Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 647 A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9 Appendix B Properties of Materials

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 649 A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9 Appendix C Physical and Astrophysical Constants

Source From K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38 (2014) 090001

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 651 A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9 652 Appendix C: Physical and Astrophysical Constants Index

Symbols ATLAS experiment, 152 0 K 0 − K Mixing, 310 Aurorae, 624 CDM model, 468, 477, 486 Avalanche photodiodes (APD), 131 αi matrices, 260 Axion, 385, 491 β matrix, 260 Axion-like-particle (ALP), 491, 610 τ-θ puzzle, 95 γ μ matrices, 260 B Baikal NT-200 detector, 181 A Barn, 28 Abelian symmetry groups, 324 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, 428, 485 Accelerators, 189 Baryons, 190, 214 ACE experiment, 157 baryonic quantum number, 191 Acoustic peaks, 437 Beauty, see Bottom Active galactic nuclei (AGN), 576 BESS experiment, 157 AGASA experiment, 159 β decay, 24, 440, 529, 530 AGILE telescope, 166, 168 Bethe formula, 102 Aharonov, Yakir, 255 Bethe, Hans, 102 AMS-02 experiment, 157, 545 Bi-spinor, 261 Andromeda galaxy, 9 Big bang, 430, 473 Angular diameter distance, 428 Big crunch, 472 ANTARES detector, 182 Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC), Anthropic principle, 409, 417 122 Antimatter, 87, 500, 547 Bilinear covariants, 265 discovery, 88 Binary systems, 556, 575 Antiproton, 191, 547 Binding energy, 13 Antiquark, 214 BL lacertae objects (BL Lac), 578 Arecibo radio telescope, 637 Black disk, 350 ARGO-YBJ detector, 169 Black hole, 473 Askar’yan effect, 108 Kerr, 473 Astrobiology, 617 Schwarzschild, 473 Astronomical unit (AU), 7 Blazar, 577, 578 Asymptotic freedom, 331, 340 Block, Martin, 289 Atacama Cosmology Telescope, 438 Bohm, David, 255

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2015 653 A. De Angelis and M.J.M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2688-9 654 Index

Bohm–Aharonov effect, 255 Cloud chamber, 88, 121 Bose–Einstein statistics, 5 Cluster model, 332 Boson, 5 CMB polarization, 437 Goldstone, 367 CMS experiment, 149 Higgs, 371, 384 CNO cycle, 507 Bothe, Walther, 90 COBE, 434 Bottom Collection efficiency, 129 ϒ, 221 Color, 216 bottomium, 221 Color factors, 328 Bragg curve, 110 Compositeness, 417 Branching ratio, 34 Compton scattering, 111 Branes, 416 Compton wavelength, 64 Breakdown potential, 123 Confinement, 332, 333, 340 Breit frame, 230 Contravariant representation, 46 Bremsstrahlung, 105 Conversi, Pancini and Piccioni experiment, Bubble chamber, 121 91 Cosmic microwave background (CMB), 11, 429, 549 C Cosmic rays, 15, 77 Cabibbo acceleration, 562 angle, 304 Hillas plot, 571 Cabibbo, Nicola, 305 arrival directions of charged, 543 Callan–Gross relation, 231 charged, 538 Calorimeter, 133 discovery, 71 electromagnetic, 133, 134 electrons and positrons, 545 hadronic, 134 gamma rays, 550 homogeneous, 133 GZK suppression, 540 sampling, 133 life and, 622 CANGAROO telescope, 170 photons, 549 Casimir propagation of Galactic, 589 effect, 284 spectrum, 539 operator, 201 Cosmological constant, 459 Casimir, Hendrick, 284 Cosmological principle, 461 Cepheids, 425 Coulomb gauge, 253 CERN, 15, 95, 145, 390 Covariant derivative, 49, 255 Chadwick, James, 25 Covariant representation, 46 Chamberlain, Owen, 67 CP violation, 310 Charge conjugation, 205 direct, 315 Charged weak currents, 296 in 2π modes, 312 Charm, 218, 307 in the B sector, 317 charmonium, 220 in the standard model, 319 Charpak, George, 124 indirect, 316 Cherenkov strong CP problem, 385 detector, 131 Crab Nebula, 16, 551, 573, 574 emission in air showers, 156 Crane, Richard, 267 radiation, 107 Critical density, 465 telescope, 170, 551 Critical energy, 107 Cherenkov, Pavel, 107 Cronin, Jim, 312 Chirality, 292 Cross-section, 27 CKM matrix, 308 WW cross-section at LEP, 397 Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, 207 ZZ cross section at LEP, 397 Index 655

