl Barry Suess, Hans Eduard Palmer Rochow, Eugene George Shechtman, Dan Sutin, Norman van Tamelen, Eugene Rogers, Howard Gardner Sheehan, John Clark Svedberg, Theodor Earl Rogers, John Ashley Sherrill, Miles Standish Swager, Timothy van’t Hoff, Jacobus Rogers, Lockhart Burgess Shirley, David Arthur Manning Henricus Rosanoff, Martin Andre Shoemaker, David Powell Swain, Charles Gardner Vernon, Arthur Andrew Roscoe, Henry Enfield Shull, Harrison Swift, Ernest Haywood Walker, William Hultz Rose, Heinrich Sidgwick, Nevil Vincent Talbot, Henry Paul Wall, Frederick Theodore Rosenzweig, Amy C. Silbey, Robert J. Tarbell, Dean Stanley Walling, Cheves T. Ross, John Silliman, Benjamin Taube, Henry Walt, David R. Rossini, Frederick Silliman, Jr., Benjamin Taylor, Hugh Stott Warner, Isiah M. Dominic Silverman, Richard Bruce Thiel, Patricia A. Warren, Cyrus Moors Rossky, Peter Jacob Simmons, Jr., Howard Thomas, John Meurig Wasielewski, Michael R. Rouxel, Jean Marcel Ensign Thompson, Maurice Wasserman, Harry Rowe, Allan Winter Sinanoglu, Oktay deKay Hershal Rowland, Frank Sinfelt, John Henry Thomsen, Hans Peter Waugh, John Stewart Sherwood Skinner, James Lauriston Jorgen Julius Webster, John White Rowlinson, John Shipley Slichter, William Pence Tilley, T. Don Webster, Redford Ruzicka, Leopold Stephen Smalley, Richard Errett Tinoco, Ignacio Weeks, John David Sanford, Melanie S. Smith III, Amos Brittain Tirrell, David Anthony Weiser, Harry Boyer Sanger, Charles Robert Smith, Alexander Tirrell, Matthew Weiss, Paul Storch Sargeson, Alan McLeod Smith, Henry Monmouth Tishler, Max Weissberger, Arnold Saunders, Martin Smith, John Lawrence Todd, Alexander Weissman, Samuel Isaac Saykally, Richard James Smith, Leighton Bruerton Robertus Weizmann, Chaim Scatchard, George Solomon, Edward Ira Tokmakoff, Andrei Wender, Paul Anthony Somorjai, Gabor Arpad Tolman, Richard Chace West, Cutler DeLong

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Westheimer, Frank Wilkinson, Geoffrey Wollaston, William Hyde Yang, Peidong Henry Williams, Robert Seaton Wolynes, Peter Guy Yost, Don Christopher Whaley, K. Birgitta Willstatter, Richard Wong, Chi-Huey Merlin Lee White, Jr., Henry S. Wilson, Jr., Edgar Bright Wood, Edward Stickney Young, Ralph Whitesides, George Wilson, Mathew Kent Woodman, Alpheus Chillingworth McClelland Wing, Charles Hallett Grant Yu, Jin-Quan Whitmore, Frank Clifford Winstein, Saul Woodward, Robert Burns Zare, Richard Neil Whitney, Willis Rodney Witkop, Bernhard Wooley, Karen L. Zewail, Ahmed Hassan Wiberg, Kenneth Berle Wohler, Friedrich Worrall, David Elbridge Zhuang, Xiaowei Widom, Benjamin Wolczanski, Peter Wrighton, Mark Stephen Zimm, Bruno Hasbrouck Wieland, Heinrich Otto Thomas Wudl, Fred Zwanzig, Robert Walter Wieland, Theodor Wolfenden, John Hulton Wurtz, Charles Adolphe Hermann Felix Wolfrom, Melville Xie, Xiaoliang Sunney Back to Subject Index Wilke, Gunther Lawrence Yamamoto, Hisashi

Communications, Brooks, Paul Friedman, Thomas Loren Jones, Alex S. Brown, Sevellon Ledyard Fuller, Jack William Kalb, Marvin Journalism, Bryson, Louise Henry Galassi, Jonathan White Kann, Peter R. Editing, and Buruma, Ian Gallup, George Horace Kling, William Hugh Cahners, Norman Lee Gardner, Martin Knopf, Alfred Abraham Publishing Canham, Erwin Dain Garfield, Eugene Kovach, Bill Carroll, James Ghiglione, Loren Frank Kramer, Jane Abbott, Jonathan C. Carroll, John Sawyer Giago, Tim Kristof, Nicholas D. Abramson, Jill Chancellor, John William Giles, Robert Hardman Kristol, Irving Amanpour, Christiane M. Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Godkin, Edwin Lawrence Lamb, Brian Amicis, Edmondo de Coates, Ta-Nehisi Goodman, Amy Lamm, Donald Stephen Angell, Roger Cooney, Joan Ganz Graham, Donald Lane, Allen Annenberg, Walter Couch, William Terry Graham, Katharine Larsen, Roy Edward Hubert Cowan, Geoffrey Greenhouse, Linda Joyce Lee, Sidney Attenborough, David Crider, John Henshaw Griffiths, Paul Anthony Lehrer, James Charles Frederick Cronkite, Walter Groopman, Jerome Lemann, Nicholas B. Baker, Russell Wayne Crouch, Stanley Gubins, Samuel Lesser, Wendy Balz, Dan Davis, Saville Rogers Guillermoprieto, Alma Lewis, Anthony Baquet, Dean Paul Dennis, Jr., Everette E. Gunn, Jr., Hartford Lipinski, Ann Marie Baron, Martin D. Dionne, Jr., E. J. (Eugene J.) Nelson Lippmann, Walter Barth, Alan Donhoff, Marion Grafin Hale, Nathan Lithwick, Dahlia Bartlett, John Donovan, Hedley Hochschild, Adam Loew, Patty Batten, James Knox Williams Hoffman, Paul W. Luzac, Jean Bazelon, Emily Easterbrook, Gregg E. House, Karen Elliott Lyons, Louis Martin Bell, Elliott Vallance Egan, Timothy Howe, Mark Antony De Macdonald, Dwight Bingham, Barry Elliott, Osborn Wolfe MacNeil, Robert Block, Herbert Lawrence Fallows, James M. Ifill, Gwen Breckinridge Ware Bradley, David G. Fanning, Katherine Ivins, Molly (Mary Tyler) MacNelly, Jeffrey Broder, David Salzer Woodruff Jamieson, Kathleen Hall Kenneth Brokaw, Tom (Thomas Flanagan, Dennis Johnson, Jr., Wyatt Maddox, John John) Frankel, Max Thomas Manning, Robert Joseph Brooks, David B.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Martin, Michel Reich, Robert B. Spafford, Horatio Gates Weeks, Jr., Edward Mayer, Jane M. Reid, Helen Miles Rogers Stamberg, Susan Levitt Augustus McKibben, Bill Remnick, David Stanton, Frank Whelpley, James McPhee, John Angus Ridley (5th Viscount Straus, Roger W. Davenport Menand, Louis Ridley), Matthew Sullivan, Jr., Walter White, Theodore Harold Morley, John White Seager Wiggins, James Russell Moyers, Bill D. Risen, James E. Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Wilford, Jr., John Noble Murrow, Edward Roscoe Rothstein, Edward Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs Wilson III, Ernest J. Navasky, Victor Saul Rovere, Richard Talbott III, Nelson Wilson, Thomas James O’Brien, Robert Lincoln Halworth Strobridge Winship, Laurence Osher, Barbro Sachs Safire, William L. Taylor, Charles Henry Leathe Overholser, Geneva Sagan, Paul Terragno, Rodolfo Wood, James Page, Walter Hines Salisbury, Harrison Evans Héctor Woodruff, Judy Palca, Joseph W. Scardino, Marjorie M. Tóibín, Colm Pearlstine, Norman Schorr, Daniel Louis Trahant, Mark Neil Back to Subject Index Piel, Gerard Schudson, Michael Traister, Rebecca E. Poggioli, Sylvia Sedgwick, Ellery Trillin, Calvin Price, Lucien Sevareid, Arnold Eric Trudeau, Garry B. Quindlen, Anna Marie Silvers, Robert Benjamin Unwin, Stanley

Computer Bloch, Erich Dantzig, George Bernard Gates, William Henry Blum, Manuel Davis, Ruth Margaret (Bill) Sciences and Brewer, Eric A. De Micheli, Giovanni Gear, C. William (Charles Technology Brin, Sergey Dean, Jeffrey A. William) Brooks, Jr., Frederick Dell, Michael Saul Geschke, Charles M.

Phillips Demmel, James W. Ghemawat, Sanjay Adleman, Leonard M. Brooks, Rodney DeWitt, David J. Goldsmith, Andrea J. Agarwal, Anant Brown, John Seely Dill, David L. Goldwasser, Shafi Aho, Alfred V. Bryant, Randal E. Donofrio, Nicholas Golomb, Solomon Wolf Aiken, Howard Cerf, Vinton Gray Michael Golub, Gene Howard Hathaway Chandrakasan, Anantha P. Dumais, Susan T. Graham, Susan Lois Allen, Frances Elizabeth Chayes, Jennifer Tour Dwork, Cynthia Gray, James Nicholas Anderson, Thomas E. Chazelle, Bernard Edelsbrunner, Herbert Greif, Irene Arora, Sanjeev Cheatham, Thomas Eggers, Susan J. Grosz, Barbara Jean Babbage, Charles Edward Estrin, Deborah Guibas, Leonidas J. Backus, John Chen, Steve S. Evans, David C. Guttag, John V. Bajcsy, Ruzena Clark, David D. Fagin, Ronald Haas, Laura M. Balakrishnan, Hari Clark, James H. Feigenbaum, Edward Halpern, Joseph Y. Baran, Paul Clarke, Edmund Melson Albert Hanrahan, Pat Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Cocke, John Felten, Edward W. Harel, David Gordon) Codd, Edgar Frank Floyd, Robert W. Hartmanis, Juris Benioff, Marc R. Colwell, Robert P. Forrester, Jay Wright Hastings, W. Reed Berger, Bonnie Cook, Stephen A. Fuchs, Henry Haussler, David Berger, Marsha J. Corbato, Fernando Jose Galil, Zvi Herlihy, Maurice P. Berman, Francine D. Cover, Thomas M. Garcia-Molina, Hector Hillis, W. Daniel Berners-Lee, Timothy J. Dally, William James Hirschberg, Julia B. Birnbaum, Joel S.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Hopcroft, John Edward Lazowska, Edward Nilekani, Nandan Stallman, Richard Hopper, Grace Brewster Delano Norvig, Peter Matthew Murray Leighton, Frank Oettinger, Anthony Steele, Jr., Guy L. Horowitz, Mark A. Thomson (Tom) Gervin Stonebraker, Michael Horvitz, Eric Joel Levin, Leonid A. Ozzie, Raymond E. Sudan, Madhu Irwin, Mary Jane Lindberg, Donald A. B. Page, Larry Sutherland, Ivan Edward Jacobs, Irwin Mark Lipton, Richard Jay Papadimitriou, Christos Tapia, Richard A. Jamieson, Leah H. Liskov, Barbara Patterson, David Andrew Tardos, Eva Jobs, Steven Paul Huberman Pearl, Judea Tarjan, Robert Endre Jones, Anita Katherine Lynch, Nancy Ann Rabin, Tal D. Thacker, Charles P. Jordan, Michael I. Malik, Jitendra Rashid, Richard F. Thompson, Kenneth Joy, Bill Manyika, James Reddy, D. Raj Lane Kaashoek, M. Frans Massey, James Lee Rexford, Jennifer Tomlin, Claire J. Kahan, William McCarthy, John Rivest, Ronald Linn Ullman, Jeffrey D. Kahn, Robert E. McKeown, Kathleen Robbins, Charles H. van Dam, Andries Kanade, Takeo McKeown, Nicholas W. Roberts, Lawrence Vardi, Moshe Y. Kannan, Ravindran McRobbie, Michael A. Gilman Viterbi, Andrew J. Karger, David R. Mead, Carver Andress Rokhlin, Vladimir von Neumann, John Karlin, Anna R. Metcalfe, Robert Rosenblum, Mendel Warnock, John E. Karp, Richard Manning Melancton Rus, Daniela Widom, Jennifer Katz, Randy H. Meyer, Albert Ronald da Salzberg, Steven L. Wigderson, Avi Kay, Alan Curtis Silva Samueli, Henry Wilkes, Maurice Vincent Kearns, Michael Micali, Silvio Schmidt, Eric Wing, Jeannette M. Kennedy, Kenneth W. Michie, Donald Schneider, Fred B. Wirth, Niklaus Kernighan, Brian W. Miller, William Frederick Selinger, Patricia Griffiths Wladawsky-Berger, Kiesler, Sara Minsky, Marvin Lee Shaw, David E. Irving Kirstein, Peter Thomas Mitchell, John C. Shenker, Scott J. Wolf, Jack Keil Klawe, Maria Mitchell, Tom M. Shor, Peter Williston Wulf, William Allan Kleinberg, Jon M. Mithal, Arvind [see also Sifakis, Joseph Yao, Andrew Chi-Chih Kleinrock, Leonard Arvind] Simonyi, Charles Yelick, Katherine A. Knuth, Donald Ervin Moses, Joel Sipser, Michael Zhang, Ya-Qin Koller, Daphne Murthy, N.R. Narayana Smith, Burton Jordan Kurzweil, Ray Nayar, Shree K. Sohi, Gurindar S. Back to Subject Index Lamport, Leslie B. Newell, Allen Spector, Alfred Z. Lampson, Butler Wright Newton, A. Richard Spinrad, Robert J. Nie, Norman H. Sproull, Robert Fletcher

Economics Aghion, Philippe Andrews, Donald Wilfrid Athey, Susan C. Akerlof, George Arthur Kao Atkinson, Anthony

Alchian, Armen Albert Angell, James Barnes Aaron, Henry Jacob Alesina, Alberto Waterhouse Auerbach, Alan Jeffrey Abramovitz, Moses Alexander, Sidney Stuart Angrist, Joshua David Autor, David H. Abreu, Dilip J. Altonji, Joseph G. Araujo, Aloisio Ayres, Ian Acemoglu, K. Daron Alvarez, Fernando E. Arellano, Manuel Bach, George Leland Ackley, Hugh Gardner Amemiya, Takeshi Arrow, Kenneth Joseph Bagge, Gosta Adolfsson Adelman, Irma Glicman Ashenfelter, Orley Clark Adelman, Morris Albert

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Baker, George Pierce Bullock, Charles Jesse Currie, Janet M. Eisner, Robert (1903-1995) Bulow, Jeremy Israel Cutler, David Ellis, Howard Sylvester Baldwin, Robert Edward Burbank, Harold Daniels, Winthrop More Ellison, Glenn Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak Hitchings Danziger, Sheldon H. Engle, Robert Fry Barro, Robert Joseph Burns, Arthur Frank Dasgupta, Partha Sarathi Enthoven, Alain Charles Bator, Francis Michael Caballero, Ricardo J. David, Paul Allan Epstein, Larry G. Baumol, William Jack Cairncross, Alexander Davis, Lance Edwin Fabricant, Solomon Becker, Gary Stanley Kirkland Day, Edmund Ezra Fairchild, Fred Rogers Bell, David Elliott Calkins, Robert DeBlois Deaton, Angus Stewart Fama, Eugene F. Benabou, Roland J.M. Calvo, Guillermo A. Debreu, Gerard Farnam, Henry Walcott Bergson, Abram Camerer, Colin F. Dekel, Eddie Fehr, Ernst Bernanke, Ben S. Campbell, John Y. Demange, Gabrielle Feldstein, Martin Stuart Bernheim, B. Douglas Card, David E. Demsetz, Harold Fellner, William John Berry, Steven T. Carey, Henry Charles Denison, Edward Fulton Fetter, Frank Albert Bertrand, Marianne Carver, Thomas Nixon Dewatripont, Mathias Finkelstein, Amy Besley, Timothy J. Case, Anne C. Dewey, Davis Rich Fischer, Stanley Bewley, Truman Fassett Cass, David Dewhurst, James Frederic Fisher, Franklin Marvin Bhagwati, Jagdish Cassel, Gustav (Karl Dewing, Arthur Stone Fisher, Irving Natwarlal Gustav) Diamond, Douglas W. Fogel, Robert William Binmore, Kenneth Castle, Emery Neal Diamond, Peter Arthur Freeman, Harold Adolph George Caves, Richard Earl Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos Freeman, Ralph Evans Bishop, Robert Lyle Chamberlain, Gary E. Federico Freeman, Richard B. Bissell, Jr., Richard Chamberlin, Edward Diermeier, Daniel French, Kenneth R. Mervin Hastings Dixit, Avinash Kamalakar Frenkel, Jacob Aharon Black, Duncan Chen, Xiaohong Domar, Evsey David Friedman, Benjamin M. Black, John Donald Chenery, Hollis Burnley Donohue III, John J. Friedman, Milton Blanchard, Olivier Chernozhukov, Victor Dorfman, Robert Frisch, Ragnar Anton Blinder, Alan Stuart Chetty, Raj Dornbusch, Rudiger Kittil Bloom, David Elliot Chevalier, Judith Douglas, Paul Howard Fryer, Jr., Roland G. Bloom, Nicholas Chipman, John Somerset Downs, Anthony Fuchs, Victor Robert Blundell, Richard Cipolla, Carlo Manlio Dreze, Jacques H. Fudenberg, Drew Bolton, Patrick Clark, John Bates Duffie, Darrell Furniss, Edgar Bonbright, James Clark, John Maurice Duflo, Esther Stephenson Cummings Clawson, Marion Dunbar, Charles Franklin Galbraith, John Kenneth Boulding, Kenneth Ewart Clay, Henry Dunlop, John Thomas Gale, David Bowles, Samuel S. Coale, Ansley Johnson Durlauf, Steven Neil Gay, Edwin Francis Bresnahan, Timothy Coase, Ronald Harry Easterlin, Richard Ainley Geanakoplos, John Brimmer, Andrew Felton Coate, Stephen T. Eaton, Jonathan Gentzkow, Matthew Brock III , William Allen Cooper, Richard Newell Eberly, Janice Caryl Georgescu-Roegen, Bronfenbrenner, Martin Cosio Villegas, Daniel Ebersole, John Franklin Nicholas Brown, Donald Jerome Crawford, John Grenfell Eckstein, Otto Gerschenkron, Alexander Brown, Douglass Vincent Crawford, Vincent Paul Eichenbaum, Martin Pavlovich Brown, Edgar Cary Crowther, Geoffrey Stewart Gertler, Mark Brown, James Douglas Crum, William Leonard Eichengreen, Barry Gibbons, Robert S. Bruno, Michael Peter Cunningham, William Einaudi, Luigi Gilboa, Itzhak Buchanan, James McGill James Einav, Liran Ginzberg, Eli

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Glaeser, Edward Ludwig Hart, Sergiu Keynes, John Maynard Lintner, John Virgil Goldberg, Pinelopi K. Hausman, Daniel Murray Kindleberger, Charles List, John A. Goldberger, Arthur Hawtrey, Ralph George Poor Lo, Andrew W. Stanley Hayashi, Fumio King, Mervyn Loewenstein, George Goldin, Claudia Dale Heady, Earl Orel Klein, Lawrence Robert Loury, Glenn C. Goldman, Marshall Irwin Heckman, James Joseph Klemperer, Paul David Lucas, Jr., Robert Goodrich, Carter Lyman Heller, Walter Wolfgang Klenow, Peter J. Emerson Gopinath, Gita Hellwig, Martin F. Kneese, Allen Victor Lundberg, Erik Filip Gordon, Kermit Helpman, Elhanan Knight, Frank Hyneman MacAvoy, Paul Webster Gordon, Lincoln Henderson, Rebecca M. Koopmans, Tjalling Machina, Mark Joseph Gordon, Robert Aaron Henderson, Vivian Charles Machlup, Fritz Gordon, Robert James Wilson Kornai, Janos Maclaurin, William Gordon, Roger H. Hendry, David Forbes Kortum, Samuel S. Rupert Gorman, William Moore Hicks, John Richard Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Maddison, Angus (Terrence) Hildenbrand, Werner Kravis, Irving Bernard Mailath, George J. Grandmont, Jean-Michel Hirschman, Albert Otto Kremer, Michael Malinvaud, Edmond Granger, Clive William Hirshleifer, Jack Kreps, David Marc Malmendier, Ulrike John Hitch, Charles Johnston Kreps, Juanita Morris Mankiw, N. Gregory Green, Jerry Richard Holmstrom, Bengt Krueger, Alan Manne, Alan Sussman Greenstone, Michael Robert Krueger, Anne Osborn Mansfield, Edwin Greif, Avner Hortacsu, Ali Krugman, Paul Robin Manski, Charles Griliches, Hirsh Zvi Houthakker, Hendrik Kuh, Edwin Frederick Grossman, Gene M. Samuel Kuhn, Harold William Markowitz, Harry M. Grossman, Sanford Jay Hoynes, Hilary W. Kuznets, Simon Smith Marschak, Jacob Groves, Jr., Theodore Hunt, Bishop Carleton La Ferrara, Eliana La Marshall, Alfred Francis Hurwicz, Leonid Laffont, Jean-Jacques Marshall, Leon Carroll Gruber, Jonathan Imbens, Guido W. Marcel Mas-Colell, Andreu Guesnerie, Roger Sylvani Isard, Walter Laibson, David I. Maskin, Eric Stark Maxime Auguste Jackson, Matthew O. Lake, Wilfred Stanley Mason, Edward Guyer, Jane I. Johnson, David Gale Lampman, Robert James Sagendorph Haavelmo, Trygve Johnson, Harry Gordon Lancaster, Kelvin John Masse, Pierre Magnus Jones, Charles I. Landsberg, Hans Herman Matthews, Robert Charles Haberler, Gottfried Jones, Ronald Winthrop Laroque, Guy Oliver Hadley, Arthur Twining Jorgenson, Dale Weldeau Lazear, Edward Paul Matzkin, Rosa L. Hagen, Everett Einar Joskow, Paul Lewis Leamer, Edward Emery McCrea, Roswell Cheney Hahn, Frank Horace Jovanovic, Boyan Ledyard, John Odell McFadden, Daniel Little Haig, Robert Murray Judd, Kenneth L. Lee, Ronald Demos McKenzie, Lionel Wilfred Hall, Robert Ernest Kahn, Alfred Edward Leontief, Wassily McLaren, Walter Wallace Halm, George Nikolaus Kalai, Ehud Wassilyovitch McNair, Malcolm Perrine Hamilton, Earl Jefferson Kaldor (Lord), Nicholas Lerner, Abba Ptachya Meade, James Edward Hansen, Lars Peter Kantorovich, Leonid Levin, Jonathan Meghir, Konstantinos Harberger, Arnold Carl Vitaljevich Levitt, Steven E.D. Harris, Seymour Edwin Katona, George Lewis, Ben William Melitz, Marc J. Harsanyi, John Charles Katz, Lawrence Frances Lewis, Harold Gregg Mellor, John Williams Hart, Oliver Simon Kaysen, Carl Lewis, William Arthur Meriam, Richard D’Arcy Kemmerer, Edwin Walter Lindbeck, Assar Stockton

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Merton, Robert Cox Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard Reynolds, Lloyd George Schapiro, Morton Owen Metzler, Lloyd Appleton Oi, Walter Yasuo Ripley, William Zebina Scheinkman, Jose Meyer, John Robert Okun, Arthur Melvin Rist, Charles Alexandre Milgrom, Paul Robert Olson, Jr., Mancur Lloyd Rivlin, Alice Mitchell Schelling, Thomas Miller, Merton Howard Padron, Eduardo J. Robbins (Baron Robbins Crombie Millikan, Max Franklin Pakes, Ariel of Clare Market), Schmalensee, Richard Lee Millis, Harry Alvin Palfrey, Thomas R. Lionel Charles Schmeidler, David Mills, Frederick Cecil Parker, William Nelson Roberts, D. John (Donald Scholes, Myron S. Mincer, Jacob Pathak, Parag A. John) Schuh, George Edward Mirrlees, James Patinkin, Don Robertson, Dennis Schultz, Theodore Alexander Paton, William Andrew Holme William Mitchell, Wesley Clair Paxson, Christina Hull Robinson, Joan Violet Schultze, Charles Louis Modigliani, Franco Pearce, David G. Maurice Schumpeter, Joseph Alois Moffitt, Robert A. Pechman, Joseph Aaron Rogoff, Kenneth Saul Schwartz, Anna J. Mokyr, Joel Perloff, Harvey Stephen Romer, Christina D. Scitovsky, Tibor Monroe, Arthur Eli Persons, Warren Milton Romer, David Segal, Ilya R. Moore, John Hardman Persson, Torsten Romer, Paul Michael Selten, Reinhard Morgan, James Newton Pesendorfer, Wolfgang Roorbach, George Byron Sen, Amartya Kumar Morgenstern, Oskar Phelps, Edmund Strother Rose, Nancy L. Shannon, Chris Morishima, Michio Phillips, Peter Charles Rosen, Sherwin Shapiro, Eli Morris, Stephen Edward Bonest Rosenberg, Nathan Shaw, Edward Stone Mortensen, Dale T. Piazzesi, Monika Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Sheshinski, Eytan Moulton, Harold Glenn Pigou, Arthur Cecil Narcyz Shiller, Robert James Mullainathan, Sendhil Plott, Charles Raymond Rosenzweig, Mark Shimer, Robert J. Mundell, Robert Polasky, A. Stephen Rosovsky, Henry Shleifer, Andrei Alexander Pollak, Robert A. Ross, Stephen Alan Shoven, John B. Murnane, Richard J. Porter, Robert Hugh Rostow, Walt Whitman Shubik, Martin Murphy, Kevin M. Postan, Michael Moissey Roth, Alvin Eliot Shultz, George Pratt Musgrave, Richard Abel Postlewaite, Andrew Rothschild, Michael Simon, Herbert Myers, Charles Andrew Poterba, James Michael Rubinfeld, Daniel Lee Alexander Myerson, Roger B. Powell, James L. Rubinstein, Ariel Sims, Christopher Albert Myrdal, Karl Gunnar Pratt, John Winsor Ruggles, Clyde Orval Smith, Vernon Lomax Nakamura, Emi Prebisch, Raul Ruttan, Vernon Wesley Smithies, Arthur Neal, Alfred Clarence Prescott, Edward C. Saari, Donald Gene Snyder, Carl Nelson, Richard Quandt, Richard Emeric Sachs, Jeffrey David Sobel, Joel Robinson Rabin, Matthew Saez, Emmanuel Sokoloff, Kenneth L. Nerlove, Marc Leon Radner, Roy Saltykov, Boris Solow, Robert Merton Newey, Whitney K. Raiffa, Howard Georgievich Sombart, Werner Newhouse, Joseph Paul Rajan, Raghuram G. Samuelson, Larry Sonnenschein, Hugo Nickell, Stephen Ramey, Valerie A. Samuelson, Paul Anthony Freund Nordhaus, William D. Ray, Debraj Sanders, Thomas Henry Spence, Andrew Michael North, Douglass Cecil Rees, Albert Everett Sargan, John Denis Spengler, Joseph John Nourse, Edwin Griswold Reischauer, Robert D. Sargent, Thomas John Sprague, Oliver Mitchell Nurkse, Ragnar Reiter, Stanley Satterthwaite, Mark A. Wentworth Obstfeld, Maurice Reny, Philip J. Sauvy, Alfred Ohkawa, Kazushi Rey, Helene Scarf, Herbert Eli

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Srinivasan, Thaler, Richard H. von Weizsacker Williamson, Oliver Eaton Thirukodikaval Theil, Henri (Freiherr), Carl Willits, Joseph Henry Nilakanta Thorp, Willard Long Christian Wilson, Robert Butler Stein, Herbert Thurow, Lester Carl Walker, Francis Amasa Wolinsky, Asher Stein, Jeremy C. Tinbergen, Jan Wallace, Neil Wolman, Leo Stern, Nicholas H. Tirole, Jean Marcel Ward (Lady Jackson), Woodford, Michael Stigler, George Joseph Tobin, James Barbara Wright, Gavin Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Tosdal, Harry Rudolph Watson, Mark W. Yaari, Menachem Eliahu Stock, James H. Townsend, Robert Morris Weidenbaum, Murray L. Yellen, Janet Louise Stokey, Nancy L. Triffin, Robert Weitzman, Martin Yntema, Theodore Otte Stone, John Richard Tucker, Donald Skeele Levinger Young, Allyn Abbott Nicholas Tullock, Gordon Welch, Finis R. Young, H. Peyton Summers, Lawrence H. Udry, Christopher R. Wells, David Ames Zeckhauser, Richard Jay Summers, Robert Usher, Abbott Payson Werning, Iván Zellner, Arnold Svensson, Lars E. O. Uzawa, Hirofumi Whinston, Michael D. Zingales, Luigi G. Tabellini, Guido Varian, Hal Ronald White, Jr., Halbert Lynn Taft, Philip Vernon, Raymond Whitehead, Thomas Back to Subject Index Taft-Morris, Cynthia Vickrey, William Spencer North Taussig, Frank William Viner, Jacob Whitman, Marina von Taylor, John Brian Vishny, Robert W. Neumann Temin, Peter Volcker, Paul A. Williams, John Henry

Educational, Anastos, Rosemary Park Barnard, James Munson Boren, David L. Anderson, Lisa Bates, Joshua Botstein, Leon Scientific, Cultural, Andreae, Meinrat O. Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Bottomly, H. Kim and Philanthropic Andrews, William Turell Beatley, Bancroft Bowen, William Gordon Angell, James Burrill Belden, Charles Francis Boyd, Willard Lee Administration Angell, James Rowland Dorr Boyer, Ernest LeRoy (Nongovernmental) Annan (Lord), Noel Benitez, Jaime Bren, Donald Gilroy Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Breslauer, George W. Abbot, Joseph Hale Annenberg, Leonore Bennet, Jr., Douglas Brim, Jr., Orville Gilbert Abbott, Jonathan C. Aoun, Joseph E. Joseph Brimmer, Martin Adams, Jasper Appleton, Jesse Berdahl, Robert M. Broad, Edythe L. Adams, Jr., Frederick Armstrong, Rodney Berger-Sweeney, Joanne Brody, William Ralph Baldwin Arnon, Ruth Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen Bronk, Detlev Wulf Ahearne, John Francis Astor, Brooke Russell Berman, Mandell (Bill) Broun, Elizabeth Alexander, Elizabeth Austin, Wanda M. Leslie Brown, John Carter Alexander, John David Ausubel, Jesse Huntley Berne, Robert Brown, Lawrence David Al-Lail, Haifa Reda Jamal Bacow, Lawrence S. Berresford, Susan Vail Brown, Samuel Gilman Allen, Paul Gardner Bai, Chunli Beutner, Austin M. Bryant, Douglas Wallace Allen, William Baker, William Franklin Bissell, Claude Thomas Bunch III, Lonnie G. Allison, Jr., Graham T. Baldwin, Roger Nash Block, Gene D. Burdell, Edwin Sharp Alter, Chester M. Ballard, Robert D. Bond, William Henry Burhoe, Ralph Wendell Altman, Drew E. Barker, Joseph Warren Bono [see also Paul David Burkhardt, Frederick Altshuler, David Matthew Barnard, Frederick Hewson] Henry Amos, Valerie A. Augustus Porter Borda, Deborah A. Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Butterfield, Victor Lloyd Córdova, France A. Edwards, Mickey H. Gardner, John William Cabot, Louis Corson, Dale Raymond Edwards, Robert H. Gates, Jr., Theaster Campbell, Colin Goetze Cotsen, Lloyd Eisenhower, Milton Stover Gates, Melinda French Campbell, Mary Schmidt Cousens, John Albert Eisgruber, Christopher L. Gates, Robert Michael Cantor, Nancy E. Cowen, Scott Stephen Eliot, Charles William Gates, Sr., William H. Carnesale, Albert Crawford, John Grenfell Eliot, Samuel Atkins Gaudiani, Claire Lynn Carter, Franklin Crown, James S. Ell, Carl Stephens Gebbie, Katharine Case, Harold Claude Cummings, John Erlandson, Jon McVey Blodgett Case, Jean N. Cuno, James Evans, Eli Nachamson Gerberding, William P. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Curran, James W. Evans, Luther Harris Gilliland, Gary Casteen III, John T. Dachs, Lauren B. Everett, William Gilman, Daniel Coit Chamberlain, Mellen Dale, Harvey P. Falco, Mathea Glennan, Thomas Keith Chapin, Schuyler Danforth, William Henry Falk, Adam F. Goheen, Robert F. Garrison Daniel, D. Ronald Fanton, Jonathan F. Golden, Sibyl R. Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Daniels, Jr., Mitchell E. Farley, Katherine G. Goldmark, Jr., Peter Carl Cheetham, Anthony K. Daniels, Ronald J. Faulkner, Larry Ray Goldstein, Matthew Chobanian, Aram V. Davis, Karen Faust, Clarence Henry Goodwin, Daniel Raynes Christ, Carol Tecla Day, Jeremiah Feeney, Charles Francis Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Christ-Janer, Arland de Montebello, Philippe Fergusson, Frances Daly Gould, Sr., Benjamin Frederick Lannes (Guy-Philippe Field, William Lusk Apthorp Cigarroa, Francisco G. Lannes) Webster Graham, Frank Porter Claflin, Jr., William Henry Dearborn, Benjamin Fins, Joseph J. Graham, Patricia Albjerg Clap, Elisha Decatur, Sean M. Fishkin, James Granick, Steve Clapp, Margaret DeGioia, John J. Fleming, Robben Wright Grantham, R. Jeremy Antoinette Desmond-Hellmann, Folsom, Charles Gray, Hanna Holborn Clark, William Smith Susan Forbes, Allyn Bailey Greene, Jerome Davis Cleave, Mary Louise Diamond, Irene Francis, Frank Chalton Greene, Roger Sherman Cockrell, Ernest H. Dickerman, Leah Francis, Norman C. Greenwood, M.R.C. Cogswell, Joseph Green Dickey, John Sloan Freedman, James Oliver Gregg, Alan Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Frenk, Julio Gregorian, Vartan Cohon, Jared Leigh Dirks, Nicholas B. Freund, Hans-Joachim Griswold, Alfred Whitney Cole, Charles Woolsey Dixwell, Epes Sargent Friday, William Clyde Gund, Agnes Cole, Johnnetta Betsch Djerejian, Edward P. Frohnmayer, David Gundersheimer, Werner Coleman, Mary Sue Dodds, Harold Willis Braden Leonard Coles, James Stacy Dolan, Jill Fuchs, W. Kent Gupta, Rajat Kumar Collar, William Coe Dollard, Charles Fuess, Claude Moore Haas, Robert D. Colwell, Rita R. Downing, James R. Fuller, Gerald G. Habib, Adam M. Compton, Spencer Drake, Michael Vincent Futter, Ellen Victoria Haddock, Charles Bricket Joshua Alwyne, Druick, Douglas Gagosian, Robert Berj Hajjar, David P. Marquis of Duderstadt, James Gaither, Jr., Horace Hale, Samuel Northampton Johnson Rowan Hamilton, Lee Herbert Comstock (Mrs. Wallace Dunn, Mary Maples Gallucci, Robert L. Hanlon, Philip J. Notestein), Ada Louise Dwight, Timothy (1752- Gamoran, Adam Haroche, Serge Conarroe, Joel Osborne 1817) Gannett, Caleb Hatch, Nathan Orr Conway, Gordon Richard Dzau, Victor J. Garber, Alan M. Hauser, Rita Eleanor Conway, Jill Ker Eames, Wilberforce Gardner, David Pierpont Heald, Henry Townley

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Healy, Timothy Stafford Jackson, William Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa J. McCormack, Jr., James Heard, Alexander Alexander LeClerc, Paul McGill, William James (George Alexander) Jaim Etcheverry, Lee, Ho-Wang McIntosh, Millicent Heckman, Timothy M. Guillermo Leebron, David W. Carey Heckscher, August Jefferson, Howard Bonar Lefavour, Henry McPherson, Mary Heintz, Stephen B. Jenkins, John I. Legend, John Patterson Heinz, Teresa F. Jewett, Charles Coffin Leshner, Alan Irvin McPherson, Michael S. Heldin, Carl-Henrik Johnson, Howard Wesley Levi, Edward Hirsch McRobbie, Michael A. Heller, Elinor Raas Johnson, Paula A. Levin, Richard Charles Mead, Dana G. Hellman, Frances Jones, Alex S. Levine, Arthur Elliott Meadows, Jr., Curtis W. Herman, Richard H. Jones, Robert J. Levy, Reynold Mellon, Paul Hernandez, Antonia Jose (Marquis de Santa Lewis, Earl Mendelsohn, John Hesburgh, Theodore Cruz), de Silva-Bazan Linde, Edward H. Mendenhall II, Thomas Martin Joachin Linde, Ronald Corwin Hewitt, Jacqueline Kaler, Eric William Lo, Andrew W. Merrill, Jr., Charles Hewlett, Walter Berry Katehi, Linda P.B. Loh, Wallace D. Edward Hewson (see also Bono), Katz, Stanley Nider Lord, Milton Edward Metcalf, Keyes DeWitt Paul David Kavli, Fred Loring, Charles Greely Miles, Solomon Pearson Hexter, Ralph J. Kean, Thomas H. (1828-1902) Millard, Robert Brian Heyman, Ira Michael Keasling, Jay D. Lowell, Abbott Lawrence Miller, Richard K. Heyns, Roger William Keeney, Barnaby Conrad Lozano, Monica Cecilia Moe, Henry Allen Hirano Inouye, Irene A. Y. Keller, Michael A. Lupton, Ellen Moeser, James Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Kellogg, Paul Lurie, Ann Monaco, Anthony P. Carlile Kelly, Regis B. Lust, Reimar Monro, John Usher Holland, Jerome Keohane, Nannerl Lyman, Richard Wall Moody, Samuel Heartwell Overholser MacGregor, Neil Mori, Wataru Hollis (aka Brand-Hollis), Kerr, Clark Madison, James Mote, Jr., C. Dan Thomas Brand Kessler, David Aaron Magidor, Menachem (Clayton Daniel) Holloway, Jonathan S. Khosla, Pradeep K. Mahoney, Margaret Müllen, Klaus A. Hopkins, Ernest Martin Killian, Jr., James Rhyne Ellerbe Muller, Steven Hopkins, Mark Kim, Jim Yong Malcom, Shirley Mahaley Munitz, Barry Hopper, W. David Kirby, William Mandel, Morton L. Murayama, Hitoshi (William David) Kirk, Grayson Louis Margulies, Donald Murphy, Franklin David Horne, Marilyn Kirkland, John Thornton Marrett, Cora Bagley Mwaikambo, Esther D. Horowitz, Frances Degen Kirwan II, William Marsh, Daniel Lash Napolitano, Janet A. Howard (Duke of English Martin, Carolyn A. Neaves, William Barlow Norfolk), Bernard Knapp, Steven Martinez-Maldonado, Neilson, Eric G. Edward Knowles, Asa Smallidge Manuel Newton, Jr., James Quigg Howe II, Harold Koblik, Steven S. Marx, Anthony W. Niehrs, Christof Hrabowski III, Freeman Kraft, Robert K. Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Alphonsa Kreidler, Robert Neil Mather, Jean Paul Max Humphrey, Heman Krens, Thomas Mays, Benjamin Elijah Nurse, Paul Maxime Ibargüen, Alberto Kurin, Richard McBride, Katharine O’Donnell, Peter Ikenberry, Stanley Oliver Lane, William Coolidge Elizabeth Okita, Saburo Indyk, Martin Sean Lansing, Sherry Lee McCarter, Jr., John W. O’Meara, Onorato Isaacson, Walter Lariviere, Richard W. McCormack, Elizabeth J. Timothy

