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The United States Lighthouse Society 244 An educational service provided by The United States Lighthouse Society 244 Kearny Street • San Francisco, CA 94108 (415) 362-7255 The Story of the Lighthouse Many, many years ago (thousands of years to be A lever light. more exact), people lived in a very primitive way — both hunting for and growing their own food (there were no supermarkets in those days, no stores at all!). Eventually they decided to explore the water in a boat to find out what the sea had to offer in the way of food. And, what did they find? They found fish and all kinds of other seafood: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, lobsters, crabs, etc. During the day they could find their way back to the landing place by looking for a pile of rocks that had been left there. Pharos lighthouse in Alexandria, Egypt These were the first daymarks. But how could recorded in history and was built about 280 they find their way home at night? Since much B.C. Those records tell us that it was the of the shoreline looked very similar, friends tallest one ever built — 450 ft. (comparable to had to light a bonfire on a high point to guide a 45 story skyscraper) and used an open fire them to the right landing area. Still later they at the top as a source of light. (Can you used a pole or a tripod to hang a metal basket imagine being the keeper, climbing to the top containing a fire as a method of signaling (a to light the fire, and then forgetting the lever light). matches or whatever was used in those days to start a fire?) Our first lighthouses were actually given to us by Nature herself. Sailors sometimes used This fantastic structure survived for 1500 landmarks such as glowing volcanoes to guide years until it was completely destroyed by an them. In the Ancient World, trading ships earthquake in the 14th Century. Slave labor were eventually built enabling navigators to was used to build it, and it took twenty long sail long distances to buy and sell goods. In years to complete. It was a three-part tower the days of wooden ships with sails, the wind — with a square base, a second story with and waves could easily push them against the eight sides and a narrow, taller, round third rocks and wreck them. And so, the need for story. At night they believe its lighted fire lighthouses as warning signals arose. could be seen for thirty miles, whereas by day it produced a column of smoke for a daymark. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Today we call people who study (or are World was a lighthouse — the famous Pharos interested in) lighthouses pharologists. The of Alexandria, Egypt. It is the first one that is name comes from that famous lighthouse. The Story of the Lighthouse Page 2 What is a lighthouse? It is a tower with a bright light at the top, located at an important or dangerous place regarding navigation (travel over water). The two main purposes of a lighthouse are to serve as a navigational aid and to warn boats of dangerous areas. It is like a traffic sign on the sea. What a seeing eye dog is to a blind person is what a lighthouse is to a seaman. A screwpile lighthouse A round caisson, Do all lighthouses look or “sparkplug” lighthouse alike? Although we often think of a lighthouse as a tall, white conical tower, there are A tall, conical lighthouse many, many variations of design. Depending on its A square caisson lighthouse location, it might be tall (where the land was very flat) or short and squat (where there was a high cliff or rocky coast). It could be square, octagonal (with eight sides), conical (like an ice cream cone upside down), cylindrical (like a very fat pipe), or even like a skeleton. Lighthouses come in all shapes and sizes… square octagonal (8 sides) conical cylindrical (round) skeletal The Story of the Lighthouse Page 3 You might find the lighthouse standing alone, attached to the building where the lighthouse keeper lives, or connected to the keeper’s quarters by an enclosed walkway. Sometimes the lantern room is built into the roof of the keeper’s house. When the lighthouses were built, they were constructed with whatever materials were most readily available. They were designed to fit the local geographic and climatic conditions. Some are made of stone; others brick, concrete, wood, steel, cast iron, and even tabby (a mixture of shells, lime, sand and water). So you can see that each lighthouse is very unique. Where are lighthouses located? They can be found in a variety of places, on rocky cliffs or sandy shoals on land, on a waveswept reef in the sea, and at entrances to harbors and bays. They serve to warn the sailor of dangerous reefs beneath the sea or perilous rocky coasts on land, and to guide ships into a safe harbor or back out to sea. So the message of the light-house might be — STAY AWAY, DANGER, BEWARE, or COME THIS WAY. Every lighthouse tells the mariner, “This is exactly where you are.” Our country has several coastlines used by ships from around the world. In the East it borders the Atlantic Ocean, in the West the Pacific Ocean, and in the South the Gulf of Mexico. But we also have another very important area of coastline where the land meets the sea, the Great Lakes. So, all of these four areas bordering our country need and have lighthouses, as well as some of our more For example, the Hudson River, Lake important navigable inland waterways. Champlain, Chesapeake Bay and San Francisco Bay are also dotted with lighthouses. The Story of the Lighthouse Page 4 Some lighthouses are painted in black and white designs: Cape Henry, VA Currituck, NC Bodie Island, NC Cape Hatteras, NC Cape Lookout, NC How could one lighthouse be distinguished from another? Years ago, before they had all the sophisticated technology of today — loran, radar, sonar, onship electronics, radio beacons, etc. — ships near shore in the daytime would use lighthouses as a landmark. This use gave them an additional name — a DAYMARK. Imagine that you are the Captain of a ship sailing along the coast. You need some landmarks to help you find your position. When you look on shore you see a tall red brick tower. Then you sail about forty miles down the coast and you see another round red brick tower — just like the first one. How would you know where you are? This is the way things were along a portion of the Virginia and North Carolina coast in the 1870’s. To help the mariner determine his location the Lighthouse Board (which was in charge of lighthouses from 1852 – 1910) issued an order to have each light- house painted in different colors and/or designs. This is the best example of DAYMARKS we can see today. Cape Henry, Virginia (the tallest cast iron lighthouse in the U.S. today) was painted in alternating black and white sections. Currituck, the next one down the coast, was left its natural brick color. Bodie Island was painted with horizontal bands. Cape Hatteras (the tallest one in the country) was given spiral bands. Cape Lookout was painted in a diamond or checkerboard pattern. On some lighthouses elsewhere the color red has been used to help distinguish them. There are two very striking ones painted in red stripes — at West Quoddy, Maine, and Assateague, Virginia. And some are painted red and white: West Quoddy Head, ME Assateague, VA The Story of the Lighthouse Page 5 But, what about nighttime — the most dangerous time to navigate, and the main reason lighthouses exist? You can’t see colors or patterns at night, but you can see lights. However, unless there was some way to make each light different you could have the same problem. Early on, in a few places in our country, they built multiple lights (that is, two or three together.) There are twin lights at Cape Elizabeth, Maine and at Thatcher Island, Massachusetts that are still visible today. On Cape Cod, they built three lights which they call “The Three Sisters of Nauset”, no longer in use, but which have been moved to a central location and preserved by the National Park Service for us to see today. Many of the double lights were either torn down or one of the twins was moved to another location. Building double or triple lighthouses was one way to help the sailors at sea determine their location, but it was a very expensive way to do it. Mounting a group of lights on a rotating framework made it possible to produce a special signature (the first flashing characteristic) for each lighthouse, so they could be easily told apart (more on this The two lighthouses on Thatcher Island off the follows). Massachusetts coast helped mariners identify their position. The three lighthouses at Nauset Beach on Cape Cod, A group of lights mounted on a rotating frame made a known as the Three Sisters, were the only triple lights lighthouse look like it was flashing its light on and off. in this country. The Story of the Lighthouse Page 6 The invention of the Fresnel lens in 1822 was probably the most important discovery in lighting technology. As well as enabling man to produce an unlimited number of flashing combinations, it also intensified (brightened) the light so it was much more helpful to the mariner, and could be seen at greater distances.
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