CTA observatory, 177, 599 Elastic process, 30 CUORE, 534 Electromagnetic interaction, 6 Electromagnetic tensor, 57 Electroweak precision measurements, 391 D Energy–momentum tensor, 459 resonances, 211 Equations ++ puzzle, 216 Dirac, 259 D’Alembert operator, 49, 252 Drake, 631 DAMA experiment, 498 Euler–Lagrange, 247 DAMPE mission, 176 Klein-Gordon, 270 Dark energy, 14, 428, 472 Maxwell, 250 Dark matter, 14, 443, 444, 488 Equivalence principle, 452 baryonic, 489 Euclidean space, 455 cold, 463 Euler–Lagrange equations, 247 distributions, 446 EUSO mission, 164 freeze-out, 477 EXO, 534 hot, 490 Extra dimensions, 415 Dark noise, 129 Extragalactic background light (EBL), 592 DASI, 437 Extraterrestrial life, see also Life Davis, Ray, 178 messages from space, 636 Daya Bay experiment, 521, 522 search for, 637 de Sitter universe, 464 Extremophiles, 624 Deep inelastic scattering, 223 DELPHI experiment, 147 Density of final states, 35 F Differential cross-section, 29 FCNC, 307 Dipole formula, 41 Fermi Diquark, 218, 335 bubbles, 556 Dirac constant, 286 equation, 86, 259 golden rule, 35, 280 notation, 80 LAT, 166 Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 85 mechanism for CR acceleration, 562 Distance model of weak interactions, 285, 290 comoving, 424 observatory, 167 luminosity, 426 paradox (extraterrestrial life), 635 proper, 426 Fermi, Enrico, 34 scale, 425 Fermi-Dirac statistics, 4 Drell-Yan process, 328, 343 Fermion, 4 Drift chamber, 125 Feynman Dwarf spheroidals, 447, 605 diagrams, 245, 277 Feynman, Richard, 39 Fine structure constant, 278 E Fireball model, 581 EAS, 154 Fitch, Val, 312 Eddington luminosity, 577 Flash chamber, 125 EGRET instrument, 166 Flavor, 214 EHS, 142 Fluorescence, 155 Eightfold way, 211 Form factor, 41 Eikonal function, 350 Four-scalar, 47 Einasto profile of DM, 446 Fragmentation Einstein functions, 335 equations, 459 string and cluster model, 332 Einstein, Albert, 4 Free streaming distance, 529 656 Index

Freeze-out temperature, 440 SO(3), 200 Friedman, Jerome I., 228 spin rotations, 199 Friedmann, Alexander, 461 SU(2), 199 Froissart bound, 350 SU(3), 202 FSRQ, 578 SU(n), 199 U(n), 199 Gyromagnetic ratio, 266 G GZK G-2 experiments, 267 cutoff, 16, 593 Gain, 129 mechanism, 540 Galactic center, 606 neutrinos, 557 Galactic coordinates, 18 Galaxy clusters, 605 H Galilei, Galileo, 9 H.E.S.S. telescope, 168, 170, 172, 608 GALLEX, 508 Hadrons, 191 GALPROP, 590 Hamiltonian, 191, 247 Gamma ray, 17, 550 HAWC observatory, 168, 170 bursts, 553, 580 HEGRA telescope, 170 emission from Fermi bubbles, 556 Heisenberg flares, 552 principle, 2 horizon, 597 Heisenberg, Werner, 2 transients, 552 Helicity, 43, 264 GAMMA400 mission, 176 Hermitian conjugate, 194 Gargamelle, 297 Hess, Victor, 75 Gaseous photomultipliers (GPM ), 130 Higgs Gauge boson, 371, 384, 386 invariance, 361 discovery, 403 transformation, 251, 257 mechanism, 368 Geiger mode, 123 Higgs, Peter, 363 Geiger-Müller counter, 78, 123 High-energy gamma rays, 566 General relativity, 452 attenuation edge, 597 Geodesic, 426, 455 hadronic photoproduction, 569 equations, 461 inverse Compton scattering, 567 GIM mechanism, 304 optical depth, 596 Glashow, Sheldon Lee, 370 self-synchrotron Compton mechanism, Glasma, 357 567 Glauber model, 352 High-z Supernova Search Team, 427 Gluon, 7, 216, 326 Hillas plot, 571 Gottfried sum rule, 235 Hofstadter, Robert, 223 Grand unification, 408 Homestake mine, 508 Grand Unified Theories (GUT), 410, 484 Hubble Gravitational constant, 10, 422, 462 interaction, 6 law, 10, 422 lensing, 444 Hubble, Erwin, 9 radiation, 559 Hypercharge, 203, 212, 374 graviton, 559 waves, 182 Gray disk, 350 I GRB, see Gamma ray bursts IceCube, 181, 559 Greenhouse effect, 622 neutrino observations, 585 Gross, David J., 323 Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Group, 193 (IACT), 170 abelian, 193 Indirect CP violation, 316 Index 657