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Rankin, Mary Ann Sant, Victoria P. Stamas, Stephen Omidyar, Pierre Ranney, George Santirocco, Matthew S. Starr, S. Frederick Orr, Susan Packard Rapson, Richard W. Sarabhai, Vikram (Stephen Frederick) Osher, Barbro Sachs Rawlings III, Hunter Ambalal Stavridis, James Osher, Bernard Ripley Sawyer, John Edward Stearns, William Oxtoby, David W. Read (Sister Joel Read), Saxon, David Stephen Augustus Pace, Jr., Frank Joel Schäfer, Peter Sterk, Claire E. Packard, Alpheus Spring Reif, L. Rafael Schapiro, Morton Owen Sterling, John Ewart (1798-1884) Reinharz, Jehuda Schmidt, Jr., Benno Wallace Packard, David Woodley Reischauer, Robert D. Charles Stevenson, William Packard, Julie E. Resnick, Lauren B. Schoenfeld, Gerald Edwards Padron, Eduardo J. Rhodes, Frank Harold Schupf, Sara Lee Stewart, Donald Mitchell Paine, Jr., Robert Treat Trevor Scott, Donald Stiles, Ezra Paine, Susan Woods Richardson, Louise M. Sears, Barnas Stonesifer, Patty (Patricia Pal, Yash Richardson, William C. Seaver, Edwin Pliny Q.) Palacios, Alfredo Lorenzo Rimel, Rebecca W. Seligman, Joel Strider, Robert Edward Pardes, Herbert Rimel, Rebecca W. Sepulveda, Jaime Lee Park, William Edgar Ripley, Sidney Dillon Serageldin, Ismail Sullivan, Louis Wade Parrish, John A. Rockefeller, Sharon Percy Serota, Nicholas A. Sullivan, Teresa A. Paxson, Christina Hull Rogers, Jr., John Sexton, John Edward Sutherland, Lucy Stuart Pearson, Eliphalet Washington Seymour, Charles Swensen, David Frederick Peltason, Jack Walter Rogers, Rutherford David Shackleton, Robert Tate, Vernon Dale Perkins, James Alfred Rogers, Theodore C. Shapiro, Harold Tafler Taylor, Francis Henry Pfeiffer, Heinrich Rose, Joanna Semel Shapiro, Judith R. Thomas, Franklin Pifer, Alan Jay Parrish Rosenberg, Pierre Max Shattuck, Henry Lee Augustine Pings, Cornelius John Rosenzweig, Robert Shattuck, John Thomas, Sarah Elizabeth Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Myron Shaw, William Smith Thomson, Keith S. Borisovich Rotch, Arthur Grinnell Sherwin, Thomas Thwing, Charles Franklin Polisi, Joseph William Rothman, Paul B. Shi, Yang Tillinghast, Nicholas Poorvu, William James Rowe, John W. Shih, Choon Fong Tisch, Wilma Stein Porter, Noah Rubenstein, David M. Shulman, Lee S. Trachtenberg, Stephen Powell Jobs, Laurene Rudenstine, Neil L. Shuster, George Nauman Joel Price, Hugh B. Rupp, George Erik Sibley, John Langdon Train, Russell Errol Pritchett, Henry Smith Rutter, Deborah F. Simmons, Adele Smith Tyson, Laura D’Andrea Pritzker, Thomas J. Sachar, Abram Leon Simmons, Ruth J. Ubiñas, Luis A. Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Sainsbury (Lord Sizer, Theodore Ryland Vest, Charles M. Pusey, Nathan Marsh Sainsbury of Turville), Skorton, David J. Volpe, Mark Putnam, Herbert (George David John Slaughter, John Brooks Voss, John Herbert) Salomon, Richard Smith, Charles Card Vousden, Karen H. Pynchon, Thomas Salovey, Peter Snyder, Joseph Julien Wagner, James Warren Ruggles Saltonstall, William Snyderman, Ralph J. Walker, Darren Raab, Jennifer J. Gurdon Spar, Debora L. Walker, Darren Rabinowitch, Victor Samper, Cristián T. Spaulding, Helen Wallis, Wilson Allen Ramphele, Mamphela Sample, Steven Browning Bowdoin Walsh, Diana Chapman Aletta Sandler, Herbert M. Speyer, Jerry I. Wanner, H. Eric Randel, Don Michael Sant, Roger W. Sproull, Robert Lamb Waterbury, John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Wayland, Francis Whitehill, Walter Muir Wise, Phyllis M. Yamada, Tadataka Weaver, Warren Wigglesworth, Edward Wolfle, Dael Lee Young, Charles Edward Webber, Samuel (1804-1876) Wolstenholme, Gordon Young, Robert Weber, Arnold Robert Willard, Joseph Ethelbert Ward Yudof, Mark George Weinberg, Adam D. Williams, David Glyndwr Wood, James Nowell Zajfman, Daniel Weiss, Paul Storch Tudor Woolsey, Theodore Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Wells, Herman B. Williams, Eddie Nathan Dwight Zimmer, Robert J. Wessell, Nils Yngve Williams, Ronald A. Wright, James Edward Wexner, Leslie H. Wilson, John Todd Wriston, Henry Merritt Back to Subject Index Wharton, Jr., Clifton Wilson, Owen Meredith Wroth, Lawrence Reginald Winthrop, James Counselman White, Andrew Dickson Xie, Xide

Engineering and Baird, Walter Scott Biot, Maurice Anthony Burgers, Johannes Bajcsy, Ruzena Bird, Robert Byron Martinus Technology Baker, Benjamin Birnbaum, Howard Kent Burns, Ursula M. Baldwin, George Bisplinghoff, Raymond Burr, William Hubert Abbot, Henry Larcom Rumford Lewis Bush, Vannevar Abernathy, Frederick Baldwin, James Fowle Bixby, William Herbert Cabot, William Brooks Henry Baldwin, Jr., Loammi Blackmond, Donna Gail Cahn, John Werner Abriola, Linda Marie Baldwin, Loammi Blake, Francis Caldwell, Samuel Hawks Abron, Lilia A. Balluffi, Robert Weierter Bode, Hendrik Wade Caligny, Anatole François Achenbach, Jan Drewes Barnhart, Cynthia Bomford, George Hüe, Marquis de Acrivos, Andreas Barrow, Wilmer Lanier Borden, Simeon Campbell, George Ashley Adams, Comfort Avery Barrows, Harold Kilbrith Bose, Amar Gopal Cannon, Jr., Robert Adler, Richard Brooks Baruch, Jordan Jay Boudart, Michel Hamilton Agrawal, Rakesh Batchelder, John Bowen, Harvey Kent Carlson, Chester Floyd Aldridge, Jr., Edward Montgomery Bowles, Edward Lindley Carrier, George Francis (Pete) Cleveland Bates, Frank S. Bowles, Francis Tiffany Carroll, Michael M. Alexander, Ben Bazant, Zdenek P. Boyce, Mary Carter, Emily Ann Al-Hinai, Hilal Ali Bechtel, Jr., Stephen Cunningham Carty, John Joseph Amundson, Neal Russell Davison Boyden, Uriah Atherton Casagrande, Arthur Anderson, John Leonard Behrend, Bernard Arthur Brady, John F. Chakraborty, Arup K. Anseth, Kristi S. Belcher, Angela M. Brenner, Howard Chalmers, Bruce Antoniadis, Dimitri A. Bell, Alexander Graham Bridges, William Bruce Chandrakasan, Anantha P. Aris, Rutherford Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Brinker, C. Jeffrey Channing, William Arnold, Frances Gordon) Brown, Gordon Stanley Francis Hamilton Belytschko, Ted Brown, Robert Arthur Chaplin, Winfield Scott Ashby, Michael Farries Bement, Jr., Arden Lee Brunel, Marc Isambard Chen, Gang Ashley, Holt Beranek, Leo Leroy (Sir) Chenea, Paul Franklin Astin, Allen Varley Berry, Charles Harold Brush, Charles Francis Chien, Shu Aubry, Nadine Bessemer, Henry Bryson, Jr., Arthur Earl Chipman, John Austin, Wanda M. Bever, Michael Berliner Buckley, Oliver Ellsworth Cho, Alfred Yi Baddour, Raymond Bhatia, Sangeeta N. Budiansky, Bernard Chow, Ven Te Frederick Bienenstock, Arthur I. Buhrman, Robert Alan Chowdhry, Uma Bai, Chunli Billington, David Perkins Chu, Lan Jen

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Clarke, Edmund Melson Dietz, Albert George Fitzgerald, Desmond Gordon, Bernard M. Clarke, Eliot Channing Henry Flanagan, James Loton Gould, Roy Walter Clauser, Francis Dillon, Theodore Flanigen, Edith Marie Granick, Steve Hettinger Harwood Flemings, Merton Corson Grant, Nicholas John Clauser, Milton Ure d’Ocagne, Maurice Fletcher, James Chipman Gray, Paul Edward Clifford, Harry Ellsworth Dodge, Barnett Fred Floe, Carl Frederick Green, Cecil Howard Clifton, Rodney James Doerr, John Forney, Jr., G. David Greenberg, Sanford D. Clough, Gerald Wayne Dolby, Ray Milton (George David) Guillemin, Ernst Adolph Cochrane, Edward Lull Draper, Charles Stark Forrest, Stephen R. Gunness, Robert Charles Cohen, Morris Drinker, Philip Forsen, Harold K. Gyftopoulos, Elias Cohen, Robert E. Drucker, Daniel Charles Fourneyron, Benoit Panayiotis Collins, James Joseph Dumesic, James Anthony Francis, James Bicheno Haertlein, Albert Colombo, Giuseppe Dunn, Gano Sillick Fredrickson, Glenn H. Hague, James Duncan Colwell, Robert P. Durand, William Freeman, John Ripley Halas, Naomi J. Comstock, Cyrus Ballou Frederick Freund, Lambert Ben Hammond, John Hays Cook, Paul Maxwell Duwez, Pol Edgard Fritz, John Hammond, Paula T. Corrsin, Stanley Eastham, Melville Fujimoto, James G. Hampton, Delon Cottrell, Alan Howard Economy, James Fuller, Gerald G. Hanratty, Thomas Joseph Craighill, William Price Edelman, Elazer Reuven Gallager, Robert G. Hansen, Niels Crandall, Stephen Harry Edgar, Charles Leavitt Gao, Huajian Harris, Stephen Ernst Cross, Hardy Edgerton, Harold Eugene Garmire, Elsa Hatsopoulos, George Cullum, George Elias, Peter Gast, Alice Petry Nicholas Washington Eliassen, Rolf Gatos, Harry Constantine Haus, Hermann Anton Currie, Malcolm Elliott, John Frank Gaudin, Antoine Marc Haussler, David Roderick Emelyanov, Vasily Georgiou, George Hawthorne, William Rede Dahl, Norman Christian Semenovich Germain, Paul Hayes, Wallace Dean Dahl, Otto Gustav Emmons, Howard Germeshausen, Kenneth Hayward, James Colbiornsen Wilson Joseph Hazen, Harold Locke Danckwerts, Peter Victor Engelbart, Douglas Carl Gharib, Morteza Hecker, Siegfried S. Davenport, Jr., Wilbur Eustis, Henry Lawrence Gibbons, James F. Heilmeier, George Harry Bayley Evans, Anthony G. Gilboy, Glennon Heller, Adam David, Jr., Edward Emil Everhart, Thomas Eugene Gilliland, Edwin Richard Hellwarth, Robert Willis Davis, Arthur Powell Faber, Katherine Theresa Ginzton, Edward Henck, John Benjamin Dawes, Chester Laurens Fabre, Jean Antoine Leonard Hennessy, John Leroy de Forest, Alfred Victor Fair, Gordon Maskew Gleiter, Herbert Hering, Rudolph de Pablo, Juan José Fairbairn, William Glenn, Jr., John H. Hess, Karl de Vitry d’Avaucourt, Fano, Robert Mario Glennan, Thomas Keith Hewlett, William Raoul Joseph Marie Fant, Gunnar Carl Glotzer, Sharon C. Redington Dean, Mark E. Michael Goethals, George Hewson, Marillyn A. Debenedetti, Pablo Farmer, Moses Gerrish Washington Heywood, John Benjamin Gaston Fay, Frederic Harold Goldenweiser Hibbard, Jr., Walter Rollo Delafield, Richard Fay, James Alan (Goldenveizer), Alexey Hirsch, Peter B. Den Hartog, Jacob Pieter Ffowcs-Williams, John E. Lvovitch Hirth, John Price Denn, Morton Mace Fine, Morris Eugene Goldmark, Peter Carl Hoff, Nicholas John Dewey, Bradley Fisher, George Myles Goldstein, Arthur L. Hofman, Heinrich Oscar Dhawan, Satish Cordell Goodman, Joseph W. Hollis, Ira Nelson

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Hollomon, John Herbert Jones, Thomas P. Lesseps, Ferdinand Miller, Richard K. Holonyak, Jr., Nick Joseph, Daniel Donald Marie, Vicomte de Millikan, Clark Blanchard Hooper, William Leslie Kailath, Thomas Leussink, Hans Mills, Hiram Francis Horowitz, Mark A. Kaler, Eric William Lévy, Maurice Mindlin, Raymond David Hosmer, George Leonard Kantrowitz, Arthur Lewis, Jennifer A. Moin, Parviz Hottel, Hoyt Clarke Robert Liepmann, Hans Moll, John L. Housner, George William Kaplan, Irving Wolfgang Moore, Gordon Earle Hovgaard, William Katehi, Linda P.B. Lightfoot, Jr., Edwin Moreland, Edward Howe, Clarence Decatur Kaye, Joseph Niblock Leyburn Howell, Kathleen C. Keenan, Joseph Henry Linde, Ronald Morison, George Hrones, John Anthony Kennelly, Arthur Edwin Linvill, John Grimes Shattuck Hu, Evelyn L. Kerrebrock, Jack Leo Livermore, William Morse, Samuel Finley Hughes, Hector James Kevrekidis, Yannis G. Roscoe Breese Hughes, Thomas J.R. Khosla, Chaitan Lombardi, Luigi Muller-Breslau, Heinrich Humphreys, Alexander King, Thomas Burness Low, George Michael Franz Bernhard Crombie Kingery, William David Lucky, Robert Wendell Murray, William Humphreys, Andrew Kleinschmidt, Robert Lumley, John Leask MacGregor Atkinson Victor MacCready, Paul Beattie Narasimha, Roddam Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke Kleman, Maurice MacGregor, Charles Narayanamurti, Hutchinson, John Koiter, Warner Tjardus Winters Venkatesh Woodside Kondo, Kazuo Magnanti, Thomas Lee Nayar, Shree K. Hutton, Frederick Kovasznay, Leslie Mahan, Dennis Hart Needleman, Alan Remsen Stephen George Main, Charles Thomas Nerem, Robert Michael Iglesia, Enrique Kramer, Edward J. Majumdar, Arun Newmark, Nathan Ingber, Donald E. Kresa, Kent Malik, Jitendra Mortimore Ippen, Arthur Thomas Land, Edwin Herbert Mallouk, Thomas Newton, John Ippen, Erich Peter Landau, Ralph Mann, Robert Wellesley Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Ives, Frederic Eugene Langer, Jr., Robert Marks, Lionel Simeon Max Jack, James Robertson Samuel Marshall, William Robert Nix, William Dale Jackson, Dugald Caleb Lanza, Gaetano Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Noble, Alfred Jacobs, Paul E. Latanision, Ronald Mason, Edward Archibald Norton, Arthur Edwin Jacquet, Pierre Armand Michael Mathews, Max Vernon Norton, John Torrey Jain, Rakesh K. Lauffenburger, Douglas A. Maxworthy, Tony Noyce, Robert Norton Jamieson, Leah H. Laurencin, Cato T. McAdams, William Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Janet, Paul Andre-Marie Law, Chung K. Henry Oden, John Tinsley Jennings, Paul Christian Lawrence, Ralph McCarty, Perry Lee Olson, Gregory B. Jensen, Klavs Flemming Restieaux McClintock, Frank Olvera de la Cruz, Jewett, Frank Baldwin Laws, Frank Arthur Ambrose Monica Joannopoulos, John D. Leal, L. Gary Meade, George Gordon Oran, Elaine S. Joel, Jr., Amos Edward Leavitt, Erasmus Darwin Meindl, James Donald Orowan, Egon Joffre, Joseph Jacques Lee, Ann L. Meissner, Herman Paul Ortiz, Michael Cesaire Lee, William Raymond Merrill, Edward Wilson Ostrach, Simon Johnson, Clarence Lees, Lester Meyer, Adolph Ottino, Julio Mario Leonard Leibovich, Sidney Mickley, Harold Somers Panagiotopoulos, Johnson, Lewis Jerome Leonard, Naomi Ehrich Miller, Charles Leslie Athanassios Z. Jones, Robert Thomas Lessells, John Moyes Miller, Edward Furber Park, Charles Francis

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Parkin, Stuart Stephen Rasmussen, Norman Carl Seinfeld, John Hersh Streetman, Ben Garland Papworth Read, Nathan Sellers, William Stupp, Samuel I. Parsons, William Barclay Reif, L. Rafael Shank, Charles Vernon Sullivan, John Langdon Peabody, Cecil Hobart Renwick, James Shannon, Claude Elwood Suresh, Subra Pearse, Langdon Rexford, Jennifer Shapiro, Ascher Herman Sussman, Gerald Jay Peck, Ralph Brazelton Reynolds, William Craig Shaw, Milton Clayton Swain, George Fillmore Pederson, Donald Oscar Rice, James Robert Shechtman, Dan Swartz, Melody Pender, Harold Richards, Robert Sherwood, Thomas Taylor, Charles Fayette Penner, Stanford Solomon Hallowell Kilgore Taylor, Edward Story Peppas, Nicholas A. Richards-Kortum, Shih, Choon Fong Taylor, Frederick Perkins, Courtland Davis Rebecca R. Shuler, Michael Louis Winslow Perkins, Jacob Ritchie, Edward Samuel Siegman, Anthony Taylor, Kathleen Perry, William James Robinson, Denis Morrell Edward Christine Peters, Edward Dyer Rockwell, Alfred Perkins Simon, Leslie Earl Temple, John Hapgood Peterson, Jr., Dean Rodríguez-Iturbe, Ignacio J. Sims, William Sowden Terman, Frederick Freeman Rohsenow, Warren Max Slepian, David Emmons Petroski, Henry Rosakis, Ares J. Smith, Cyril Stanley Terzaghi, Karl Phillips, Julia Mae Rose, David John Smith, Henry I. Thayer, Sylvanus Pickard, Greenleaf Rosenblueth, Emilio Smullin, Louis Dijour Thomas, Edwin Lorimer Whittier Roshko, Anatol Smyth, Henry Lloyd Thomas, Jr., Harold Allen Pickering, William Rouse, Hunter Socolow, Robert Harry Thomas, Leo John Hayward Ruckenstein, Eli Soderberg, C. Richard Thompson, Theos Jardin Pierce, John Alvin Rüdenberg, Reinhold (Carl Richard) Thomson, Elihu Pierce, John Robinson Ruggles, Stephen Preston Spanos, Pol D. Tien, Chang Lin Pine, David J. Ruina, Jack Philip Spencer, Anthony James Timonoff (Timonov), Piore, Emanuel Ruben Russel, William Bailey Merrill Vsevolod Evgenievich Pister, Karl Stark Russell, Andrew Spencer, Percy LeBaron Totten, Joseph Gilbert Plummer, James D. Howland Spofford, Charles Milton Townsend, Albert Alan Pollock, Allan Russell, George Edmond Sprague, Robert Treadwell, Daniel Poncelet, Jean Victor Sanders, Jr., John Lyell Chapman Troost, Laurens Poor, Harold Vincent Sastry, Sosale Shankara Squires, Arthur Morton Trowbridge, William Pope, Joseph (Shankar) Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. Petit Pope, Stephen B. Satterfield, Charles Stata, Raymond Stuart Trump, John George Prager, William Nelson Stearns, Frederic Pike Truxal, John Groff Prausnitz, John Michael Sauveur, Albert Steinmetz, Charles Tsien, Hsue-Shen (Qian Probst, Emil Schowalter, William Proteus Xuesen) Probstein, Ronald Raymond Stephanopoulos, George Tsui, Daniel C. Filmore Schwamb, Peter Stephenson, Robert Uhlig, Herbert Henry Proctor, Bernard Scriven, L. E. (L. Edward) Sternberg, Eli Unwin, William Emerson Seamans, Jr., Robert Stevens, John Frank Cawthorne Quake, Stephen R. Channing Stevens, Kenneth Noble Van Dyke, Milton Quate, Calvin Forrest Sears, William Rees Stever, Horton Guyford Denman Quinn, John Albert Sedov, Leonid Ivanovich Stodola, Aurel Boleslav Varaiya, Pravin P. Ramo, Simon Segalman, Rachel A. Stone, Howard A. Vest, Charles M. Rankine, William John Seidman, David Stone, John Stone Vicat, Louis Joseph Macquorn Nathaniel Storrow, Charles Storer

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Villard, Jr., Oswald Warner, Isiah M. Whipple, George Wong, Eugene Garrison Watson, William Chandler Wooldridge, Dean von Hippel, Arthur Weber, Ernst White, David Calvin Everett Robert Weber, Harold Christian Whitman, Walter Worcester, Joseph von Karman, Theodore Webster, Edwin Sibley Gordon Ruggles von Mises, Richard Weertman, Johannes Whittle, Frank Wulff, John Voorhees, Peter W. Weertman, Julia Randall Widnall, Sheila Evans Yariv, Amnon Zalman Vunjak-Novakovic, Wei, James Wiesner, Jerome Bert Ziv, Jacob Gordana Weinbaum, Sheldon Wilbur, John Benson Zworykin, Vladimir Wagner, Carl Wilhelm Weiss, Herbert George Wilhelm, Richard Kosma Wagner, James Warren Wells, Arthur Edward Herman Wagner, Karl Willy Westergaard, Harald Williams, Forman Arthur Back to Subject Index Walker, Eric Arthur Malcolm Williams, Glenn Carber Walt, David R. Weston, Robert Spurr Winograd, Shmuel Wang, Daniel I-Chyau Wheeler, Mary Fanett Winsor, Frank Edward Warner, Edward Pearson Whinnery, John Roy Winter, George

Geology and Brogger, Waldemar Crowell, John Chambers Engel, Albert Edward Christofer Dalrymple, Gary Brent John Mineralogy Brooke, Henry James Daly, Reginald Aldworth Epstein, Samuel Bruce, Archibald Dana, Edward Salisbury Ernst, Wallace Gary Adams, Frank Dawson Brush, George Jarvis Dana, James Dwight Etter, Charles (Karl Alger, Francis Bryan, Kirk Dawson, George Mercer Antonovich) Allen, Clarence Roderic Buch, Christian Leopold, Dawson, John William Eugster, Hans Peter Alvarez, Walter Freiherr von De la Beche, Henry Ewing, William Maurice Anderson, Charles Alfred Bucher, Walter Herman Thomas Fairbairn, Harold Atwood, Wallace Walter Buckland, William de Verneuil, Philippe Williams Bagnold, Ralph Alger Buddington, Arthur Edouard Poulletier Farley, Kenneth A. Barrande, Joachim Francis DeGolyer, Everette Lee Flint, Richard Foster Barrell, Joseph Buerger, Martin Julian DePaolo, Donald James Ford, William Ebenezer Barrois, Charles Bullen, Keith Edward Des Cloizeaux, Alfred Frondel, Clifford Barton, George Hunt Burchfiel, Burrell Clark Louis Olivier Legrand Garrels, Robert Minard Bateman, Alan Mara Byerly, Perry Desor, Edouard (Jean Geikie, Archibald Bather, Francis Arthur Chamberlin, Thomas Pierre Edouard) Gibbs, George Beers, Roland Frank Chrowder Dunbar, Carl Owen Gibbs, Gerald Verne Benioff, Victor Hugo Clark, William Bullock Dunne, Thomas Gibson, Russell Berner, Robert Arbuckle Clarke, John Mason Edwards, R. Lawrence Gilbert, Grove Karl Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst Cleaveland, Parker Elie de Beaumont, Jean Gilluly, James Billings, Marland Pratt Cleland, Herdman Baptiste Armand Louis Godon, Silvain Bowen, Norman Levi Fitzgerald Leonce Goguel, Jean Marc Bowring, Samuel A. Cloud, Jr., Preston Ercelle Emerson, Benjamin Goldsmith, Julian Royce Brace, William Francis Collet, Leon William Kendall Goldthwait, James Walter Bradley, Wilmot Hyde Cooper, Gustav Arthur Emery, Kenneth Orris Gould, Stephen Jay Branner, John Casper Craig, Harmon Bushnell Emmons, Samuel Graton, Louis Caryl Broecker, Wallace Smith Cramer, Charles Franklin Gregory, Herbert Ernest Crosby, William Otis Grossman, Lawrence

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Grotzinger, John P. Kummel, Bernhard Murray, Bruce Churchill Sayles, Robert Wilcox Grove, Timothy L. Lane, Alfred Church Naumann, Karl Friedrich Schaller, Waldemar Gutenberg, Beno Langmuir, Charles H. Newberry, John Strong Theodore Hall, James Langway, Jr., Chester Newell, Norman Dennis Schuchert, Charles Hamilton, William Charles Newhouse, Walter Harry Scott, William Berryman (1730-1803) Larsen, Jr., Esper Signius Niles, William Harmon Sedgwick, Adam Hart, Stanley Robert Lawson, Andrew Cowper Nolan, Thomas Brennan Selwyn, Alfred Richard Hayes, John Michael Lay, Thorne Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik Cecil Head III, James William LeConte, Joseph (Friherre) Seybert, Adam Heim, Albert Leet, Lewis Don Opdyke, Neil Donald Shaler, Nathaniel Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf Leighton, Morris Morgan Ordonez, Ezequiel Southgate Hewett, Donnel Foster Leith, Charles Kenneth Ostrom, John Harold Sharp, Robert Phillip Hilgard, Eugene Leopold, Luna Bergere Palache, Charles Shepard, Charles Upham Woldemar Lesley, J. Peter Pecora, William Thomas Shimer, Hervey Woodburn Hitchcock, Edward Levorsen, Arville Irving Penfield, Samuel Lewis Shoemaker, Eugene Hoffman, Paul Felix Lindgren, Waldemar Perry, John Bulkley Merle Holland, Heinrich Dieter Logan (Sir), William Pettee, William Henry Shrock, Robert Rakes Holmes, Arthur Edmond Pettijohn, Francis John Siever, Raymond Holmes, Francis Longwell, Chester Ray Pirsson, Louis Valentine Silver, Leon Theodore Simmons Loomis, Frederic Powell, John Wesley Simpson, George Gaylord Horne, John Brewster Pumpelly, Raphael Smith, Joseph Victor Hubbert, Marion King Lowenstam, Heinz Adolf Ramsay, Andrew Sorby, Henry Clifton Hurlbut, Jr., Cornelius Lyell, Charles Crombie Stanley, Steven Mitchell Searle Marcou, Jules Raup, David Malcolm Stearns, Charles Edward Hurley, Patrick Mason Margerie, Emmanuel Raymond, Percy Edward Stetson, Henry Crosby Jackson, Charles Thomas Marie Pierre Martin Revelle, Roger Randall Stock, Chester Jackson, Robert Tracy Jacquin de Dougan Stolper, Edward Manin Jaggar, Jr., Thomas Mather, Kirtley Fletcher Rhodes, Frank Harold Studer, Bernhard Augustus Mathews, Edward Trevor Swallow, George Clinton Johnson, Douglas Wilson Bennett Rice, William North Taylor, Frank Bursley Johnston, Jr., William McKinstry, Hugh Exton Richards, Paul G. Taylor, Jr., Hugh Drumm McLaughlin, Donald Richthofen, Ferdinand Pettingill Kamb, W. Barclay Hamilton Paul Wilhelm, Freiherr Teschemacher, James (Walter Barclay) McSween, Jr., Harry Y. von Englebert Kasting, James Fraser Mead, Warren Judson Rinaldo, Andrea Thompson, Jr., James Keith, Arthur (1864-1944) Meek, Fielding Bradford Rodgers, John (1914-2004) Burleigh Kemp, James Furman Menard, Henry William Roepper, William Tilley, Cecil Edgar Kieffer, Susan Werner Merriam, John Campbell Theodore Trumpy, Rudolf King, Clarence Miller, William Hallowes Rogers, Austin Flint Turekian, Karl Karekin King, Philip Burke Miller, William John Rogers, Henry Darwin Upham, Warren Kirschvink, Joseph L. Molengraaff, Gustaaf Rogers, William Barton Van Hise, Charles Knopf, Adolph Adolph Frederick Royden, Leigh H. Richard Kohlstedt, David L. Moore, Raymond Cecil Rubey, William Walden Vaughan, Thomas Krumbein, William Morris, Frederick Kuhne Rudnick, Roberta L. Wayland Christian Murchison, Roderick Russell, Israel Cook Verhoogen, John Kuenen, Philip Henry Impey Sandwell, David T. Vogt, Johan Hermann Lie

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Walcott, Charles White, David Wolff, John Eliot Yoder, Jr., Hatten Doolittle Whitlock, Herbert Percy Wolman, Markley Schuyler Walker, David Whitney, Josiah Dwight Gordon (M. Gordon) Zen, E-an Warren, Charles Hyde Whittington, Harry Wong, Wen-hao Zittel, Karl Alfred Ritter Wasserburg, Gerald Blackmore Wood, John Armstead von Joseph Willis, Bailey Woodworth, Jay Backus Waters, Aaron Clement Williston, Samuel Wright, Frederick Eugene Back to Subject Index Watson, E. Bruce Wendell Wyllie, Peter John (Edward Bruce) Winslow, Arthur

Geophysics, Dahlen, Jr., Francis Hanson, Susan Easton Macdonald, Kenneth C. Anthony Harris, Chauncy Malhotra, Renu Geography, and Davidson, George Dennison Malkus, Willem Van Other Earth Davis, Charles Henry Harvey, David Rensselaer Davis, William Morris Heiskanen, Weikko McNutt, Marcia K. Sciences Day, Arthur Louis Aleksanteri Melosh, H. Jay DeFries, Ruth S. Hemley, Russell Mitchell, Henry Abert, John James Denevan, William Hess, Harry Hammond Morgan, W. Jason Ahrens, Thomas Julian Maxfield Hide, Raymond Mosley-Thompson, Ellen Aki, Keiiti Dietrich, William Eric Hilgard, Julius Erasmus Munk, Walter Heinrich Allegre, Claude Jean Duperrey, Louis Isidore Hubbard, Susan S. Nolet, Guust Alley, Richard B. Dziewonski, Adam Humboldt, Friedrich O’Connell, Richard John Anderson, Don Lynn Marian Heinrich Alexander, Olson, Peter Lee Andreae, Meinrat O. Eckart, Carl Henry Freiherr von Owen, William Bache, Alexander Dallas Emory, William Helmsley Huntington, Ellsworth Fitzwilliam Banerjee, Subir Kumar Eyries, Jean Baptiste Jacobsen, Stein Bjornar Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. Bauer, Louis Agricola Benoit Jeanloz, Raymond Plank, Terry A. Bebbington, Anthony J. Forsyth, Donald W. Jeffreys, Harold Press, Frank Bercovici, David Franklin, Janet Jordan, Thomas Hillman Richter, Frank Morris Berry, Brian Joe Lobley Fremont, John Charles Kanamori, Hiroo Ritter, Carl Birch, Francis (Albert Fung, Inez Kasperson, Roger E. Roberts, Paul H. Francis) Gilbert, James Freeman Kater, Henry Romanowicz, Barbara A. Blanchard, Raoul Glatzmaier, Gary A. Kates, Robert William Rudnick, Roberta L. Borchert, John Robert Golledge, Reginald G. Keilis-Borok, Vladimir Sabine, Edward Boutelle, Charles Otis Goodchild, Michael F. Isaakovich Sack, Robert David Bowman, Isaiah Goody, Richard Mead Kellogg, Louise Helen Schrag, Daniel P. Buffett, Bruce Gottmann, Jean Iona Kennedy, George Clayton Schubert, Gerald Bullard, Edward Crisp Graham, James Duncan Kent, Dennis V. Silver, Paul G. Burton, Alfred Edgar Green, Francis Mathews Kivelson, Margaret Simpson, Joanne Butzer, Karl Wilhelm Griggs, David Tressel Galland Slichter, Louis Byrne Carlson, Richard Walter Grossman, Lawrence Knopoff, Leon Smyth, William Henry Cashman, Katharine Guyot, Arnold Henry Lal, Devendra Socolow, Robert Harry Venable Hager, Bradford H. Lambeck, Kurt Solomon, Sean Carl Clark, William Arthur V. Hagerstrand, Torsten Stig MacDonald, Glen M. Stefansson, Vilhjalmur Cox, Allan Verne Erik MacDonald, Gordon Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik Haggett, Peter James Fraser Swift, William Henry

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Sykes, Lynn Ray van der Hilst, Robert Wheatley, Paul Woodward, Robert Tauxe, Lisa Dirk White, Gilbert Fowler Simpson Thompson, Lonnie G. Vening Meinesz, Felix Whitehead, John A. Wyrtki, Klaus Tuan, Yi-Fu Andries Whiting, Henry Laurens Zachos, James C. Turcotte, Donald Lawson Veronis, George Whittlesey, Derwent Zuber, Maria T. Turner II, Billie Lee Ward, David Stainthorpe Uyeda, Seiya Washburn, Jr., Bradford Wilkes, Charles Back to Subject Index Vaida, Veronica (Henry Bradford) Wilson, John Tuzo Wetherill, George West

History Baron, Salo Wittmayer Bowersock, Glen Warren Bynum, Caroline Walker Barshay, Andrew E. Boyd, Julian Parks Caldwell, Robert

Bartov, Omer Boyer, Paul Samuel Granville Abbott, Wilbur Cortez Barzun, Jacques Brady, Jr., Thomas A. Cam, Helen Maud Abrahamian, Ervand Bassett, John Spencer Bragdon, Henry Cannadine, David N. Adams, Brooks (Peter Baxter III, James Phinney Wilkinson Capponi, Gino Chardon Brooks) Baxter, James Phinney Brandt, Allan M. Alessandro Giuseppe Adams, George Burton Beard, Winifred Mary Braudel, Fernand Paul Gaspardo Marchese Adams, Henry Becker, Carl Lotus Brenner, Robert Paul Carlyle, Thomas Adams, John (1875-1964) Belknap, Jeremy Brentano, Robert J. Caro, Robert A. Ahlstrom, Sydney Belting, Hans Bridenbaugh, Carl Carr, Edward Hallett Eckman Bemis, Samuel Flagg Briggs (Lord Briggs of Carr, Raymond (Albert Albanese, Catherine L. Bender, Thomas Lewes), Asa Raymond Maillard) Alder, Ken L. Berend, Ivan T. Brigham, Clarence Catton, Charles Bruce Alexander, Paul Julius Bergdoll, Barry Saunders Cerisier, Antoine Marie Allen, Danielle Berlin, Ira Brinkley, Alan David Chabod, Federico Altamira y Crevea, Rafael Berry, Mary Elizabeth Brinkman, John Anthony Chadwick, Owen Anastos, Milton Vasil Berry, Sara Sweezy Brinton, Clarence Crane (William Owen) Andrews, Charles Bickerman, Elias Joseph Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Chafe, William Henry McLean Billington, James Hadley Victor Albert, Duc de Chakrabarty, Dipesh Appleby, Joyce Oldham Bisson, Thomas Noel Broughton, Thomas Chandler, Jr., Alfred Appleby, Robert Scott Black, Cyril Edwin Robert Shannon Dupont Appleton, William Blackbourn, David Brown, Frank Edward Channing, Edward Sumner Gordon Brown, Peter Robert Perkins Arnold, Samuel Greene Blake, Robert Pierpont Lamont Chaplin, Joyce E. Aruga, Natsuki Blight, David William Browne, Janet Elizabeth Charnwood (Baron), Aubert, Marcel Bloch, Herbert Browning, Christopher R. Godfrey Rathbone Ault, Warren Ortman Blum, Jerome Brucker, Gene Adam Benson Axtell, James L. Blum, John Morton Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Chartier, Roger Ayers, Edward Lynn Boas (Hall), Marie Buhler, Curt Ferdinand Clagett, Marshall Badian, Ernst Bodde, Derk Bullock, Alan Louis Clark, Charles Manning Bagnall, Roger Shaler Boone, Elizabeth Hill Charles Hope Bailyn, Bernard Boorstin, Daniel Joseph Bunch III, Lonnie G. Clark, George Norman Bainton, Roland Herbert Bouwsma, William James Burns, Ken Clifford, James Baker, Keith Michael Bowdoin, James (1794- Butterfield, Herbert Clive, John Leonard Baldwin, John Wesley 1833) Butterfield, Lyman Henry Coatsworth, John Henry Bancroft, George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Cochran, Thomas Childs Delitzsch, Friedrich Feierman, Steven Gershoy, Leo Cohen, Deborah A. Deloria, Philip J. Feis, Herbert Geyer, Michael E. Cohen, I. Bernard Demos, John Putnam Feldman, Martha Geyl, Pieter Catharinus Cohen, Lizabeth Dennett, Tyler Wilbur Ferguson, William Scott Arie Cole, Arthur Harrison Diagne, Souleymane Feuerwerker, Albert Gibson, Charles Colton, Joel Bachir Findlen, Paula E. Giddings, Paula J. Conley, Tom C. Dibner, Bern Finley, Moses Gikandi, Simon E. Connor, Walter Robert Dike, Kenneth Onwuka Fischer, David Hackett Gilbert, Felix Conquest, Robert Diman, Jeremiah Lewis Fisher, George Park Gillispie, Charles (George Robert Donald, David Herbert Fisher, Herbert Albert Coulston Acworth) Doniger, Wendy Laurens Gilman, Sander L. Cook, Michael Allan Douglas, Ann Fitzpatrick, Sheila Mary Gilmore, Myron Piper Coolidge, Archibald Cary Douglas, Richard Mateer Fleischer, Cornell Hugh Gilroy, Paul Cooper, Frederick Dower, John W. Fleming, Donald Harhish Ginzburg, Carlo Corner, George Drake, Stillman (Bryant Foner, Eric Gluck, Carol Washington Stillman) Ford, Franklin Lewis Goetzmann, William H. Cott, Nancy F. Draper, Theodore Ford, Worthington Goldhill, Simon D. Courtenay, William J. Dunham, Dows Chauncey Goldstein, Jan E. Craig, Gordon Alexander Dunn, Richard Slator Fowler, Henry Thatcher Goluboff, Risa L. Craven, Wesley Frank Dupree, Anderson Francke, Kuno Goodenough, Erwin Cremin, Lawrence Arthur Hunter Franklin, John Hope Ramsdell Cronon, William J. Duus, Peter Fredrickson, George M. Goodwin, Doris Kearns Crosby, Alfred Worcester Dvornik, Francis Fredriksen, Paula Gordon, Andrew David Cumings, Bruce Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Freedman, Paul Harris Gordon, Cyrus Herzl Cunningham, Henry Edes, Henry Herbert Freeman, Douglas Southall Gordon, Linda Winchester Eisenstein, Elizabeth Freidel, Jr., Frank Burt Gordon-Reed, Annette Curti, Merle Eugene Lewisohn Friedlander, Saul Gottschalk, Louis Curtin, Philip DeArmond Eliade, Mircea Frye, Richard Nelson Reichenthal Dagron, Gilbert Eliot, Samuel (1821-1898) Fuller, Sarah A. Grabar, Andre Dallek, Robert Elliott, John Huxtable Fulton, John Farquhar Graebner, Norman d’Alverny, Marie-Thérèse Eltis, David Furet, François Arthur D’Arms, John Haughton Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph Gabba, Emilio Grafton, Anthony Darnton, Robert Choate Embree, Ainslie Thomas Gaddis, John Lewis Graham, Loren Raymond Daston, Lorraine Jenifer Emerson, Edward Waldo Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Graham, William A. Davis, Andrew Emerton, Ephraim Galison, Peter Louis Grandin, Greg McFarland Engelstein, Laura Garcia, Maria Cristina Grant, Edward Davis, David Brion Engerman, Stanley Lewis Gardiner, Alan Grant, Robert McQueen Davis, Natalie Zemon Fairbank, John King Henderson Graubard, Stephen Day, Clive Fairbanks, Arthur Gardiner, Samuel Richards de Gayangos, Pascual Farrand, Max Rawson Greene, Evarts Boutell de Grazia, Victoria Farriss, Nancy Garin, Eugenio Greene, Jack P. de Santillana, Giorgio Diaz Marguerite Gay, Peter Jack Greene, Sandra E. De Voto, Bernard Faust, Drew Gilpin Geary, Patrick J. Grimm, Herman Augustine Fay, Sidney Bradshaw Gelb, Ignace Jay Friedrich (elected as de Vries, Jan Fehrenbacher, Don Genovese, Eugene Friedrich Hermann) Degler, Carl Neumann Edward Dominick Grmek, Mirko Drazen

