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Annex 1 List of EPP Member Parties

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Annex 1 List of EPP Member Parties Annex 1 List of EPP Member Parties (* Denotes Associated Members) Austria Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) Belgium Christelijke Volkspartij (CVP) Parti Social Chrétien (PSC) Cyprus Democratic Rally (DR)* Denmark Det Konservative Folkeparti Finland Kansallinen Kokoomus France Force Démocrate (FD) Germany Christlich Demokratische Union (CDU) Christlich Soziale Union (CSU) Greece Nea Demokratia (ND) Ireland Fine Gael (FG) Italy Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI) Centro Cristiano Democratico (CCD) Cristiani Democratici Uniti (CDU) Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) Luxemburg Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV) 181 182 Annexes Malta Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)* Norway Hoyre* Netherlands Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA) Portugal Partido Social Democratido (PSD) Spain Partido Popular (PP) Unió Democrática de Catalunya (UDC) Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) Sweden Kristdemokraterna (Kds) Moderaterna (MS) Switzerland Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei (CVP)* Annex 2 The Author – Biographical Note Thomas Jansen, born 1939; studied Political Science, Sociology and History 1962–7 at the Universities in Bonn and Munich, concluding with a PhD degree; academic assistant and lecturer, 1967–9 at the Institute of Political Science, University of Mainz; assistant to Walter Hallstein MP and adviser on European policy of the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag, 1970–1; personal adviser to the Chairman, Rainer Barzel MP, 1971–5; Deputy Secretary General and Secretary General of the European Union Deutschland (European fed- eralist movement), 1975–80; Editor-in-chief of ‘Dokumente. Zeitschrift für den deutsch-französischen Dialog’, 1978–81; Director of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Rome/Italy, 1981–3; at the same time Secretary General of the International European Movement; Secretary General of the European People’s Party (EPP) and of the European Union of Christian Democrats (EUCD), 1983–94; since 1995 Member of the Forward Studies Unit of the European Commission. Publications include several books and numerous essays and articles on the prob- lems of international relations and European unification. 183 References 1 THE EMERGENCE OF EUROPEAN PARTIES 1. Cf. Eberhard Grabitz and Thomas Läufer, Das Europäische Parlament, Bonn 1980, see p. 295 et seq. 2. See inter alia, Zusammenarbeit der Parteien in Westeuropa, Auf dem Wege zu einer neuen politischen Infrastruktur?, Bonn (Institut für Europäische Politik) 1976; Theo Stammen, Parteien in Europa. Nationale Parteiensysteme. Transnationale Parteienbeziehungen. Konturen eines Europäischen Parteiensystems, Munich 1977. 3. Cf. Norbert Gresch, Transnationale Parteienarbeit in der EG, Baden-Baden 1978, see p. 23 et seq. 4. Cf. Martin Bangemann inter alia, Programme für Europa. Die Programme der Europäischen Parteienenbünde zur Europawahl 1979, Bonn 1978; Eva- Rose Karnofski, Parteienbünde vor der Europawahl 1979, Bonn 1982. 5. Klaus von Beyme, Parteien in Westlichen Demokratien, Munich 1984, p. 193. 6. Oscar Niedermayer, Europäische Parteien? Zur grenzüberschreitenden Interaktion politischer Parteien im Rahmen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, Frankfurt/New York 1983, p. 13. 7. Cf. Thomas Jansen, ‘Zur Entwicklung supranationaler Europäischer Parteien’, in: Oscar W. Gabriel inter alia (eds), Der Demokratische Verfassungsstaat. Theorie, Geschichte, Probleme. Festschrift für Hans Buchheim, Munich 1992, p. 241 et seq. 8. On the development of the individual party confederations cf. the regular contributions of Rudolf Hrbek since 1980 (to 1989/90), Melanie Piepenschneider (1990/91) and Thomas R. Henschel (to 1993/4), ‘Die europäischen Parteienzusammenschlüsse’; from 1994/95 Thomas Jansen, ‘Die europäischen Parteien’ in: Werner Weidenfeld/Wolfgang Wessels (eds), Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration 1980 et seq., Bonn 1981 et seq. 9. Alf Mintzel and Heinrich Oberreuter (eds), Parteien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn 1992. 10. Ibid., p. 508. 11. Cf. Klaus von Beyme, p. 22 et seq.; Theo Stammen, p. 52 et seq.; Heinrich Oberreuter, ‘Politische Parteien: Stellung und Funktion im Verfassungssystem der Bundersrepublik’ in: Alf Mintzel and Heinrich Oberreuter (eds), pp. 15–40 (here pp. 28 et seq.); see also Raph M. Goldman (ed.), Transnational Parties. Organising the World’s Precincts, Lanham/New York/London 1983, who sees all the constituent elements of ‘transnational political parties’ in both the regional and international party confederations: ‘Political parties become transnational when they develop supranational organisations that cooperate across national bound- aries. Such transnationals have explicit (public) and formal (officers, head- quarters, etc.) organisations whose supranational executives conduct their 184 References 185 activities from some central office …. Transnational parties, in their most comprehensive form, have member-affiliated national parties and/or indi- vidual party members in two or more countries …. While the European Community and the United Nations are not yet perceived as supranational governments, it will be the transnationals that will inevitably become the principal promoters of the perception as well as that reality. In this effort they will – already do – function as a kind of pre-governmental party system.’ (p. 8; cf. p. 293 et seq.). 12. Dimitros Th. Tsatsos, ‘Europäische politische Parteien? Erste Überlegun- gen zur Auslegung des Parteienartikels des Maastrichter Vertrages – Art. 138A EGV,’ in: Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift (EuGRZ) 1994, 21st year/vol. 3–4, pp. 45–53 (here p. 49). 13. Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum, ‘Demokratie, Parteien, Parteiendemokratie Ein oft kristisierter, aber unlösbarer Zusammenhang’ in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 November 1994, pp. 9–10. 14. Letter from W. Martens, D. Spitaels, and W. De Clercq: archives of the EPP general secretariat. 15. For instance, the staff of the general secretariat of the EPP has been partly employed by the EPP Group in the European Parliament, and partly by the Belgian member parties. 16. Proposal by President Enrique Baron Crespo on uniform electoral proce- dure for elections to the European Parliament made during the meeting with the presidents of the ELDR, USP, and EPP on 2 October 1991. Archives of the EPP general secretariat. 17. Communiqué of 12 December 1991: archives of the EPP general secretariat. 18. The following heads of governments took part in the EPP ‘summit’ in The Hague and in the meeting of the European Council in Maastricht: Ruud Lubbers, Helmut Kohl, Konstantin Mitsotakis, Giulio Andreotti, Jacques Santer and Wilfried Martens. 19. Tsatsos, op. cit. p. 49, regards this as a decision ‘against the pure confedera- tion model’ which he saw as the intention of party leaders’ proposal. The EPP’s consistent ambition has been to become a federative ‘European party’,anaim more recently echoed by the Socialists as well as the Liberals. The party leaders’ definition indirectly refers to this. But it is not to a con- federation model. Rather – and this isquite clear, as Tsatsos rightly states – it is a reference to the same model as that of Article 138A:‘one having its own European institutional subjectivity, and also permitting individual membership, either directly or indirectly through membership of a national party.’ 20. See the agenda for the meeting of 18 September 1990; archives of the EPP general secretariat. 21. Communiqué of 12 December 1991: archives of the EPP general secretariat. 22. Tsatsos, op. cit., p. 52. 23. The analysis of the essential elements of a European party statute is based on the reflections of Secretaries General of the ESP, EPP, and ELDR (Axel Hanisch, Thomas Jansen, and Christian Ehlers) recorded in a working paper presented to the party leaders on 20 May 1992: archives of the EPP general secretariat. 186 References 2 THE 1994 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS – TRANSFORMING THE PARTY LANDSCAPE 1. European Social Democratic Party; activity report by Axel Hanisch, secretary-general (ESP c/o European Parliament, B-1047 Brussels.) 2. Agence Europe, 8 March 1995, p. 2 et seq. 3. Hanisch, op. cit. 4. Ehlers, Christian: A Successful Year for the ELDR Party, in: ELDR Newsletter no. 3/94 (ELDR c/o European Parliament, B-1047, Brussels). 5. For instance Guy Spitaels, president of the European Union of Socialist Parties, in Madrid on 10 December 1990, on the occasion of the conference of party leaders: ‘I personally believe that we must closely observe what is happening in the EPP. As a result of their last congress, they have for the time being succeeded – justifiably or not – in shedding their image of being self-contained. Second, they have also shown the will to open themselves up to the Spanish conservatives; the next could be the British Conservatives and Giscard d’Estaing’s friends, and in the future no doubt the brother parties in central Europe. Through this openness the traditional balance of power could be completely changed.’ 6. Cf. Zur Geschichte der christlich-demokratischen Bewegung in Europa, vol. 2 of the European People’s Party series ‘Geistige und Historische Grundlagen christlich-demokratischer Politik’, Melle 1990. 7. Cf. Thomas Jansen, Europäische Christdemokraten überprüfen ihre Doktrin in: Politische Meinung, vol. 256/March 1991, p. 66 et seq.; Tradition und Aktualität der Bemühungen um eine ‘Doktrin’. With contributions by Piet Bukman inter alia, vol. 1 ‘Geistige und historische Grundlagen christlich-demokratischer Politik’, Melle 1988. 8. See for example Hans Jenitschek, The contemporary Socialist International, in: Ralph M. Goldman (ed.) pp. 73–97; Charles R.
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