Inelastic interaction length, 114 cosmic rays and, 622 Inflation, 437, 481 Drake equation, 631 Inflaton, 481 in the solar system, 628 Interaction length, 32 panspermia, 626 Inverse Compton, 112 recipe of, 619 Ionization counter, 123 Schrödinger’s definition, 619 Isospin, 203, 207 silicon-based, 619 weak, 373 LIGO observatory, 184 LISA project, 185 Livingston plot, 190 J LNGS, 497 J/ψ, 218, 307 Local group, 9 anomalous suppression, 356 Lorentz discovery, 218 boost, 51 suppression in QGP, 357 force, 44, 253 Jarlskog invariant, 320 invariance violation, 607 JEM-EUSO experiment, 163 Lorentz–Heaviside convention, 250 Jet quenching, 355 Lorentz-Invariant Fermi rule, 55 transformations, 45, 51 Lorentz, Hendrik, 44 K Lorenz gauge, 59, 252 K2K experiment, 522 Lorenz, Ludvig, 59 KamLAND, 515–517, 525 LPM effect, 114 KamLAND-Zen, 534 LSND, 526 KATRIN, 531 Luminosity, 29, 139 Kendall, Henry W., 228 differential, 139 Kepler mission, 634 integrated, 139 Klein, Oscar, 84 Lund symmetric fragmentation function, Klein-Gordon equation, 84, 252, 270 335 Km3NeT telescope, 182 Kobayashi, Makoto, 308 Koshiba, Masatoshi, 178 Kurie plot, 530 M MACHO, 489 MAGIC telescope, 168, 170, 172, 174, 608 L Magnetic field, 588 Lagrangian, 247 Earth’s, 623 density, 249 extragalactic, 588 mass term, 250 galactic, 588 Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect, 114 Magnetosphere, 623 Last scattering surface, 434 Magnitude, 585 Leaky-box model, 590 Majorana, Ettore, 532 Lederman, Leon, 506 Mandelstam variables, 53 Lemaitre, Georges, 461 Maskawa, Toshihide, 308 Length contraction, 46 Mather, John, 434 Leptons, 190, 237 Maxwell equations, 44, 250 τ, see τ lepton Maxwell, James Clerk, 44, 250 LHC, 15, 403 Mendeleev, Dimitri, 21 LHCb, 143 Mesons, 190 Lie algebra, 198 Metallicity, 451 Life, 618 Metric abiogenesis, 626 Kerr, 459 ammonia and, 621 Minkowski, 459 carbon-based, 618 Robertson–Walker, 458, 459 658 Index