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Gross, Charles Himmelfarb, Gertrude Jones, Jacqueline Ladner, Gerhart Grote, George Hine, Darlene Clark Jordan, Mark D. Maximilian Augustine Gruen, Erich S. Hitchcock, Henry Russell Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener Bernard Burian Guerlac, Henry Edward Ho, Ping-ti Jordan, William Chester LaFeber, Walter Gurney, Ephraim Hobsbawm, Eric John Judt, Tony Robert Laiou, Angeliki Evangelos Whitman Ernest Kammen, Michael Lamoreaux, Naomi Gutman, Herbert George Hochschild, Adam Gedaliah Raboy Habakkuk, Hrothgar Hofstadter, Richard Kantorowicz, Ernst Landes, David Saul John Holborn, Hajo Hartwig Lane, Frederic Chapin Hadlock, Wendell Holifield, E. Brooks Kaplan, Alice Y. Lang, Mabel Louise Stanwood Hollinger, David A. Karpovich, Michael Langer, William Leonard Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd Holmes, Frederic Katz, Friedrich Lansing, Ambrose Hall, John Whitney Lawrence Katz, Jacob LaPiana, George Halperin-Donghi, Tulio Holt, Thomas C. Keddie, Nikki R. Laqueur, Thomas Hamashita, Takeshi Holton, Gerald James Keightley, David N. Latourette, Kenneth Scott Hammond, Mason Homma, Nagayo Keller, Evelyn Fox Lavrin, Asuncion Hammond, Nicholas Horton, James Oliver Keller, Morton Le Roy Ladurie, Geoffrey Lempriere Hoskins, Halford Kelley, Donald R. Emmanuel Bernard Hancock, William Keith Lancaster Kelley, Mary C. Lea, Henry Charles Handlin, Oscar Hosmer, James Kendall Kelley, Robin D.G. Leake, Chauncey Depew Hanham, Harold John Howard, Michael Eliot Kelly, Thomas Forrest Leal Spengler, Eusebio Harbison, Elmore Harris Howe, Daniel Walker Kennedy, David Michael Lears, T.J. Jackson Haring, Clarence Henry Hoxie, Frederick E. Kennedy, Paul Michael Leavitt, Judith Walzer Harootunian, Harry D. Huggins, Nathan Irvin Kerber, Linda Kaufman Lecky, William Edward Harris, Neil Hughes, Henry Stuart Kessler-Harris, Alice Hartpole Harris, William V. Hughes, Thomas Parke Kevles, Daniel Jerome Lehmann, Hartmut Hart, Albert Bushnell Hull, Isabel Virginia Khalidi, Rashid Leland, Waldo Gifford Haskins, Charles Homer Hunt, Lynn Avery Khoury, Philip S. Lepore, Jill Hay, Denys Ikram, Salima Kirby, William Lerner, Gerda Hazen, Charles Downer Inalcik, Halil Kirkland, Edward Chase Leuchtenburg, William Hedges, James Blaine Inwood, Brad Kitson Clark, George Edward Heilbron, John Lewis Iriye, Akira Sydney Roberts Levine, Lawrence William Herlihy, David Joseph Isaacman, Allen F. Kitzinger, Ernst Lewis, Bernard Herr, Richard Jackson, Kenneth T. Klaniczay, Gabor Lewis, David Levering Hershatter, Gail Jacob, Margaret Candee Klarman, Michael J. Lewis, Earl Hesse, Carla A. Jacobs, Margaret D. Klein, Martin Jesse Lieu, Judith M. Hexter, Jack H. James, Henry Kloppenberg, James Lindberg, David Charles Hiebert, Erwin Nick Jameson, Michael Kocka, Jurgen Lingelbach, William Ezra Higginbotham, Evelyn Hamilton Koskenniemi, Martti Link, Arthur Stanley Brooks Jansen, Marius Berthus Krautheimer, Richard Litwack, Leon Higginson, Thomas Jay, Martin Evan Krieger, Leonard Lockhart, James Wentworth Jennings (Jenings), Kuhn, Philip Alden Loehr, Max Johannes Higham, John Edmund Kuhn, Thomas Samuel Joseph Hilberg, Raul Johnston, Alexander Kuttner, Stephan George Loewe, Michael Hill, Christopher (John Jones, Christopher LaCapra, Dominick C. Lopez, Robert Sabatino Edward Christopher) Prestige Lach, Donald Frederick Louis, William Roger

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Lowell, Edward Jackson Mendelsohn, Everett Nipperdey, Thomas H. Pirenne, Henri (Jean Luthy, Herbert Ernst Karl Irwin Nirenberg, David Henri Otto Lucien Lyon, Bryce Dale Merivale, Charles Norton, Mary Beth Marie) Mabogunje, Akin L. Merk, Frederick Numbers, Ronald Leslie Plumb, John Harold MacCaffrey, Wallace Merriman, Roger Bigelow Nye, Mary Jo Pocock, John Greville Trevethic Metzger, Walter Paul Oakley, Francis Agard MacCormack, Sabine G. Middlekauff, Robert Christopher Pomeranz, Kenneth L. MacDonald, William Lawrence O’Malley, John W. Porter, Roy MacDonald, William Mignet, François Auguste Onuf, Peter S. Porter, Theodore M. Lloyd Marie Alexis Oppenheimer, Jane Post, Gaines Macedo, Joaquim Jose da Millar, Fergus Graham Marion Potter, David Morris Costa de Burtholme Oreskes, Naomi Prescott, William Mack Smith, Denis Miller, Joseph C. Ostrogorsky, Georgije Hickling Macvane, Silas Marcus Miller, Mary Ellen Owen, David Edward Proctor, Robert N. Maffei, Domenico Milman, Henry Hart Owen, E. Roger Prothero, George Walter Mahan, Alfred Thayer Mitchell, Stewart Pagels, Elaine Hiesey Pyne, Stephen Joseph Maier, Charles Steven Momigliano, Arnaldo Painter, Nell Irvin Rabinovich, Itamar Maier, Pauline Rubbelke Dante Painter, Sidney Rakove, Jack N. Malone, Dumas Mommsen, Theodor Palgrave, Francis Ranke, Leopold von Mandler, Peter Moody, Robert Earle Palmer, Robert Roswell (Franz Leopold von) Mango, Cyril Alexander Morgan, Edmund Sears Paret, Peter Read, Conyers Mann, Golo Morison, Elting Elmore Park, Katharine Reddy, William M. Mann, Susan L. Morison, Samuel Eliot Parker, N. Geoffrey Reischauer, Edwin Manuel, Frank Edward Morris, Richard Brandon Parkman, Francis Oldfather Marder, Arthur Jacob Mosse, George Lachmann Parry, John Horace Reisner, George Andrew Marichal, Carlos Motley, John Lothrop Patterson, James Tyler Renouvin, Pierre Eugene Marsden, George M. Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz Pattison, Mark Georges Martin, Dale Basil Muir, Jr., Edward Wallace Paxton, Robert Owen Reynolds, Christopher A. Mattingly, Garrett Mundy, John Hine Payne, Stanley G. Rhodes, James Ford May, Ernest Richard Murdoch, John Emery Pedersen, Susan G. Riasanovsky, Nicholas May, Henry Farnham Najita, Tetsuo Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan Valentine Mayer, Arno Joseph Namier, Lewis Bernstein Perdue, Peter C. Rice, Jr., Eugene Franklin Maza, Sarah Crawford Naquin, Susan Perez, Louis A. Riley, Stephen Thomas Mazlish, Bruce Nash, Gary Baring Perkins, Dexter Ritvo, Harriet Mazower, Mark A. Neale, John Ernest Perkins, Elliott Robinson, Paul Arnold Mbembe, Joseph-Achille Needham, Joseph (Noel Peterson, Merrill Daniel Roche, Daniel McCormick, Michael Joseph Terence Pevsner, Nikolaus Rodgers, Daniel McCullough, David Montgomery) Bernhard Leon Roelker, Nancy Lyman McFeely, William S. Nef, John Ulric (1899-1988) Pfeiffer, Robert Henry Ropes, John Codman McIlwain, Charles Neugebauer, Otto Eduard Phillips, Philip Rosenberg, Charles Howard Nevins, Allan (Joseph Pierson, George Wilson Ernest McNeill, John R. Allan) Pingree, David Edwin Rosenkrantz, Barbara McNeill, William Hardy Newsom, Carol Ann Pinkney, David Henry Gutmann McPherson, James M. Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Rotberg, Robert Irwin Meinecke, Friedrich Freiherr von Borisovich Rowe, William T. Meinig, Donald W. Niethammer, Lutz Pipes, Richard Ruiz, Teofilo F.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Ruiz, Vicki L. Skinner, Quentin Robert Temkin, Owsei Vansina, Jan Maria-Jozef- Sabean, David Warren Duthie Thackray, Arnold Wilfrid Emiel Sabra, Abdelhamid Slezkine, Yuri Thapar, Romila Venturi, Franco Ibrahim Sloane, William Milligan Thayer, William Roscoe Vermeule III, Cornelius Saito, Osamu Slotkin, Richard S. Thiers, Louis Adolph Clarkson Saller, Richard Paul Smith, Lacey Baldwin Thomas, Keith Vivian Vermeule, Emily Salvemini, Gaetano Smith, Merritt Roe Thomas, Thomas Head Dickinson Townsend Sarna, Jonathan Daniel Smith, Morton Thompson, Edward Vernant, Jean-Pierre Sarton, George Alfred Leon Smith, Thomas Carlyle Palmer Villari, Pasquale Savage, James Smith, William Stevenson Thorkelin, Grimur von Grunebaum, Gustave Schama, Simon Michael Somerville, Robert Jonsson Edmund Schiavone, Aldo Eugene Thrupp, Sylvia Lettice von Holst, Hermann Schiebinger, Londa L. Southern, Richard Tierney, Brian Eduard Schimmel, Annemarie William Torrey, Henry Warren von Staden, Heinrich Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Sparks, Jared Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Vryonis, Jr., Speros Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Spence, Jonathan Dermot Trachtenberg, Marvin Wakeman, Jr., Frederic Meier Spiegel, Gabrielle M. Treadgold, Donald Evans Schmitt, Bernadotte Spitz, Lewis William Warren Walbank, Frank William Everly Stampp, Kenneth Milton Treggiari, Susan Mary Walker, Mack Scholes, France Vinton Stansky, Peter David Trevelyan, George Walker, Williston Schorske, Carl Emil Lyman Macaulay Wang, Gungwu Schwartz, Benjamin Starr, Chester G. Trevelyan, George Otto Weber, David J. Isadore Starr, S. Frederick Trevor-Roper, Hugh Weber, Eugen Joseph Schwartz, Stuart B. (Stephen Frederick) Redwald Webster, Charles Schweber, Silvan Samuel Stephen, Leslie Trinkaus, Jr., Charles Kingsley Scott, Anne Byrd Firor Stephens, Henry Morse Edward Wecter, Dixon Scott, Joan Wallach Stern, Fritz Richard Trotter, Jr., Joe William Wedgwood, Cicely Scott, Rebecca J. Stern, Steve J. Truesdell III, Clifford Veronica Scudder, Horace Elisha Sternhell, Zeev Ambrose Wehler, Hans-Ulrich Sedgwick, Henry Dwight Stevens, Rosemary A. Trumbull, James Weinberg, Gerhard Seeley, John Robert Stone, Lawrence Hammond Ludwig Sells, Michael A. Strayer, Joseph Reese Tryon, Warren Stenson Weinstein, Barbara Setton, Kenneth Meyer Strouse, Jean Tu, Wei-ming Weintraub, Karl Joachim Sewell, Jr., William H. Struik, Dirk Jan Tuchman, Barbara Weisenfeld, Judith Shapin, Steven Stubbs, William Wertheim Westfall, Richard Samuel Sheehan, James John Subrahmanyam, Sanjay Tuck, Richard Francis White, Jr., Lynn Sherwin, Martin Jay Sugrue, Thomas J. Turner, Frederick Townsend Shipton, Clifford Kenyon Sumner, John Osborne Jackson White, Richard Shryock, Richard Sylla, Richard E. Twinam, Ann Wiebe, Robert Harrison Syme, Ronald Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher Huddleston Shurtleff, Nathaniel Tai, Hue-Tam Ho Van Der Wee (Baron), Williams, Philip Maynard Bradstreet Taylor, Alan John Herman Frans Anna Wills, Garry Sibley, John Langdon Percivale Van Tyne, Claude Wilson, Arthur Sigerist, Henry Ernest Taylor, Alan S. Halstead McCandless Silver, James Wesley Taylor, Charles Holt Van Zanten, David Wilson, John Albert Sivin, Nathan Taylor, Lily Ross Theodore Winichakul, Thongchai

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Winlock, Herbert Eustis Wolfe, Bertram David Wright, Arthur Frederick Zahra, Tara E. Winship, George Parker Wolff, Lawrence Wright, Gordon Justin Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Winsor, Justin Wolff, Robert Lee Wrigley, Edward Winter, Irene J. Wood, Gordon Stewart Anthony Back to Subject Index Wise, M. Norton Woodward, Comer Vann Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim (Matthew Norton) Woolf, Harry Yoshida, Nobuyuki Wittkower, Rudolf J. Worster, Donald E. Zagorin, Perez

Law and Austin, James Trecothick Bikle, Henry Wolf Buckland, William Ayres, Ian Binney, Horace Warwick Jurisprudence Badinter, Robert Bittker, Boris Irving Bundy, Harvey Hollister Baird, Douglas Gordon Black, Barbara Aronstein Burr, Francis Hardon Abella, Rosalie Silberman Baker, J. H. (John Black, Bernard S. Buxbaum, Richard M. Abraham, Kenneth S. Hamilton) Black, Jr., Charles Lund Cabot, Frederick Abraham, Ronny Baker, James A. Blake, George Pickering Abrahamson, Shirley Balch, Thomas Willing Blasi, Vincent A. Cabranes, Jose Alberto Schlanger Baldwin, Simeon Eben Blum, Walter J. Cabraser, Elizabeth J. Abram, Morris Berthold Balkin, Jack M. Bluntschli, Johann Caspar Cairns, Huntington Abrams, Floyd Barak, Aharon Bobbitt, Philip Chase Calabresi, Guido Ackerman, Bruce Arnold Barkow, Rachel E. Bok, Derek Curtis Cameron, Edwin Adams, Aileen C. Bartlett, Willard Bollinger, Lee Carroll Cardozo, Benjamin Adams, Arlin Marvin Bates, Henry Moore Bolster, Wilfred Nathan Adams, Thomas Boylston Bator, Paul Michael Borchard, Edwin Carrington, Paul DeWitt (1772-1832) Baxter, Richard Reeve Montefiore Carter, James Coolidge Al Hussein, Zeid bin Bazelon, David Lionel Bork, Robert Heron Carter, Stephen Lisle Ra’ad Beale, Jr., Joseph Henry Boudin, Michael Cary, William Lucius Aldrich, Bailey Bebchuk, Lucian Arye Bowie, Robert Casper, Gerhard Aleinikoff, Thomas Belin, Gaspard d’Andelot Richardson Cavers, David Farquhar Alexander Bell, Stoughton Boyden, Roland William Chafee, Jr., Zechariah Allen, Anita LaFrance Belo-Osagie, Myma A. Bradbury, Theophilus Chamberlain, Joseph Allen, Francis Alfred Bemis, George Bradley, Charles Smith Perkins Allen, William Thomas Bennett, Edmund Hatch Branch, Claude Raymond Chaskalson, Arthur Amar, Akhil Reed Berg, Paal Olav Breitel, Charles David Chayes, Abram Amato, Giuliano Berle, Jr., Adolf Augustus Brennan, Jr., William Chemerinsky, Erwin Ames, James Barr Berman, Harold J. Joseph Chipman, Daniel Amsterdam, Anthony Guy Bevis, Howard Landis Brest, Paul A. Choate, Joseph Hodges Anderson, Dillon Bhagwati, P. N. Brewster, Jr., Kingman Choate, Rufus Anderson, George (Prafullachandra Breyer, Stephen Gerald Choper, Jesse Herbert Weston Natwarlal) Briggs, Herbert Christopher, Warren Anderson, Philip S. Bickel, Alexander Whittaker Clark, Grenville Anzilotti, Dionisio Mordecai Brilmayer, Roberta Lea Clark, Ramsey Areeda, Phillip Elias Biddle, Francis Beverley Brown, Ernest Joseph Clark, Robert Charles Arnold, Morris Sheppard Bigelow, George Tyler Brown, Robert Minge Clifford, Charles Warren Atkin (Right Honorable Bigelow, Harry Augustus Brudney, Victor Clifford, John Henry Lord), James Richard Bigelow, Melville Brunner, Heinrich Coblentz, William K. Auerbach, Carl Abraham Madison Bryce, James Coffee, Jr., John Collins

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Coffin, Frank Morey Dawes, Thomas (1757- Eskridge, Jr., William George, Ronald Marc Cohen, Jerome Alan 1825) Nichol Gerken, Heather K. Coleman, Jr., William Dawson, John Philip Evershed (Baron), Francis Gilmore, Grant Thaddeus Days III, Drew Saunders Raymond Gilson, Ronald J. Collier, Abram Thurlow Dean, Arthur Hobson Fairman, Charles Ginsburg, Jane C. Cooley, Thomas DeCourcy, Charles Fallon, Jr., Richard H. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader McIntyre Ambrose Farber, Daniel A. Ginsburg, Thomas B. Coolidge, Charles del Vecchio, Giorgio Farley, John Wells Glendon, Mary Ann Allerton (1894-1987) Dellinger, Walter E. Feldman, Noah R. Glueck, Sheldon Cooper, John Cobb Denny, Henry Gardner Field, Fred Tarbell Goldberg, Arthur Joseph Cooter, Robert D. Devlin (Baron), Patrick Field, Richard Hinckley Goldsmith III, Jack Cornish, John M. Arthur Finletter, Thomas Knight Landman Cornish, Leslie Colby Diamond, Shari Seidman Fish, Frederick Perry Goldstein, Abraham Cover, Robert Melvin Dicey, Albert Venn Fisher, Roger Dummer Samuel Cowen, Zelman Dickinson, John Fiss, Owen Mitchell Goldstein, Joseph Cox, Archibald Dixon, Owen Fletcher, George Philip Goldstone, Richard J. Cramton, Roger Conant Djuvara, Mircea Flom, Joseph Harold Goluboff, Risa L. Cranch, William Dodge, Frederic Force, Manning Ferguson Goodell, Jr., Abner Cuellar, Mariano- Dodge, Robert Gray Fosdick, Raymond Blaine Cheney Florentino Donohue III, John J. Franck, Thomas Martin Goodhart, Arthur Currie, David Park Dorsen, Norman Frankfurter, Felix Lehman Curtis, Benjamin Robbins Drinan, S.J., Robert Fremont-Smith, Marion R. Goodrich, Herbert Funk Curtis, Charles Pelham Frederick Freund, Paul Abraham Gordley, James Russell Cushing, Nathan Du Ponceau, Peter Frickey, Philip Paul Gower, Laurence Cecil Cushing, William Stephen Fried, Charles Bartlett Cutler, Lloyd Norton Duguit, Leon Friedman, Lawrence M. Graetz, Michael J. Cutler, Robert Dunbar, William Friedmann, Wolfgang Grant, Robert Cutter, Richard Ammi Harrison Gaston Gray, Horace (1828- Dahl, Frantz Dworkin, Ronald Myles Friendly, Henry Jacob 1902) Dale, Harvey P. Easterbrook, Frank Frier, Bruce Woodward Gray, John Chipman Dam, Kenneth W. Hoover Fulbright, James William (1839-1915) Damaska, Mirjan Eaton, Frederick Fuld, Stanley Howells Gray, Morris Radovan McCurdy Fuller, Lon Luvois Green, Nicholas Saint- Dana, Francis Edelman, Marian Wright Fuller, Melville Weston John Dana, Richard Henry Edley, Jr., Christopher F. Furness, Horace Howard Greenawalt, Kent (Robert (1815-1882) Edwards, Harry Thomas Gage, Thomas Hovey Kent) Dana, Richard Henry Ehrlich, Thomas Gaither, James Castle Greenbaum, Edward (1851-1931) Eisenberg, Melvin Aron Galanter, Marc S. Samuel Dando, Shigemitsu Eisenberg, Theodore Gardner, Richard Greenberg, Jack M. Daniels, Ronald J. Elias, Taslim Olawale Newton Greene, Wilfrid Arthur Daube, David Eliot, Thomas Hopkinson Garland, David W. Grey, Thomas C. David, Rene Ellickson, Robert Chester Garland, Merrick B. Grimm, Dieter Davis, Charles Thornton Ely, John Hart Garrison, Lloyd Kirkham Grinnell, Frank Davis, John Epstein, Lee Gates, Sr., William H. Washburn Davis, Kenneth Culp Epstein, Richard A. Gellhorn, Walter Griswold, Erwin Geny, François Nathaniel

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Gunther, Gerald Horowitz, Donald Karst, Kenneth Leslie Levi, Edward Hirsch Haar, Charles Monroe Leonard Katz, Milton Levi, John G. Hall, John Loomer Horsky, Charles Antone Katzenbach, Nicholas Levin, A. Leo Hall, Livingston Horwitz, Morton J. DeBelleville Levinson, Daryl Hall, Walter Perley Hovenkamp, Herbert Katzmann, Robert Allen Levinson, Sanford V. Hamburger, Philip Howe, Mark De Wolfe Kay, Herma Hill Levmore, Saul Hammond, John Wilkes Howe, Samuel Kaye, Judith Smith Liebman, Lance Malcolm Hand, Augustus Noble Howe, William Wirt Kearse, Amalya Lyle Linde, Hans Arthur Hand, Learned (Billings Hudson, John Elbridge Keeton, Robert Ernest Linowitz, Sol Myron Learned) Hudson, Manley Ottmer Kelman, Mark Gregory Lipson, Leon Samuel Handler, Joel F. Hufstedler, Shirley Kelsen, Hans Lipton, Martin Hanify, Edward Benno Mount Kenealy, William James Liu, Goodwin H. Hansmann, Henry Hughes, Charles Evans Kennedy, Duncan Lord, Arthur Harlan, John Marshall Hurst, James Willard McLean Lord, Daniel Harno, Albert James Isaacs, Nathan Kennedy, Randall L. Loring, Charles Greely Harper, Conrad Kenneth Issacharoff, Samuel Kessler, Friedrich (1794-1867) Hart, Herbert Lionel Jackson, Charles Ketchum, Phillips Loring, William Caleb Adolphus Jackson, Vicki C. Klarman, Michael J. Loss, Louis Hastie, William Henry Jaffe, Louis Leventhal Knight, Jack Lowell, Francis Cabot Hawley, Joseph James, Eldon Revare Knowlton, Marcus Perrin (1855-1911) Hayes, John Lord Jay, John Koh, Harold Hongju Lowell, James Arnold Hazard, John Newbold Jeffries, Jr., John Calvin Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Lowell, John (1743-1802) Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey Jenney, Charles Francis Konvitz, Milton Ridbaz Lowell, John (1769-1840) Cornell Jessup, Philip Caryl Kornhauser, Lewis A. Lowell, John (1824-1897) Hearn, William Edward Johnson, Elmer William Kramer, Larry D. Lozano, Monica Cecilia Hector, Louis Julius Johnson, Melvin Krane, Howard G. Luban, David J. Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Maynard Kronman, Anthony Lumbard, Jr., Joseph Walter Jolls, Christine Townsend Edward Helmholz, Richard H. Jones, Harry Willmer Kurland, Philip B. Lummus, Henry Tilton Hemenway, Alfred Jordan, Jr., Vernon Landes, William M. Macaulay, Stewart Henkin, Louis Eulion Landis, James McCauley Macedo, Stephen Joseph Hensler, Deborah R. Julliot de la Morandiere, Langbein, John Harriss MacKinnon, Catharine Hernandez, Antonia Leon Langdell, Christopher Alice Heyman, Ira Michael Kadish, Sanford Harold Columbus Macmillan (Right Higginbotham, Jr., A. Kagan, Elena Law, Sylvia Ann Honorable Lord), Hugh Leon (Aloysius Leon) Kagan, Robert Allen Lawton, Frederick Pattison Higgins, Rosalyn Kahan, Dan M. Laycock, Douglas Macneil, Ian R. Hillard, George Stillman Kahan, Marcel Lee, William F. Macneil, Sayre Hoar, Ebenezer Kalven, Jr., Harry Lemley, Mark A. Magill, M. Elizabeth Rockwood Kamisar, Yale Lempert, Richard Owen Magruder, Calvert Hoar, Jr., Samuel Kaplan, Benjamin Lessig, Lawrence Mahoney, Maureen E. Holdsworth, William Kaplan, Helene Lois Lester (Lord Lester of Mahoney, Paul G. Searle Kaplan, John Herne Hill QC), Mahony, Thomas Holmes, Nathaniel Kaplan, Mark N. Anthony P. Harrison Holmes, Oliver Wendell Kaplow, Louis Leverett, George Vasmer Maine, Henry James (1841-1935) Karlan, Pamela Susan Levi, David Frank Sumner

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Maitland, Frederic Monaghan, Henry Paul Peters, Ellen Ash Roberts, Jr., John Glover William Moore, John Bassett Phelps, Edward John Roberts, Odin Makarewicz, Julius Morgan, Jr., Edmund Phillips, Carter G. Roe, Mark J. (Juliusz/Juljusz) Morris Phillips, Willard Romano, Roberta Mandela, Nelson Morris, John Humphrey Pickering, John (1737- Root, Elihu Manning, Bayless Carlile 1805) Rose, Carol Marguerite Andrew Morris, Norval Ramsden Pickering, Octavius Rosenberg, Maurice Manning, John Francis Morrison, Trevor Pildes, Richard H. Rosenthal, Albert Joseph Marbury, William Luke Morton, James Madison Pitofsky, Robert Rosenthal, Lee H. Marshall, John Morton, Jr., James Plimpton, Francis Taylor Rostow, Eugene Victor Marshall, Margaret Madison Pearson Rubin, Alvin Benjamin Hilary Murphy, Walter Francis Pollak, Louis Heilprin Rugg, Arthur Prentice Mashaw, Jerry Louis Nagel, Robert Forder Pollock, Frederick Russell of Killowen Matthews, Nathan Nathanson, Nathaniel Posner, Eric (Baron), Charles Maunier, Rene Louis Posner, Richard Allen Ryan, James E. McCall, Samuel Walker Neal, Phil Caldwell Post, Robert Charles Sacks, Albert Martin McCloy, John Jay Neier, Aryeh Pound, Roscoe Samuelson, Pamela McConnell, Michael Neuborne, Burt Powell, Jr., Lewis Sandalow, Terrance William Neuman, Gerald L. Franklin Sanderson, George McDougal, Myres Smith Noonan, Jr., John Powell, Thomas Reed Augustus Meares, Tracey L. Thomas Prest, William Morton Sargeant, Nathaniel Medina, Harold Obama, Barack H. Priest, George L. Peaslee Raymond O’Brian, John Lord Putnam, Samuel Sax, Joseph Lawrence Meltzer, Bernard David O’Connor, Sandra Day Qua, Stanley Elroy Sayre, Francis Bowes Meltzer, Daniel J. Olson, Ronald L. Raab, Jennifer J. Scalia, Antonin Mentschikoff, Soia O’Regan, Catherine Radin, Margaret Jane Schachter, Oscar Meron, Theodor (Kate) M.E. Radzinowicz, Leon Schaefer, Walter Vincent Merrill, Thomas Wendell Paine, Elijah Rakoff, Jed S. Schauer, Frederick Meserve, Richard Paine, Henry Warren Ramo, Roberta Cooper Franklin Andrew Paine, Robert Treat Ranney, George Scheiber, Harry N. Meserve, Robert William (1803-1885) Raz, Joseph Scheppele, Kim Lane Michelman, Frank Isaac Parker, Herbert Reardon, Paul Cashman Schill, Michael H. Mikva, Abner J. Parker, Isaac Redlich, Joseph Schuck, Peter H. Miller, Geoffrey P. Parker, Joel Regan, Donald H. Schwartz, Alan Millstein, Ira Martin Parker, Philip Stanley Rehnquist, William Schwarz, Jr., Frederick Minot, George Richards Parkman, Jr., Henry Hubbs A.O. (Fritz) (1758-1802) Parsons, Theophilus Reid, John Phillip Sclopis di Salerano Minow, Martha Louise (1750-1813) Resnik, Judith (Count), Paolo Federigo Minow, Newton Norman Parsons, Theophilus Revesz, Richard L. Scott, Austin Wakeman Mishkin, Paul J. (1797-1882) Rheinstein, Max Scott, Francis Reginald Mitchell, William (1832- Patterson, Robert Porter Rhode, Deborah L. Scott, James Brown 1900) Pepper, George Wharton Richardson, Elliot Lee Scott, Robert E. Mitchell, William DeWitt Perkins, Thomas Nelson Riesenfeld, Stefan Seidman, Louis Michael Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Perley, Ira Albrecht Selznick, Philip Anton Persily, Nathaniel Robbins, Edward Sewall, David Mnookin, Robert Harris Pestel, Frederik Willem Hutchinson Sewall, Samuel

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Shapiro, Irving Saul Sullivan, Kathleen Marie Tyng, Dudley Atkins Wickersham, George Shavell, Steven M. Sumner, Increase Unger, Roberto Woodward Shaw, Lemuel Sundberg, Jacob Wilhelm Mangabeira Wilde, Samuel Sumner Sheldon, Henry Newton Fredrik Van Alstyne, William W. Wilkins, David Brian Shiffrin, Seana Valentine Sunstein, Cass R. Vermeule, Adrian Wilkins, Raymond Siegel, Reva Beth Surrey, Stanley Sterling Vining, Joseph (George Sanger Simpson, Alfred William Sutherland, Arthur Joseph) Wilkinson III, James Brian Eugene von Mehren, Arthur Harvie Simpson, Sidney Post Swan, Thomas Walter Taylor Williams, Glanville Slaughter, Anne-Marie Taft, William Howard Vorenberg, James Llewelyn Smith, Jeremiah Takayanagi, Kenzo Wait, William Cushing Williston, Samuel Smith, Jr., Jeremiah Tatel, David S. Wald, Patricia McGowan Wilson, George Grafton Smith, Thomas Broun Taylor, Telford Waldron, Jeremy James Winter, Jr., Ralph Karl Smuts, David F. Thacher, Peter Wambaugh, Eugene Wirtz, William Willard Snyder, Aaron Cecil Oxenbridge Warren, Bentley Wirt Wisdom, John Minor Sohn, Louis Bruno Thayer, Ezra Ripley Warren, Earl Witt, John Fabian Sonsini, Lawrence W. Thayer, James Bradley Warren, Edward Henry Wood, Diane Pamela Sotomayor, Sonia Thomas, Benjamin Warren, Elizabeth Woodbury, Peter Souter, David Franklin Warren, Joseph Wright (Right Honorable Sovern, Michael Ira Thomas, Joshua Warren, Winslow Lord), Robert Alderson Spalding, John Varnum Thorne, Samuel Edmund Washburn, Emory Wright, Charles Alan Sprague, John Thurston, Edward Waxman, Seth Paul Wu, John Ching Hsiung Stammler, Rudolf Sampson Wechsler, Herbert Wu, Tim Stearns, Asahel Traynor, Michael (John Weiler, Joseph H. H. Wyzanski, Jr., Charles Stephen, James Fitzjames Michael) Weinrib, Ernest Edward Stevens, John Paul Traynor, Roger John Weinstein, Jack Bertrand Yarmolinsky, Adam Stevenson, Bryan A. Trebilcock, Michael Weisbach, David A. Yeazell, Stephen Stewart, Richard Triantis, George G. Wellington, Harry Hillel Campbell Burleson Tribe, Laurence Henry West, Robin L. Young, Benjamin Loring Stimson, Frederic Jesup Trumbull, John (1750- White, Daniel Appleton Zeisel, Hans Stone, Geoffrey Richard 1831) White, G. Edward Zimring, Franklin Ester Stone, Harlan Fiske Tunc, Andre Robert (George Edward) Zittrain, Jonathan L. Storey, Moorfield Tushnet, Mark Victor White, James Boyd Story, Joseph Tweed, Harrison Whitman, Edmund Allen Back to Subject Index Strauss, David A. Twining, William Whitman, James Q. Strauss, Peter L. Lawrence Whittemore, Arthur Stuntz, William J. Easterbrook

Literary Abrams, Meyer Howard Alonso, Amado Andrew, Dudley Ackroyd, Peter Alpers, Paul Joel Armstrong, Edward Scholarship and Adams, Ebenezer Alter, Robert Bernard Cooke Criticism and Adams, Robert Martin Altieri, Charles Francis Armstrong, Isobel Mair Adorno, Rolena Anderson, Stephen Arnold, William Language Allen, Don Cameron Robert Rosenzweig Allinson, Francis Anderson-Imbert, Aronoff, Mark Aaron, Daniel Greenleaf Enrique Asin y Palacios, Miguel Aarsleff, Hans

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Atkins, Stuart Pratt Blackmur, Richard Bruns, Gerald L. Coffman, George Raleigh Atkinson, Justin Brooks Palmer Buck, Carl Darling Cohen, Ralph Atkinson, William Bloch, Bernard Buckley, Jerome Cohn, Dorrit Parsons Bloch, R. Howard Hamilton Colacurcio, Michael J. Austerlitz, Robert Paul Bloom, Harold Buell, Lawrence Compagnon, Antoine Babbitt, Irving Bloomfield, Maurice Burchfield, Robert Marcel Bailey, David Roy Bloomfield, Morton William Conway, Robert Seymour Shackleton Wilfred Burke, Kenneth Duva Copeland, Charles Baldensperger, Fernand Blume, Bernhard Walter Burkert, Walter Townsend (Philippe-Jules- Blumstein, Sheila Ellen Burlingame, Eugene Corngold, Stanley A. Fernand) Bocher, Ferdinand Watson Costello, Bonnie Barish, Jonas Alexander Boeckh, August Bush, John Nash Douglas Court de Gebelin, Barkan, Leonard Boissier, Marie Louis Butcher, Samuel Henry Antoine Barolini, Teodolinda Gaston Butler, Marilyn Speers Cowgill, Warren Baron, Hans Bolinger, Dwight Bywater, Ingram Crawford Bate, Walter Jackson LeMerton Cabot, James Elliot Crane, Ronald Salmon Bates, Arlo Bonner, Campbell Cameron, Alan D. Crawford, James Pyle Bates, William Nickerson Bonner, Robert Johnson Cameron, Sharon Wickersham Baugh, Edward Boodberg, Peter Alexis Campbell, Jr., Oscar Crews, Frederick Beck, Charles Booth, Wayne Clayson James Campbell Bedier, Joseph Bopp, Franz Capps, Edward Croll, Morris William Beer, Gillian Patricia Borgese, Giuseppe Cardona, George Cross, Jr., Frank Moore Beeson, Charles Henry Antonio Carre, Jean-Marie Cross, Samuel Hazzard Bekker, Immanuel Borroff, Marie Cassidy, Frederic Gomes Culicover, Peter W. (August Immanuel) Bowers, Fredson Thayer Castro, Americo Culler, Arthur Dwight Benfey, Christopher Boyle, Leonard Eugene Catalan, Diego Culler, Jonathan Dwight Benichou, Paul Branca, Vittore Felice Menendez-Pidal Curran, Stuart Bennett, Jack Arthur Brandes, Georg Morris Cavanagh, Clare Curtius, Georg Walter Cohen Caws, Mary Ann Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson Benson, Larry Dean Braudy, Leo Cecil (Lord), David Daleski, Hillel Matthew Bentley, Eric Bree, Germaine Chalmers, Gordon Keith Damon, Samuel Foster Bentley, Gerald Eades Bresnan, Joan W. Chambers, L. Ross Damrosch, David Bercovitch, Sacvan Briggs, LeBaron Russell Chandler, James Kenneth Damrosch, Leo Berger, Harry Brodhead, Richard H. Chang, Kang-i Sun Davie, Donald Alfred Berlant, Lauren Brombert, Victor Henri Channing, Edward Tyrrel Davis, Herbert John Bernstein, Charles Bromwich, David Chao, Yuen Ren Dayan, Colin Bernstein, Michael Andre Bronson, Bertrand Harris Chapman, Henry Leland de Bary, William Bersani, Leo Brooks, Cleanth Chartier, Roger Theodore Bevington, David Brooks, Peter Preston Cherniss, Harold Fredrik de Man, Paul Adolph Binchy, Daniel Anthony Brooks, Van Wyck Child, Francis James Michel Birkerts, Sven P. Brower, Reuben Arthur Chinard, Gilbert de Romilly, Jacqueline Birnbaum, Henrik Brown, Bill Chomsky, Avram Noam Delbanco, Andrew Maximilian Brown, Carleton Chow, Rey Dembowski, Peter Bischoff, Bernhard Brown, Herbert Ross Clark, Walter Eugene Florian Bishop, Morris Gilbert Bruneau, Jean Louis Clausen, Wendell Vernon Demetz, Peter Blackall, Eric Albert Brunetiere, Ferdinand Clover, Carol J. Derrida, Jacques

