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First International Four Seas Conference CERN 97-06 31 July 1997 XC98FK266 ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLEAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH FIRST INTERNATIONAL FOUR SEAS CONFERENCE Trieste, Italy 26 June-1 July 1995 PROCEEDINGS Editors: A.K. Gougas, Y. Lemoigne, M. Pepe-Altarelli, P. Petroff, C.E. Wulz GENEVA 1997 CERN-Service d'information scientifique-RD/975-200O-juiUet 1997 d) Copyright CKRN, Genève. IW7 Propriété littéraire et si'icnlirii|iic réservée Literary and scientific copyrights reserved in all pour tous les pays du monde. Ce document ne countries of the world. This report, or any part peut être reproduit ou traduit en tout ou en of it, may not be reprinted or translated partie sans l'autorisation écrite du Directeur without written permission of the copyright général du CHRN. titulaire du droit d'auteur. holder, the l)irector-(ieneral of CHRN. Dans les cas appropriés, et s'il s'agit d'utiliser However, permission will he freely granted for le document à des lins non commerciales, cette appropriate noncommercial use. autorisation sera volontiers accordée. II any patentable invention or registrable design l.c CHRN ne revendique pas la propriété des is described in the report, (T!RN makes no inventions hrevclablcs et dessins ou modèles claim to properly rights in it but offers it for the susceptibles de dépôt qui pourraient être free use of research institutions, manu- décrits dans le présent document; ceux-ci peu- facturers and others. CHRN, however, may vent être librement utilisés par les instituts de oppose any attempt by a user to claim any recherche, les industriels et autres intéressés. proprietary or patent rights in such inventions Cependant, le CHRN se réserve le droit de or designs as may be described in the present s'opposer à toute revendication qu'un usager document. pourrait faire de la propriété scientifique ou industrielle de toute invention et tout dessin ou modèle décrits dans le présent document. ISSN «007 -X.12X ISHN Ill Abstract The First International Four Seas Conference was held in Trieste, Italy, from June 25th to July 1st, 1995. The principal aim of the Conference was to bring together physicists from the wider Balkan region along with their colleagues from the rest of the world. An overview of the current and future major European and World Physics projects (along with latest experimental results) was presented. Topics included: Physics at FNAL (collider and fixed target), LEP Physics, B and CP violation, presentations from the LHC experiments, AstroParticle Physics, Heavy Ion & Neutrino Physics. Special sessions were devoted to instrumentation projects, to spin-off applications of Particle Physics, while the final session was devoted to presentations connecting Physics and Society. NEXT Introduction Prof. Georges Charpak The idea of this conference was born in the minds of young particle physicists working at CERN. Because of the war in ex-Yugoslavia they witnessed the severing of most links between the physicists from that region of Europe and the rest of the world physics community. They imagined, maybe with some idealism or naivete, that they could help their ex-Yugoslav colleagues, by organizing, as soon as possible, a conference where the physicists of the region would have the possibility to get acquainted with the latest developments in physics and have the opportunity to meet their colleagues who are active in the most important particle physics projects. They did not intend to re-web a network of scientists of the old Yugoslavia but rather to give the physicists in that region the opportunity to renew ties with the world's scientific community. The initiative was well received in general and the immediate agreement by the President of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, gave them a substantive financial support, which permitted the materialization of their idea when it was combined with the logistic support from CERN, the generous help from the local organizations of Trieste and the enthusiastic personal investment of work by a group of people, scientists and non-scientists, at CERN and in some other European laboratories. The organizers thought that the conference would be the first post-war conference. Unfortunately it occurs at a moment when the war is at its peak, so we had to resort to a "neutral" but still symbolic place like Trieste to organize it. Research in physics, like all other cultural activities, is embedded in the people, and the level of grief or hatred reached in this region of Europe is not clearly perceived by those who have been living in peace for fifty years. When I accepted to join the initiators of this venture, I was acutely aware of this major problem because in my youth much reading and personal reflection on the First World War had contributed to the elaboration of my political sensitivity. I had been fascinated by the ease with which leaders entered into the most destructive wars, although they very often shared the same spiritual values, or were even of the same religion, and I had developed when I was young a great respect for the very few who resisted the chauvinistic social pressure. The most inspiring example for a physicist was indeed Albert Einstein. In 1922 he was invited by Paul Langevin to give a series of lectures in Paris. He refused because of his feeling of solidarity with German physicists who were being boycotted by the French. It was under the pressure of his German colleagues that he finally accepted the invitation of his friend Paul Langevin. During his visit to France, he discovered the hostility of the so-called "patriots" who were perturbing his lectures because he came from Berlin. At that time he had long been a Swiss citizen. After having left Germany at the turn of the century because of his deep hostility to the military discipline existing in German high schools, he had studied in Zurich. After fundamental discoveries, he came back to Germany, which by then was the cradle of modern physics, and was a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences when the 1914 war broke out. He refused to sign an appeal of the Academy of Sciences in support of the noble goals of the coalition led by Germany and had to leave a hostile country. He came back after the war and was made world famous among the public at large by the verification of his theory of general relativity. This irritated strongly a chauvinist fraction of the German public and he was violently attacked for the corruption he introduced into German science with his Jewish physics. A very large meeting hostile to A. Einstein was convened at the Concert Hall of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. It was chaired by Philip Van Lenard, Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905! And it is in these surroundings that Einstein was fighting against the boycott of the German scientists by the scientists of the winning countries. He was giving a beautiful example of intellectual freedom and attachment to principles. At the same time, he was a member of a Committee within the "Society of Nations" in Geneva which was in charge of bringing to light the crimes committed by both sides engaged in the war. VI I like the idea that Albert Einstein is the predecessor of the young physicists who at CERN in 1993 decided to hold this conference. It was necessary to mark a big leap forward to repair this part of Europe which was being destroyed. It was a monstrous cancer which we had to help cure by finding medicines. CERN was ideally placed for these physicists to meet and discuss the problem. At CERN we never ever asked anybody what his father or uncle was doing during the war. As long as he himself was not a war criminal we did not see why anybody in Europe should be denied an equal right to have a creative life. This was the credo of all the people who tried to create a European Community and, despite present difficulties, I believe that a great step forward has been achieved in the last fifty years. A week ago I read a striking article about the son of A. Eichmann, one of the main artisans of the enterprise of the Jews' extermination. He was captured by the Israelis and hung. His son is a respected professor at the University of Heidelberg and a very decent man. He did not try to hide himself or deny the reality as "negationists" do. I cannot imagine anybody aggressing him for deeds beyond his personal responsibility. The collective responsibility of the German people and the German State is something different. It is because present Germany acknowledged the crimes of the German State during World War II that it is now a respected member of the democratic nations. It is in fact a good example for many other nations who are bearing a very strong responsibility in the desperate state of some parts of the world because of brutal behaviour during the times of slavery, colonial conquests, colonial wars, ruthless economic imperialism, and so on. But who would ever admit that their responsibility bears with it some moral obligation for solidarity and repair? This is why I personally consider that the United Nations are rendering a great service to the peoples of the ex-Yugoslavia by instituting a tribunal for war crimes. It is relatively unimportant whether they can catch the criminals and punish them. But in ten, twenty years they will enable the new generations to distance themselves from criminal acts which can be justified by no decent cause. The organizing committee has had to meet the difficulty of bringing together, in a purely scientific conference, peoples from the different regions of ex-Yugoslavia.
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