Schwarzschild, 459, 472 oscillation in a two-flavor system, 511 Metric tensor, 48 oscillation length, 513 Microlensing, 434, 438, 490 oscillations, 505 MILAGRO, 169 resonant oscillations, 515 Milky Way, 8 solar, 506, 585 Millikan, Robert A., 77 neutrino problem, 508 Mills, Robert, 257 very-high-energy, 559 Minimal coupling, 255 Neutron, 25, 207 Minkowski tensor, 47 Neutron star, 572 MINOS, 523, 524 Newton, Isaac, 4 Mip or minimum ionizing particle, 102 Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen function, 119 Molière radius, 119 NKG function, 119 MOND, 449 No-hair theorem, 473 Monte Carlo methods, 118 Noether Mott cross-section, 42 theorem, 192, 194, 248 Multijet production, 346 Noether, Emmy, 192 Multiple scattering, 109 Non-Abelian symmetry groups, 324 Muon, 92 Nuclear emulsion, 122 decay, 296 Nuclear suppression factor, 355 detection at accelerators, 141 Nucleosynthesis in cosmic-ray showers, 159, 547 in stars, 439 primordial, 438

N Natural units (NU), 62 O − Navarro, Frenk, and White (NFW) profile of , 213 DM, 446 Olbers’ paradox, 451 NEMO experiment, 182 OPERA, 525 NESTOR project, 182 Optical depth, 596 Neutral weak currents, 297 Optical theorem, 348 Neutralino, 413, 494 OZI rule, 217 Neutrinos, 505, 557 Ozone layer, 623 appearance experiments, 513 disappearance experiments, 513 accelerator, 522 P and hot dark matter, 528 Pacini, Domenico, 74 astrophysical, 557 Pair production, 113 atmospheric, 516, 557, 585 PAMELA beams, 297 anomaly, 546, 604 CNO cycle, see CNO cycle PAMELA experiment, 157 cosmogenic, 557 Parity, 195, 204, 288 cosmological, 481 Parity violation, 288 decoupling, 480 Parsec, 9 Dirac, 532 Partial cross-section, 30 from SN1987A, see SN1987A Partial wave amplitudes, 348 from the collapse of supernovae, 585 Partial width, 34 geo-neutrinos, 525 Particle accelerator, 136 IceCube, see IceCube Particle Data Book, 240 Majorana, 532, 533 Particle lifetime, 33 mass, 505 Parton density function, 232 mass limits, 529 Partons, 229 MSW effect, 514 Pauli number of light species, 395 exclusion principle, 4 Index 659

matrices, 200, 260 quark-parton model, 229 Pauli, Wolfgang, 4 top, 402 PDF, see Parton density function Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), 341, 353 PDG, see Particle Data Book Quasar, 577, see also Active Galactic Nuclei Penning traps, 268 Penzias, Arno, 429 Periodic table, 21 R Perlmutter, Saul, 427 Radiation length, 106 Photodetector, 129 Radio emission, 156 Photodisintegration, 593 Range, 110 Photoelectric effect, 111 Rapidity, 339 Photoluminescence, 104 Rayleigh scattering, 113 Photomultiplier tubes (PMT), 129 Recombination Photon decoupling, 431 phase, 431 Photonuclear effect, 113 temperature, 432 Photosensors, 129 Redshift, 422 Pierre Auger Observatory, 162 Reines, Frederick, 505 Pioneer 10, 642 Reionization Planck epoch, 433 length, 64 optical depth parameter τ, 434 mass, 65 Renormalization, 281, 282 mission, 434 Resistive plate chamber, 128 scale, 3 RICH, 132 time, 64 Riess, Adam, 427 Planck, Max, 3 Ring imaging Cherenkov detector, 132 Planets, see Solar system Rosenbluth formula, 223, 281 extrasolar, 633, 645 Rossi, Bruno, 90 POLARBEAR, 438 Rubbia, Carlo, 137, 300 Politzer, David , 323 Running coupling Pontecorvo, Bruno, 519 and unification of forces, 409 Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata for α, 283 (PMNS) matrix, 519 for αs , 329 Preons, 418 Rutherford experiment, 23 Primordial abundance of 4He, 441 Rutherford, Ernest, 23 Propagator, 245, 277, 296, 382 Proper time, 45 Proportional counter, 123 S Pseudo-rapidity, 145, 340 SAGE, 508 PSR 1913+16, 560 Saha equation, 431 Pulsar, 572 Sakharov conditions, 322 Pulsar wind nebulae (PWN), 574 Salam, Abdus, 370 Schmidt, Brian, 427 Schrödinger’s Q definition of life, 619 QCD, 323 equation, 79 tests at LEP, 398 Schrödinger, Erwin, 79 QED, 250 Schwartz, Melvin, 506 Quantum chromodynamics, see QCD Schwarzschild Quantum efficiency, 129 radius, 65, 472 Quantum electrodynamics, see QED Schwarzschild, Karl, 472 Quark, 214 Scintillators, 127 family, 222 Segrè, Emilio, 67 hadronization, 220 SETI, see Extraterrestrial life 660 Index