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Diakonov (Diakonoff), Ferguson, Margaret W. Gilman, Sander L. Hamp, Eric Pratt Igor Mikhailovich Ferguson, Robert A. Gilman, Stephen Hanan, Patrick Dewes Dieckmann, Herbert Fergusson, Francis Gilroy, Paul Harbage, Alfred Bennett Diels, Hermann Ferry, Anne Girard, Rene Noel Hardison, Jr., Osborne Alexander Festugiere, Andre-Jean Goldhill, Simon D. Bennett Dihle, Albrecht Gottfried Fillmore, Charles John Goldin, Judah Harmon, Austin Morris Ferdinand Finley, Jr., John Huston Goldman, Robert Phillip Harris, Zellig Sabbettai Dodds, Eric Robertson Fish, Stanley Eugene Goldsmith, John A. Harrison, Robert Pogue Donaldson, Ethelbert Fisher, Philip Gonda, Jan Harshav, Benjamin Talbot Fitts, Dudley Gonzalez Echevarria, Hart, James David Donoghue, Denis Fitzgerald, Robert Stuart Roberto Hartman, Geoffrey H. Doran, Madeleine Fleming, John V. Goodwin, William Hatfield, Henry Caraway Kathryn Foley, Helene Peet Watson Haugen, Einar Ingvald Dover, Kenneth James Ford, George Harry Grandgent, Charles Hall Havelock, Eric Alfred Dowty, David Roach Ford, Jeremiah Denis Gray, Louis Herbert Havens, Raymond Dexter Doyle, Henry Grattan Mathias Greenberg, Moshe Hawkins, Richmond Drucker, Johanna Ruth Frank, Joseph Greenblatt, Stephen Jay Laurin Dunn, Charles William Frank, Tenney Greene, Roland Hayles, N. Katherine Early, Gerald Lyn Freccero, John Greene, Thomas Hazard, Paul Edel, Joseph Leon Frisbie, Levi McLernon Heidel, William Arthur Edgerton, Franklin Fromkin, Victoria Greene, William Chase Heilbrun (aka Cross, Ehrenpreis, Irvin Alexandra Greenfield, Jonas Carl Amanda), Carolyn Elder, John Petersen Frye, Herman Northrop Greenough, Chester Noyes Gold Elisseeff, Serge Frye, Roland Mushat Greenough, James Heim, Michael Henry Elliott, Robert Carl Fumaroli, Marc Bradstreet Heller, Erich Ellmann, Richard David Furness, Jr., Horace Grenoble, Lenore A. Heller-Roazen, Daniel Else, Gerald Frank Howard Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Helman, Edith Fishtine Emeneau, Murray Furnivall, Frederick Grossman, Edith M. Henderson, Jeffrey Barnson James Gubar, Susan D. Hendrickson, George Empson, William Gallagher, Catherine (M. Guerard, Albert Joseph Lincoln Engell, James Catherine) Guillen, Claudio Henrichs, Albert Ernst, Carl William Gamkrelidze, Thomas Gulick, Charles Burton Maximinus Evans, D. Ellis Valerianovich Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich Hexter, Ralph J. Evans, Gwynne Gardner, Helen Louise Gummere, Francis Hibbett, Howard Scott Blakemore Gates, Jr., Henry Louis Barton Hightower, James Robert Fagles, Robert Geddes, Jr., James Gummere, Richard Mott Hills, Elijah Clarence Fanger, Donald Lee Geldner, Karl Friedrich Guterbock, Hans Gustav Hirsch, Jr., Eric Donald Farley, Frank Edgar Gerzina, Gretchen Guy, Henri Hirsch, Marianne Fay, Charles Ernest Holbrook Guy-Sheftall, Beverly Hockett, Charles Francis Feeney, Denis Giamatti, Angelo Bartlett Haas, Mary Rosamond Hoenigswald, Henry Max Felman, Shoshana Gibb, Hamilton Hack, Roy Kenneth Hofmann, Michael Felstiner, John Alexander Rosskeen Hadley, James Hohendahl, Peter Uwe Felton, Cornelius Gikandi, Simon E. Haffenden, John Hollander, Jr., Robert B. Conway Gilbert, Sandra M. Hagstrum, Jean Howard Hollier, Denis Ferguson, Charles Albert Gildersleeve, Basil Hale, Kenneth Locke Holman, Clarence Hugh Ferguson, Frances Lanneau Halle, Morris

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Hopkins, Edward Jowett, Benjamin Lancaster, Henry Mack, Maynard Washburn Jusserand, Jean Adrien Carrington Magoun, Jr., Francis Houghton, Walter Antoine Jules Lane, George Martin Peabody Edwards Kahane, Henry Lane, George Sherman Malkiel, Yakov Householder, Jr., Fred Kane, George Joseph Lang, Henry Roseman Manley, Lawrence G. Walter Kaplan, Alice Y. Langley, Ernest Felix Marcus, Steven Howard, Albert Andrew Kaster, Robert A. Lanman, Charles Marichal, Juan Howard, Leon Kazin, Alfred Rockwell Martz, Louis Lohr Howard, William Guild Keeley, Edmund Leroy Lassen, Christian Marx, Leo Howe, Irving Keenan, Edward L. Lattimore, Richmond Mastronarde, Donald J. Hughes, Merritt Yerkes Keene, Donald Lawrence Alexander Matthews, Albert Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Kelleher, John Vincent Leavis, Frank Raymond Matthews, William Freiherr von Kendrick, Asahel Clark Lee, Hermione Richard Hunter, George Keniston, Ralph Hayward Lehiste, Ilse May, Georges Claude Kirkpatrick Kennedy, George Lejeune, Michel Mayrhofer, Manfred Hutcheon, Linda Ann Alexander Lentricchia, Frank Mazon, Paul Hynes, Samuel Kenner, Hugh Richard Mazzotta, Giuseppe E. Hyvernat, Eugene Xavier Kent, Roland Grubb Leslau, Wolf McCarthy, John J. Louis Henri Kerby-Miller, Wilma Levi, Sylvain McCawley, James David Ingalls, Daniel Henry Anderson Levin, Harry Tuchman McClellan, Edwin Holmes Kermode, John Frank Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer McGann, Jerome John Insler, Stanley Kiberd, Declan Lewis, Tayler Meillet, Antoine (Paul Inwood, Brad Kingsley, James Luce Lewis, Wilmarth Sheldon Jules Antoine) Irwin, John T. Kirchhoff, Johann Li, Ling Meltzer, Françoise Iser, Wolfgang Wilhelm Adolf Lida, Raimundo Menand, Louis Ismajli, Rexhep Kittredge, George Lyman Likhachev, Dmitrii Mendelshon, Daniel Ivanov, Vyacheslav Klausner, Joseph Sergeevich Mendelson, Edward Vsevolodovich Knapp, Steven Lindenberger, Herbert S. Menendez Pidal, Ramon Ivic, Pavle Knechtges, David R. Linforth, Ivan Mortimer Meritt, Benjamin Dean Jackendoff, Ray Saul Knights, Lionel Charles Lipking, Lawrence Miles, Josephine Louise Jackson, Carl Newell Knox, Bernard McGregor Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (Peter Miller, D. A. Jackson, Henry (1839- Walker Hugh Jefferd) Miller, Joseph Hillis 1921) Koenen, Ludwig Locke, William Nash Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy Jacobi, Hermann Georg Kolve, V. A. Long, Anthony Arthur Moore, Clifford Herschel Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Konstan, J. David Longley, Edna Moran, William Lambert Rudolph Kretschmer, Paul Lord, Albert Bates More, Paul Elmer Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm Krieger, Murray Lounsbury, Thomas Moretti, Franco Jakobson, Roman Kristeva, Julia Raynesford Morgan, Morris Hicky Jameson, Fredric R. Kronenberger, Louis Lowe, Elias Avery Morot-Sir, Edouard Jamison, Stephanie W. Küpper, Joachim Lowes, John Livingston Barthelemy Janko, Richard Charles Kurath, Hans Lumiansky, Robert Morpurgo Davies, Anna Murray Kuroda, Sige-Yuki Mayer Elbina Jasanoff, Jay H. Kurylowicz, Jerzy Lyon, David Gordon Morrison, Theodore Jewett, James Richard Labov, William David MacCana, Proinsias Morson, Gary Saul Jones, Howard Mumford Ladefoged, Peter Nielsen Macdonell, Arthur Most, Glenn W. Joseph, Brian Daniel Lamson, Roy Anthony

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Moulton, William Paris, Gaston Bruno Putnam, Michael Schevill, Rudolph Gamwell Paulin Courtney Jenkins Schneider, Heinrich Muller, Herbert Joseph Parker, Charles Pomeroy Quint, David Louis Schofield, Malcolm Muller, Max (Friedrich Parry, Milman Quirk (Baron), Charles Scholes, Robert Max) Partee, Barbara Hall Randolph Scholte, Jan Hendrik Munro, Hugh Andrew Patch, Howard Rollin Rabate, Jean-Michel Schone, Albrecht Johnstone Patterson, Annabel M. Rahv, Philip Schor, Naomi Murdock, Kenneth Paulson, Ronald Howard Ramanujan, A. K. Schorer, Mark Ballard Pavel, Thomas (Attipat Krishnaswami) Schuchard, W. Ronald Murray, Gilbert (George Pearce, Roy Harvey Ramazani, Jahan Schucking, Levin Ludwig Gilbert Aime) Pearsall, Derek Albert Rampersad, Arnold Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky Murray, James Augustus Pease, Arthur Stanley Rand, Edward Kennard Segal, Charles Paul Henry Peers, Edgar Allison Rawidowicz, Simon Seidensticker, Edward Murrin, Michael Percival, Walter Keith Rawlinson, Henry George Muscatine, Charles Perez-Firmat, Gustavo Creswicke Sells, Michael A. Mynors, Roger Aubrey Francisco Rawson, Claude Julien Senelick, Laurence Philip Baskerville Perkins, David Dodd Ray, Gordon Norton Sevcenko, Ihor Nagy, Gregory Perlmutter, David M. Redford, Bruce Sewall, Richard Benson Napier, Arthur Sampson Perloff, Marjorie Reiner, Erica Sewall, Stephen Nash, Bennett Hubbard Gabrielle Rice, Keren D. Seymour, Thomas Day Navarro Tomas, Tomas Perrin, Bernadotte Rickford, John R. Seznec, Jean-Joseph Neefs, Jacques Peyre, Henri Maurice Ricks, Christopher Bruce Shackleton, Robert Neilson, William Allan Phelps, William Lyon Riffaterre, Michael Shapiro, James S. Newman, Barbara Jane Pickering, John (1777- Ritschl, Friedrich Shattuck, Roger Whitney Nichols, Stephen G. 1846) Wilhelm Sheldon, Edward Stevens Nicolson, Marjorie Hope Pierrehumbert, Janet Rizzi, Luigi Shell, Marc Nitze, William Albert Breckenridge Roach, Joseph Sherburn, George Wiley North, Helen Florence Pike, Kenneth Lee Robinson, Fred Colson Shuger, Debora Kuller North, Michael A. Poggioli, Renato Robinson, Fred Norris Sieburth, Richard Norton, Elliot Poirier, Richard Rollins, Hyder Edward Silverman, Kenneth Noyes, George Rapall Poirion, Daniel Root, Robert Kilburn Eugene (1873-1952) Pollock, Sheldon I. Rosenmeyer, Thomas Silverstein, Michael Oertel, Hanns Pope, John Collins Gustav Simpson, David E. Oldfather, William Popkin, John Snelling Rosenthal, Franz Simpson, Jr., Claude Abbott Posnock, Ross Roskies, David G. Mitchell Olney, James Pottle, Frederick Albert Ryskamp, Charles Simpson, Lewis P. Ong, Walter Jackson Poulet, Georges Andrew Singleton, Charles Orgel, Stephen Kitay Pratt, Mary Louise Sag, Ivan A. Southward Osborn, James Marshall Praz, Mario Said, Edward William Sitney, P. Adams Ossola, Carlo M. Prendergast, Christopher A. Salisbury, Edward Smith, Barbara Ostwald, Martin Prescott, Henry Elbridge Herrnstein Otis, Brooks Washington Sanders, Henry Arthur Smith, Hallett Darius Owen, Stephen Price, Martin Santirocco, Matthew S. Smith, Henry Nash Paducheva, Elena V. Pritchard, William H. Saussy, Caleb Powell Smith, Horatio Elwin Page, Curtis Hidden Pritsak, Omeljan Haun Smyth, Herbert Weir Page, Denys Lionel Pullum, Geoffrey Keith Scarry, Elaine Sokel, Walter Herbert

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Sollors, Werner Thomson, William Warren, Kenneth W. Wood, Michael Solmsen, Friedrich Thorpe, James Warrior, Robert Woodring, Carl Ray Rudolf Heinrich Ticknor, George Wasserman, Earl Reeves Worcester, Joseph Sommerfelt, Alf Axelsson Tillotson, Geoffrey Watkins, Calvert Ward Emerson Sophocles, Evangelinus Todorov, Tzvetan Watt, Ian Pierre Worrell, William Hoyt Apostolides Torrey, Charles Cutler Weber, Samuel Miles Wright, Charles Henry Spacks, Patricia Meyer Toy, Crawford Howell Webster, Noah Conrad Starck, Taylor Trachtenberg, Alan Weinberg, Bernard Wright, John Henry Starobinski, Jean Isaac Trilling, Lionel Weinhold, Karl Wright, Louis Booker Steiner, George Tucker, Herbert F. Wellbery, David E. Wylie, Laurence William Stewart, Garrett Tuve, Rosemond Wellek, Rene Yates, Frances Amelia Stewart, Zeph Twaddell, William Wendell, Barrett Yeazell, Ruth Bernard Stillinger, Jack Clifford Freeman Weston, George Benson Young, Karl Stock, Brian Charles Twersky, Isadore Whatmough, Joshua Yu, Anthony C. Alexander Ullman, Berthold Louis Whicher, George Frisbie Yu, Pauline Ruth Stokoe, William Clarence van Buitenen, Johannes White, Elwyn Brooks Yuan, Xingpei Striedter, Jurij Adrian Bernard White, Hayden Zeitlin, Froma I. Sturtevant, Edgar Van Hook, La Rue White, Helen Constance Zgusta, Ladislav Howard Vendler, Helen Hennessy White, John Williams Ziff, Larzer Summers, Joseph Holmes Vickers, Brian William Whitman, Cedric Zink, Michel Sundquist, Eric John Vietor, Karl Hubbell Ziolkowski, Jan M. Sweeney, John Lincoln Voegelin, Charles Whitney, William Dwight Ziolkowski, Theodore Tatlock, John Strong Frederick Wilkins, Ernest Hatch Joseph Perry von Hallberg, Robert Willard, Sidney Zwicky, Jr., Arnold Taylor, Archer von Jagemann, Hans Carl Wimsatt, Jr., William Melchior Taylor, Diana Gunther Kurtz Thiersch, Friedrich Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Wineapple, Brenda Back to Subject Index Wilhelm Waith, Eugene Mersereau Witzel, Michael (E. J. Thiong’o, Ngugi wa Walpole, Ronald Noel Michael) Thomas, Frederick Ward, Aileen Wolfram, Walt William Warner, Michael D. Wolfson, Harry Austryn

Literature Alder, Ken L. Auster, Paul Berryman, John Alexander, Elizabeth Bacon, Leonard Beston, Henry (Creative Alfred, William Banks, Russell Bidart, Frank Writing) Amichai, Yehuda Banville, John Birkerts, Sven P. Amis, Martin Barnes, Julian P. Bishop, Elizabeth

Ammons, Archie Barth, John Simmons Bly, Robert E. Abani, Christopher U. Randolph Baugh, Edward Boland, Eavan A. Abe, Kobo Appelfeld, Aharon Beattie, Ann Boll, Heinrich Theodor Abish, Walter Arnold, Matthew Beckett, Samuel Bonnefoy, Yves Achebe, Chinua Ashbery, John Lawrence Behrman, Samuel Borges, Jorge Luis Ackerman, Diane Asimov, Isaac Nathaniel Brodsky, Joseph Ackroyd, Peter Atwood, Margaret Bellow, Saul Alexandrovich Adichie, Chimamanda Auchincloss, Louis Benet, Stephen Vincent Bryant, William Cullen Ngozi Stanton Berry, Wendell E. Albee, Edward Franklin

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Busch, Frederick Dyer, Geoff Guare, John Ishiguro, Kazuo Matthew Eberhart, Richard Guillen, Jorge Jen, Gish Byatt, Antonia Susan Ghormley Gunn, Thomson William Jin, Xuefei (Ha) Calasso, Roberto Edmonds, Walter Gurganus, Allan Johnson, Charles Richard Calisher, Hortense Dumaux Hadas, Rachel Johnson, Diane Lain Camus, Albert Eisenberg, Deborah Chamberlayne Jones, Edward P. Carey, Peter Elam, Jr., Harry J. Hall, Donald Just, Ward Swift Carson, Anne Eliot, Thomas Stearns Hamburger, Philip Paul Kaplan, Justin Cather, Willa Ellison, Ralph Waldo Hampl, Patricia Keillor, Garrison Cavanagh, Clare Emerson, Ralph Waldo Hardwick, Elizabeth Keneally, Thomas Chabon, Michael Erdrich, Louise Hardy, Thomas Michael Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Erskine, John Hare, David Kennedy, John Pendleton Cheever, John Eugenides, Jeffrey Kent Harper, Michael S. Kennedy, William Joseph Ciardi, John Anthony Everett, Percival Harrison, James T. Kincaid, Jamaica Claudel, Paul Louis Fadiman, Anne Haskell, Molly Kingston, Maxine Hong Charles Marie Ferry, David Russell Hass, Robert Kinnell, Galway Clifton, Lucille Thelma Fo, Dario Hawkes, John Kinsella, Thomas Coates, Ta-Nehisi Foote, Horton Hayes, Terrance A. Kipling, Rudyard Coetzee, John M. Forbes (Mrs. A.L. Hazzard, Shirley Koch, Kenneth Coffin, Robert Peter Hoskins), Esther Heaney, Seamus Justin Komunyakaa, Yusef Tristram Ford, Richard Hecht, Anthony Evan Krutch, Joseph Wood Cohen, Leonard Norman Forster, Edward Morgan Hellman, Lillian Kundera, Milan Cole, Henri Franzen, Jonathan E. Hempel, Amy Kushner, Tony Coover, Robert Frayn, Michael Herbert, Zbigniew La Farge, Oliver Hazard Cowley, Malcolm Frisch, Max Rudolf Hersey, John Perry Creeley, Robert Frost, Robert Lee Hijuelos, Oscar Larkin, Philip Arthur Cunningham, Michael Fuentes, Carlos Hill, Geoffrey William Laughlin, James Davenport, Guy Fugard, Athol Hillman, Brenda L. Leger (pseudonym Saint- Davis, Lydia Gaddis, William Hillyer, Robert Silliman John Perse), Alexis Davison, Peter Hubert Galsworthy, John Hirshfield, Jane Saint-Leger (Marie- DeLillo, Don Gass, William Howard Hoagland, Edward Rene Auguste Alexis Denk, Jeremy Ginsberg, Allen Hollander, John Saint-Leger) Di Piero, W. S. (William Ginzburg, Natalia Holmes, John Albert Lentricchia, Frank Simone) Gluck, Louise Elisabeth Holmes, Oliver Wendell Richard Dickey III, James Goldman, Francisco (1809-1894) Levine, Philip Lafayette Goldsmith, Barbara Horgan, Paul George Linney, Romulus Didion, Joan Goldstein, Rebecca Vincent O’Shaughnessy Longfellow, Henry Dillard, Annie Gordimer, Nadine Howard, Maureen Wadsworth Doctorow, E. L. (Edgar Gottlieb, Robert A. Howard, Richard Joseph Longley, Michael Lawrence) Graham, Jorie Howe, Susan Lopate, Phillip Dolan, Jill Grass, Gunter Hughes, James Langston Lowell, James Russell Donoghue, Emma M. Gray, Francine du Plessix Huntington, Archer Lurie, Alison Dorfman, Ariel Gregerson, Linda Milton Mackey, Nathaniel Dos Passos, John Griffiths, Paul Anthony Ionesco, Eugene MacLeish, Archibald Dove, Rita F. Grossman, Allen Richard Irving, John Winslow Mahfouz, Naguib Drabble, Margaret Grossman, David Irving, Washington Mailer, Norman

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Malamud, Bernard Nunez, Sigrid Schnackenberg, Gjertrud Tate, Allen (John Orley Mallon, Thomas Oates, Joyce Carol Cecelia Allen) Malraux, Andre O’Brien, Tim Schwartz, Lynne Sharon Taylor, Peter Matthew Mann, Thomas Oe, Kenzaburo Scott, Joanna Hillsman Margulies, Donald O’Faolain, Sean Seferiades, Giorgos Tennyson, Alfred Matthiessen, Peter Olds, Sharon Stylianou [pseudonym Theroux, Paul Mayer, Jane M. Origo, Iris Margaret George Seferis] Tóibín, Colm McBride, James Cutting Segal, Lore Tomlinson, Charles McCarthy, Cormac Oz, Amos Shanley, John Patrick Torres Bodet, Jaime McCarthy, Mary Ozick, Cynthia Shapiro, Alan Trethewey, Natasha D. McClatchy, J. D. Page, Thomas Nelson Shapiro, Karl Jay Trevor, William McCord, David Paley, Grace Shawn, Wallace Trilling, Diana Rubin Thompson Watson Pamuk, Orhan Shepard, Sam Trumbull, John (1750- McEwan, Ian Russell Parsons, Thomas William Silko, Leslie Marmon 1831) McHugh, Heather Paz, Octavio Silone, Ignazio Tyler, Anne McKibben, Bill Percy, Walker Simic, Charles Updike, John Hoyer McPherson, James Allen Phillips, Carl Simon, Claude Valenzuela, Luisa Merrill, James Ingram Pier, Arthur Stanwood Singer, Isaac Bashevis Van Duyn Thurston, Merwin, William Stanley Pinkney, Jerry Slotkin, Richard S. Mona Jane Miller, Arthur Pinsky, Robert Neal Smiley, Jane Graves Vargas Llosa, J. Mario Millhauser, Steven Pinter, Harold Smith, Anna Deavere Pedro Milosz, Czeslaw Plumly, Stanley Snodgrass, W. D. Vogel, Paula A. Momaday, Navarre Scott Powers, J. F. (James Farl) (William Dewitt) Voigt, Ellen Bryant Moore, Lorrie (Marie Powers, Richard Snow, Charles Percy Vonnegut, Kurt Lorena) Price, Reynolds Snyder, Gary Waldrop, Rosmarie Moore, Marianne Craig Pritchett, Victor Sawdon Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Walker, Alice Tallulah Moravia, Alberto Prose, Francine Isaevich Kate Morris, Wright Proulx, E. Annie Sontag, Susan Warren, Robert Penn Morrison, Toni (Chloe Quasimodo, Salvatore Soyinka, Wole Warren, Rosanna Anthony) Ransom, John Crowe Spender, Stephen Harold Welty, Eudora Mukherjee, Bharati Rich, Adrienne Spiegelman, Art Weschler, Lawrence Muldoon, Paul Robinson, Edwin St. John, David Michael Munro, Alice Arlington Stallings, Alicia Elsbeth West (pseudonym Cicily Murdoch, Jean Iris Robinson, Marilynne Stedman, Edmund Fairfield Andrews), Murray, Albert L. Roth, Philip Clarence Rebecca Naipaul, V. S. (Vidiadhar Sacks, Oliver Wolf Stegner, Wallace Earle White, Edmund Surajprasad) Sahgal, Nayantara Stern, Gerald Whittemore II, Edward Nash, Ogden (Frederick Salter, James Stern, Richard Gustave Reed (aka Reed Ogden) Salter, Mary Jo Stewart, Susan Whittemore) Nelson, Maggie Sanders, Scott Russell Stone, Robert Anthony Whittier, John Greenleaf Nemerov, Howard Sante, Luc Marie Stoppard, Tom Wideman, John Edgar Stanley Sarton, May Strand, Mark Wiesel, Elie Neruda, Pablo Saunders, George Styron, Jr., William Clark Wilbur, Richard Purdy Nguyen, Viet Thanh William Sze, Arthur C. Williams, C. K. (Charles Nishiwaki, Junzaburo Scammell, Michael Szymborska, Wislawa Kenneth) Nottage, Lynn Williams, Joy

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Williams, Tennessee Wister, Owen Wright, Jay Back to Subject Index Wilson, August Wolfe, Tom Wright, Jr., Charles Wineapple, Brenda Wolff, Tobias Penzel Winters, Janet Lewis [aka Woodberry, George Young, Kevin L. Janet Lewis] Edward Yourcenar, Marguerite Winters, Arthur Yvor Wright, C. D. Zagajewski, Adam

Mathematics and Barlow, Peter Borodin, Alexei Chang, Sun-Yung Alice Barnes, John Landes Boruch, Robert F. Chasles, Michel Statistics Bartlett, William Holmes Bott, Raoul Chauvenet, William Chambers Boutet de Monvel, Louis Cheeger, Jeff Adams, Clarence Bartlett, William Pitt Bouton, Charles Leonard Chern, Shiing Shen Raymond Greenwood Bowley, Arthur Lyon Chernoff, Herman Adams, John Couch Bass, Hyman Box, George Edward Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne Adler, Roy L. Batchelor, George Keith Pelham Chorin, Alexandre Joel Adrain, Robert Beilinson, Alexander A. Brauer, Richard Dagobert Christ, F. Michael Aizenman, Michael Bellman, Richard Ernest Breiman, Leo Christodoulou, Albert, Abraham Adrian Ben Arous, Gérard Brenner, Michael P. Demetrios Aldous, David Bennett, Albert Arnold Brezis, Haïm Church, Alonzo Anderson, Henry James Berestycki, Henri Brillinger, David Ross Cochran, William Anderson, Theodore Berger, Bonnie Brioschi, Francesco Gemmell Wilbur Berger, Marsha J. Broué, Michel Coffin, John Huntington Andrews, George E. Bergman, Stefan Browder, Felix Earl Crane Anselin, Luc E. Berlekamp, Elwyn Browder, William Cohen, Paul Joseph Archibald, Raymond Bers, Lipman Brown, Ernest William Coifman, Ronald Raphael Clare Bertozzi, Andrea Louise Brown, Jr., Edgar Henry Colburn, Warren Arnold, Vladimir Beurling, Arne Karl Brown, Lawrence David Colding, Tobias Igorevich August Bryant, Robert L. Cole, Julian David Arthur, James Grieg Bhargava, Manjul Buchsbaum, David Alvin Colin de Verdiere, Yves Artin, Emil Bickel, Peter John Burkholder, Donald Collins, Eduard Albert Artin, Michael Billingsley, Patrick Paul Lyman Christoph Ludwig (“Sir Aschbacher, Michael Bing, R. H. Byerly, William Elwood Edward”) George Birkhoff, Garrett Caffarelli, Luis Angel Connes, Alain Askey, Richard Allen Birkhoff, George David Caflisch, Russel E. Constantin, Peter S. Atiyah, Michael Francis Birman, Joan S. Lyttle Cajori, Florian Conway, John Horton Aumann, Robert John Bishop, Errett A. Calderon, Alberto Pedro Coolidge, Julian Lowell Auslander, Maurice Blackwell, David Harold Candès, Emmanuel J. Courtenay, Edward Avery, Charles Bliss, Gilbert Ames Cappell, Sylvain Henry Babai, László Bloch, Spencer Janney Carleson, Lennart Axel Cox, David Roxbee Babbage, Charles Bocher, Maxime Edvard Coxeter, Harold Scott Bahadur, Raghu Raj Bogolubov, Nikolai Cartan, Henri Paul MacDonald Baouendi, M. Salah Nikolaevich Catlin, Marcus Cramer, Harald Baraniuk, Richard G. Bombieri, Enrico Cauchy (Baron), Crandall, Michael G. Barenblatt, Grigory Borcherds, Richard Ewen Augustin Louis Isaakovich Borel, Armand Cayley, Arthur

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Cremona, Luigi (Antonio Etingof, Pavel Good, Irving John Hochschild, Gerhard Luigi Gaudienzo Euler, Leonhard Gorenstein, Daniel Paul Giuseppe) Evans, Griffith Conrad Gottlieb, David Hochster, Melvin Crighton, David George Evans, Lawrence Craig Graham, Fan Chung Hodge, William Vallance Dafermos, Constantine Farrar, John Graham, Ronald Lewis Douglas Michael Federer, Herbert Graustein, William Hoeffding, Wassily d’Alembert, Jean le Rond Feferman, Solomon Caspar Hoffman, Alan Jerome Dantzig, George Bernard Fefferman, Charles Louis Green, Mark Lee Holmes, Philip John Daubechies, Ingrid Fefferman, Robert A. Greengard, Leslie Hopf, Heinz Chantal Feit, Walter Greenspan, Harvey Philip Hopkins, Michael J. David, Guy R. P. Feller, William Grenander, Ulf Hormander, Lars Davies, Charles Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Griess, Jr., Robert L. Hou, Thomas Yizhao Davis, Stephen Howard Fisher, Ronald Aymler Griffiths, Phillip Householder, Alston Scott Day, Jeremiah Fleming, Wendell Helms Augustus Howard, Louis Norberg de Boor, Carl-Wilhelm Franklin, Fabian Gromov, Mikhael Howe, Roger Evans Reinhold Franklin, Philip Gross, Benedict Hyman Hrushovski, Ehud de la Vallee-Poussin, Freedman, David Amiel Gross, Leonard Hsiang, Wu-chung Charles Jean Gustave Freedman, Michael Grothendieck, Alexander Huber, Peter Jerome Nicolas Hartley Guckenheimer, John Huntington, Edward Dean, James Frenkel, Edward Guillemin, Victor Vermilye Deift, Percy A. Frenkel, Igor B. William Hurewicz, Witold Deligne, Pierre Friedlander, Eric Mark Guth, Larry D. Hutton, Charles Demmel, James W. Friedman, Avner Hacon, Christopher D. Iwaniec, Henryk Dempster, Arthur P. Friedman, Jerome H. Hadamard, Jacques Iwasawa, Kenkichi Denjoy, Arnaud Friedrichs, Kurt Otto Salomon Jackson, Dunham DeVore, Ronald A. Fulton, William Hall, Frederick Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob Diaconis, Persi Furstenberg, Hillel Hall, Jr., Marshall Jacobson, Nathan Dickson, Leonard Eugene Fuss, Nicolaus von Hamilton, Richard Jacquet, Herve M. Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe Gabai, David Hamilton, William Jerison, David Dobrushin, Roland Garabedian, Paul Roesel Rowan Jitomirskaya, Svetlana Lvovich Garding, Lars Hanlon, Philip J. Johnstone, Iain M. Donoho, David L. Gauss, Carl Friedrich Hansen, Morris Howard Jones, Peter Wilcox Doob, Joseph Leo Gehring, Frederick Hardy, Godfrey Harold Jones, Vaughan Frederick Douglas, Jesse William Harris, Joseph D. Randal Drinfeld, Vladimir Geiringer, Hilda Harris, Michael H. Jordan, Michael I. Duffin, Richard James Gelfand, Israel Hart, Sergiu Kac, Mark Durrett, Richard T. Moiseyevich Heins, Maurice Haskell Kac, Victor Dvoretzky, Aryeh Gill, Charles Helgason, Sigurdur Kadane, Joseph B. Dynkin, Eugene B. Gleason, Andrew Mattei Herman, Richard H. Kadison, Richard V. Efron, Bradley Glimm, James Gilbert Hermite, Charles Kakutani, Shizuo Eilenberg, Samuel Godel, Kurt Friedrich Hill, Thomas Kalman, Rudolf Emil Eisenbud, David Goldfeld, Dorian Hille, Einar Kaplansky, Irving Elliott, Ezekiel Brown Goldstein, Sydney Hironaka, Heisuke Karlin, Samuel Engquist, Björn Goldstine, Herman Heine Hirzebruch, Friedrich Kato, Kazuya Erdos, Paul Golubitsky, Martin Ernst Peter Katok, Anatole Eskin, Alex Gomory, Ralph Edward Hitchcock, Frank Lauren Katz, Nicholas M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Kazhdan, David Lenstra, Jr., Hendrik McCullagh, Peter Neyman, Jerzy Keldysh, Mstislav Willem McDuff, Dusa (Margaret Ngô, Bảo Châu Vsevoldovich Leray, Jean Dusa) Nirenberg, Louis Keller, Herbert Bishop Levi-Civita, Tullio McKean, Jr., Henry Pratt Nulty, Eugenius Keller, Joseph Bishop Levinson, Norman McLaughlin, David W. Okounkov, Andrei Kellogg, Oliver Dimon Lewy, Hans McMullen, Curtis Tracy Oliver, James Edward Kemeny, John George Li, Peter Wai-Kwong Meier, Paul Ooguri, Hirosi Kenig, Carlos E. Liggett, Thomas M. Melrose, Richard Burt Ore, Oystein Kenyon, Richard W. Light, Richard Jay Meyer, Yves Francois Ornstein, Donald Samuel Kesten, Harry Lighthill, Michael James Miles, John Wilder Osgood, William Fogg Kiefer, Jack Carl Lin, Chia-Chiao Miller, George Abram Osher, Stanley J. Klainerman, Sergiu Lin, Fang-Hua Milne, Edward Arthur Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Klawe, Maria Lions, Jacques Louis Milnor, John Willard Vasilievich (Michel) Klee, Victor L. Liouville, Joseph Minicozzi II, William P. Papanicolaou, George Kleene, Stephen Cole Lipka, Joseph Mirzakhani, Maryam Pearce, Edward Klein, Christian Felix Little, Roderick Joseph Moise, Edwin Evariste Pearson, Karl Kleitman, Daniel J. Alexander Montgomery, Deane Peirce, Benjamin Kodaira, Kunihiko Loomis, Lynn Harold Moore, Calvin Cooper Peirce, Benjamin Osgood Kohn, Joseph John Lubbock (Baronet), John Moore, Clarence Lemuel Peirce, James Mills Kohn, Robert V. William Elisha Perelson, Alan S. Kolchin, Ellis Robert Lubotzky, Alexander Moore, Derek William Perlis, Alan Jay Kollar, Janos Ludwig, Donald Moore, Eliakim Hastings Peskin, Charles Samuel Kolmogorov, Andrei Lusztig, George Moore, Gregory Peterson, Franklin Paul Nikolayevich Lyubich, Mikhail Winthrop Phillips, Henry Bayard Kopell, Nancy Jane Mackey, George Morawetz, Cathleen Phillips, Ralph Saul Kostant, Bertram Whitelaw Synge Phong, Duong H. Kottwitz, Robert E. MacLane, Saunders Mori, Shigefumi Picard, Charles Emile Kra, Bryna R. MacPherson, Robert Morley, Frank Pike, Nicholas Krein, Mark Grigorievich Duncan Morrey, Jr., Charles Pipher, Jill Kreiss, Heinz Otto Magidor, Menachem Bradfield Poincare, Jules Henri Kruskal, Martin David Majda, Andrew J. Morrison, David R. Poisson, Simeon Denis Kruskal, William Henry Malliavin, Paul Georges Morse, Marston (Harold Polya, George Krylov, Nicolai Mandelbrot, Benoit Marston) Poncelet, Jean Victor Vladimirovich Baruch Moser, Jurgen Kurt Poonen, Bjorn Mikhail Kurtz, Thomas G. Mangel, Marc Moses, Lincoln Ellsworth Popa, Sorin T. Ladyzhenskaya, Olga Manin, Yuri I. Mosteller, Frederick Quetelet, Lambert Alexandrovna Margulis, Grigorii (Charles Frederick) Adolphe Jacques Langer, Rudolph Ernest Alexandrovich Mostow, George Daniel Rabin, Michael Oser Langlands, Robert Phelan Marsden, Jerrold E. Mrowka, Tomasz Rabinowitz, Paul H. Lawler, Gregory Francis Martin, Donald Anthony Stanislaw Raftery, Adrian E. Lawson, Jr., H. Blaine Martin, William Ted Mumford, David Bryant Rao, Calyampudi Lax, Peter David Massey, William Nash, Jr., John Forbes Radakrishna Lazarsfeld, Robert K. Schumacher Nelson, Edward Rapoport, Anatol Le Cam, Lucien Marie Matsusaka, Teruhisa Nemirovski, Arkadi Ratner, Marina Legendre, Adrien Marie Mazur, Barry Charles Newman, Charles M. Raudenbush, Stephen W. Lehmann, Erich Leo McClintock, Emory Newton, Hubert Anson Reissner, Eric (Max Erich)

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Ribet, Kenneth A. Sherwin, Thomas Tataru, Daniel Ioan Weinberger, Hans Felix Richardson, Roland Shor, Peter Williston Tate, Jr., John Torrence Weinstein, Alan David George Dwight Siegel, Carl Ludwig Taub, Abraham Haskel Weiss, Benjamin Rivlin, Ronald Samuel Siegmund, David Oliver Taubes, Clifford Henry Wermer, John Robbins, Herbert Ellis Simon, Barry Taylor, Jean Ellen Weyl, Hermann (Claus Robinson, Abraham Simon, Leon Melvyn Taylor, Michael E. Hugo Hermann) Robinson, Julia Bowman Simons, James Harris Taylor, Richard Lawrence Whitehead, Alfred North Rokhlin, Vladimir Singer, Isadore Manuel Temam, Roger M. Whitehead, George Rosser, John Barkley Sipser, Michael Thom, Rene Frederic William Rota, Gian-Carlo Siu, Yum-Tong Thompson, Elizabeth Whitham, Gerald Roth, Klaus Friedrich Sjöstrand, Johannes N. Alison Beresford Rothschild, Linda Preiss Skorokhod, Anatoli Thompson, John Griggs Widder, David Vernon Rubin, Donald Bruce Vladimirovich Thurston, William Paul Widom, Harold Rudin, Mary Ellen Slepian, David Tian, Gang Wiener, Norbert Ruelle, David Pierre Smale, Stephen Tits, Jacques Leon Wigderson, Avi Runkle, John Daniel Smyth, William Toomre, Alar Wiles, Andrew J. Rutledge, George Snyder, Virgil Tracy, Craig A. Wilkinson, James Hardy Saari, Donald Gene Solovay, Robert Martin Truesdell III, Clifford Wilks, Samuel Stanley Saffman, Philip Geoffrey Spencer, Donald Clayton Ambrose Williams, Ruth J. Salem, Raphael Spencer, Thomas Tucker, Albert William Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Saloff-Coste, Laurent Staffilani, Gigliola Tukey, John Wilder Wold, Herman Ole Sapiro, Guillermo R. Stanley, Richard Peter Tyler, Harry Walter Andraeas Sarnak, Peter Clive Stark, Harold Mead Uhlenbeck, Karen Wolfowitz, Jacob Schiffer, Menahem Max Stein, Elias Menachem Keskulla Woodin, W. Hugh Schmid, Wilfried Sternberg, Schlomo Zvi Uhlmann, Gunther Woods, Frederick Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Stigler, Stephen Mack Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin Shenstone Schoen, Richard Melvin Stoker, James Johnston Varadhan, Srinivasa Wright, Margaret Hagen Schutzenberger, Marcel- Stone, Marshall Harvey Rangaiyengar Yau, Horng-Tzer Paul Story, William Edward Vasy, Andras Yau, Shing-Tung Schwartz, Jacob Theodore Strang, William Gilbert Veblen, Oswald Yosida, Kosaku Scott, Dana Stewart Strauss, Walter A. Vergne, Michele Young, Lai-Sang Seaver, Edwin Pliny Strogatz, Steven H. Francoise Yu, Bin Segal, Irving Ezra Strong, Theodore Vinberg, Ernest Zariski, Oscar Seidel, Paul A. Stroock, Daniel Wyler Borisovich Zeitouni, Ofer Selberg, Atle Struik, Dirk Jan Vishik, Mark I. Zelen, Marvin Serfaty, Sylvia Sullivan, Dennis Parnell Vogan, David Alexander Zelmanov, Efim Serganova, Vera Suslin, Andrei von Neumann, John Zhang, Shou-Wu Serre, Jean-Pierre Alexandrovich Wachter, Kenneth Zimmer, Robert J. Serrin, James Burton Sylvester, James Joseph Wilcox Zippin, Leo Shafarevich, Igor R. Szego, Gabor Wahba, Grace Zworski, Maciej Rafal Shahidi, Freydoon Taber, Henry Wallach, Nolan R. Zygmund, Antoni Shapley, Lloyd Stowell Tamarkin, Jacob David Walsh, Joseph Leonard Shatah, Jalal Tao, Terence Waterman, Michael Back to Subject Index Shelah, Saharon Tapia, Richard A. Spencer Shelley, Michael J. Tarjan, Robert Endre Weierstrass, Karl Shepp, Lawrence Alan Tarski, Alfred Theodor Wilhelm

