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Wisp Unification Theory Particles of Nothingness WISP UNIFICATION THEORY PARTICLES OF NOTHINGNESS KEVIN HARKESS Wisp Unification Theory Particles of Nothingness Kevin Harkess BSc (Hons) HR Harkess Research 95 Sibelius Close Basingstoke Hampshire RG22 4HX England. First published in 2003 by Harkess Research 95 Sibelius Close, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG22 4HX. Reprinted 2011 (with revisions). Copyright © Kevin Harkess 2002 Kevin Harkess has asserted his right under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, (other than short extracts for the purpose of review) or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher and copyright holder. The material contained in this CD-ROM eBook is set out in good faith for the development of new scientific theories and no liability can be accepted for the loss or expense incurred as a result of relying in particular circumstances on statements made in it. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-9543694-0-8 (eBook CD-ROM) ISBN 0-9543694-1-6 (paperback) Design and origination by Kevin Harkess Illustrations by Kim Albinson and Kevin Harkess Front cover illustration by Paul Privitera Printed in Great Britain by Harkess Research Dedication To Dawn, Michael and Bethany CONTENTS Introduction . .xiii 1 Matter, Space and Time . .1 1.1 Basic understanding . .1 1.1.1 – Matter . .1 1.1.2 – Space . .1 1.1.3 – Time . .1 1.1.4 – Perception of reality . .2 1.2 Advanced understanding . .3 1.2.1 – Matter . .3 1.2.1.1 – Quantum theories . .3 1.2.1.2 – Fields . .3 1.2.1.3 – Mass . .4 1.2.1.4 – Mass energy equivalence . .4 1.2.1.5 – The standard model . .4 1.2.1.6 – Supersymmetry theory . .6 1.2.1.7 – String theories . .6 1.2.1.8 – M-Theory . .7 1.2.2 – Space and time . .7 1.2.2.1 – Einstein’s space–time . .7 1.2.2.2 – String theory’s space–time . .7 1.2.2.3 – Time dilation . .8 1.2.2.4 – Unit of time . .8 1.2.2.5 – Demise of the ether . .8 1.3 Incompatible theories . .8 1.4 Theory foundations – roots . .9 1.4.1 – Wisp theory roots/history . .11 CONTENTS 2 Symmetry . .13 2.1 Symmetry . .13 2.2 Face-centred cubic lattice . .14 2.3 Spherical sphere packing . .14 2.4 Symmetry-breaking . .16 2.5 Antimatter . .18 2.6 Subatomic particles . .18 3 Fractals . .21 3.1 Fractal patterns . .21 3.1.1 – Cantor dust . .21 3.1.2 – Binary tree . .24 3.2 Particle fractals – ‘matter-fractals’ . .24 4 Wisp Space . .25 4.1 Wisp space’s structure . .25 4.1.1 – States of space . .25 4.1.2 – Wisps . .26 4.1.3 – Matter-fractals . .26 4.2 Early ether theories . .29 4.2.1 – René Descartes . .29 4.2.2 – James Clerk Maxwell . .29 4.2.3 – J.J. Thomson . .30 4.2.4 – Michelson and Morley . .30 4.2.5 – Insufficient proof . .30 4.3 Waves in wisp space . .31 4.3.1 – Transverse waves . .32 4.3.2 – Longitudinal waves . .32 4.3.3 – EPR Paradox . .33 CONTENTS vii 4.4 Matter-fractal’s motion through wisp space . .34 4.5 Absolute frames of reference . .35 4.5.1 – Local absolute frames of reference . .35 4.6 Newton’s laws of motion . .36 4.6.1 – Newton’s first law of motion . .36 4.6.2 – Newton’s second law of motion . .36 4.6.3 – Newton’s third law of motion . .37 5 Gravity . .39 5.1 The weakest force . .39 5.2 Current theories . .40 5.2.1 – Newton’s law of gravitation . .40 5.2.2 – Einstein’s general theory