Showers particle acceleration in, 561 electromagnetic, 115 shell, 574 extensive air showers, 154 Superstring theories, 416 depth of shower maximum Xmax, 541 SUSY, 412, 494 muons in, 547 Symmetries hadronic, 119 continuum, 195 SI, 63 CPT invariance, 206 Silicon detectors, 126 discrete, 195 SiPM, 131 flavor, 214 Smoot, George, 434 Noether’s theorem and, 191 SN1987A, 558 phase shift invariance, 196 SNO, 509, 511 rotation invariance, 197 SO(3), 200 space Translation invariance, 196 Soft processes in QCD, 347 time reversal, 206 Solar system, 628 Synchrotron, 142 South Atlantic Anomaly, 624 South Pole Telescope, 438 Space-time, 49 T Special Unitary group, see SU(n) τ lepton, 222, 237 Spin, 5, 86, 260, 266 T2K, 522 Spin rotations, 199 TA experiment, 163 Spin-statistic theorem, 5 Taylor, Richard E., 228 Spinor, 199 Telescope array, 163 Spontaneous symmetry breaking, 363, 376 Temperature power spectrum, 437 Standard candle, 425 Tensor, 48 Standard model, 3, 285, 383 Thomson cross-section, 64 Standard ruler, 428 Tibet-AS, 169 Standard Solar Model, 506 Tides, 620 Star Time dilation, 45 hypergiant, 12 Top, 222 main sequence, 12 quark, 402 red dwarf, 12 Total cross-section, 27 white dwarf, 13 Total width, 34 Steinberger, Jack, 506 Tracking detector, 120 Strange particle, 94 Transition amplitude, 35 Strangeness, 212 Transition radiation detector (TRD), 133 Streamer chamber, 125 Trigger system, 90, 127 String effect, 338 String model, 332, 333 String theories, 415 U Strong CP problem, 491 U(1), 285, 324 Strong interaction, 6, 91 U(n), 199 Structure functions, 227, 235 UA1, 145, 301 SU(2), 199, 285 UA2, 301 SU(3), 202 Uncertainty principle, 26 SU(3) flavor , 214 Underlying event, 339 SU(n), 199 Unitarity Super-K, see Super-Kamiokande triangle, 309, 320, 321 Super-Kamiokande, 508 Unitary group, see U(n) Supernova, 13, 572 Universe type Ia, 427 age, 10, 450, 468 Supernova Cosmology Project, 427 early, 473 Supernova remnant, 561, 572, 574 expansion of the, 422 Index 661

V WIMP, 478, 490, 492, 603 V-A, 290 miracle, 479, 492 Vacuum, 7 Wire chamber, 124 Vacuum polarization, 281 WISP, 490, 610 Van Allen belts, 623 WMAP, 434 van der Meer, Simon, 137, 300 Wolfenstein parametrization (of the CKM Vela, 573 matrix), 309 Veltman, Martinus, 363 VERITAS telescope, 168, 170, 172 Vertices in QCD, 327 X VIRGO observatory, 184 X-ray transition radiation, 108 Virial theorem, 443

Y W Yang, Chen, 257 W boson, 7, 285, 370, 378 Yang–Mills theories, 324 Wavelength shifter, 127 Yukawa potential, 41 Weak interaction, 6, 285 Yukawa, Hideki, 42 Weak isospin, 373 Weinberg angle, 377 Z Weinberg, Steven, 370 Z boson, 7, 285, 370, 378 WHIPPLE telescope, 170 asymmetries, 393 Wilczek, Frank, 323 lineshape, 395 Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 72 partial widths of the, 392 Wilson, Robert, 429 Zero point energy, 284