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Medicine and Baylies, William Bradford, Gamaliel Clark, Dean Alexander Beecher, Henry Knowles Bradley, Stanley Edward Clark, William Irving Health Beeson, Paul Bruce Braunwald, Eugene Clarke, Edward Behring, Emil Adolph von Bremer, Frederic Gaston Hammond Abbas, Abul K. Bell, Graeme I. Nicolas Clements, John Allen Abbot, Samuel Leonard Bell, Luther Vose Brenner, Barry Morton Cogan, David Abboud, François M. Benatar, Solomon R. Brinkhous, Kenneth Merle Glendenning Adams, Raymond Bennett, Jean Brodie, Benjamin Collins Cole, Rufus DeLacy Bennett, Joe Claude Brosin, Henry Walter Coles, Robert (Martin Adhya, Sankar Bennett, Jr., Ivan Brown, Myles A. Robert) Adler, Nancy E. Loveridge Brues, Austin Moore Coller, Barry Spencer Aiken, Linda Harman Benz, Jr., Edward John Brunton, Thomas Lauder Comer, James Pierpont Al-Awqati, Qais Berggren, Per-Olof Bunn, Howard Franklin Cone, Roger D. Albright, Fuller Berry, George Packer Burnett, Charles Hoyt Coolidge, Algernon Alexander, Benjamin Berwick, Donald M. Burwell, Charles Sidney Cooper, Max Dale Allbutt, Thomas Clifford Beutler, Ernest Bush, Ian Elcock Cope, Oliver Allen, Arthur Wilburn Bibring, Grete Lehner Butler, Allan Macy Corvol, Pierre Allison, Nathaniel Bigelow, George Hoyt Cabot, Arthur Tracy Cory, Suzanne Alt, Frederick Wayne Bigelow, Henry Jacob Cabot, Richard Clarke Cotting, Benjamin Eddy Amory, Robert Billings, John Shaw Cahill, Jr., George Francis Cotzias, George Andral, Gabriel Bing, Peter Stephen Campbell, Charles Macfie Constantin Appleton, Nathaniel Binger, Carl Alfred Campbell, Kevin Peter Councilman, William Walker Lanning Carethers, John Michael Thomas Aronson, Peter S. Biorck, Gunnar Carl Carrel, Alexis Cournand, Andre Aub, Joseph Charles Wilhelm Carson, Dennis Anthony Frederic Augustine, Donald Leslie Blackfan, Kenneth Daniel Casadevall, Arturo Craik, Charles S. Ausiello, Dennis A. Blake, Clarence John Castellani, Aldo Cuervo, Ana Maria Austen, Karl Frank Blake, Francis Gilman Castle, William Bosworth Cushing, Harvey Austen, W. Gerald Blalock, Alfred Castleman, Benjamin Williams (William Gerald) Bloomfield, Clara Derber Celli, Angelo Cutler, Elliott Carr Avery, Mary Ellen Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Cerami, Anthony DaCosta, Jacob Mendez Ayer, James Bourne Blumberg, Baruch Chalmers, Thomas Clark Daley, George Q. Bainton, Dorothy Ford Samuel Channing, Walter Dameshek, William Balch, Franklin Greene Blumer, George Chapin, Charles Value D’Amore, Patricia A. Bancroft, Edward Blumgart, Herrman Chapman, Carleton Burke Danforth, Samuel Barker, Benjamin Ludwig Cheever, David Dang, Chi Van Fordyce Bock, Arlie Vernon Cheever, David Williams Darnell, Robert B. Barker, Clyde Frederick Bond, Douglas Danford Chen, Lincoln Chih-ho Daughaday, William Barlow, Thomas Bowditch, Henry Chen, Zhu Hamilton Barondess, Jeremiah Ingersoll Childs, Barton David, John Rouben Abraham Bowlby, Edward John Chinnaiyan, Arul M. Davidson, Beverly L. Barr, Joseph Seaton Mostyn Chobanian, Aram V. Davidson, Charles Bartlett, Elisha Bowman, William Choppin, Purnell Sprecher Bartlett, Josiah Braceland, Francis James Whittington Davidson, Nancy E. Bauer, Walter Bradford, Edward Christian, Henry Asbury Davis, Karen Baumgartner, Leona Hickling Churchill, Edward Delos Debas, Haile Tesfaye

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Debre, Robert Ewalt, Jack Richard Garland, Joseph Hauser, Stephen L. DeLong, Mahlon Robert Fagin, Claire Mintzer Geschwind, Norman Havel, Richard Joseph Denny-Brown, Derek Falconer, William Gesell, Arnold Lucius Hay, Gustavus Ernest Fanconi, Guido Ghebreyesus, Tedros A. Haygarth, John Derby, George Farber, Sidney Gibbon, Jr., John Heysham Hayman, Jr., Joseph Desmond-Hellmann, Susan Farmer, Paul Edward Gigli, Irma Marchant Deterling, Jr., Ralph Alden Farnsworth, Dana Lyda Gilliland, Gary Hays, Isaac Deutsch, Helene Fauci, Anthony Stephen Gilman, Sid Hays, Isaac Minis Rosenbach Faulkner, James Morison Gimbrone, Jr., Michael Hayward, George DeWitt, Benjamin Feinberg, Andrew Paul Anthony Hench, Philip Showalter Dexter, Lewis Fernald, Walter Elmore Ginsburg, David Henderson, Donald Diamond, Louis Klein Feron, Jean (John) Glaser, Robert Joy Ainslie Dingle, John Holmes Ferriero, Donna M. Glass, Christopher K. Hertig, Arthur Tremain Dirks, John Herbert Finch, Clement Alfred Glimcher, Laurie Hollis Hiatt, Howard Haym Dock, William Fine, Jacob Glimcher, Melvin Jacob Higginbotham, Eve J. Doering, Carl Rupp Fineberg, Harvey Vernon Goldstein, Joseph High, Katherine Ann Dole, Vincent Paul Finland, Maxwell Leonard Himsworth, Harold Doll, Richard (William Fins, Joseph J. Goodale, Joseph Lincoln Percival Richard Shaboe) Fisher, Joshua Gorgas, William Crawford Ho, David D. Donahoe, Patricia Kilroy Fishman, Alfred Paul Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Hobbs, Helen Haskell Dorfman, Albert Fishman, Mark Charles Greene, Harry Sylvestre Hodges, Richard Downing, James R. Fiske, Oliver Nutting Manning Dragstedt, Lester Reynold Fitz, Reginald Greene, Warner Craig Hogness, John Rusten Drake, Daniel Fitz, Reginald Heber Greenough, Robert Battey Holmes, Oliver Wendell Drake, Michael Vincent FitzGerald, Garret Adare Groopman, Jerome (1809-1894) Draper, Frank Winthrop Fitzpatrick, Thomas Gross, Robert Edward Holyoke, Edward Drown, Solomon Bernard Grossman, Morton Irvin Augustus Druker, Brian Jay Flexner, Simon Gruman, Jessie Homans, John DuBois, Eugene Floyd Florey, Howard Walter Grumbach, Melvin Home (Baronet), Everard Duke, Robin Chandler Folkman, Moses Judah Malcolm Hooker, Sanford Burton Duke-Elder, Stewart Folsom, Charles Follen Guttmacher, Alan Frank Hooper, Robert William (William Stewart) Foster, Daniel Willett Haber, Daniel Arie Hopkins, Donald Roswell Dunphy, John Englebert Foster, Jr., Henry Haber, Edgar Horsley, Victor Durkee, Silas Wendell Haddow, Alexander Alexander Haden Earls, Felton James Francis, Jr., Thomas Hale, Enoch Horwood, Murray Philip Ebaugh, Jr., Franklin Fraumeni, Jr., Joseph Halliburton, John Hosack, David Gessford Francis Halsted, William Stewart Hosmer, Alfred Ebert, Robert Higgins Fredrickson, Donald Sharp Ham, Thomas Hale Hotez, Peter Jay Edelman, Elazer Reuven Freedman, Daniel Xander Hamburg, David Alan Howard, John Clarke Edes, Robert Thaxter Frei III, Emil Hammond, William Howe, Percy Rogers Edsall, David Linn Frenk, Julio Alexander Hubbard, Jr., William Edsall, Geoffrey Furth, Jacob Harrison, John Hartwell Neill Eisenberg, Leon Gajdusek, Daniel Harrison, Ross Granville Huber, Edward Godfrey Ellis, Calvin Carleton Harrison, Tinsley Huggins, Charles Brenton Epstein, Charles Joseph Gale, Benjamin Randolph Hume, Edgar Erskine Epstein, Jonathan A. Gamble, James Lawder Harvey, Abner McGehee Hunt, Ebenezer

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Hunter, Donald King, Jr., Talmadge Lister, Joseph Means, James Howard Hunter, Thomas Everett Littlefield, John Walley Meigs, Joe Vincent Harrison Kinzler, Kenneth W. Livingston, David Morse Mellinkoff, Sherman Ingelfinger, Franz Joseph Kipnis, David Morris Locke, Edwin Allen Mussoff Ingraham, Franc Douglas Kirschstein, Ruth Lillian Locksley, Richard Mello, Craig Cameron Isselbacher, Kurt Julius Klebanoff, Seymour Michael Mendelsohn, John Jacks, Tyler E. Joseph Loeb, Robert Frederick Menninger, William Jackson, Henry (1858- Kleinman, Arthur London, Irving Myer Claire 1940) Michael Longcope, Warfield Merchant, Juanita L. Jackson, James Kneeland, Jr., Samuel Theobald Merrill, John Putnam Jackson, John Barnard Knight, Frederick Irving Loscalzo, Joseph Merritt, Hiram Houston Swett Knowles, John Hilton Louis, Pierre Charles Miller, Charles Phillip Jackson, Jr., Henry Knudson, Alfred George Alexandre Miner, Leroy Matthew Jacobi, Abraham Koop, Charles Everett Lovett, Robert Simpson Jacobson, Leon Orris Kornfeld, Stuart Arthur Williamson Minot, Francis Jain, Rakesh K. Korsmeyer, Stanley J. Lowe, Scott William Minot, George Richards Jameson, J. Larry (James Krane, Stephen Martin Lown, Bernard (1885-1950) Larry) Krugman, Saul Ludmerer, Kenneth Marc Mitchell, Silas Weir Jamison, Kay Redfield Kubie, Lawrence Lund, Fred Bates Mitchill, Samuel Latham Janeway, Charles Schlesinger Lupski, James R. Mitelman, Felix Alderson Lacy, Paul Eston Luzzatto, Lucio Mixter, Samuel Jason Jarvis, Charles Langmuir, Alexander Lyman, George Hinckley Miyajima, Mikinosuke Jarvis, Edward Duncan MacDonald, Paul Cloren Moore, Carl Vernon Jenner, Edward Lawrence, William MacLennan, David H. Moore, Francis Daniels Johnson, Paula A. (1783-1867) Magrath, George Burgess Morimoto, Richard I. Jones, Chester Morse Lazar, Mitchell Avery Mahley, Robert W. Morison, Robert Swain Jones, Robert Leadbetter, Wyland Majerus, Philip Warren Moritz, Alan Richards Joslin, Elliott Proctor Fenway Majno, Guido Moss, William Lorenzo June, Carl H. Leaf, Alexander Malamud, William Motulsky, Arno Gunther Kahn, Barbara B. Leavell, Hugh Rodman Mallory, Frank Burr Murray, Joseph E. Kan, Yuet Wai Lee, Philip Randolph Mann, James Mussey, Reuben Dimond Kaplan, Henry Seymour Lee, Roger Irving Marks, Paul Alan Mwaikambo, Esther D. Karnovsky, Morris John Lefkowitz, Robert Joseph Martin, Joseph Boyd Nabel, Elizabeth G. Karunaweera, Nadira D. Leiden, Jeffrey Marc May, James Vance Nadelson, Carol C. Kass, Edward Harold Lejeune, Jerome Jean Mayer, Jean Nathan, David Gordon Kassirer, Jerome Paul Louis Marie Mayo, William James Nathanson, Ira Theodore Kastan, Michael Barry Lenardo, Michael J. McCormick, Frank P. Needleman, Philip Katabira, Elly T. Lerner, Aaron Bunsen McDermott, Jr., William Neer, Eva Julia Kaushansky, Kenneth Lettsom, John Coakley Vincent Neilson, Eric G. Keating, Mark Taylor Levine, Rachmiel McDermott, Walsh Nemer, Mona Keefer, Chester Scott Levine, Samuel Albert McDevitt, Hugh O’Neill Nesheim, Malden Charles Keen, William Williams Lieberman, Judy McFarland, Ross Nestler, Eric J. Kelley, William Lifton, Richard P. Armstrong New, Maria Iandolo Nimmons Lifton, Robert Jay McIntosh, Rustin Nichols, Charles Lemuel Kieff, Elliott Dan Lindberg, Donald A. B. McKusick, Victor Almon Nichols, Edward Hall Kim, Jim Yong Lindemann, Erich McNeil, Barbara Joyce Nowell, Peter C.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Nussbaum, Robert L. Prusiner, Stanley Ben Rogers, David Elliott Seldin, Donald Wayne Nussenzweig, Victor Ptacek, Louis J. Rokitansky, Karl Freiherr Seligman, Arnold Max O’Leary, Dennis D.M. Putnam, Charles Gideon von Sellards, Andrew Watson Olefsky, Jerrold M. Putnam, Charles Romano, John Shannon, James Oliver, Benjamin Lynde Pickering Rosen, Bruce R. Augustine Oliver, Daniel Putnam, James Jackson Rosen, Fred Saul Shapiro, Larry Jay Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. Putnam, Tracy Jackson Rosenau, Milton Joseph Shattuck, Frederick Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Querido, Andries Rosenberg, Leon Emanuel Cheever Orkin, Stuart Holland Quinby, William Carter Rosenfield, Allan G. Shattuck, George Cheever Orne, Joseph Rabkin, Mitchell Rosenheim, Max Leonard Shattuck, George Cheyne Osborn, June Elaine Thornton Ross, Joseph Foster (1783-1854) Osgood, Robert Bayley Rackemann, Francis Roth, Jesse Shattuck, George Cheyne Osler, William Minot Rothman, Paul B. (1813-1893) Page, Irvine Heinly Rader, Daniel J. Rowe, John Wallis Shepherd, Francis John Paine, William Rammelkamp, Charles Rubenstein, Arthur Sheppard, Dean Palmer, Walter Walker Henry Harold Sherr, Charles J. Papayannopoulou, Thalia Rand, Isaac Ruggles, Arthur Hiler Sherrington, Charles Scott Park, Edwards Albert Ranney, Helen Margaret Rusch, Harold Paul Shilling, Charles Wesley Parkman, Samuel Rapaport, Samuel I. Rush, Benjamin Shine, Kenneth I. Parrish, John A. Rapoport, Judith Livant Russell, Frederick Fuller Shope, Richard Edwin Parsons, Theodore Ravdin, Isidor Schwaner Russell, Paul Snowden Shulman, Gerald I. Paul, John Rodman Ravetch, Jeffrey Victor Rutstein, David Davis Shurtleff, Nathaniel Peabody, Francis Weld Ray, Isaac Rutter, Michael Llewellyn Bradstreet Peirson, Abel Lawrence Rayer, Pierre Francois Ryan, Kenneth John Siegelbaum, Steven A. Penfield, Wilder Graves Olive Sabin, Albert Bruce Silverman, Richard Bruce Percival, Thomas Read, Andrew F. Sacks, Oliver Wolf Simmons, James Stevens Perkins, Henry Coit Recklinghausen, Salk, Jonas Edward Skorton, David J. Perlmutter, David H. Friedrich Daniel von Samuelsson, Bengt Smith, Clement Andrew Petersdorf, Robert George Redlich, Fredrick Carl Ingemar Smith, Jr., Lloyd Pickering, George White Reichlin, Seymour Satcher, David Hollingsworth Pierce, Chester Relman, Arnold Seymour Sawyer, Micajah Smith, Richard Mason Middlebook Reynolds, Edward Sawyers, Charles Lazelle Smith, Theobald Pinn, Vivian Winona Reynolds, John Phillips Scadden, David T. Snyder, Benson Rowell Plimpton, Calvin Rhoads, Jonathan Evans Scheibel, Arnold Bernard Snyder, John Crayton Hastings Richards, Dickinson Scheinberg, Israel Snyder, Solomon Halbert Ploog, Detlev Walter Woodruff Herbert Sognnaes, Reidar Fauske Plum, Fred Richardson, William Schlissel, Mark S. Sonenberg, Nahum Politzer, Adam Lambert Schmid, Rudi (Rudolf) Sosman, Merrill Clary Pool, James Lawrence Richmond, Julius Schroeder, Steven A. Spooner, William Pope, Alfred Benjamin Schwartz, William Stamatoyannopoulos, Popper, Hans Robbins, Frederick Benjamin George Potts, Jr., John Thomas Chapman Sedgwick, William Stanbury, John Bruton Poussaint, Alvin Francis Robins, Lee Nelken Thompson Stanley, Fiona J. Pratt, Joseph Hersey Roby, Joseph Seegmiller, Jarvis Edwin Stanton, Alfred Hodgin Prescott, Oliver Rock, John Charles Seidman, Christine Stare, Fredrick John Proger, Samuel Herschel Rodgers, Griffin Platt Seidman, Jonathan Starzl, Thomas Earl

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Steinberg, Daniel Tufts, Cotton Warren, John Collins Williams, Francis Henry Stephenson, Franklin Turner, Clair Elsmere (1842-1927) Williams, Henry Willard Bache Tyler, John Eugene Warren, Jonathan Mason Williams, Lewis T. (Rusty) Stiles, Charles Wardell Tyzzer, Ernest Edward Warren, Shields Wilson, Jean Donald Stille, Alfred Unanue, Emil Raphael Warren, Stephen T. Wise, Paul H. Stokes, Jonathan Unger, Roger Harold Washington, A. Eugene Wistar, Caspar Storer, Horatio Robinson Upham, Jabez Baxter Waterhouse, Benjamin Wolbach, Simeon Burt Stossel, Thomas Peter Valentin, Louis Watt, Fiona Mary Wolff, Sheldon Malcolm Strong, Richard Pearson Valentine, William Wearn, Joseph Treloar Wolstenholme, Gordon Sullivan, Louis Wade Newton Weatherall, David John Ethelbert Ward Sweet, William Herbert Vergnies, Francis Weibel, Ewald Rudolf Wood, George Bacon Sweetser, William Verhoeff, Frederick Weinstein, I. Bernard Wood, Horatio Charles Swett, John Barnard Herman Weinstein, Louis Wood, Jr., William Barry Talbot, Fritz Bradley Viets, Henry Rouse Weiss, Arthur Wright, James Homer Talbot, Nathan Bill Virchow, Rudolph Weiss, Soma Wyman, Morrill Talmage, David Wilson Vogelstein, Bert Weissleder, Ralph Wyman, Rufus Tanner, James Mourilyan von Müller, Friedrich Welch, William Henry Wyngaarden, James Taussig, Helen Brooke Wadsworth, Oliver Welsh, Michael James Barnes Taylor, Edward Wyllys Fairfield Welsh, Thomas Yakovlev, Paul Ivan ter Meulen, Volker Walcott, Henry Pickering West, John Burnard Yamada, Tadataka Terenius, Lars Yngve Waldenstrom, Jan Gosta White, James Clarke Young, Anne Terry, Robert Davis Waldmann, Thomas (1833-1916) Buckingham Thacher, James Alexander White, James Clarke Zervas, Nicholas Thannhauser, Siegfried Walker, Arthur Earl (1895-1981) Themistocles Josef Walsh, Christopher A. White, Paul Dudley Zoll, Paul Maurice Thayer, William Sydney Wang, Jean Yin Jen White, Raymond Leslie Zon, Leonard Ira Theiler, Arnold Ware, Charles Eliot Wilkins, Robert Wallace Zucker-Franklin, Thier, Samuel Osiah Ware, John Willard, Huntington Dorothea Thomas, Lewis Warren, John (1753-1815) Faxon Thorn, George Widmer Warren, John (1874-1928) Williams, Charles Back to Subject Index Thorner, Michael Oliver Warren, John Collins Herbert Tosteson, Daniel Charles (1778-1856) Williams, David R. Treadwell, John Dexter

Microbiology and Azam, Farooq Bonner, David Mahlon Collier, Robert John (R. Baltimore, David Bottomly, H. Kim John) Immunology Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Burnet, Frank Macfarlane Colowick, Sidney Paul Belding, David Lawrence Cairns, Hugh John Colwell, Rita R. Abbas, Abul K. Benacerraf, Baruj Forster Coons, Albert Hewett Adelberg, Edward Allen Berk, Arnold J. Calame, Kathryn Lee Corey, Lawrence Allison, James P. Bernards, Rene Campbell, Allan Cresswell, Peter Amos, Harold Beutler, Bruce A. McCulloch Dausset, Jean Arber, Werner Bishop, John Michael Cantor, Harvey Davis, Bernard David Arvin, Ann Margaret Blaser, Martin J. Chase, Merrill Wallace Dixon, Frank James Ashworth, Alan Bloom, Barry R. Cheever, Francis Sargent Dubos, Rene Jules Avery, Oswald Theodore Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Dulbecco, Renato

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Dworkin, Martin Johnson, Alexander Metchnikoff, Elias Scolnick, Edward Mark Eaton, Jr., Monroe Davis Dixon Meyer, Karl Friedrich Sela, Michael Eisen, Herman Nathaniel Johnson, Louise N. Milstein, Cesar Smith, Hamilton Othanel Enders, John Franklin Kabat, Elvin Abraham Mitchison, Nicholas Spear, Patricia G. Enquist, Lynn William Kellenberger, Eduard Avrion Spiegelman, Sol Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett Keynan, Alexander Moon, Randall T. Stanier, Roger Yate Elizabeth Kirkegaard, Karla Mueller, John Howard Stanley, Wendell Ernst, Harold Clarence Kluyver, Alfred Jan Muller-Eberhard, Hans Meredith Falkow, Stanley Koch, Robert (Heinrich Joachim Tenbroeck, Carl Fauci, Anthony Stephen Hermann Robert) Nabel, Gary Jan ter Meulen, Volker Fearon, Douglas T. Koprowski, Hilary Nathan, Carl F. Thompson, Craig B. Fields, Bernard Nathan Koretzky, Gary A. Nathans, Daniel Uhr, Jonathan William Galloway, Denise A. Koshland, Marian Elliott Neidhardt, Frederick Carl van Niel, Cornelis Ganem, Donald Emil Kunkel, Henry George Nikaido, Hiroshi Bernardus Gest, Howard Lanier, Lewis Lee Nossal, Gustav Joseph Vincent, (Jean) Good, Robert Alan Leonard, Warren J. Victor Hyacinthe Gordon, Jeffrey Ivan Levy, Jay A. Nussenzweig, Michel Vitetta, Ellen Shapiro Gorini, Luigi Costantino Lichten, Michael J. Claudio Waksman, Byron Halsted Greenberg, Everett Peter Littman, Dan R. Nussenzweig, Ruth Waksman, Selman Gross, Carol A. Louvard, Daniel F. Sonntag Abraham Hahn, Beatrice H. Luria, Salvador Edward Old, Lloyd John Walker, Bruce D. Halvorson, Harlyn Odell Lwoff, Andre Michel Oudin, Jacques Henri Weissman, Irving Lerner Handelsman, Jo Maaloe, Ole Urban Leon Marie Joseph Weller, Thomas Huckle Haynes, Barton Ford Mackaness, George Palese, Peter White, Benjamin Henkin, Tina M. Bellamy Park, James Theodore Wigzell, Hans Lennart Hershey, Alfred Day MacLeod, Colin Munro Pasteur, Louis Rudolf Hirst, George Keble Magasanik, Boris Paul, William Erwin Witte, Owen N. Hoffmann, Jules Mak, Tak Wah Prescott, Samuel Cate Wolfe, Ralph Stoner Alphonse Marrack, Philippa Prudden, Theophil Yokoyama, Wayne M. Horsfall, Jr., Frank Lappin Charlotte Mitchell Zinkernagel, Rolf Martin Humphrey, John Herbert Mathis, Diane J. Rao, Anjana Zinsser, Hans Ishizaka, Kimishige McCarty, Maclyn Rappuoli, Rino Jannasch, Holger McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. Roizman, Bernard Back to Subject Index Windekilde Melchers, Georg Russell, David W. Jerne, Niels Kaj Friedrich (Fritz) Schreiber, Robert David

Natural History Allendorf, Fred W. Avise, John Charles Bennett, Albert F. Altmann, Jeanne Ayala, Francisco Jose Bierbaum, Rosina M. and Ecology; Altmann, Stuart Allen Banks (Baronet), Joseph Blackwell, Meredith May Evolutionary and Anderson, Wyatt W. Barrett, Spencer Charles Bonhoeffer, Sebastian Andersson, Leif Hilton Bormann, Frederick Population Antonovics, Janis Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Herbert Biology Arnold, Stevan James Bazzaz, Fakhri A. Bossert, William Hines Atchley, William Reid Behrensmeyer, Anna Bouve, Thomas Tracy Alberts, Susan C. Attenborough, David Katherine Briggs, Derek E.G. Allard, Robert Wayne Frederick Bell, Graham A. C. Brown, James Hemphill

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Bull, James Jeffrey Emlen, Stephen T. Hudson, Richard Ralph Mangel, Marc Bush, Guy L. Endler, John A. Huey, Raymond B. Mappes, Johanna Cairns, Jr., John Falkowski, Paul G. Ives, Anthony Ragnar Margulis, Lynn Carpenter, Stephen Feldman, Marcus Iwasa, Yoh Markl, Hubert S. Russell William Jablonski, David Marquet, Pablo A. Carroll, Sean B. Felsenstein, Joseph Jackson, Jeremy Bradford Matson, Pamela Anne Carson, Hampton Field, Christopher Bower Cook May, Robert McCredie Lawrence Fitch, Walter Monroe James, Frances C. Maynard-Smith, John Case, Ted J. Frank, Steven A. Janzen, Daniel Hunt McCarthy, James Joseph Caswell, Hal Franklin, Jerry Forest Jenkins, Jr., Farish Alston McKenna, Malcolm Ceballos González, Friis, Else Marie Kareiva, Peter Michael Carnegie Gerardo J. Frisch, Rose E. Karl, David Michael McPeek, Mark Alan Chapin III, F. Stuart Fu, Bojie Kawanabe, Hiroya Medina, Ernesto Antonio Charlesworth, Brian Fuhrman, Jed A. Ketterson, Ellen D. Melillo, Jerry M. Charnov, Eric L. Futuyma, Douglas Joel Kidwell, Margaret Gale Meyer, Axel Cheney, Dorothy L. Gadagkar, Raghavendra Kidwell, Susan Marie Mittermeier, Russell A. Chisholm, Sallie Watson Gavrilets, Sergey Kimura, Motoo Mooney, Harold Alfred Clack, Jennifer Alice Gingerich, Philip D. King, Jacqueline M. Moran, Nancy A. Clark, Henry James Godfray, H. Charles J. Kingsolver, Joel Grant Moritz, Craig Clark, James Samuel Gojobori, Takashi Kirkpatrick, Mark Murdoch, William W. Clarke, Bryan Campbell Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Knapp, Sandra D. Neel, James Van Gundia Clegg, Michael Tran Goodall (van Lawick- Knowlton, Nancy Nei, Masatoshi Cohen, Joel Ephraim Goodall), Valerie Jane Koehl, Mimi A. R. Nijhout, H. Frederik Cole, Jonathan J. Goodman, Morris Koonin, Eugene V. Niklas, Karl J. Cole, Thomas Gorham, Eville Kreitman, Martin E. Novacek, Michael John Coley, Phyllis D. Grandin, M. Temple Lake, James A. Nuttall, Thomas Colwell, Robert K. Grant, Barbara Rosemary Lande, Russell Odum, Eugene Pleasants Connell, Joseph Hurd Grant, Peter Raymond Lasseter, John Orr, H. Allen Coyne, Jerry Allen Greene, Benjamin Daniel Lawton, John H. Ostfeld, Richard S. Crane, Peter Robert Greene, Harry Walter Lenski, Richard Eimer Paabo, Svante Crow, James Franklin Grenfell, Bryan Thomas Leopold, Aldo Starker Pacala, Stephen W. Daily, Gretchen Cara Haig, David Leopold, Estella Bergere Pace, Jr., Norman Darwin, Charles Robert Hairston, Nelson George Lerner, I. Michael Richard Davis, Margaret Bryan Hall, Brian Keith (Isadore Michael) Packard, Julie E. de Waal, Frans B.M. Hanski, Ilkka Aulis Levin, Bruce R. Packer, Craig DeFries, Ruth S. Hardin, Garrett James Levin, Simon Asher Page, Jr., Robert Eugene del Pino Veintimilla, Hastings, Alan M. Levins, Richard Paine, Robert T. Eugenia Maria Heinrich, Bernd Lewontin, Richard Partridge, Linda DeLong, Edward Francis Hilborn, Ray William Charles Pascual, Mercedes Dirzo, Rodolfo Hinde, Robert Aubrey Li, Wen-Hsiung Patrick, Ruth Donoghue, Michael John Hobbie, John Eyres Likens, Gene Elden Pianka, Eric R. Eberhard, William G. Hobbie, Sarah E. Liu, Jianguo Pickett, Steward T. A. Edwards, Scott Vernon Hoekstra, Hopi E. Losos, Jonathan B. Pielou, Evelyn Chrystalla Ehrlich, Anne Howland Holekamp, Kay E. Lubchenco, Jane Pierce, Naomi E. Ehrlich, Paul Ralph Holt, Robert Dan Ludwig, Donald Pimm, Stuart Leonard Emlen, Douglas J. Hubbell, Stephen P. Lynch, Michael Power, Mary Eleanor

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Price, Trevor Douglas Schoener, Thomas Southwood, Thomas Wake, Marvalee Pritchard, Jonathan K. William Richard Edmund Hendricks Provine, William B. Schopf, J. William (James Souza Saldivar, Valeria F. Wall, Diana Harrison Pusey, Anne William) Souza Ward, Bess R. Queller, David C. Schulze, Ernst-Detlef Stanton, Maureen L. Werren, John Haynes Raff, Rudolf A. Seeley, Thomas Dyer Steele, John Hyslop West-Eberhard, Mary Rausher, Mark D. Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Strassmann, Joan E. Jane Read, Andrew F. Seyfarth, Robert Martin Strauss, Sharon Y. Westoby, Mark Reich, Peter B. Shaw, Ruth G. Takahata, Naoyuki Wetzel, Robert George Renner, Susanne S. Shigesada, Nanako Templeton, Alan Robert Wheatland, Henry Reznick, David N. Shine, Richard Terborgh, John Whittle White, Timothy Douglas Ricklefs, Robert Eric Shubin, Neil H. Thompson, John N. Whitlock, Michael C. Rieseberg, Loren H. Silk, Joan B. Thorne, David Wynne Whittaker, Robert Rinaldo, Andrea Simberloff, Daniel Tilman, George David Harding Robinson, Gene Ezia Solomon Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Williams, George Rohlf, F. James (Frank Slatkin, Montgomery Nikolai Vladimirovich Christopher James) Slatyer, Ralph Owen Travis, Joseph Wingfield, John C. Roughgarden, Joan Slobodkin, Lawrence Basil Trivers, Robert L. Woese, Carl R. Elizabeth Smith, Frederick Edward Turelli, Michael Woodwell, George Ryan, Michael Joseph Soberon Mainero, Jorge L. Turner, Paul E. Masters Ryther, John Hood Sogin, Mitchell Lloyd Valentine, James William Yablokov, Alexey Sala, Osvaldo E. Sokal, Robert Reuven Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Vladimirovich Sanchez, Pedro A. Sokolov, Vladimir Vitousek, Peter Morrison Yanofsky, Martin F. Sarukhan Kermez, Jose Yevgenyevich Vorontsov, Nikolay Zamudio, Kelly R. Schaal, Barbara Anna Solbrig, Otto Thomas Nikolayevich Zuk, Marlene Schemske, Douglas W. Soltis, Douglas E. Wade, Michael J. Schlesinger, William H. Soltis, Pamela S. Wagner, Günter Paul Back to Subject Index Schluter, Dolph Soule, Michael Ellman Wainwright, Peter C. Schmitt, Johanna M. Wake, David Burton

Neurosciences, Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo Berg, Darwin K. Bullock, Theodore Andersen, Richard A. Berger-Sweeney, Joanne Holmes Cognitive Andreasen, Nancy C. Berthoz, Alain Busemeyer, Jerome R. Sciences, and Angelaki, Dora E. Bizzi, Emilio Buttenwieser, Paul Arechiga, Hugo Blake, Randolph Arthur Behavioral Bargmann, Cornelia Bloom, Floyd Elliott Callaway, Edward Biology Isabella Bock, June Kathryn Matthew Barondes, Samuel Boyden, Edward S. Carew, Thomas James Abbott, Laurence F. Herbert Brainard, Michael S. Carlson, John R. Adelson, Edward H. Barrett, Lisa Feldman Brazier, Mary Agnes Caron, Marc G. Adrian, Edgar Douglas Basbaum, Allan Burniston Cepko, Constance Louise Agranoff, Bernard Baylor, Denis Aristide Breakefield, Xandra Changeux, Jean-Pierre William Bean, Bruce Palmer Owens Churchland, Patricia Akil, Huda Bear, Mark Firman Bronk, Detlev Wulf Smith Albright, Thomas D. Behrmann, Marlene Brown, Emery Neal Cicourel, Aaron Victor Aldrich, Richard Warren Benzer, Seymour Buck, Linda Brown Cobb, Stanley

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Constantine-Paton, Gabrieli, John Iversen, Leslie Lars Loewi, Otto Martha Gage, Fred H. Jacoby, Larry L. Logan, Gordon D. Cooper, Leon Neil Galambos, Robert Jameson (elected as Logothetis, Nikos K. Corey, David Paul Gazzaniga, Michael Hurvich), Dorothea Luo, Liqun Cowan, William Maxwell Saunders Jan, Lily Y. Luria, Alexander Coyle, Joseph Thomas Georgopoulos, Apostolos P. Jan, Yuh Nung Romanovich Craik, Fergus I.M. Gerard, Ralph Waldo Jessell, Thomas M. Maffei, Lamberto Crews, David Pafford Gigerenzer, Gerd Jin, Yishi Magoun, Horace Dallos, Peter John Gilbert, Charles D. Julius, David Winchell Damasio, Antonio R. Ginty, David D. Kaas, Jon Mahley, Robert W. Damasio, Hanna Goldberg, Michael Ellis Kandel, Eric Richard Malenka, Robert Charles Davis, Hallowell Goldman-Rakic, Patricia Kanwisher, Nancy Mandel, Gail Dell, Gary S. Shoer Karten, Harvey Jules Marder, Eve DeLong, Mahlon Robert Goldstein, Kurt Kelley, Darcy B. Marler, Peter Robert Desimone, Robert Goldstone, Robert L. Kelly, Regis B. Martin, Kelsey C. Dethier, Vincent Gaston Goodman, Corey Scott Kety, Seymour Solomon Maunsell, John Henry Dickinson, Michael Gorski, Roger Anthony Keverne, Eric Barrington Richard Hughes Granit, Ragnar Arthur Kiang, Nelson Yuan-Sheng Mayberg, Helen S. Donoghue, John P. Graybiel, Ann M. Klatzky, Roberta L. McConnell, Susan K. Doupe, Allison J. Greenberg, Michael Kleinfeld, David McCormick, David A. Dowling, John Elliott Eldon Knight, Robert T. McCulloch, Warren Dulac, Catherine Greengard, Paul Knudsen, Eric Ingvald Sturgis Dymecki, Susan M. Greenough, William Koch, Christof McEwen, Bruce Sherman Eichenbaum, Howard Tallant Kolodkin, Alex L. Menaker, Michael Eisen, Judith S. Grillner, Sten Erik Konishi, Masakazu Miledi, Ricardo Elkes, Joel Gross, Charles Gordon Konorski, Jerzy Miller, Earl K. Elman, Jeffrey L. Hagiwara, Susumu Kravitz, Edward Arthur Milner, Brenda Atkinson Engle, Randall W. Hall, Zach Winter Krumhansl, Carol L. Langford Enroth-Cugell, Christina Hasselmo, Michael E. Kuffler, Stephen William Mishkin, Mortimer Evarts, Edward Vaughan Heinemann, Stephen Fox Kuhl, Patricia K. Monaco, Anthony P. Farah, Martha Julia Henneman, Elwood Kuno, Motoy Monahan, John T. Feng, Guoping Hikosaka, Okihide Kutas, Marta Morris, Richard G. M. Fernald, Russell Dawson Hildebrand, John Grant Landis, Story Cleland Mountcastle, Vernon Ferriero, Donna M. Hillyard, Steven Allen Landmesser, Lynn Therese Benjamin Ferster, David Leigh Hinton, Geoffrey E. LeDoux, Joseph E. Movshon, J. Anthony Fessard, Alfred Eugene Hockfield, Susan Lee, Virginia Man-Yee Nathans, Jeremy Fettiplace, Robert Hokfelt, Tomas Gustav Leeman, Susan Epstein Nauta, Walle Jetze Fields, Howard Lincoln Magnus Lemon, Roger N. Harinx Finkelstein, Alan Hood, Donald C. Lester, Henry Allen Neville, Helen J. Fischbach, Gerald David Hoy, Ronald Raymond Lettvin, Jerome Ysroael Newsome III, William T. Fitzpatrick, David Hubel, David Hunter Levi-Montalcini, Rita Nicoll, Roger Andrew Flash, Tamar Hudspeth, Albert James Levine, Susan C. Nosofsky, Robert M. Freund, Tamas F. Huganir, Richard Lewis Lisberger, Stephen G. Offit, Paul A. Fulton, John Farquhar Hunt, Carlton Cuyler Livingston, Robert Burr Oldendorf, William Furshpan, Edwin Jean Hyman, Steven Edward Livingstone, Margaret S. Henry Fuster, Joaquin M. Ip, Nancy Y. Llinas, Rodolfo Riascos Parada, Luis Fernando