of relativity . .41 5.2.3 – Other theories . .42 5.3 Wisp theory of gravitation . .43 5.3.1 – Curved wisp space . .44 5.3.2 – Tension and compression forces . .45 5.3.3 – Force and the inverse-square law . .47 5.3.4 – Why obey the inverse-square law? . .49 5.3.5 – Newton’s thoughts . .50 5.3.6 – Wisp gravitational force . .52 5.3.7 – Zero-state space shock waves . .53 5.3.8 – Calculating gravitational acceleration . .55 5.3.9 – Bending Light . .59 5.4 Podkletnov’s experiments . .60 5.4.1 – Gravity shielding . .60 5.4.2 – Impulse gravity generator . .62 5.5 Quantum gravitational effects . .64 5.6 Pioneers’ orbital discrepancies . .64 5.7 Gravity Probe B . .66 5.8 Conclusion . .66 viii CONTENTS 6 Electromagnetic Force . .69 6.1 Electric force . .69 6.2 Magnetic force . .70 6.3 Light . .72 6.3.1 – Zero rest mass . .74 7 Wisp and Special Relativity: Fundamentals . .75 7.1 Postulates and implications of special relativity . .76 7.1.1 – Postulate 1: principle of relativity . .76 7.1.2 – Postulate 2: absoluteness of the speed of light . .76 7.1.3 – Implications of postulate 1 . .76 7.1.4 – Implications of postulate 2 . .78 7.2 The postulates of wisp relativity . .79 7.2.1 – Postulate 1 Laws are different . .79 7.2.2 – Postulate 2 Absolute speeds are constant . .79 7.2.3 – Postulate 3 Gamma factor . .79 7.2.4 – Postulate 4 Jiggle . 80 7.2.5 – Postulate 5 Force reduction and time dilation . .80 7.3 Measurements: absolute and relative . .80 7.3.1 – Absolute measurements . .80 7.3.2 – Relative measurements . .81 7.4 Events . .82 7.5 Absolute measurements of light’s relative speed . .82 7.5.1 – Absolute measurements in a stationary frame . .84 7.5.2 – Absolute measurements in a moving frame . .84 CONTENTS ix 7.6 Gamma factors . .89 7.6.1 – Time dilation: light-pulse clocks . .89 7.6.2 – Force reduction . .91 7.6.3 – Jiggle . .92 7.6.4 – Time dilation: mechanical/biological clocks . .94 7.7 The Michelson-Morley experiment . .96 7.7.1 – One-way light speed test . .99 7.8 Kennedy-Thorndike experiment . .100 7.9 Stellar aberration . .100 7.10 Fizeau’s experiment . .101 7.11 Wisp coordinate and frame velocity transformations . .102 7.11.1 – Wisp frame velocity transformation . .103 7.12 Invariance of distance . .105 7.13 Absolute simultaneity: events . .105 7.14 Mass invariance . .108 7.14.1 – Relativistic mass increase: quasi-mass . .108 7.14.2 – Accelerating subatomic particles . .109 7.14.3 – Decelerating subatomic particles . .111 7.15 Wisp accelerations and transformations . .111 7.15.1 – Particle accelerator force magnitudes . .112 7.15.2 – Wisp acceleration transformations . .113 7.15.3 – Motion produced by a force-device in absolute frame S . .115 7.15.3.1 – Motion produced by a force-device moving in frame S . .117 7.15.4 – Rules for time dilation compensation . .119 7.15.4.1 – Motion produced by a moving force-device with respect to frame S’ . .121 7.16 Absolute speed of light . .124 7.17 Earth’s absolute and relative times . .125 x CONTENTS 8 Wisp and Special Relativity: Electrodynamics . .127 8.1 Electrodynamics of moving bodies . .129 8.2 Force measurements in different frames . .129 8.2.1 – Electromagnetic force in absolute frame S . .129 8.2.2 – Electromagnetic force in moving frame S’ . .130 8.2.3 – Electric force on wire moving.
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