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Pellegrino, James W. Rushton, William Albert Squire, Larry Ryan Wandell, Brian A. Petrides, Michael Hugh Stearns, Albert Warren Weber, Elke U. Pfaff, Donald Wells Sabatini, Bernardo Luis Stevens, Charles F. Wehner, Rudiger Phelps, Elizabeth Anya Sanes, Joshua Richard Strick, Peter L. Westbrook, Gary L. Pinker, Steven A. Schiller, Peter H. Stryker, Michael P. Wexler, Nancy Sabin Poggio, Tomaso A. Schneider, Dietrich Südhof, Thomas Wiesel, Torsten Nils Posner, Jerome Beebe Herman Paul Christian Wilson, Donald Melvin Purves, Dale Scott, Kristin Suga, Nobuo Wilson, Matthew A. Quarton, Gardner Cowles Sehgal, Amita Sur, Mriganka Wilson, Rachel I. Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Sejnowski, Terrence Swanson, Larry William Wise, Phyllis M. Raichle, Marcus E. Joseph Szentagothai, Janos Wolfe, Jeremy M. Rakic, Pasko Shatz, Carla Jo Takahashi, Joseph S. Worden, Frederic Rall, Wilfrid Shepherd, Gordon Tank, David W. Garfield Ratcliff, Roger Murray Tessier-Lavigne, Marc Wurtz, Robert Henry Raviola, Elio Secondo Sidman, Richard Leon Trevor Yates, J. Frank Reichardt, Louis French Siegelbaum, Steven A. Truman, James William Yau, King-Wai Reichardt, Werner Ernst Silver, Rae Turrigiano, Gina G. Young, Larry James Rescorla, Robert A. Simoncelli, Eero P. Ugurbil, Kamil Zhang, Feng Rioch, David McKenzie Solomon, Harry Caesar Ullman, Shimon Zoghbi, Huda Y. Rizzolatti, Giacomo Southard, Elmer Ernest Ungerleider, Leslie G. Zuker, Charles S. Romo, Ranulfo Sperling, George Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Rosenblueth, Arturo Spitzer, Nicholas Vincent, Jean-Didier Back to Subject Index Stearns Canaday Wall, Patrick David

Performing Arts Barber, Patricia Bono [see also Paul David Casella, Alfredo Barber, Samuel Hewson] Chadwick, George and Music – Barenboim, Daniel Boulanger, Nadia Juliette Whitefield Criticism and Barron, Kenny Boulez, Pierre Chavez, Carlos Baryshnikov, Mikhail Brendel, Alfred Chen Yi, Practice Bausch, Pina Brinkmann, Reinhold Child, Julia Bent, Margaret Hilda Britten, Edward Chowning, John Adams, John (1947-) Berger, Arthur Victor Benjamin MacLeod Alda, Alan Berger, Karol Brook, Peter Stephen Paul Clifton, Chalmers Dancy Alexander, Jane Bergman, Ingmar Brown, Howard Mayer Clurman, Harold Edgar Allen, Woody Berio, Luciano Brown, Trisha Cohen, Leonard Norman Almodóvar, Pedro Berliner, Paul Franklin Brubeck, Dave Cone, Edward Toner Alsop, Marin Bernstein, Jane A. Brustein, Robert Sanford Converse, Frederick Altman, Robert Bernstein, Leonard Bunuel, Luis Shepherd Anderson, Marian Elina- Biggs, Edward George Burgin, Richard Coolidge, Elizabeth Penn Blanche Power Burnett, Carol Sprague Arroyo, Martina Bilson, Malcolm Cage, John Copland, Aaron Austin, William Weaver Bishop, Andre Caldwell, Sarah Coppola, Francis Ford Ax, Emanuel Blackwood, Michael Carpenter, John Alden Crawford, Richard Babbitt, Milton Byron Bley, Carla Carter, Jr., Elliott Cook Arthur Baker, George Pierce Bohlman, Philip V. Casals, Pablo (Pau Carlos Croce, Arlene Louise (1866-1935) Salvador Defillo de) Crouch, Stanley

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Crumb, George Henry Garafola, Lynn Imbrie, Andrew Welsh Loeffler, Charles Martin Cunningham, Merce Gardner, Robert Israel, Robert Tornov D’Accone, Frank Grosvenor Jamison, Judith Lowinsky, Edward Elias Anthony Geiringer, Karl Johannes Jarrett, Keith Lucas, Jr., George W. d’Amboise, Jacques Gielgud, Arthur John Jolas, Betsy McDonald Ma, Yo-Yo Davidovsky, Mario Gilbert, Alan Jones, Bill T. Malick, Terrence Davidson, Gordon Ginastera, Alberto Jones, James Earl Mann, Robert Nathaniel Davies, Dennis Russell Evaristo Jones, Jr., Quincy D. Marcus, Greil Davison, Archibald Glass, Philip Jowitt, Deborah Marsalis, Wynton Thompson Goldovsky, Boris Kashkashian, Kim Martin, Steve Day-Lewis, Daniel Goodrich, Wallace (John Keller, Harrison Martino, Donald James de Mille, Agnes George Wallace) Kelly, Thomas Forrest Mason, Daniel Gregory De Niro, Robert Gossett, Philip Edward Kendrick, Robert L. Mathiesen, Thomas de Valois, Ninette Goto, Midori Kennedy, Kathleen James Dench, Judith Graham, Martha Austin Kerman, Joseph Wilfred Maysles, Albert Harry Denk, Jeremy Grotowski, Jerzy King, B. B. McCartney, Paul DePreist, James Anderson Grout, Donald Jay Kinkeldey, Otto McKellen, Ian M. Dewhurst, Colleen Guinness, Alec Kirchner, Leon Mekas, Jonas Doguereau, Paul Rene Gunning, Thomas Kirkpatrick, Ralph Mendel, Arthur Domingo, Placido Haar, James Edward Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Mennin, Peter Anthony Dreyer, Carl Theodor Hagen, Uta Thyra Barbara Menotti, Gian Carlo Dylan, Bob Hampson, Thomas Koussevitzky, Serge Menuhin, Yehudi Eastwood, Clinton Hampton, Henry Eugene Alexandrovich Merritt, A. Tillman Ellington, Edward Hancock, Herbert Kramer, Richard A. (Arthur Tillman) Kennedy (Duke) (Herbie) Jeffrey Kurosawa, Akira Messiaen, Olivier Engel, Carl Hanks, Tom Lang, Paul Henry Meyer, Leonard B. Erskine, John Hanson, Howard Laredo, Jaime Milhaud, Darius Falletta, JoAnn Harbison, John LaRue, Jan Miller, Jonathan Wolfe Falls, Robert Arthur Harran, Don Leacock, Richard Milnes, Sherrill Fassler, Margot E. Harris, Ellen T. Lee, Ang Mirren, Helen Feldman, Martha Harris, Emmylou Lee, Spike Moeser, James Fellini, Federico Hart, Kitty Carlisle Legend, John Monk, Meredith Field, Sally M. Hayes, Roland Lehner, Eugene Morris, Errol Mark Finney, Ross Lee Heartz, Daniel Leonard Leigh, Mike Morris, Mark Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich Heilman, William Leinsdorf, Erich Munch, Charles Fischer-Lichte, Erika Clifford Leon, Tania Muti, Riccardo Fleisher, Leon Hewson, Paul David [see Lesser, Laurence Mutter, Anna Sophie Fleming, Renée also Bono] Lesure, Francois Nettl, Bruno Foote, Arthur William Hill, Edward Burlingame Levin, Robert D. Newcomb, Anthony Forbes, Elliot Hindemith, Paul Levine, James Nichols, Mike Forman, Milos Hoffman, Dustin Lewin, David Benjamin Nikolais, Alwin Theodore Forte, Allen Holliger, Heinz Robert Lewis, Elma Ina Norman, Jessye Foss, Lukas Hood, Mantle Lewis, Leo Rich O’Connor, Tere R. Franklin, Benjamin Horne, Marilyn Ligeti, Gyorgy Sandor Oistrakh, David Fuller, Sarah A. Houghton, Charles Norris Lithgow, John A. Fyodorovich Galati, Frank Joseph Huston, Anjelica Lockwood, Lewis Henry Oja, Carol J.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Olivier, Laurence Kerr Rochberg, George Slatkin, Leonard Edward Treitler, Leo Oppens, Ursula Rollins, Theodore Slim, Harry Colin Uchida, Mitsuko Owens, Jessie Ann (Sonny) Walter Slobin, Mark S. Ulanova, Galina Ozawa, Seiji Rorem, Ned Smith, David Stanley Sergeyevna Pacino, Alfredo J. Rosand, Ellen Solomon, Maynard E. Upshaw, Dawn Paine, John Knowles Rosen, Charles Somfai, Laszlo Vaughan Williams, Ralph Palisca, Claude Victor Ross, Alex Sondheim, Stephen Villella, Edward Papp, Joseph Rostropovitch, Mstislav Joshua von Stade, Frederica Perle, George Leopoldowich Spalding, Walter Wajda, Andrzej Perlman, Itzhak Rothstein, Edward Raymond Ward, John Milton Petrassi, Goffredo Saariaho, Kaija A. Springsteen, Bruce Washington, Denzel Pinkham, Jr., Daniel Salonen, Esa-Pekka Frederick Joseph Waterston, Samuel A. Rogers Sayles, John Thomas Stanley, Ralph Edmund Watts, André Pirrotta, Nino (Antonino) Schreiber, Liev Starker, Janos Webster, James Piston, Jr., Walter Hamor Schuller, Gunther Steinhardt, Arnold Wheeldon, Christopher Poitier, Sidney Alexander Stern, Isaac Williams, John Polisi, Joseph William Schuman, William Stewart, Jacqueline Wilson, Robert Porter, Andrew Howard Stockhausen, Karlheinz Woetzel, Damian Powers, Harold Stone Scorsese, Martin Stoltzman, Richard Leslie Wolff, Christian Pressler, Menahem Max Seeger, Anthony Stravinsky, Igor Wolff, Christoph Jacob Seeger, Charles Louis Fyodorovich Johannes Previn, André George Sellars, Peter Streep, Meryl (Mary Wong Kar Wai, Price, Leontyne Senelick, Laurence Philip Louise) Woodworth, George Rabaud, Henri Benjamin Serkin, Rudolf Strehler, Giorgio Wallace Rainer, Yvonne Sessions, Roger Strunk, Oliver (William Wright, Craig M. Ran, Shulamit Huntington Oliver) Wuorinen, Charles Peter Ratner, Leonard G. Shapey, Ralph Stucky, Steven Wyner, Yehudi Reese, Gustave Shelemay, Kay Kaufman Szell, George Yu, Long Reich, Steve Shorter, Wayne Terry, Charles Sanford Zambello, Francesca Renoir, Jean Sibelius, Jean Julius Tharp, Twyla Zaslaw, Neal Reynolds, Christopher A. Christian Thomas, Augusta Read Zimmerman, Mary Alice Richards, Lloyd George Sierra, Roberto Thompson, Randall Zukofsky, Paul Rigg, Diana Sills, Beverly Thomson, Virgil Garnett Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe Rilling, Helmuth Silverstein, Joseph Harry Tick, Judith Roach, Joseph Simon, Paul Tilson Thomas, Michael Back to Subject Index Robbins, Jerome Simonds, Bruce Tippett, Michael Kemp Robertson, Anne Walters Simpson, Marietta Tomlinson, Gary Robertson, David Sisman, Elaine Tower, Joan Peabody

Philosophy Albert, David Z. Anscombe, Gertrude Barnes, Jonathan Albritton, Rogers Elizabeth Margaret Barwise, Kenneth Jon

Garland Appiah, Kwame Anthony Beardsley, Monroe Curtis Adams, Ernest Wilcox Alston, William Payne Armstrong, David Malet Beck, Lewis White Adams, Marilyn McCord Ameriks, Karl P. Audi, Robert Belnap, Nuel Adams, Robert Merrihew Anderson, Elizabeth S. Ayer, Alfred Jules Benacerraf, Paul Joseph Alanen, Lilli Annas, Julia Elizabeth Baier, Kurt Salomon Albanese, Catherine L.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Bennett, Jonathan Francis Copenhaver, Brian P. Friedman, Michael Hocking, William Ernest Berger, Harry Coulson, Charles Alfred Gadamer, Hans-Georg Hook, Sidney Bergson, Henri Louis Cousin, Victor Gamwell, Franklin I. Hornsby, Jennifer Berlin, Isaiah Croce, Benedetto Garber, Daniel E. Hu, Shih Betz, Hans Dieter Curley, Edwin Munson Garrett, Don Hull, David Lee Bixler, Julius Seelye Danto, Arthur Coleman Geach, Peter Thomas Husserl, Edmund Gustav Black, Max Darwall, Stephen L. Gewirth, Alan Albrecht Blackburn, Simon Davidson, Donald Herbert Gibbard, Allan F. Irwin, Terence Henry Blanshard, Brand Demos, Raphael Gilbert, Margaret P. Jaggar, Alison M. Block, Ned Dennett, Daniel Clement Gilson, Etienne-Henry James, William (1842- Boas, George d’Entreves, Alexander Glymour, Clark 1910) Bobbio, Norberto Passerin Goldman, Alvin Ira Jaspers, Karl Theodor Boghossian, Paul Artin Donagan, Alan Harry Gooding-Williams, Jeffrey, Richard Carl Boolos, George Stephen Dreben, Burton Spencer Robert Jonas, Hans Bowen, Francis Dretske, Fred (Frederick Goodman, Nelson Kagan, Shelly Boxill, Bernard R. Irwin) (Henry Nelson) Kahn, Charles H. Braithwaite, Richard Dreyfus, Hubert L. Greene, Theodore Meyer Kamm, Frances Myrna Bevan Ducasse, Curt John Gregory, Tullio Kamp, Johan Anthony Brandom, Robert Boyce Dummett, Michael Grene, Marjorie Willem Brandt, Richard Booker Anthony Eardley Glicksman Kaplan, David Benjamin Bratman, Michael E. Dunn, Jon Michael Grice, H. Paul (Herbert Keller, Evelyn Fox Brightman, Edgar Dupre, Louis Paul) Kenny, Anthony John Sheffield Dussel, Enrique D. Grunbaum, Adolf Patrick Broad, Charlie Dunbar Earman, John S. Gupta, Anil K. Kim, Jaegwon Broadie, Sarah Waterlow Edman, Irwin Guyer, Paul D. Kitcher, Patricia W. Bronowski, Jacob Emerson, Ralph Waldo Habermas, Jurgen Kitcher, Philip S. Broome, John Feigl, Herbert Hacking, Ian Klibansky, Raymond Brunschwig, Jacques Feinberg, Joel Hamilton, William Kolakowski, Leszek Burge, Charles Tyler Field, Hartry Hamlin (1788-1856) Korsgaard, Christine Burgess, John P. Findlay, John Niemeyer Hampshire, Stuart Marion Burnyeat, Myles Frederic Fine, Arthur Newton Koyre, Alexandre Butler, Judith Fine, Kit Hardacre, Helen Kraut, Richard Carnap, Rudolf Firth, Roderick Hare, Richard Mervyn Kripke, Saul Aaron Cartwright, Nancy Fiske, John Harman, Gilbert Helms Kristeller, Paul Oskar Delaney Fitch, Frederic Brenton Hartshorne, Charles Kyburg, Jr., Henry Ely Castaneda, Hector-Neri Fodor, Jerry Alan Haslanger, Sally Langer, Susanne Knauth Cavell, Stanley Louis Fogelin, Robert John Hausman, Daniel Murray Langton, Rae Chalmers, David John Follesdal, Dagfinn Kaare Hedge, Levi Larmore, Charles Chisholm, Roderick Foot, Philippa Ruth Hellman, Geoffrey Paul Lear, Jonathan Milton Frankel, Charles Hempel, Carl Gustav Lehrer, Keith Edward Cobb, Jr., John B. Frankena, William Klaas Henrich, Dieter Levi, Isaac Code, Alan D. Frankfurt, Harry Gordon Herman, Barbara Lewis, Clarence Irving Condorcet, Marie Jean Fraser, Nancy Hickok, Laurens Perseus Lewis, David Kellogg Antoine Nicolas Frede, Dorothea Aline Higginbotham, James Lindbeck, George A. Caritat, Marquis de Frede, Michael Hill, Jr., Thomas English Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Cooper, John Madison Freeman, Samuel R. Hintikka, Jaakko J. Richard

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Longino, Helen E. Peacocke, Christopher Schneider, Herbert van Fraassen, Bas C. Longuenesse, Beatrice Arthur Bruce Wallace van Inwagen, Peter Lowith, Karl Pears, David Francis Scholem, Gershom Velleman, J. David MacFarlane, John Peirce, Charles Santiago Gerhard Vlastos, Gregory MacIntyre, Alasdair Sanders Schweitzer, Albert von Weizsacker Chalmers Pepper, Stephen Coburn Searle, John Rogers (Freiherr), Carl Maddy, Penelope Jo Perry, John R. Sedley, David Neil Friedrich Malament, David Baruch Perry, Ralph Barton Seidenfeld, Teddy I. Von Wright, Georg Malcolm, Norman Adrian Pettit, Philip Noel Sellars, Wilfrid Stalker Henrik Mandelbaum, Maurice Pippin, Robert B. Shelby, Tommie Vuillemin, Jules Mansel, Henry Plantinga, Alvin Carl Shimony, Abner Eliezer Walker, James Longueville Polanyi, Michael Shoemaker, Sydney Walton, Kendall Lewis Marcus, Ruth Barcan Popkin, Richard Henry Sharpless Wang, Hao Mates, Benson Popper, Karl Raimund Sidgwick, Henry Watson, Gary L. Maudlin, Tim W.E. Pratt, James Bissett Sieg, Wilfried Weil, Eric McCosh, James Putnam, Hilary Whitehall Sklar, Lawrence West, Cornel McDowell, John Henry Quine, Willard Van Skyrms, Brian Whately, Richard McGee, Vann Orman Smith, Michael Andrew Whewell, William McKeon, Richard Peter Quinn, Philip L. Soames, Scott White, Morton Gabriel McMullin, Ernan Vincent Railton, Peter Albert Sober, Elliott Whitehead, Alfred North Mill, John Stuart Randall, Jr., John Herman Sorabji, Richard Rustom Wiggins, David Millikan, Ruth Garrett Rawls, John Kharsedji Wild, John Daniel Mills, Charles W. Recanati, François Sosa, Ernest Williams, Bernard Arthur Mints, Grigori Reichenbach, Hans Stace, Walter Terence Owen Morris, Charles William Remusat, Charles Francois Stalnaker, Robert Culp Williams, Michael J. Mothersill, Mary Marie, Comte de Stein, Howard Williamson, Timothy Murphy, Arthur Edward Rescher, Nicholas Stevenson, Charles Leslie Wilson, Margaret Dauler Nagel, Ernest Ricoeur, Paul Stewart, Dugald Wilson, Mark L. Nagel, Thomas Romero, Francisco Stich, Stephen Peter Wolf, Susan Rose Nehamas, Alexander Rorty, Richard McKay Strawson, Peter Frederick Wollheim, Richard Normore, Calvin Ross, William David Striker, Gisela Arthur Northrop, Filmer Stuart Royce, Josiah Stroud, Barry Wolterstorff, Nicholas Cuckow Ryle, Gilbert Stump, Eleonore Wood, Allen William Nozick, Robert Salmon, Wesley Charles Suppes, Patrick Woods, James Haughton Nussbaum, Martha Craven Sartre, Jean-Paul Tait, William Walker Woodward, James F. O’Neill, Onora Sylvia Satz, Debra Taylor, Charles Margrave Wright, Chauncey Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane Scanlon, Jr., Thomas Thomson, Judith Jarvis Wright, Crispin James Palmer, George Herbert Michael Todorov, Tzvetan Garth Parfit, Derek Antony Scheffler, Israel Toulmin, Stephen Wyschogrod, Edith Parker, DeWitt Henry Scheffler, Samuel Edelston Yablo, Stephen Parsons, Charles Dacre Schiffer, Stephen Trendelenburg, Friedrich Parsons, Terence Dwight Schneewind, Jerome Borges Adolf Back to Subject Index Passmore, John Arthur van Benthem, Johan

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Physics Bardeen, John Bray, Philip James Chaudhari, Praveen Bardeen, William Allan Brechignac, Catherine Chew, Geoffrey Foucar

Bargmann, Valentine Breit, Gregory Chodorow, Marvin Abbot, Joseph Hale Barish, Barry C. Brenner, Michael P. Christy, Robert Frederick Abbott, Laurence F. Barnett, Samuel Jackson Brewster, David Chu, Paul Ching-Wu Abelson, Philip Hauge Barrett, Alan Hildreth Brezin, Edouard (Ching-Wu Paul) Abragam, Anatole Barschall, Henry Herman Bridge, Herbert Sage Chu, Steven Abrahams, Elihu Barus, Carl Bridgman, Percy Clark, George Whipple Abrikosov, Alexei Bates, David Robert Williams Clarke, John (1943-) Alexeyevich Baym, Gordon Alan Briggs, Lyman James Adair, Robert Kemp Clausius, Rudolph Julius Beams, Jesse Wakefield Brinkman, William Frank Emmanuel Adelberger, Eric George Beasley, Malcolm Roy Brockhouse, Bertram Cockcroft, John Douglas Adler, Stephen Louis Bell, John Stewart Neville Aharony, Amnon Cohen, Marvin Lou Bell, Louis Brode, Robert Bigham Cohen-Tannoudji, Ahlers, Guenter Benedek, George Bernard Broglie, Louis Victor Claude Nessim Aigrain, Pierre Raoul Berkner, Lloyd Viel Pierre Raymond de Coleman, Sidney Richard Albrecht, Andreas J. Berko, Stephan Bromley, David Allan Colgate, Stirling Alfven, Hannes Olof Gosta Berrah, Nora Brooks, Harvey Auchincloss Allis, William Phelps Bethe, Hans Albrecht Brown, Gerald Edward Alpher, Ralph Asher Commins, Eugene David Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Brown, Harold Compton, Arthur Holly Altshuler, Boris Billings, Bruce Hadley Brown, Joseph Compton, Karl Taylor Alvarez, Luis Walter Biot, Jean Baptiste Brown, Sanborn Conner Amaldi, Edoardo Comstock, Daniel Frost Birgeneau, Robert Joseph Brueckner, Keith Allan Condon, Edward Uhler Ames, Joseph Sweetman Bitter, Francis Buchsbaum, Solomon Jan Conwell, Esther Marly Ames, Jr., Adelbert Bjorken, James Daniel Bucksbaum, Philip Anderson, Carl David Coolidge, William David Blackett (Lord), Patrick Howard Cooper, Leon Neil Anderson, Herbert Maynard Stuart Buechner, William Weber Coppersmith, Susan N. Lawrence Bleakney, Walker Bumstead, Henry Anderson, Philip Warren Coppi, Bruno Bleaney, Brebis Andrews Cormack, Allan MacLeod Andrei, Eva Y. Bloch, Felix Busse, Friedrich Hermann Cornell, Eric Allin Anslow, Gladys Amelia Bloembergen, Nicolaas Bustamante, Carlos J. Appelquist, Thomas W. Cornu, Marie Alfred Blume, Martin Cabibbo, Nicola Crabtree, George William Appleton, Edward Victor Boebinger, Gregory S. Cady, Walter Guyton Crane, Horace Richard Arima, Akito Bohr, Aage Niels Callan, Curtis G. Crawford, Franzo Hazlett Arkani-Hamed, Nima Bohr, Niels Henrik David Campbell, Leslie Lyle Crew, Henry Armstrong, John Allan Bolt, Richard Henry Capasso, Federico Crewe, Albert Victor Arrhenius, Svante August Boltzmann, Ludwig Casimir, Hendrik Brugt Cronin, James Watson Artsimovich, Lev Born, Max Gerhard Cross, Charles Robert Andreevich Bowen, Edward George Cauchy (Baron), Austin, Robert Hamilton Cummins, Herman Bowers, Raymond Augustin Louis Zachary Auston, David Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Ceperley, David M. Dai, Hongjie Awschalom, David D. Braginsky, Vladimir Chaffee, Emory Leon Bacher, Robert Fox Damour, Thibault Borisovich Chaikin, Paul M. Darrow, Karl Kelchner Bainbridge, Kenneth Branscomb, Lewis Chamberlain, Owen Dashen, Roger Frederick Tompkins McAdory Chan, Moses H. W. Davis, Harvey Nathaniel Balents, Leon Brattain, Walter Houser Charpie, Robert Alan Davis, Jr., Raymond Banks, Thomas

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Davisson, Clinton Joseph Esaki, Leo Gaffield, Thomas Ha, Taekjip Daw, Murray S. Evans, Robley Dunglison Gaillard, Mary Katharine Haeberli, Willy Dawson, John M. Ewald, Paul Peter Garwin, Richard Hahn, Erwin Louis de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles Ewell, Arthur Woolsey Lawrence Haldane, F. Duncan M. de La Rive, Auguste Arthur Faddeev, Ludwig D. Gates, Jr., Sylvester James (Frederick Duncan de Shalit, Amos Fairbank, William Martin Geballe, Theodore Henry Michael) Debye, Peter Joseph Falcone, Roger W. Geiss, Johannes Hall, Edwin Herbert William Fano, Ugo Gell-Mann, Murray Halperin, Bertrand Israel Dehmelt, Hans Georg Faraday, Michael Georgi, Howard Hänsch, Theodor Demos, Peter Theodore Farnsworth, Harry Getting, Ivan Alexander Wolfgang Derr, Louis Edward Giaever, Ivar Hansteen, Christopher Deser, Stanley Feher, George Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Happer, William Deutsch, Martin Feigenbaum, Mitchell Jay Gibbs, Josiah Willard Harari, Haim Devoret, Michel Henri Feld, Bernard Taub Ginzburg, Vitaly Hardy, Arthur Cobb DeWitt, Bryce S. Feldman, Gary J. Lazarevich Haroche, Serge Dicke, Robert Henry Feshbach, Herman Girvin, Steven M. Harrison, George Russell Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Fisher, Daniel S. Glaser, Donald Arthur Hartle, James Burkett Dimopoulos, Savas Fisher, Matthew P. A. Glashow, Sheldon Lee Harvey, George Graham Dine, Michael Fisk, James Brown Glauber, Roy Jay Harvey, Jeffrey A. Dirac, Paul Adrien Fisk, Zachary Goldberger, Marvin Hau, Lene Vestergaard Maurice Fitch, Val Logsdon Leonard Hawking, Stephen Dolbear, Amos Emerson Fleischer, Robert Louis Goldenfeld, Nigel David William Donnelly, Russell James Fleury, Paul Aimé Goldhaber, Gerson Haworth, Leland John Dorfan, Jonathan Manne Fortson, Edward Norval Goldhaber, Maurice Haxton, Wick C. Drell, Persis Sydney Fowler, Alan Bicksler Goldstone, Jeffrey Hayes, Hammond Vinton Drell, Sidney David Fradkin, Eduardo Hector Gollub, Jerry Paul Heaviside, Oliver Dresselhaus, Mildred Franck, James Gonzalez, Gabriela Heisenberg, Werner Karl Spiewak Frank, Nathaniel Herman Goodwin, Harry Manley Hellman, Frances Drever, Ronald William Frank, Philipp G. Gordon, William Edwin Henley, Ernest Mark Prest Franklin, William Gor’kov, Lev Petrovich Henry, Joseph Drisko, William Johnson Suddards Gorter, Cornelis Jacobus Herman, Robert Dryden, Hugh Latimer Frauenfelder, Hans Emil Gottfried, Kurt Herring, William Conyers Duane, William Freedman, Daniel Z. Goudsmit, Samuel Herzfeld, Karl Ferdinand DuBridge, Lee Alvin Freedman, Stuart Jay Abraham Heymans, Paul Alphonse Duff, Alexander Wilmer Friedan, Daniel Harry Greene, Laura H. Hickman, Roger Wayne Dynes, Robert Carr Friedel, Jacques Greytak, Thomas J. Hill, Albert Gordon Dyson, Freeman John Friedman, Francis Lee Gribov, Vladimir Ho, Tin-Lun Dzyaloshinskii, Igor Friedman, Herbert Naumovich Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Eastman, Dean Eric Friedman, Jerome Isaac Grodzins, Lee Carlile Edlen, Bengt Frisch, David Henry Gross, David Jonathan Hofstadter, Robert Edwards, Helen Thom Frosch, Robert Alan Gruner, Sol Michael Hohenberg, Pierre Ehrenreich, Henry Fubini, Sergio Piero Gunn, John Battiscombe Claude Einstein, Albert Furry, Wendell Hinkle Gursey, Feza Holman, Silas Whitcomb Elsasser, Walter Maurice Furth, Harold Paul Guth, Alan Harvey Holstein, Theodore David Emery, Victor J. Gabor, Dennis Gutzwiller, Martin Holton, Gerald James Entin-Wohlman, Ora Gabrielse, Gerald Charles Horowitz, Gary T.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Houston, William Kelly, Harry Charles Lax, Benjamin Marshak, Robert Eugene Vermillion Kemble, Edwin Crawford Lax, Melvin Martin, Paul Cecil Huang, Kerson Kendall, Henry Way Le Corbeiller, Philippe Massey, Walter Eugene Hubbard, John Charles Kennel, Charles Frederick Emmanuel Matthias, Bernd Teo Hughes, Vernon Willard Kent, Norton Adams LeConte, John Mavalvala, Nergis Hulet, Randall Gardner Kerman, Arthur Kent Lederman, Leon Max Max, Claire Ellen Hull, Gordon Ferrie Kerst, Donald William Lee, Benjamin Whisoh Maxwell, James Clerk Humphreys, William Ketterle, Wolfgang Lee, David Morris Mayer (Goeppert- Jackson Kim, Young-Kee Lee, Patrick A. Mayer), Maria Hunt, Edward Bissell Kimball, Alonzo Smith Lee, Tsung-Dao Gertrude Goeppert Hunt, Frederick Vinton King, Ronold Wyeth Lefavour, Henry Mayer, Alfred Marshall Huse, David Percival Leggett, Anthony James McEuen, Paul L. Hutchins, Charles Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Leighton, Robert McKeehan, Louis Clifford Kittel, Charles Benjamin Williams Inghram, Mark Gordon Kivelson, Steven Allan Lepage, G. Peter McMillan, Edwin Ioffe (Joffe), Abram Klebanov, Igor R. Levine, Herbert Mattison Fedorovich Klein, Miles Vincent Libchaber, Albert Joseph McMillan, William Ives, James Edmund Kleman, Maurice Lieb, Elliott Hershel Laughlin Jacak, Barbara V. Kleppner, Daniel Linde, Andrei Meitner, Lise Jackiw, Roman Wladimir Knight, Walter David Dmitriyevich Melloni, Macedonio Jackson, John David Knipp, Julian Knause Lindsay, Robert Bruce Mendenhall, Charles Jackson, Shirley Ann Kohlrausch, Friedrich Litster, James David Elwood Jacques, William White Wilhelm Georg Liu, Andrea J. Mendenhall, Thomas Jaeger, Heinrich M. Kohn, Walter Livingston, Milton Corwin Jaffe, Arthur Michael Kompfner, Rudolf Stanley Menon, Mambillikalathil Jaffe, Robert Loren Koonin, Steven Elliot Longmire, Conrad Lee Govind Kumar Jain, Jainendra Kumar Kosterlitz, J. Michael Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Mermin, Nathaniel David Jarzynski, Christopher Kraushaar, William Lester Louie, Steven Gwon Merritt, Ernest George Javan, Ali Kroll, Norman Myles Sheng Meserve, Richard Jeffries, Carson Dunning Kubo, Ryogo Lovering, Joseph Andrew Jin, Deborah S. Kurti, Nicholas Low, Francis Eugene Metropolis, Nicholas Joannopoulos, John D. Kusch, Polykarp Lubensky, Tom C. Constantine Johnson, Kenneth Alan Lamb, Jr., Willis Eugene Luk, Kam-Biu Michelson, Albert Jones, R. Clark (Robert Landau, Lev Davidovich Luttinger, Joaquin Abraham Clark) Landauer, Rolf William Mazdak Michelson, Peter F. Josephson, Brian David Lane, Neal Francis Lyman, Theodore (1874- Miller, Dayton Clarence Joule, James Prescott Langer, James Stephen 1954) Millikan, Robert Andrews Kadanoff, Leo Philip Langmuir, Irving MacDonald, Allan Hugh Millionshchikov, Mikhail Kallosh, Renata Larmor, Joseph Maclaurin, Richard Dmitrievich Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich Larmore, Lewis Cockburn Mimno, Harry Rowe Kapitulnik, Aharon Laue, Max Theodor Felix Mahan, Gerald Dennis Misner, Charles W. Kaplan, David B. von Maldacena, Juan Martín Moniz, Ernest J. Kapteyn, Henry C. Laughlin, Robert B. Mandel, Leonard Montroll, Elliott Waters Kardar, Mehran Lauritsen, Thomas Mandelstam, Stanley Moore, Gregory Kastner, Marc Aaron Lawrence, Ernest Marchetti, M. Cristina Winthrop Keck, James Collyer Orlando Margenau, Henry Morrison, David R.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Morrison, Philip Onuchic, Jose Nelson Polchinski, Joseph G. Sachs, Robert Green Morse, Harry Wheeler Ooguri, Hirosi Politzer, Hugh David Sagdeev, Roald Morse, Philip McCord Oppenheimer, J. Robert Polyakov, Alexander M. Zinnurovich Morse, Robert Warren (Julius Robert) Pound, Robert Vivian Sakharov, Andrei Moshinsky, Marcos Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich Prandtl, Ludwig Dmitriyevich Mossbauer, Rudolf Osborne, Louis Shreve Prescott, Charles Young Sala, Oscar Ludwig Osheroff, Douglas Dean Preston, William Munro Salam, Abdus Mott, Nevill Francis Overhage, Carl F. J. Primakoff, Henry Samios, Nicholas Peter Mottelson, Ben Roy Overhauser, Albert Pritchard, David E. Sarabhai, Vikram Mueller, Alfred H. Warner Prokhorov, Alexander Ambalal Mueller, Hans Page, Charles Grafton Mikhailovitch Sarachik, Myriam Paula Muller, Richard A. Page, Leigh Pupin, Michael Idvorsky Morgenstein Mulliken, Robert Pais, Abraham Purcell, Edward Mills Saunders, Frederick Sanderson Pake, George Edward Quake, Stephen R. Albert Murayama, Hitoshi Panofsky, Wolfgang Kurt Quinn, Helen R. Scalapino, Douglas James Murnane, Margaret Mary Hermann Rabe, Karin M. Schawlow, Arthur Murray, Cherry A. Parkin, Stuart Stephen Rabi, Isidor Isaac Leonard Nagel, Sidney Robert Papworth Racah, Giulio Scherrer, Paul Hermann Nambu, Yoichiro Paschen, Friedrich (Louis Ramond, Pierre Schiff, Leonard Isaac Narayanamurti, Carl Heinrich Friedrich) Ramsey, Norman Foster Schiffer, John P. Venkatesh Patel, (Chandra) Kumar Randall, Lisa Schmitt, Roland Walter Neal, Homer Alfred Naranbhai Read, Nicholas Schoelkopf, Robert J. Neel, Louis Eugene Felix Paul, Wolfgang Reines, Frederick Schrieffer, John Robert Ne’eman, Yuval Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst Reppy, John D. Schroeder, Manfred Nelson, Ann E. Peccei, Roberto D. Reynolds, John Hamilton Robert Nelson, David Robert Peierls, Rudolf Ernst Richards, Paul Linford Schroedinger, Erwin Nichols, Edward Pendry, John Brian Richardson, Robert Schuller, Ivan K. Leamington Perl, Martin Lewis Coleman Schwarz, John Henry Nichols, Ernest Fox Perlmutter, Saul Richter, Burton Schweber, Silvan Samuel Nier, Alfred Otto Carl Peskin, Michael E. Richtmyer, Floyd Karker Schwinger, Julian Nierenberg, William Pethick, Christopher John Righi, Augusto Seymour Aaron Pettengill, Gordon Robertson, Howard Percy Schwitters, Roy Frederick Norton, Charles Ladd Hemenway Robertson, R.G. Hamish Scully, Marlan O. Norton, William Phillips, William Daniel Rood, Ogden Nicholas Segre, Emilio Gino Augustus Picasso, Emilio Rosenbaum, Thomas F. Seiberg, Nathan Nottingham, Wayne Pierce, George Washington Rosenbluth, Marshall Seitz, Frederick Buckles Pinczuk, Aron Nicholas Serber, Robert Nozieres, Philippe Pierre Pine, David J. Rossi, Bruno Benedetto Shankar, Ramamurti Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Pines, David Rotblat, Joseph Shen, Yuen-Ron O’Brien, Brian Pipkin, Francis Marion Rowland, Henry Shen, Zhixun Oda, Minoru Pippard, Alfred Brian Augustus Shenker, Stephen H. Oddone, Piermaria J. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Rubakov, Valery A. Shirane, Gen Oersted (Orsted), Hans Ludwig Rubbia, Carlo Shochet, Melvyn Jay Christian Plummer, Earl Ward Rutherford, Ernest Shockley, William Oldenberg, Otto Poggendorff, Johann Sabine, Wallace Clement Bradford Ong, Nai-Phuan Christian Sachdev, Subir Shoenberg, David

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Shull, Clifford Glenwood Sutherland, Gordon Van Vleck, John Williams, Ellen Dudley Siegbahn, Kai Manne Brims Black McIvor Hasbrouck Williams, Robert Walter Borge Swinney, Harry Leonard Vanderbilt, David H. Willis, William J. Siegbahn, Karl Manne ‘t Hooft, Gerard Villars, Felix Marc Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Georg Tamm, Igor Evgenievich Hermann Wilson, Kenneth Geddes Simmons, Michelle Tank, David W. Vineyard, George Wilson, Richard Yvonne Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram Hoagland Wilson, Robert Rathbun Simon, Franz Eugen Taylor, Richard E. Virasoro, Miguel Angel Wineland, David Jeffery (Francis) Telegdi, Valentine Louis von Helmholtz, Hermann Winstein, Bruce Darrell Simpson, John Alexander Teller, Edward Ludwig Ferdinand Wise, Mark Brian Sinai, Yakov Thaddeus, Patrick von Weizsacker Witherell, Michael Grigoryevich Thompson (Count (Freiherr), Carl Witten, Edward Slater, John Clarke Rumford), Benjamin Friedrich Witten, Thomas Adams Slichter, Charles Pence Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Wald, Robert Manuel Wolff, Peter Adalbert Smith, Robert Allan William Walther, Herbert Wood, Robert Williams Smoluchowski, Roman Thomson, George Paget Warren, Bertram Eugene Wu, Chien-Shiung Smyth, Henry DeWolf Thomson, Joseph John Webb, Julian Hale Wu, Sau Lan Yu Sommerfeld, Arnold Thorne, Kip Stephen Webb, Richard Alan Wu, Tai Tsun Johannes Wilhelm Thouless, David James Webb, Watt W. Yablonovitch, Eli Sompolinsky, Haim Tigner, Maury Weber, Wilhelm Edward Yang, Chen Ning Son, Dam Thanh Ting, Samuel Chao Webster, Arthur Gordon Yazdani, Ali Sorokin, Peter Chung Webster, David Locke York, Herbert Frank Pitirimovich Tinkham, Michael Weinberg, Alvin Martin Young, A. Peter Steinberger, Jack Tisza, Laszlo Weinberg, Steven Young, Thomas Stewart, Balfour Tomonaga, Sin-itiro Weiss, Rainer Yu, Clare C. Stewart, George Walter Toulouse, Gerard Weisskopf, Victor Yukawa, Hideki Stockbarger, Donald Tousey, Richard Frederick Zacharias, Jerrold Charles Townes, Charles Hard Weitz, David A. Reinach Stoicheff, Boris Peter Treiman, Sam Bard Wentzcovitch, Renata Zachariasen, William Stokes, George Gabriel Trilling, George Henry M.M. Houlder (Fredrik Stormer, Horst Ludwig Trowbridge, John Whaley, K. Birgitta William Houlder) Strandberg, Malcolm Tuve, Merle Antony Wheatstone, Charles Zamolodchikov, Woodrow Pershing Uhlenbeck, George Wheeler, John Archibald Alexander B. Stratton, Julius Adams Eugene White, Steven R. Zee, Anthony Stratton, Samuel Wesley Unruh, William G. Whiting, Harold Zel’dovich, Yakov Strauch, Karl Vafa, Cumrun Wick, Gian Carlo Borisovich Street, Jabez Curry Vallarta, Manuel Wieman, Carl E. Zeleny, John Strominger, Andrew Sandoval Wightman, Arthur Zettl, Alex K. Strong, John Donovan Van Allen, James Alfred Strong Zhang, Shoucheng Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), Van de Graaff, Robert Wigner, Eugene Paul Zumino, Bruno John William Jemison Wiik, Bjorn H. Zweig, George Suhl, Harry Van der Meer, Simon Wilczek, Frank Suits, Chauncey Guy Van Harlingen, Dale J. Wilkins, John Warren Back to Subject Index Susskind, Leonard Van Hove, Leon Charles Wilkinson, David Todd Prudent Will, Clifford M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Physiology and Cohen, Fred E. Hille, Bertil MacNider, William de Comroe, Jr., Julius Hiram Hitchings, George Herbert Berniere Pharmacology Coughlin, Shaun Robert Hoagland, Hudson Marks, Andrew Robert Courrier, Robert Marie Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd Martin, Ernest Gale Adey, William Ross Jules Constant Hoffman, Joseph Martin, Henry Newell Adolph, Edward Dale, Henry Hallett Frederick Martini, Luciano Frederick Dalton, Jr., John Call Hoskins, Roy Graham McCann, Samuel Agre, Peter Courtland Denton, Derek Ashworth Hough, Theodore McDonald Armstrong, Clay Diamond, Jared Mason Houssay, Bernardo Means, Anthony Ross Margrave Dill, David Bruce Alberto Mendel, Lafayette Astwood, Edwin Bennett Donders, Franz Cornelis Howell, William Henry Benedict Axelrod, Julius (Franciscus Cornelis) Huber, Franz Mommaerts, Wilfried Bacon, John (1817-1881) Drinker, Cecil Kent Hunt, Reid Francis Henry Maria Barcroft, Joseph Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Huxley, Andrew Fielding Moon, Randall T. Bard, Philip Heinrich Ignarro, Louis Joseph Moruzzi, Giuseppe Barger, Abraham Clifford Eccles, John Carew Imura, Hiroo Munson, Paul Lewis Barron, Donald Henry Einthoven, Willem Ingle, Dwight Joyce Murad, Ferid Beidler, Lloyd M. Elion, Gertrude Belle Ingraham, Holly A. Muralt, Alexander Benedict, Francis Gano Erspamer, Vittorio Jellinek, Elvin Morton Ludwig von Berliner, Robert William Fenn, Wallace Osgood Jensen, Elwood Vernon Oates, Jr., John Alexander Bern, Howard Alan Flier, Jeffrey Scott Kahn, Carl Ronald Pappenheimer, John Berne, Robert Matthew Forbes, Alexander Katz, Bernard Richard Bernhard, Carl Gustaf Foster, Michael Katzenellenbogen, Benita Perl, Edward Roy Best, Charles Herbert Fulton, George Pearman Schulman Pitts, Robert Franklin Bezanilla, Francisco Furchgott, Robert Francis Keynes, Richard Darwin Porter, William Blau, Helen Margaret Gasser, Herbert Spencer Knobil, Ernst Townsend Bourne, Henry Reid Giebisch, Gerhard Hans Krayer, Otto Hermann Pratt, Frederick Haven Bovet, Daniel Gill, Gordon Nelson Krogh, August (Schack Prosser, Clifford Ladd Bowditch, Henry Gilman, Alfred August Steenberg) Rahn, Hermann Pickering Gilman, Alfred Goodman Kronecker, Hugo Rall, Joseph Edward Brobeck, John Raymond Glynn, Ian Michael Kuhne, Willy (Wilhelm Rapport, David Brookhart, John Mills Goldberg, Irving Hyman Friedrich) Richards, Alfred Newton Brown-Sequard, Charles Goldstein, Avram Landis, Eugene Markley Roberts, Anita Bauer Edouard Gottschalk, Carl William Lapicque, Louis Edouard Roeder, Kenneth David Bueding, Ernest Gregory, Roderic Alfred Leake, Chauncey Depew Rosenthal, Sanford Bunker, John Wymond Guillemin, Roger Charles Leinwand, Leslie Anne Morris Miller Louis Li, Choh Hao Rossier, Bernard Burg, Maurice Benjamin Hardy, James Daniel Loeb, Jacques Roth, Bryan L. Campbell, Kevin Peter Harris, Geoffrey Loew, Earl Randall Runnstrom, John Axel Cannon, Walter Bradford Wingfield Lorente de No, Rafael Mauritz Carlson, Loren Daniel Harvey, Edmund Newton Lowry, Oliver Howe Sakmann, Bert Carpenter, Thorne Hechter, Oscar Milton Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Salter, William Thomas Martin Heiligenberg, Walter Wilhelm Schally, Andrew Victor Catterall, William A. Friedrich Luft, Rolf Scharrer, Berta Vogel Chang, Min-Chueh Hermann, Ludimar Lyman, Charles Peirson Schlessinger, Joseph Hill, Archibald Vivian Schmidt, Carl Frederic

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil Silverstein, Samuel Talalay, Paul von Euler, Ulf Svante Mimi Charles Tenney, Stephen Marsh von Helmholtz, Hermann Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut Simon, M. Celeste Teorell, Torsten (Erik Ludwig Ferdinand Scholander, Per Fredrik Sizer, Irwin Whiting Torsten Augustinus) Weber, Hans Hermann Thorkelsson Smith, Homer William Tomita, Tsuneo Julius Wilhelm Schwann, Theodor Sokoloff, Louis Tosteson, Daniel Charles Westheimer, Gerald Ambrose Hubert Solandt, Omond Tsien, Richard Winyu Wyman, Leland Clifton Schwartz, Neena Betty McKillop Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Scrimshaw, Nevin Sollmann, Torald Vane, John Robert Back to Subject Index Stewart Hermann Varki, Ajit P. Short, Roger Valentine Steinbach, Henry Burr Visscher, Maurice Bolks Stiles, Percy Goldthwait Vogt, Marthe Louise

Plant Sciences Bogorad, Lawrence Clayton, Roderick Keener Evans, Alexander Bold, Harold Charles Cleland, Ralph Erskine William

Bonner, James Frederick Clinton, George Perkins Evert, Ray Franklin Abrams, LeRoy Boott, Francis Collins, Frank Shipley Farlow, William Gilson Agardh, Jacob Georg Borlaug, Norman Ernest Constance, Lincoln Faull, Joseph Horace Alexopoulos, Constantine Bornet, Jean Baptiste Coulter, John Merle Faxon, Charles Edward John Edouard Cummings, Ralph Waldo Fernald, Merritt Lyndon Ames, Oakes Borthwick, Harry Alfred Curtis, Moses Ashley Fisher, Richard Thornton Anderson, Edgar Shannon Bower, Frederick Orpen Davenport, George Florin, Rudolf (Carl Arnon, Daniel Israel Boysen-Jensen, Peter Edward Rudolf) Arthur, Joseph Charles Branton, Daniel Joseph Davis, Bradley Moore Foster, Adriance Ashby (Baron), Eric Braun, Alexander Carl Decaisne, Joseph Sherwood Ashton, Peter Shaw Heinrich Dewey, Chester French, Charles Stacy Axelrod, Daniel Isaac Braun, Armin Charles Diels, Ludwig Frey-Wyssling, Albert Bailey, Irving Widmer John Diener, Theodor Otto Friedrich Bailey, Jacob Whitman Briggs, Winslow Russell Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie Fries, Elias Magnus Bailey, Liberty Hyde Briquet, John Isaac Eames, Arthur Johnson Galston, Arthur William Baker, Herbert George Britton, Nathaniel Lord East, Edward Murray Ganong, William Francis Baldwin, Henry Ives Brown, Robert Eaton, Daniel Cady Gast, Paul Rupert Barghoorn, Jr., Elso Burrill, Thomas Jonathan Ehrendorfer, Friedrich Gibbs, Martin Sterrenberg Campbell, Douglas Eichler, August Wilhelm Giles, Norman Henry Barrett, Spencer Charles Houghton Elliott, Stephen Goddard, David Rockwell Hilton Candolle, Alphonse Louis Emerson, George Barrell Godwin, Harry Barton, Benjamin Smith Pierre de Emerson, Ralph Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Beevers, Harry Castle, Edward Sears Emerson, Robert Goodale, George Lincoln Bentham, George Chandler, Jr., Robert Flint Emerson, Rollins Adams Goodwin, Richard Hale Bergen, Joseph Young Chapman, Alvan Endlicher, Stephan Grant, Verne Edwin Bergius, Petter Jonas Wentworth Ladislaus Gray, Asa Berry, Edward Wilber Cheadle, Vernon Irvin Engelmann, George Hall, Harvey Monroe Bigelow, Jacob Chory, Joanne Engler, Adolph Gustav Harper, John Lander Billings, William Dwight Clarke, Adrienne Heinrich Harper, Robert Almer Bjorkman, Olle Erik Elizabeth Esau, Katherine Harrar, Jacob George Blakeslee, Albert Francis Clausen, Jens Christian Heer, Oswald Blinks, Lawrence Rogers

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Heslop-Harrison, John Martius, Karl Friedrich Rollins, Reed Clark Swanson, Carl Pontius Hitchcock, Albert Spear Phillip von Russell, John Lewis Swartz, Olof Peter Hoagland, Dennis Robert Maximowicz Sahni, Birbal Taylor, William Hofmeister, Wilhelm (Maksimovic), Carl Saporta, Louis Charles Randolph Friedrich Benedict Johann Joseph Gaston, Marquis Thaxter, Roland Hooker, Joseph Dalton Maxon, William Ralph de Thimann, Kenneth Hooker, William Jackson Merrill, Elmer Drew Sargent, Charles Sprague Vivian Horsfall, James Gordon Messing, Joachim Sax, Karl Tippo, Oswald Howard, Richard Alden Meyerowitz, Elliot M. Schiff, Jerome Arnold Torrey, John Jack, John George Miyabe, Kingo Schmitt, Johanna M. Torrey, John Gordon Jacobsen, Steven E. Mohl, Hugo von Schultes, Richard Evans Trelease, William Jagendorf, Andre Tridon Mrak, Emil Marcel Sears, Ernest Robert Tuckerman, Edward James, Thomas Potts Mueller (Baron), Sears, Paul Bigelow Urban, Ignatz Jeffrey, Edward Charles Ferdinand von Setchell, William Albert Varner, Joseph Elmer Jepson, Willis Linn Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm Seward, Albert Charles Vasey, George Johnston, Ivan Murray von Seymour, Arthur Bliss Verdoorn, Frans Jones, Donald Forsha Newcomb, Eldon Henry Short, Charles Wilkins von Sachs, Julius Jussieu, Adrien Henry Oakes, William Siegelman, Harold Vries, Hugo de Laurent de Ogren, William Lewis William Waggoner, Paul Edward Kelman, Arthur Olney, Stephen Thayer Simpson, Beryl Brintnall Wagner, Jr., Warren Knoll, Andrew Herbert Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen Sinnott, Edmund Ware Herbert Kok, Bessel Osterhout, Winthrop Skoog, Folke Karl Wardlaw, Claude Wilson Kramer, Paul Jackson John Vanleuven Smith, Albert Charles Warming, Johannes Kursanov, Andrei Parodi, Lorenzo Smith, Erwin Frink Eugenius Bulow Lvovich Raimundo Smith, Gilbert Morgan Watson, Sereno Kustu, Sydney Govons Peirce, George James Smith, John Donnell Weatherby, Charles Lamb, Ivan Mackenzie (I. Pfeffer, Wilhelm Smith, William Wright Alfred Mackenzie) Friedrich Philipp Solms-Laubach, Went, Frits Warmolt Lambert, Fred Dayton Piper, Charles Vancouver Hermann Graf zu Wessler, Susan R. Lang, Anton Porsild, Alf Erling Spoehr, Herman Weston, Jr., William Lange, Otto Ludwig Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey Augustus Henry Lesquereux, Leo Raper, John Robert Sprague, Charles James Wetmore, Ralph Hartley Lindley, John Raper, Kenneth Bryan Srb, Adrian Morris Wettstein, Richard Lipman, Jacob Goodale Raup, Hugh Miller Stadler, Lewis John White, Philip Rodney Livingston, Burton Raven, Peter Hamilton Stakman, Elvin Charles White, William Lawrence Edward Rehder, Alfred Stebbins, Sr., George Willey, Henry Lloyd, David Graham Rendle, Alfred Barton Ledyard Wilson, Ernest Henry Lundegardh, Henrik Renner, Otto Steere, William Campbell Wortman, Sterling (Leo Gunnar Rhoades, Marcus Morton Steward, Frederick Sterling) Lyman, George Richard Riddle, Lincoln Ware Campion Yeager, Albert Franklin Maheshwari, Panchanan Risser, Paul Gillan Strasburger, Eduard Zelitch, Israel Mangelsdorf, Paul Robbins, William Jacob Adolf Zimmermann, Martin Christoph Robertson, Rutherford Sturgis, William Codman Huldrych Mann, Horace (1844- Ness Sullivant, William 1868) Robinson, Benjamin Starling Back to Subject Index Manton, Irene Lincoln Swain, Tony

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Political Science / Blakeslee, George Colton, Timothy J. Friedrich, Carl Joachim Hubbard Converse, Philip Ernest Galston, William Arthur International Blank, Rebecca Cox, Gary Walter Gaus, John Merriman Relations Blondel, Jean Fernand Cramer, Karine J. George, Alexander Pierre Crane, Robert Treat Lawrence

Boix, Carles Cranston, Maurice Gerber, Alan S. Achen, Christopher Bosworth, Stephen W. William Gerber, Elisabeth R. Henry Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. Cushman, Robert Eugene Gilens, Martin Adams, Ruth Salzman Bracher, Karl Dietrich Daalder, Hans Gilpin, Robert George Aldrich, John Brady, David W. Dahl, Robert Alan Goguel, François Allen, Danielle Brady, Henry E. Davenport, Christian Ferdinand Almond, Gabriel Brodie, Bernard Dawson, Michael C. Goldstein, Judith L. Abraham Brody, Richard Alan Derthick, Martha Ann Goodnow, Frank Johnson Alt, James Edward Brogan, Denis William Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang Goodrich, Leland Altshuler, Alan Anthony Brown, Archibald Diermeier, Daniel Matthew Alvarez, R. Michael Haworth (Archie) Downs, George W. Gourevitch, Peter Alexis Anderson, Benedict R. Brzezinski, Zbigniew Doyle, Michael William Gowa, Joanne S. O’Gorman Buchan, Alastair Francis Druckman, James N. Green, Donald Philip Ansolabehere, Stephen D. Bueno de Mesquita, Dunn, John Montfort Greenstein, Fred Irwin Apter, David Ernest Bruce J. Duverger, Maurice Grofman, Bernard Arendt, Hannah Bunce, Valerie Jane Easton, David Norman Arnold, R. Douglas Bundy, McGeorge Eckstein, Harry Gross, Leo Aron, Raymond Claude Burnham, Walter Dean Eldersveld, Samuel James Grzymala-Busse, Anna Ferdinand Burns, James MacGregor Elliott III, William Gutmann, Amy Austen-Smith, David Burns, Nancy Yandell Haas, Ernst Bernard Axelrod, Robert M. Butler, David Edgeworth Ellwood, David Tabor Habib, Adam M. Bailey, Stephen Kemp Cain, Bruce Edward Elshtain, Jean Bethke Haines, Charles Grove Ball, Mary Margaret Cameron, Charles M. Elster, Jon Hall, Peter A. Banfield, Edward Christie Campbell, Andrea Louise Emerson, Rupert Hamilton, Charles Barker, Ernest Canes-Wrone, Brandice Epstein, Lee Vernon Barker, Lucius Carey, John M. Epstein, Leon David Hansen, John Mark Barry, Brian Michael Carmines, Edward G. Erikson, Robert S. Hardin, Russell Bartels, Larry Martin Carnesale, Albert Eulau, Heinz Hartz, Louis Bates, Robert Hinrichs Carr, Robert Kenneth Fainsod, Merle Hassner, Pierre Bator, Francis Michael Carter, Ashton Baldwin Fearon, James D. Heclo, Hugh (Henry Baumgartner, Frank R. Carter, Gwendolen Feddersen, Timothy J. Hugh) Beck, Nathaniel Margaret Fenno, Jr., Richard Hensler, Deborah R. Beer, Samuel Hutchison Castaneda, Jorge G. Francis Herring, Pendleton Beitz, Charles R. Cherington, Charles Ferejohn, John Arthur (Edward Pendleton) Bendor, Jonathan Richards Fesler, James William Hochschild, Jennifer Lucy Benhabib, Seyla Cohen, Cathy J. Finnemore, Martha Hoffmann, Stanley Harry Berger, Suzanne Cohen, Joshua Fiorina, Morris Paul Holcombe, Arthur Bernstein, Marver Hillel Cole, Robert Taylor Fox, William Thornton Norman Bialer, Seweryn Coleman, James Smoot Rickert Holden, Jr., Matthew Bienen, Henry Samuel Collier, David Freeman, John R. Holmes, Stephen Taylor Binder, Leonard Collier, Ruth Berins Frieden, Jeffry A. Huber, John D. Binder, Sarah A.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Huckfeldt, Robert Laitin, David Dennis McKelvey, Richard Polsby, Nelson Woolf Huntington, Samuel Lake, David A. Drummond Pool, Ithiel de Sola Phillips Lambie, Morris Bryan Mearsheimer, John Poole, Keith T. Hutchings, Vincent Lane, Robert Edwards Joseph Posen, Barry R. Lamont LaPalombara, Joseph Mendelberg, Tali Powell, Jr., G. Bingham Ikenberry, G. John Lasswell, Harold Dwight Merriam, Charles Edward (George Bingham) Inglehart, Ronald F. Latham, Earl Ganson Mettler, Suzanne B. Powell, Robert L. Isaacs, Harold Robert Laver, Michael John Miller, Steven E. Prewitt, Kenneth Iversen, Torben Lee, Frances E. Miller, Warren Edward Price, Jr., Don Krasher Iyengar, Shanto Leebron, David W. Milner, Helen V. Pritchett, Charles Jackman, Simon David Legvold, Robert Henry Mirkine-Guetzevitch, Boris Herman Jackson, John E. Levi, Margaret Moe, Terry M. Przeworski, Adam Jacobson, Gary C. Lieber, Francis Morgenthau, Hans Putnam, Robert David Jacobson, Harold Karan Lijphart, Arend Joachim Pye, Lucian Wilmot Jennings, M. Kent Lindblom, Charles Morrow, James D. Quandt, William B. Jervis, Robert Edward Mosely, Philip Edward Rae, Douglas Whiting Johnson, Chalmers Lipset, Seymour Martin Mueller, John Ernest Ranney, Joseph Austin Ashby Lodge, Milton Munro, William Bennett Rathjens, George William Jones, Charles Oscar Loewenberg, Gerhard Mutz, Diana Carole Richardson, Louise M. Kahin, George McTurnan Lowenthal, Richard Neumann, Sigmund Riker, William Harrison Kalyvas, Stathis N. Lowi, Theodore Jay Neustadt, Richard Elliott Rivers, Douglas Kateb, George Anthony Lupia, Arthur Nie, Norman H. Roberts, Edward Adam Katz, Jonathan N. Macedo, Stephen Joseph Niemi, Richard G. Robinson, James A. Katzenstein, Peter MacFarquhar, Roderick Norris, Pippa Roemer, John E. Joachim Lemonde Nye, Jr., Joseph Samuel Rogowski, Ronald Lynn Katznelson, Ira MacIver, Robert Oakeshott, Michael Rohde, David W. Kaufman, Herbert Morrison Joseph Romer, Thomas Kelley, Jr., Stanley MacMahon, Arthur O’Donnell, Guillermo Rose, Richard Keohane, Robert Owen Whittier Alberto Rosenblum, Nancy Key, Jr., Valdimer MacRae, Jr., Duncan Offe, Claus Lipton Orlando Mainwaring, Scott P. Ordeshook, Peter Carl Rosenbluth, Frances Khalidi, Walid Ahmad Mann, Thomas Edward Ornstein, Norman Jay McCall Kilson, Martin Mansbridge, Jane Jebb Ostrom, Elinor Rosenstone, Steven J. Kinder, Donald R. Maravall, José María Overacker, Louise Rosenthal, Howard Lewis King, Anthony Maruyama, Masao Padelford, Norman Rossiter, Clinton King, Desmond Mason, Alpheus Thomas Judson Lawrence King, Gary Matthews, Donald Rowe Page, Benjamin Ingrim Rowe, Leo Stanton Kingdon, John Wells Mayhew, David Page, Scott E. Rudolph, Susanne Kissinger, Henry Alfred Raymond Palfrey, Thomas R. Hoeber Kitschelt, Herbert P. McCarty, Nolan Pateman, Carole Ruggie, John Gerard Knight, Jack McClain, Paula D. Perham, Margery Freda Russett, Bruce Martin Koskenniemi, Martti McCloskey, Robert Green Perry, Elizabeth J. Sagan, Scott D. Kramer, Gerald Holmes McClosky, Herbert Peterson, Paul Elliott Samuels, Richard J. Kramnick, Isaac McCubbins, Mathew D. Pierson, Paul Sandel, Michael J. Krasner, Stephen D. McDermott, Rose M. Pinderhughes, Dianne M. Sapiro, Virginia Krehbiel, Keith Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel Sartori, Giovanni

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Saxonhouse, Arlene Skolnikoff, Eugene Thelen, Kathleen Wild, Jr., Payson Sibley Warmbrunn Bertram Thompson, Dennis Frank Wildavsky, Aaron Sayre, Wallace Stanley Skowronek, Stephen Thompson, Kenneth Bernard Scalapino, Robert Smith, Alastair Winfred Wilensky, Harold L. Anthony Smith, Rogers M. Truman, David Bicknell Wilkinson, Steven I. Schapiro, Leonard Sniderman, Paul M. Tsebelis, George Willoughby, Westel Bertram Snyder, Jack L. Tucker, Robert Charles Woodbury Scharpf, Fritz W. Snyder, Jr., James M. Tucker, Robert Warren Willoughby, William Schattschneider, Elmer Sorauf, Frank J. Tufte, Edward Rolf Franklin Eric Spar, Debora L. Ulam, Adam Bruno Wilson, James Quinn Schickler, Eric Stasavage, David Ullman, Richard Henry Wolfinger, Raymond Schlozman, Kay Lehman Stavridis, James Verba, Sidney Edwin Schofield, Norman J. Stein, Janice Gross Wallerstein, Michael Wolin, Sheldon Sanford Scott, James C. Steinbruner, John David Jonathan Wood, Elisabeth Jean Sears, David O’Keefe Stepan, Alfred C. Walt, Stephen M. Wood, Robert Coldwell Segal, Jeffrey A. Stewart III, Charles Waltz, Kenneth Neal Wright, Benjamin Segura, Gary Michael Haines Walzer, Michael Laban Fletcher Shalala, Donna Edna Stewart, Robert Burgess Wambaugh, Sarah Wright, Quincy Shapiro, Ian Stimson, James A. Wantchékon, Leonard Yankelovich, Daniel Shapiro, Martin Mathew Stoke, Harold Walter Ward, Robert Edward Yeomans, Henry Aaron Shattuck, John Stokes, Donald Elkinton Waterbury, John Young, M. Crawford Shepsle, Kenneth A. Stokes, Susan Carol Watkins, Frederick (Merwin Crawford) Shklar, Judith Nisse Strauss, Leo Mundell Zaller, John Raymond Shulman, Marshall Sullivan, John L. Weiner, Myron Zimmern, Alfred Darrow Sumner, William Graham Weingast, Barry R. Eckhard Sikkink, Kathryn A. Sundquist, James Lloyd Weir, Margaret Simmons, Beth Ann Tarrow, Sidney G. White, Leonard Dupee Back to Subject Index Sinclair, Barbara Tetlock, Philip E. Whittington, Keith E.

Psychology / Atkinson, Richard Beach, Frank Ambrose Brewer, Marilynn B. Chatham Beck, Aaron T. Bronfenbrenner, Urie Education Baddeley, Alan David Beebe-Center, John Bronner (Mrs. William Baillargeon, Renée Gilbert Healy), Augusta Fox Abelson, Robert Paul Baird, John Wallace Behrmann, Marlene Brown, Roger William Adler, Nancy E. Ball, Deborah Berkowitz, Leonard Bruce, Henry Addington Ainsworth, Mary Loewenberg Berscheid, Ellen S. Bayley Dinsmore Salter Baltes, Paul B. Bettelheim, Bruno Bruner, Jerome Seymour Allport, Gordon Willard Banaji, Mahzarin Rustam Bevan, William Bryson, Lyman Lloyd Anderson, John Robert Bandura, Albert Bjork, Robert Allen Busemeyer, Jerome R. Angell, James Rowland Bargh, John Andrew Blough, Donald Sommers Cacioppo, John Terrance Arnheim, Rudolf Barrett, Lisa Feldman Bock, June Kathryn Campbell, Albert Angus Aronson, Elliot Bartlett, Frederic Charles Boring, Edwin Garrigues Campbell, Donald Asch, Solomon Elliot Bartoshuk, Linda May Bower, Gordon Howard Thomas Aslin, Richard N. Bauer, Raymond Bowerman, Melissa Foster Carey, Susan E. Atkinson, John William Augustine Bradburn, Norman Carmichael, Leonard Baumeister, Roy F. Marshall

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Cartwright, Dorwin Philip Engle, Randall W. Hastorf, Albert Herman Kinder, Donald R. Cattell, James McKeen Erikson, Erik Homburger Healy, William Kirp, David L. Ceci, Stephen J. Estes, William Kaye Hebb, Donald Olding Kitayama, Shinobu Chi, Michelene T.H. Fazio, Russell H. Hedges, Larry V. Klatzky, Roberta L. Cialdini, Robert B. Festinger, Leon Heider, Fritz Kluver, Heinrich Cicchetti, Dante Fiske, Susan T. Held, Richard Marx Koffka, Kurt Clark, Herbert Horace Flavell, John Hurley Herrnstein, Richard Julius Köhler, Wolfgang Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Fox, Nathan A. Hetherington, Eileen Kosslyn, Stephen Michael Clark, Margaret S. Frank, Lawrence Kelso Mavis Krauss, Robert M. Clore, Gerald L. Freud, Anna Higgins, E. Tory Krosnick, Jon Alexander Cohen, David K. Frijda, Nico Hilgard, Ernest Ropiequet Krumhansl, Carol L. Cole, Michael Fussler, Herman Howe Hochberg, Julian Ladson-Billings, Gloria Converse, Philip Ernest Gallistel, Charles R. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Lampert, M. Magdalene Coombs, Clyde Hamilton Gamoran, Adam Holmes, Henry Wyman Landau, Barbara Cooper, Lynn A. Gardner, Howard Earl Holyoak, Keith J. Lashley, Karl Spencer Craik, Fergus I.M. Garmezy, Norman Holzman, Philip Seidman Lawrence-Lightfoot, Sara Crocker, Jennifer Gelfand, Michele J. House, James Stephen LeDoux, Joseph E. Cronbach, Lee Joseph Gelman, Rochel Hovland, Carl Iver Lee, Carol D. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly Gelman, Susan A. Hull, Clark Leonard Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Curle, Adam (Charles Gentner, Dedre Hunter, Walter Samuel Lepper, Mark Roger Thomas William Adam) Gibson, Eleanor Jack Hurvich, Leo Maurice Leslie, Alan Miller Damon, William V. B. Gibson, James Jerome Husén, Torsten Levenson, Robert W. Darley, John M. Gigerenzer, Gerd Huttenlocher, Janellen Levine, Susan C. Darling-Hammond, Linda Gilbert, Daniel Todd Inhelder, Barbel Elisabeth Liberman, Alvin Meyer Davidson, Richard J. Gilovich, Thomas D. Jackson, James Sidney Licklider, Joseph Carl Davis, Allison (William Gleitman, Lila R. Jacoby, Larry L. Robnett Allison) Goldin-Meadow, Susan J. Jahoda, Marie Likert, Rensis Dawes, Robyn Mason Goldstone, Robert L. Jamison, Kay Redfield Lindsley, Donald de Villiers, Jill G. Gomez, Louis M. Janet, Pierre Marie Felix Benjamin Dearborn, Walter Fenno Gopnik, Alison Janis, Irving Lester Lindzey, Gardner Delabarre, Edmund Burke Gordon, Edmund W. Johnson, Mark Loewenstein, George Dell, Gary S. Graham, Clarence Henry Jones, Edward Ellsworth Loftus, Elizabeth F. DeLoache, Judy S. Graham, Norma Van Jones, Lyle Vincent Logan, Gordon D. Dews, Peter Booth Surdam Julesz, Bela Lomawaima, K. Tsianina Diamond, Shari Seidman Green, David Marvin Kadane, Joseph B. Lord, Catherine Diener, Edward Francis Greenfield, Patricia Kagan, Jerome Luce, R. Duncan (Robert Dodge, Raymond Marks Kahn, Robert Louis Duncan) Dollard, John Greenwald, Anthony G. Kahneman, Daniel Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Doob, Leonard William Grossman, Pamela Katz, Daniel Maccoby, Eleanor Duncan, Greg J. Gunnar, Megan R. Keen, Rachel Emmons Dweck, Carol S. Guthrie, Jr., Edwin Ray Kelley, Harold Harding Major, Brenda Eagly, Alice Hendrickson Hakuta, Kenji Kelley, Truman Lee Mandler, George Eberhardt, Jennifer L. Hall, Granville Stanley Keniston, Kenneth Mandler, Jean Matter Ellsworth, Phoebe Harlow, Harry Frederick Kenny, David A. Mann, Henrietta Clemencia Harris, Paul L. Keppel, Francis March, James Gardner Elman, Jeffrey L. Hastie, Reid Kessen, William Markman, Ellen M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Markus, Hazel Rose Norman, Donald Arthur Sears, Robert Richardson Thurstone, Louis Leon Marquis, Donald George Nosofsky, Robert M. Shafir, Eldar Tolman, Edward Chace May, Mark Arthur O’Connor, Johnson Shepard, Roger Newland Tomasello, Michael Mayo, Elton (George Olds, James Shiffrin, Richard Martin Treisman, Anne Elton) Osgood, Charles Egerton Shulman, Lee S. Trope, Yaacov McCartney, Kathleen Pellegrino, James W. Shweder, Richard Allan Trow, Martin McClelland, David Petrides, Michael Sidanius, James H. Tulving, Endel Clarence Petty, Richard Edward Simon, Herbert Tversky, Amos McClintock, Martha K. Pfaffmann, Carl Alexander Tversky, Barbara G. McDougall, William Piaget, Jean Skinner, Burrhus Frederic Tyler, Ralph Winfred McGaugh, James Pieron, Henri Slobin, Dan I. Ulich, Robert Lafayette Posner, Michael I. Slovic, Paul von Bekesy, Georg McGregor, Douglas Potter, Mary C. Smith, Edward Eugene von Hofsten, Claes Murray Pratt, Carroll Cornelius Smith, Linda B. Wandell, Brian A. McGuire, William J. Pribram, Karl Harry Smith, Marshall Savidge Watson, John Broadus McLaughlin, Milbrey W. Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. Smith, Payson Waxman, Sandra Robin McPherson, Michael S. Rapoport, Anatol Smuts, Barbara Boardman Weber, Elke U. Mead, Leonard Chapin Ratcliff, Roger Snow, Catherine Elizabeth Wegner, Daniel Merton Medin, Douglas L. Raudenbush, Stephen W. Sokolov, Eugene Wellman, Henry M. Meehl, Paul Everett Reardon, Sean F. Nikolaievich Wells, Frederic Lyman Mehler, Jacques Rescorla, Robert A. Solomon, Richard Lester Werker, Janet Feldman Meltzoff, Andrew N. Resnick, Lauren B. Spaulding, Francis Trow Werner, Heinz Milgram, Stanley Richter, Curt Paul Spelke, Elizabeth Shilin Wertsch, James V. Miller, George Armitage Riecken, Henry William Spence, Janet Taylor Wever, Ernest Glen Miller, Neal Elgar Riggs, Lorrin Andrews Sperber, Dan White, Robert Winthrop Mischel, Walter Rodin, Judith Seitz Sperry, Roger Wolcott Whiting, John Wesley Monahan, John T. Roe, Anne Steele, Claude Mason Mayhew Müller, Georg Elias Roediger III, Henry L. Steinberg, Laurence David Wilson, Howard Eugene Munsterberg, Hugo Rogers, Carl Ransom Stellar, Eliot Wilson, Timothy D. Murnane, Richard J. Rosenthal, Robert Sternberg, Robert Jeffrey Wixted, John T. Murphy, Gardner Ross, Lee David Stevens, Stanley Smith Wolfe, Jeremy M. Murray, Henry Rothbart, Mary Klevjord Stevenson, Harold William Woodward, Amanda L. Alexander Rozin, Paul Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Woodworth, Robert Nakayama, Ken Rubenstein, John L. R. Swets, John Arthur Sessions Neff, William Duwayne Rumelhart, David E. Tanenhaus, Michael K. Yankelovich, Daniel Neisser, Ulric Saffran, Jenny Tatel, David S. Yates, J. Frank Nelson III, Charles Salovey, Peter Taylor, Shelley Elizabeth Yerkes, Robert Mearns Alexander Scarr, Sandra Wood Terman, Lewis Madison Zajonc, Robert Boleslaw Neugarten, Bernice Levin Schachter, Stanley Tetlock, Philip E. Zigler, Edward Frank Neville, Helen J. Schacter, Daniel Teuber, Hans-Lukas Zimbardo, Philip G. Newcomb, Theodore Mead Lawrence Thibaut, John Walter Zinchenko, Vladimir Newcombe, Nora S. Scherer, Klaus R. Thompson, Richard Petrovich Newman, Edwin Schlosberg, Harold Frederick Broomell Schneirla, Theodore Thomson, Godfrey Back to Subject Index Newport, Elissa L. Christian Hilton Nisbett, Richard Eugene Schwarz, Norbert Thorndike, Edward Lee

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Public Affairs, Barbe-Marbois, François Carrington (Right Dillon, C. Douglas Marquis Honorable Lord), Peter (Clarence Douglas) Administration, Bardach, Eugene Alexander Rupert Djerejian, Edward P. and Policy Barnea, Nahum Carter, Jr., James Earl Dorsey, Cheryl L. Belaunde y Diez Canseco, (Jimmy) Drayton, William (Governmental and Victor Andres Casteen III, John T. Drew, Edward Bangs Intergovernmental) Belo-Osagie, Myma A. Castiglioni, Luigi Dumas, Charles William Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Castle, Jr., William Frederick Abraham, Ronny Bertini, Catherine Ann Richards Eban, Abba Abramowitz, Morton I. Berwick, Donald M. Cavanagh, Richard E. Eberly, Janice Caryl Acheson, Dean Bierbaum, Rosina M. Chaskalson, Arthur Edwards, Mickey H. Gooderham Bigelow, Timothy Chastellux, François Jean, Eikenberry, Karl W. Adachi, Mineichiro Bloomberg, Michael R. Marquis de Ellsworth, Oliver Adams, Aileen C. Bohlen, Charles Eustis Christopher, Warren Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Adams, Charles Francis Boruch, Robert F. Churchill, Winston Enriquez, Juan Bosworth, Stephen W. Clark, Helen E. Erving, William (1807-1886) Boutwell, George Sewall Clark, Joseph Sill Evans, Daniel Jackson Adams, John (1735-1826) Bowdoin III, James Claudel, Paul Louis Evatt, Herbert Vere Adams, John Quincy Bowdoin, James (1726- Charles Marie Everett, Alexander Hill Adams, Samuel 1790) Clay, Lucius Dubignon Everett, Edward Aga Khan, Sadruddin Bowles, Chester Bliss Clifford, Clark McAdams Falco, Mathea (Prince) Brademas, John Clinton, DeWitt Felten, Edward W. Al Hussein, Zeid bin Ra’ad Bradley, Bill Clinton, Hillary Rodham Ferre, Luis Alberto Albright, Madeleine Korbel Bredesen, Philip N. Clinton, William Ferriero, David S. Aldridge, Jr., Edward Brissot de Warville, Jefferson Flanders, Ralph Edward (Pete) Cleveland Jacques Pierre Clough, Gerald Wayne Fleishman, Joel Lawrence Aleinikoff, Thomas Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Cobb, David Foch, Ferdinand Alexander Victor Albert, Duc de Cookson, Clive M. Forbes, John Murray Al-Hinai, Hilal Ali Brooke, Edward William Correa de Serra, Jose Franklin, Benjamin Allison, Jr., Graham T. Brooks, Harvey Francisco Freeman, Jody Almada, Jose de Brown, Harold Cowan, Geoffrey Fremont, John Charles Almodovar del Rio, Brown, Lester R. Cushing, Caleb Fri, Robert W. Pedro Francisco Brüning, Heinrich Cushing, Thomas Ganguly, Sumit Kumar Jimenez de Gongora y Bunche, Ralph Johnson Daddario, Emilio Quincy Gardner, Henry Lujan, Duque de Bundles, A’Lelia Daniels, Jr., Mitchell E. Gates, Robert Michael Amato, Giuliano Bundy, William Putnam Danielson, Timothy Gavin, James Maurice Ames, Fisher Bunker, Ellsworth De Gijselaar (Gyselaer), Gelb, Leslie Howard Andrews, Stephen Pearl Bunsen, Christian Carl Cornelis Gerry, Elbridge Angell, Marcia Josias, Freiherr von de la Luzerne, Anne Cesar Ghebreyesus, Tedros A. Annan, Kofi A. Burns, R. Nicholas de l’Etombe (L’Etombe), Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Axworthy, Lloyd Burns, William J. Joseph Philippe Gilbert, Davies Bacon, John (1738-1820) Cabot, John Moors Dearborn, Henry Gladstone, William Ewart Badinter, Robert Calderon de la Barca, Angel Alexander Scammel Glenn, Jr., John H. Baicker, Katherine Cameron, Edwin Delano, Frederic Adrian Golden, William Bailey, Elizabeth Ellery Cardoso, Fernando Dexter, Samuel (1761-1816) Theodore Baker, James A. Henrique Balfour, Arthur James

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Goodpaster, Andrew Higginson, Thomas Lansdowne (2nd Earl of Monnet, Jean Omer Jackson Wentworth Shelburne), William Marie Gore, Christopher Hoar, George Frisbie Petty-Fitzmaurice, Montgomery, Edward B. Gore, Jr., Albert A. Hobhouse, Benjamin Marquis of Moreno, Manuel Granchain (Liberge de Holbrooke, Richard Leach, James Albert Morgan, M. Granger Granchain), Guillaume Charles Albert Smith Morris, Charles Jacques Constant de Holdren, John Paul Leal Spengler, Eusebio Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Liberge de, Comte de Hotez, Peter Jay Lee, Arthur Muskie, Edmund Sixtus Gray, Francis Calley Howard, John Leonard, Warren J. Nehru, Jawaharlal (1790-1856) Hummer-Tuttle, Maria D. Levitt, Jr., Arthur Neier, Aryeh Gray, John Chipman Humphrey, Hubert Lie, Trygve Halvdan Neureiter, Norman P. (1793-1881) Horatio Lilienthal, David Eli Nitze, Paul Henry Green, Theodore Francis Humphreys, David Lincoln, Benjamin Nunn, Sam (Samuel Greenstein, Robert M. Hupsch (Hupsch- Lincoln, Levi (1749-1820) Augustus Nunn, Jr.) Grew, Joseph Clark Lontzen), Johann Lincoln, Levi (1782-1868) Obama, Barack H. Gross, Terry Wilhelm Karl Adolph, Linowitz, Sol Myron Obama, Michelle Groves, Robert M. Freiherr von Livingston, William LaVaughn Robinson Guehenno, Jean-Marie Hutchison, Kay Bailey Lleras Camargo, Alberto Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi Guizot, François Pierre Ifill, Sherrilyn Lloyd, James Oliver, Andrew Guillaume Indyk, Martin Sean Lodge, Henry Cabot Olson, Jane T. Gullion, Edmund Asbury Istrabadi, Feisal Amin Logue, Edward Joseph Ornstein, Norman Jay Hacker, Jacob S. Rasoul Long, John Davis Osgood, Samuel Haidt, Jonathan Ito, Joichi Lougheed, E. Peter Otis, Harrison Gray Haldane (Viscount Jackson, Jonathan (Edgar Peter) Paine, Robert Treat Haldane of Cloan), Jefferson, Thomas Luers, William Henry (1731-1814) Richard Burdon Jega, Attahiru M. Lugar, Richard Green Partridge, George Hallstein, Walter Jenkins, Roy Harris Mahbubani, Kishore Parzinger, Hermann Hamilton, Alexander Johnson, Joseph Esrey Malik, Charles Habib Paterson, William Hamilton, Lee Herbert Kean, Thomas H. Mandela, Nelson Patrick, Deval L. Hammarskjold, Dag Keeny, Jr., Spurgeon Mann, Horace (1796- Patten, Christopher Hjalmar Agne Carl Milton 1859) Francis Hancock, John Kennan, George Frost Marjolin, Robert Ernest Patterson, Anne Woods Harriman, William Kennedy, Edward Moore Marsh, George Perkins Pearson, Lester Bowles Averell Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Massey, Vincent (Charles Perry, William James Harris, Patricia Roberts Kennedy, John Pendleton Vincent) Peters, Andrew James Hassel, Johann Georg Kilham, Daniel McHenry, Donald F. Peterson, Peter G. Heinrich King, Jr., Martin Luther McNamara, Robert Phillips, Christopher Havel, Vaclav King, Rufus Strange Hallowell Hayden, Carla D. Kirp, David L. Miles, Edward L. Phillips, John Hazard, Ebenezer Knox, Henry Miliband, David W. Phillips, Samuel Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Kunin, Madeleine May Mills, Ogden Livingston Phillips, William Walter Laber, Jeri Lidsky Minehan, Cathy E. Pickering, John (1740- Henderson, Rebecca M. Lafayette, Marie Joseph Mitchell, George John 1811) Herter, Christian Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Mitchill, Samuel Latham Pickering, Timothy Archibald du Motier, Marquis de Mogae, Festus G. Pickman, Benjamin Lane, Neal Francis Moniz, Ernest J. Poincare, Raymond

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Poinsett, Joel Roberts Saltonstall, Leverett Sullivan, Richard Washington, Warren Polasky, A. Stephen (1892-1979) Sullivan, William Morton Powell, Colin Luther Sarbanes, Paul Spyros Sumner, Charles Waterman, Alan Tower Prescott, William Sargent, Winthrop Talbott III, Nelson Waters, Alice Prodi, Romano Saris, Patti B. Strobridge Waxman, Seth Paul Quincy, Edmund Savitz, Maxine L. Talcott, George Weare, Meshech Quincy, Josiah Schmidt, Helmut Tenney, Samuel Weaver, Robert Clifton Rabinovich, Itamar Schrag, Daniel P. Thant, U Webster, Daniel Raines, Franklin Delano Sedgwick, Theodore Thiers, Louis Adolph Weidenbaum, Murray L. Rakoff, Jed S. Shalala, Donna Edna Thomson, John Adam Welles, Sumner Ravitch, Diane Silvers Shaw, Samuel Torres Bodet, Jaime (Benjamin Sumner) Reading, Marquess of, Simms, Margaret C. Toukan, Khaled Wells, Nathaniel Rufus Daniel Isaac Simon, Jules Francois Treadwell, John Williams (Baroness Reed, John Simpson, Joanne Trevelyan, George Otto Williams of Crosby), Reich, Robert B. Sinclair (Baronet), John Trumbull, Jonathan Shirley Vivien Teresa Reilly, William K. Slaughter, Matthew J. (1710-1785) Brittain Reuss, Henry Schoellkopf Smith, Margaret Chase Trumbull, Jonathan Wilson, Woodrow Rice, Condoleezza Soedjatmoko, (1740-1809) Winthrop, Robert Rodgers, John (1812-1882) Spaak, Paul-Henri Tuttle, Robert H. Charles Rosenberg, Tina Sparhawk, John Tyler, William Royall Wirth, Timothy Endicott Ruckelshaus, William Stevenson, Adlai Ewing Tyson, Neil deGrasse Wise, Paul H. Doyle Strobel, Edward Henry Vance, Cyrus Roberts Wolfe, Tom Rudman, Warren Bruce Strong, Caleb Volcker, Paul A. York, Herbert Frank Salame, Ghassan Struve, Peter Bernhardov von Wallenstein (Baron), Young, Andrew Jackson Saltonstall, Leverett (Pyotr Berngardovich) Julius Zittrain, Jonathan L. (1783-1845) Sullivan, James Warren, James Sullivan, Kathryn D. Washington, George Back to Subject Index

Sociology / Blake, Judith Kincade Cicourel, Aaron Victor Davis, Kingsley Blalock, Jr., Hubert Morse Clark, Samuel Delbert DiMaggio, Paul Demography Blau, Peter Michael Clark, William Arthur V. Dore, Ronald Philip Bloom, David Elliot Clausen, John Adam Duncan, Otis Dudley Abbott, Andrew Bobo, Lawrence D. Cole, Jonathan Richard Edin, Kathryn Alba, Richard D. Boudon, Raymond Coleman, James Samuel Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah Bales, Robert Freed Bourdieu, Pierre Collins, Randall Elder, Jr., Glen Holl Baltzell, E. Digby Bourricaud, François Conley, Dalton Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (Edward Digby) Michel Cook, Karen Schweers Evans, Peter Brandt Bearman, Peter Shawn Brubaker, Rogers Cook, Thomas Dixon Farley, Reynolds Becker, Howard S. Bryk, Anthony S. Coser, Lewis Alfred Featherman, David Lee Bell, Daniel Bumpass, Larry Lee Cromwell (elected as A. Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Bellah, Robert Neelly Burt, Ronald Stuart C. Hill; listed as A. C. Fine, Gary Alan Ben-David, Joseph Campbell, Albert Angus Gulliver, 1973-1993), Fischer, Claude S. Bendix, Reinhard Carney, Judith A. Adelaide M. Fligstein, Neil D. Berelson, Bernard Cherlin, Andrew J. Crozier, Michel Foner, Nancy Reuben Christakis, Nicholas Dahrendorf, Ralf Gustav Ford, James Berger, Peter Ludwig Alexander Danziger, Sheldon H. Fox, Renee Claire

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Freedman, Ronald Latour, Bruno Reskin, Barbara Tienda, Marta Furstenberg, Jr., Frank F. Laumann, Edward O. Riesman, David Tilly, Charles Gamson, William A. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix Riley, Matilda White Touraine, Alain Louis Gans, Herbert Julius Lee, Ronald Demos Rocher, Guy Jules Francois Garland, David W. Lenski, Jr., Gerhard Rokkan, Stein Trow, Martin Germani, Gino Emmanuel Rossi, Alice S. Turkle, Sherry Giddens, Anthony Lepenies, Wolf Rossi, Peter Henry Turner, Ralph Herbert Gilbert, Margaret P. Lieberson, Stanley Rowntree, Benjamin Udry, J. Richard Glass, David Victor Likert, Rensis Seebohm Vaupel, James W. Glazer, Nathan Lincoln, Charles Eric Rumbaut, Rubén G. Vogel, Ezra Feivel Glueck, Eleanor Touroff Linz, Juan Jose Runciman (Runciman of Waite, Linda J. Goffman, Erving Manual Lipset, Seymour Martin Doxford), Walter Walder, Andrew G. Goldman, Susan R. Luker, Kristin Garrison Wallerstein, Immanuel Goldstein, Joshua R. MacDonald, Glen M. Ryder, Norman Burston Waters, Mary C. Goode, William J. Mann, Michael Sampson, Robert J. Weber, Alfred Goodman, Leo A. Mare, Robert Denis Sauvy, Alfred Wesolowski, Granovetter, Mark Massey, Douglas Steven Schudson, Michael Wlodzimierz Jozef Groves, Robert M. Mayer, Karl Ulrich Schuman, Howard Western, Bruce Grusky, David B. Mayntz, Renate Selznick, Philip Westoff, Charles Francis Guttman, Louis Eliahu McAdam, Doug Sennett, Richard White, Harrison Colyar Hagan, John Lee McLanahan, Sara Sewell, William Hamilton Whyte, William Foote Halsey, Albert Henry Mechanic, David Sheldon, Eleanor Bernert Williams, David R. Hannan, Michael Menken, Jane Ava Shils, Edward Albert Williams, Jr., Robin Thomas Merton, Robert King Skocpol, Theda Murphy Harris, Kathleen M. Meyerson, Martin Smelser, Neil Joseph Wilson, William Julius Hauser, Philip Morris Moore, Wilbert Ellis Sorokin, Pitirim Wittrock, Bjorn Hauser, Robert Mason Moskos, Charles C. Aleksandrovich Wolfgang, Marvin Hawley, Amos Henry Newcomb, Theodore Mead Speier, Hans Eugene Hechter, Michael Norman Newman, Katherine S. Spencer, Margaret Beale Wulsin, Frederick Hirschman, Charles Nisbet, Robert Alexander Srinivas, Mysore Roelker Homans, George Caspar Notestein, Frank Wallace Narasimhachar Wuthnow, Robert Hout, Michael Nowak, Stefan Stinchcombe, Arthur Xie, Yu Hughes, Everett O’Dea, Thomas Francis Leonard Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Cherrington Ogburn, William Fielding Stouffer, Samuel Andrew Zald, Mayer Nathan Hyman, Herbert Hiram Palloni, Alberto Sumner, William Graham Zeder, Melinda A. Inkeles, Alex Park, Robert Ezra Swidler, Ann Zelizer, Viviana A. Janowitz, Morris Parsons, Talcott Szczepanski, Jan Zimmerman, Carle Clark Jencks, Christopher Patterson, Orlando Szelenyi, Ivan Zuckerman, Harriet Katz, Elihu Pea, Roy D. Sztompka, Piotr Anne Kessler, Ronald C. Perez-Diaz, Victor Taeuber, Irene Barnes Keyfitz, Nathan Portes, Alejandro Teggart, Frederick John Back to Subject Index Kish, Leslie Preston, Samuel Hulse Telles, Edward E. Kohn, Melvin Lester Reiss, Jr., Albert John Thomas, William Isaac

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Theology and Cell, George Croft Fitzpatrick, John Bernard Holley, Horace Chadwick, Henry Florovsky, Georges Holmes, Abiel Ministerial Channing, Henry Vasilievich Howard, Bezaleel Practice Channing, William Ellery Foakes-Jackson, Howard, Simeon Chauncy, Charles Frederick John Hyde, William DeWitt

Childress, James Franklin Fobes, Perez (Peres) Inoue, Nobutaka Abbot, Ezra Childs, Brevard Springs Frame, James Everett Jarvis, Samuel Farmar Adams, James Luther Clark, Elizabeth Ann Fredriksen, Paula Jenkins, John I. Aga Khan IV, Karim Clarke, James Freeman Freeman, James Jenks, William Ahern, Michael Joseph Frothingham, Nathaniel Kapstein, Matthew T. Allyn, John Clarke, John (1755-1798) Langdon Kieckhefer, Richard Altmann, Alexander Cobb, Jr., John B. Frothingham, Paul Kirkland, Samuel Appleby, Robert Scott Collins, John J. Revere Knudson, Albert Arnold, Albert Nicholas Cone, James H. Gamwell, Franklin I. Cornelius Attridge, Harold W. Cooper, Samuel Gerrish, Brian Albert Koester, Helmut Atwater, Noah Cox, Jr., Harvey Gezork, Herbert Heinrich Karl Ernst Bancroft, Aaron Gallagher Johannes Konig, Franz Cardinal Barnard, Thomas Crothers, Samuel Gilkey, Langdon Lafarge, John Barr, James McChord Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Lake, Kirsopp Barth, Karl Curran, Charles E. Goodwin, Ezra Shaw Lally, Francis Joseph Bea, Augustinus Cushing, Richard James Gordon, George Angier Langdon, Samuel Benz, Ernst Wilhelm Cardinal Graham, William A. Lathrop (or Lothrop), Boehm-Tettelbach, Cutler, Manasseh Greenwood, Francis John Monika D’Arcy, Martin Cyril William Pitt Lathrop, Joseph Booth, Edwin Prince Davies, William David Gustafson, James Moody Lawrence, William Bowen, John R. De Normandie, James Gutierrez, Gustavo Boyarin, Daniel Deane, Samuel (1850-1941) Gyatso, Janet Brazer, John Drown, Edward Staples Lieberman, Saul Hackett, Horatio Balch Brent, Charles Henry Dun, Angus Little, Daniel Hale, Edward Everett Brooks, Phillips Dwight, Timothy (1828- Lopez, Jr., Donald Sewell Halivni (aka Weiss- Brown, Howard 1916) Lothrop, Elijah Halivni), David Weiss Nicholson Eck, Diana Lyman, Joseph Hall, Edward Henry Brown, Raymond Edward Eichhorn, Johann MacKenzie, Eric Francis Hammond, Ray A. Buber, Martin Gottfried Maclaine, Archibald Harnack, Adolf von Buckminster, Joseph Eliot, Frederick May Madison, James Harris, Thaddeus Mason Stevens Eliot, John Magness, Jodi Hatch, William Henry Burkitt, Francis Crawford Ellis, George Edward Martin, Dale Basil Paine Burrows, Millar Emerson, William (1769- Martineau, James Hauerwas, Stanley M. Buswell, Jr., Robert E. 1811) Marty, Martin Emil Hawley, John Stratton Buttrick, George Arthur Ernst, Carl William Mather, Samuel Haygood, Atticus Greene Cabezon, Jose I. Everett, Charles Carroll McAuliffe, Jane Dammen Hedge, Frederic Henry Cadbury, Henry Joel Everett, Oliver McCollester, Lee Sullivan Hehir, J. Bryan Cahill, Lisa Sowle Faunce, William Herbert McCormick, Richard Heschel, Abraham Joshua Calhoun, Robert Lowry Perry Arthur Hill, Thomas Carrasco, David Fenn, William Wallace McGinn, Bernard John Holifield, E. Brooks Cary, Samuel Finkelstein, Louis McKeen, Joseph Holladay, Carl R. Casey, Robert Pierce Fishbane, Michael Meeks, Wayne A.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Mellen, Jr., John Payson, Phillips Schussler Fiorenza, Tucker, William Jewett Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. Peabody, Andrew Preston Elisabeth Ulrich, Eugene Metcalf, Joel Hastings Peabody, Endicott Scott, Jr., Nathan Van der Kemp, Francis Miller, Samuel Howard Peabody, Ephraim Alexander Adrian Mitchell, Margaret M. Peabody, Francis Sherrill, Henry Knox von Campenhausen, Moore, Edward Caldwell Greenwood Shulman, David D. Hans Erich Freiherr Moore, George Foot Pierce, John Siddiqui, Mona Ware, Henry Morse, Jedidiah Platner, John Winthrop Smith, Jonathan Z. Washburn, Henry Muelder, Walter George Porter, Eliphalet Smith, Wilfred Cantwell Bradford Murray, Edward Gerard Porter, Jean Sperry, Willard Learoyd Waters, Thomas Franklin Murray, John Courtney Potter, Alonzo Spiegel, Shalom Watson, Richard Nash, Norman Burdett Price, Richard Spooner, John Jones Weigel, Gustave Nelson, John Robert Prince, John Stafford, Russell Henry West, Samuel Neuwirth, Angelika Proudfoot, Wayne Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn Wharton, Francis Newman, Barbara Jane Putnam, George (1807- Stearns, Charles Wigglesworth, Edward Nichols, Ichabod 1878) Steinmetz, David Curtis (1732-1794) Niebuhr, Helmut Richard Quasten, Johannes Stendahl, Krister Wilder, Amos Niven Niebuhr, Richard Raboteau, Albert Jordy Stone, Jacqueline Wilken, Robert Louis Reinhold Rahner, Karl Stout, Jeffrey Lee Willard, Samuel Nock, Arthur Darby Rees, Abraham Stuart, Moses Williams, Abraham Noll, Mark Allan Robbins, Chandler Sullivan, Lawrence E. Williams, George Norton, Andrews Robert, Dana L. Tappan, David Huntston Noyes, George Rapall Robinson, Edward (1794- Taves, Ann Williams, Nehemiah (1798-1868) 1863) Taylor, Jr., Charles Williams, Rowan Douglas Oberman, Heiko Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman Lincoln Williams, Samuel (1743- Augustinus Robinson, James Thacher, Peter 1817) O’Connell, William Henry McConkey Thacher, Samuel Cooper Wolfson, Elliot R. Ogden, Schubert Miles Ropes, James Hardy Thacher, Thomas Woods, Leonard Orsi, Robert A. Ryan, James Hugh Thayer, Joseph Henry Wright, George Ernest Outler, Albert Cook Sanders, Ed Parish (E. P.) Thurman, Howard Wright, John Joseph Park, Charles Edwards Sanger, Zedekiah Tillich, Paul Johannes Young, Edward James Parks, Leighton Schäfer, Peter Tisserant, Eugene Gabriel Patton, Laurie L. Schopen, Gregory R. Tov, Emanuel Back to Subject Index Pauck, Wilhelm Townes, Emilie M. Tracy, David William

Visual Arts, Art Albright, Ivan LeLorraine Andre, Carl Barron, Stephanie Aldrich, Nelson Argan, Giulio Carlo Basaldella, Mirko History, and Wilmarth Audubon, John James Baskin, Leonard Architecture Alexander, Christopher Avedon, Richard Baxandall, Michael Wolfgang John Avery, Milton Clark Bayer, Herbert

Allston, Washington Baldessari, John Anthony Belluschi, Pietro Aalto, Alvar (Hugo Alvar Alpers, Svetlana Bambach, Carmen C. Benson, Frank Weston Henrik) Anatsui, El Barnes, Edward Larrabee Benson, John Howard Ackerman, James Sloss Anderson, Lawrence Barocchi, Paola Berenson, Bernard Adams, Ansel Easton Bernhart Barr, Jr., Alfred Hamilton Bergdoll, Barry Albers, Josef

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Betancourt, Philip P. Caviness, Madeline Dallin, Cyrus Edwin Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Bianconi, Lorenzo Harrison Danuser, Hermann Gang, Jeanne K. Gennaro Caws, Mary Ann Dawes, Thomas (1731- Gates, Jr., Theaster Bigelow, William Sturgis Celmins, Vija 1809) Gehry, Frank Owen Bloom, Hyman Chamberlain, John de Kooning, Willem Gerome, Jean Leon Bochner, Mel Angus DeCarlo, Giancarlo Giedion, Sigfried Boggs, Jean Sutherland Chamberlain, Samuel Dempsey, Charles Gilbert, Creighton Eddy Bois, Yve-Alain Chastel, Andre Adrien d’Harnoncourt, Anne Gober, Robert Bond, Jr., J. Max Chatfield-Taylor, Adele di Suvero, Mark Golden, Thelma Bonnat, Leon-Joseph- Chiang, Yee Diebenkorn, Jr., Richard Golub, Leon Albert Florentin Chillida, Eduardo Clifford Gombrich, Ernst Hans Bonnefoy, Yves Christiansen, Keith Diller, Elizabeth Josef Bontecou, Lee Church, Frederic Edwin Driskell, David C. Goodrich, Lloyd Boone, Elizabeth Hill Church, Thomas Dolliver Druick, Douglas Govan, Michael Borja-Villel, Manuel J. Clark, Alvan Dwiggins, William Gowing, Lawrence Bosworth, William Clark, Kenneth Addison Burnett Welles Mackenzie Eames, Jr., Charles Grabar, Oleg Bourgeois, Louise Clark, Timothy James Edgell, George Harold Graham, Dan H. Bradford, Mark Close, Chuck Eggleston, William Graves, Nancy Stevenson Braque, Georges Cobb, Henry Nichols Eisenman, Peter David Greenough, Horatio Bredekamp, Horst Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Eitner, Lorenz Edwin Greenough, Richard Breuer, Marcel Lajos Collens, Charles Alfred Saltonstall Brilliant, Richard Collins, Judith Marjorie Eliot II, Charles William Gropius, Walter Adolf Brown, John Nicholas Conant, Kenneth John Elsner, John (Jaś) Georg Brown, Jonathan Conkwright, Pleasant Emerson, William (1873- Guy, John Brown, Mather Jefferson 1957) Hadzi, Dimitri Brown, Trisha Connick, Charles Jay Ettinghausen, Richard Halprin, Lawrence Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Constable, William Evans, Walker Hamburger, Jeffrey Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. George Feiffer, Jules Ralph Hamilton, Ann Katherine Bulfinch, Charles Coolidge, Charles Filler, Martin Myles Hamilton, George Heard Bunshaft, Gordon Allerton (1858-1936) Fischl, Eric Hammons, David Burchard, John Ely Coolidge, John Phillips Forbes, Edward Waldo Harper, Prudence Oliver Burchfield, Charles Copley, John Singleton Foster, Hal Harrison, Wallace Ephraim Correa, Charles Mark Foster, Norman Robert Kirkman Burden, Chris Cotter, Holland Frampton, Kenneth Haskell, Francis James Burns, Ken Cox, Gardner Frankenthaler, Helen Herbert Cabot, Edward Clarke Cram, Ralph Adams Freed, James Ingo Hayes, Bartlett Harding Cahill, James Francis Cranch, John Freedberg, David Adrian Hayter, Stanley William Cahn, Walter Crawford, Thomas Freedberg, Sydney Joseph Hearn, Maxwell K. Cairns, Huntington Cropper, Elizabeth French, Daniel Chester Heintzelman, Arthur Calder, Alexander Crosby, Sumner Freud, Lucian William Callahan, Harry Morey McKnight Fried, Michael Heizer, Michael Campbell, Robert Crow, Thomas Eugene Friedlander, Lee Held, Julius Samuel Campbell, Thomas P. Cummins, Thomas B.F. Fuller, Richard Herbert, Robert Louis Caro, Anthony Alfred Cunningham, Imogen Buckminster Hibbard, Howard Cartier-Bresson, Henri Cuno, James Gabo, Naum Neemia Hines, Thomas Spight

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Hockney, David Koons, Jeff Marin, Louis Aime Noland, Kenneth Clifton Hofer, Philip Krauss, Rosalind E. Marini, Marino Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Holl, Steven Myron Kruger, Barbara Marquand, Allan Johan Holmes, Edward Jackson Kubler, George Marrow, James Henry Nordenson, Guy Jérôme Holzer, Jenny Alexander Marshall, Kerry James Pierre Hopkinson, Charles Kurtág, György Martin, Agnes Bernice Norton, Charles Eliot Sydney Laloux, Victor Alexandre Mather, Jr., Frank Jewett Okakura, Kakuzo Horn, Walter William Frederic Mayne, Thom O’Keeffe, Georgia Totto Hudnut, Joseph Lambert, Phyllis McDonald, Audra A. Oldenburg, Claes Thure Hughes, Robert Studley Lavin, Irving McKinnell, Noel Michael Olin, Laurie Dewar Forrest Lawrence, Jacob Meier, Richard Alan Olitski, Jules Hugo, Everett Harold Lawrence, Jr., James Meiss, Millard Lazare Oliveira, Nathan J. Huxtable, Ada Louise Lawrence, William Henry Mies van der Rohe, Olmsted, Frederick Law Israel, Franklin David Le Corbusier Ludwig Ophuls, Marcel Ito, Toyo [pseudonym for Milliken, William Overbeck, Johann Ivins, Jr., William Mills Charles Edouard Mathewson Friedrich Jaffe, Andrew Michael Jeanneret-Gris] Millon, Henry Armand Panofsky, Erwin James, William (1882- Lee, Rensselaer Wright Miró, Joan Parzinger, Hermann 1961) Lee, Sherman Emery Mitchell, W. J. Thomas Payne, Alina Janson, Horst Woldemar Legorreta Vilchis, Mitchell, William J. Peabody, Robert Swain Jewell, William Ricardo Moneo Valles, Jose Rafael Pearlstein, Philip MacIntyre Lehmann, Phyllis Mongan, Agnes Pei, Ieoh Ming Johns, Jasper Williams Moore, Charles Willard Penny, Nicholas Beaver Johnson, Philip Lentz, Thomas W. Moore, Henry Spencer Perahia, Murray Cortelyou Levine, Jack Morey, Charles Rufus Perkins, Charles Callahan Jonas, Joan Levine, Neil Mori, Toshiko Pfaff, Judy Jones, Kellie Lewis, George E. Morley, Malcolm Philpott, Anthony John Kahn, Louis Isadore Licht, Fred S. Morse, Samuel Finley Piano, Renzo Kallmann, Gerhard Lichtenstein, Roy Fox Breese Pignatti, Terisio Michael Ligon, Glenn Motherwell, Robert Pillsbury, Edmund P. Kaufman, Boris Lin, Maya Ying Mumford, Lewis Pinkney, Jerry Kaulbach, Wilhelm Lindberg, Magnus Munro, Thomas Plummer, Christopher O. Freiherr von Lipchitz, Jacques Murray, Elizabeth Polke, Sigmar Kelly, Ellsworth Liu, Kuo-sung Nash, Ray Polshek, James Stewart Kemp, Martin John Lodge, John Ellerton Nason, Thomas Pope-Hennessy, John Kentridge, William Lowry, Glenn David Willoughby Wyndham Kepes, Gyorgy Loyrette, Henri Nauman, Bruce Lee Porter, Arthur Kingsley Kere, Diebedo Francis Lynch, Kevin Andrew Necipoglu, Gulru Porter, Eliot Furness Kessler, Herbert Leon Maginnis, Charles Nervi, Pier Luigi Post, Chandler Rathfon Kiefer, Anselm Karl Donagh Nevelson, Louise Poulet, Anne L. Albert Maki, Fumihiko Berliawsky Powell III, Earl Alexander Kitaj, R. B. (Ronald Mancusi-Ungaro, Carol Newhall, Beaumont Powell, Richard J. Brooks) Manship, Paul Howard Niemeyer, Oscar Soares Powers, Hiram Koehler, Sylvester Rosa Manzu, Giacomo Filho Pratt, Bela Lyon Koerner, Joseph Leo Marden, Brice Nochlin, Linda Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Koolhaas, Remment Marin, John Noguchi, Isamu

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Puvis de Chavannes, Safdie, Moshe Steinberg, Saul Varnedoe, John Kirk Pierre Cecile Saint Gaudens, Augustus Stern, Robert A.M. Train Rathbone, Perry Salgado, Sebastiao Stinehour, Roderick Venturi, Robert Townsend Ribeiro Douglas Vidler, Anthony Rauschenberg, Robert Sargent, John Singer Stockholder, Jessica Viola, Bill Rawn III, William Leete Sauerlander, Willibald Stone, Edward Durell Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene Rawson, Jessica Paul Walter Story, William Wetmore Emmanuel Ray, Charles Richardson Sawyer, Charles Henry Stout, George Leslie von Blanckenhagen, Peter Rich, Daniel Catton (1906-2005) Strand, Paul Heinrich Richardson, Henry Schapiro, Meyer Stubbins, Jr., Hugh Asher von Falkenhausen, Lothar Hobson Scofidio, Ricardo Sturgis, Richard Clipston von Simson, Otto George Richter, Gerhard Scott Brown, Denise Suckale, Robert Wagner, Martin Riley, Bridget Scully, Vincent J. Sullivan, Michael Walker, Charles Howard Ringgold, Faith Segal, George (Donovan Michael) Walker, Kara Rishel, Joseph J. Sekler, Eduard Franz Summers, John David Walsh, Jr., John Robinson, Edward (1858- Serota, Nicholas A. Summerson, John Ware, William Robert 1931) Serra, Richard Newenham Warner, Langdon Roche, Kevin Eamonn Sert, Josep Luis Swarzenski, Hanns Peter Warren, Herbert Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow Settis, Salvatore Theophil Langford Rogers, Malcolm Austin Shahn, Benjamin Zwi Sweeney, James Johnson Weems, Carrie Mae Rorimer, James Joseph Shearman, John Kinder Tafuri, Manfredo Weitzmann, Kurt Rosand, David Gowran Tagliapietra, Lino West, Benjamin (1738- Rose, C. Brian Shepley, Henry Tamayo, Rufino 1820) Rosenberg, Harold Richardson Tange, Kenzo Weston, Karl Ephraim Rosenberg, Jakob Sherman, Cindy Tapies, Antoni Whittlesey, Julian Hill Rosenblum, Robert Shiff, Richard Tarbell, Edmund Charles Williams, Tod Rosenfield, John Max Shimizu, Yoshiaki Thiebaud, Wayne Wilson, Robert Rosenquist, James Silverman, Debora Leah Thompson, Benjamin Wind, Edgar Ross, Denman Waldo Simpson, Lorna Caspar Winthrop, Grenville Rothko, Mark Sitney, P. Adams Tomita, Kojiro Lindall Rowland, Ingrid D. Siza (Siza Vieira), Alvaro Trachtenberg, Marvin Wiseman, Frederick Rowland, Jr., Benjamin Joaquim Melo Trouvelot, Etienne Wood, Christopher S. Rubin, William Slive, Seymour Leopold Wu, Hung Rudenstine, Angelica Sloan, John French Trumbull, John (1756- Wurster, William Wilson Zander Smith, Kiki 1843) Wyeth, Andrew Newell Rudolph, Paul Marvin Smyth, Craig Hugh Tsien, Billie Xu, Jay Ruscha, Ed (Edward) Soper, Alexander Coburn Turrell, James Yamasaki, Minoru Ruskin, John Sorkin, Michael Tuttle, Richard Yu, Kongjian Ruzicka, Rudolph Souto de Moura, Eduardo Twombly, Cy Zumthor, Peter Ryman, Robert Tracy Elisio Machado Van Valkenburgh, Ryskamp, Charles Speicher, Eugene Edward Michael R. Back to Subject Index Andrew Stebbins, Jr., Theodore Van Zanten, David Saarinen, Eero Ellis Theodore Sachs, Paul Joseph Steinberg, Leo

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Zoology Brewster, William Dawson, Alden Benjamin Gould, Augustus Addison Briggs, Robert William de Lacaze-Duthiers, Felix Greep, Roy Orval

Brooks, William Keith Joseph Henri Gregory, William King Adams, Charles Baker Brues, Charles Thomas de Pourtales, Louis Griffin, Donald Redfield Adkisson, Perry Lee Bryant, Henry Francois Grinnell, Joseph Agassiz, Alexander Buffon, Georges Louis Dean, John Grobstein, Clifford Emmanuel Rodolph Leclerc, Comte de Dempsey, Edward Hagen, Hermann August Agassiz, Jean Louis Bumpus, Hermon Carey Wheeler Halasz, Bela Rodolph Burgess, Edward Detwiler, Samuel Randall Haldeman, Samuel Alexander, Robert Burnett, Waldo Irving Dobzhansky, Theodosius Stehman McNeill Cabot, Samuel (1815- Dollo, Louis Antoine Hamburger, Viktor Allee, Warder Clyde 1885) Marie Joseph Hamilton, William Allen, Glover Morrill Drew, Gilman Arthur Donald Allen, Joel Asaph Callan, Harold Garnet Carpenter, Frank Morton Duboule, Denis Hamlin, Charles Edward Arnold, Stevan James Carpenter, Russell Dwight, Thomas Harris, Thaddeus Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Ebert, James David William Azam, Farooq LeGrand Caspari, Ernst Wolfgang Edds, Jr., Mac Vincent Hasler, Arthur Davis Bachman, John Castle, William Ernest Edinger, Tilly (Johanna Henshaw, Samuel Baer, Karl Ernst von Gabrielle Ottelie) Hilborn, Ray William Baird, Spencer Fullerton Caullery, Maurice Jules Gaston Corneille Edwards, Scott Vernon Hillis, David Mark Banks, Nathan Chadwick, Leigh Edward Ehrenberg, Christian Hisaw, Frederick Lee Barbour, Thomas Gottfried Hoadley, Leigh Bartholomew, George Clark, Benjamin Preston Clarke, George Leonard Eisner, Thomas Holbrook, John Edwards Adelbert Clarke, Samuel Fessenden Elton, Charles Sutherland Hölldobler, Berthold Karl Batchelder, Charles Cleveland, Lemuel Emlen, Stephen T. Holmes, Samuel Jackson Foster Roscoe Endler, John A. Holtfreter, Johannes Bates, Marston Conklin, Edwin Grant Evans, Herbert McLean Friedrich Karl Bennett, Henry Stanley Everett, John Wendell Howard, Leland Ossian Berenbaum, May Roberta Conway, Gordon Richard Copeland, Manton Fall, Henry Clinton Humes, Arthur Grover Bigelow, Robert Payne Corner, George Faure-Fremiet, Huntsman, Archibald Binney, Amos Emmanuel Gowanlock Bischoff, Theodor Washington Craig, Jr., George Fawcett, Don Wayne Hutchinson, George Ludwig Wilhelm Brownlee Faxon, Walter Evelyn Blake, Charles Henry Crompton, Alfred Walter Fell, Honor Bridget Huxley, Julian Sorell Bodenstein, Dietrich Crozier, William John Fell, Howard Barraclough Huxley, Thomas Henry Hans F. Alexander Cushman, Joseph Fernald, Charles Henry Hyatt, Alpheus Bodian, David Augustine Fewkes, Jesse Walter Hyman, Libbie Henrietta Boell, Edgar John Cuvier (Baron), Georges Fischer von Waldheim, Imms, Augustus Daniel Bonaparte, Charles Gotthelf Friedrich Jennings, Herbert Lucien Jules Laurence, Leopold Christian Frederic Dagobert Flexner, Louis Barkhouse Spencer Prince de Canino Dall, William Healey Frisch, Karl Ritter von Johnson, Charles Boulenger, George Albert Gardiner, Edward Willison Boyden, Edward Allen Daniel, John Franklin Darlington, Jr., Philip Gardiner Jolly, Alison Bishop Brachet, Jean Louis Jackson Gegenbaur, Carl Jordan, H. E. Karl Auguste Davenport, Charles Gillespie, Rosemary G. (Heinrich Ernst Karl) Bremer, John Lewis Benedict Goode, George Brown Brewer, Thomas Mayo

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019

Keith, Arthur (1866- Michener, Charles Ritter, William Emerson Weinland, David 1955) Duncan Romer, Alfred Sherwood Friedrich Kellogg, Arthur Miller, Jr., Gerrit Smith Rothschild, Miriam Weis-Fogh, Torkel Remington Milne-Edwards, Henri Louisa Welsh, John Henry Kennedy, Donald Minot, Charles Sedgwick Rubinoff, Ira Weysse, Arthur Wisswald Kidder, George Wallace Moore, Carl Richard Ruthven, Alexander Grant Wheeler, William Kingsley, John Sterling Moore, John Alexander Ryan, Francis Joseph Morton Kirtland, Jared Potter Morgan, Thomas Hunt Sawyer, Charles Henry White, Michael James Knipling, Edward Fred Morse, Edward Sylvester (1915-2006) Denham Kofoid, Charles Atwood Morton, Samuel George Schevill, William Edward Whitman, Charles Otis Kolliker, Rudolf Albert von Muller, Johannes Peter Schmidt, Karl Patterson Wigglesworth, Vincent Kovalevskij (Kovalevsky), Neal, Herbert Vincent Schmidt, Wilhelm Josef Brian Alexander Onufrijevic Nicholas, John Spangler Jacob Wilder, Harris Krebs, John Richard Nottebohm, Fernando Schmitt, Francis Otto Hawthorne Kuhn, Alfred Nuttall, George Henry Schotte, Oscar Emil Williams, Carroll Milton Landauer, Walter Falkiner Schrader, Franz Williams, Ernest Edward Lankester, Edwin Ray Orians, Gordon Howell Scudder, Samuel Wilson, James Walter Leblond, Charles Philippe Osborn, Henry Fairfield Hubbard Wilson, Jr., Edward LeConte, John Lawrence Owen, Richard Sears, Mary Osborne Leidy, Joseph Packard, Alpheus Spring Sedgwick, William Wislocki, George Bernays Leuckart, Rudolph (Karl (1839-1905) Thompson Woods, Frederick Adams Georg Friedrich Palay, Sanford Louis Siebold, Carl Theodor Woodworth, William Rudolph) Parker, George Howard Ernst von McMichael Lewis, Frederic Thomas Patten, William Singer, Marcus Joseph Wyman, Jeffries Lillie, Frank Rattray Patterson, Bryan Sjostrand, Fritiof Stig Wyman, Jr., Jeffries Lillie, Ralph Stayner Pearl, Raymond Smith, Ray Fred Young, John Zachary Lindauer, Martin Peck, William Dandridge Spemann, Hans Zuckerman, Solly Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias Peters, James Lee Steenstrup, Johann Lovejoy, Thomas Eugene Phillips, John Charles Japetus Smith Back to Subject Index Loven, Sven Pilsbry, Henry Augustus Storer, David Humphreys Lull, Richard Swann Pincus, Gregory Thayer, John Eliot Lutz, Brenton Reid Goodwin Thompson, D’Arcy Lyman, Theodore (1833- Pittendrigh, Colin Wentworth 1897) Stephenson Tiedemann, Friedrich MacArthur, Robert Plough, Harold Henry Tinbergen, Nikolaas Helmer Rand, Herbert Wilbur Tobias, Phillip V. Mall, Franklin Paine Redfield, Alfred Clarence Twitty, Victor Chandler Mark, Edward Laurens Regan, Charles Tate Underwood, William Marsh, Othniel Charles Rensch, Bernard Carl Lyman Mayr, Ernst Emmanuel van Beneden, Pierre McCrady, John Retzius, Magnus Gustaf Joseph Mead, Albert Davis Riddiford, Lynn Verrill, Addison Emery Medawar, Peter Brian Moorhead von Paijkull (Paykull), Melander, Axel Leonard Riddle, Oscar Gustaf Metcalf, Robert Lee Ris, Hans Watson, David Meredith Metz, Charles William Ritchie, Jr., John Seares

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2019