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Vivir En El Norte Lectura.Pdf 1 2 Rodolfo Cruz Piñeiro Rogelio Zapata-Garibay (coordinadores) 3 4 Rodolfo Cruz Piñeiro Rogelio Zapata-Garibay (coordinadores) 5 ¡Vivir en el norte! : condiciones de vida de los mexicanos en Chicago / Rodolfo Cruz Piñeiro, Rogelio Zapata-Garibay, coordinadores. – Tijuana : El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2013. 322 pp. ; 14 x 21.5 cm ISBN: 978-607-479-115-0 1. Mexicanos – Illinois – Chicago. 2. México – Emigración e inmigración. 3. Estados Unidos – Emigración e inmigración. I. Cruz Piñeiro, Rodolfo. II. Zapata-Garibay, Rogelio. III. Colegio de la Frontera Norte (Tijuana, Baja California). F 550 .M4 V5 2013 Primera edición, 2013 D. R. © 2013, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, A. C. Carretera escénica Tijuana-Ensenada km 18.5 San Antonio del Mar, 22560, Tijuana, B. C., México www.colef.mx ISBN: 978-607-479-115-0 Coordinación editorial: Óscar Manuel Tienda Reyes Corrección y diseño editorial: Franco Félix Última lectura: Luis Miguel Villa Aguirre Fotografía de portada: Ali Ertürk Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico 6 ÍNDICE Introducción. ¡Vivir en el norte! Compleja realidad de los mexicanos en Chicago Rogelio Zapata-Garibay ..……………….........……...…… 9 Presencia mexicana en Chicago: Breve revisión historiográfica Rogelio Zapata-Garibay .……..……….................….…... 43 Características sociodemográficas de los mexicanos residentes en Chicago Rogelio Zapata-Garibay / Jesús Eduardo González-Fagoaga / Rodolfo Cruz Piñeiro ................……. 71 Trabajadores de origen mexicano en la zona metropolitana de Chicago Maritza Caicedo Riascos ....……...................................... 101 7 Aspectos de la salud de los mexicanos en Chicago Rogelio Zapata-Garibay /Jesús Eduardo González-Fagoaga / María Gudelia Rangel Gómez / Grecia Carolina Gallardo Torres ……...……….. 135 La construcción de la doble pertenencia de los mexicanos en Chicago Marlene Celia Solís Pérez / Guillermo Alonso Meneses / Rogelio Zapata-Garibay ...…........................................... 171 Mexican Migrant Organizing in Chicago: A Historical Overview Xóchitl Bada ……….…….................................…......... 203 Factores que influencian la deserción escolar entre los inmigrantes mexicanos en Chicago José Soltero / Sonia White-Soltero / Andrea Kaufman .......... 251 Aspectos metodológicos de la encuesta Caracterización, estrategias de integración, organización y vinculación de emigrantes mexicanos en la ciudad de Chicago, 2005 Jesús Eduardo González-Fagoaga ........................……… 287 Acerca de los autores …......………................................ 303 8 INTRODUCCIÓN. ¡VIVIR EN EL NORTE! COMPLEJA REALIDAD DE LOS MEXICANOS EN CHICAGO Rogelio Zapata-Garibay Cuando se comprende el modo de ser de los grupos de indi- viduos se descifra la complejidad de las realidades en las cua- les se da su participación social. En contextos de inmigración, sus atributos personales cobran gran importancia, ya que me- dian en la experiencia relacionada con la vida económica, so- cial y cultural de las comunidades receptoras. Sin embargo, el significado de las características personales se potencializa cuando los espacios de inmigración son tan complejos como en la ciudad de Chicago. En este tenor, surge el proyecto que da origen a este libro. ¡Vivir en el norte! Condiciones de vida de los mexicanos en Chicago tiene dos grandes propósitos. Primero: dar a conocer los resultados de la encuesta “Caracterización de la población de origen mexicano en la zona metropolitana de Chicago”, a través de la elaboración de estudios temáticos de especialistas en diversas disciplinas. Esta encuesta representa un esfuer- zo gubernamental y académico que tiene por objeto conocer las condiciones en las cuales vive la población mexicana en el exterior. Si bien, organismos federales y la academia utilizan encuestas del buró de censos para caracterizar a la población mexicana en Estados Unidos, esta información tiene sus res- tricciones; por un lado, la información sobre la nacionalidad [9]9 Zapata-Garibay captada en los instrumentos es sólo una característica del indi- viduo, de tal manera que no constituye una definición objetiva de la población; al mismo tiempo, las estimaciones no pueden llevarse a niveles de desagregación geográfica como la estatal o local, debido a que no hay representatividad de los datos. Por lo anterior, contar con una fuente de información representa- tiva y de primera mano constituye una gran oportunidad para contribuir al conocimiento de las comunidades mexicanas en Estados Unidos. Información detallada sobre el proyecto y la fuente de información principal que sirve de base a este libro, se encontrará a lo largo de los capítulos siguientes, así como en la parte metodológica al final de esta obra. Derivado de lo anterior, el segundo propósito del libro es propiamente coadyuvar al conocimiento acerca de las condicio- nes en las cuales se encuentran los mexicanos en Estados Uni- dos, un espacio geográfico que ha resultado paradigmático en el estudio de las ciencias sociales. Chicago y su zona metropolitana han sido puerta de entrada para múltiples grupos de inmigran- tes durante los últimos 150 años. Por su dinamismo económico, la ciudad se ha convertido en un polo de atracción para con- tingentes de trabajadores y, como resultado de su composición multiétnica, se ha transformado, como dice Koval (2006:6), en el laboratorio particular de la Escuela de Sociología Urbana de la Universidad de Chicago. En este sentido, la experiencia mexicana en Chicago se encuentra enmarcada en un escenario construido y reconstruido sucesivamente por grupos étnicos y de extranjeros asentados en la ciudad con antelación a los mexi- canos y la cotidianeidad de estos últimos, vivida, a su vez, en una negociación constante con los otros. La movilidad de las poblaciones ha sido una preocupación recurrente de las ciencias sociales desde el inicio de las olea- das migratorias contemporáneas. En los países receptores de inmigrantes, el interés nacional o las políticas migratorias son los criterios que suelen definir las temáticas y acercamientos al fenómeno por parte de las academias. Los estudios realizados 10 Introducción. ¡Vivir en el norte! con la óptica institucional del país receptor, y sobre todo en Estados Unidos, país hegemónico en la recepción de flujos de inmigrantes, han derivado en teorías y conceptualizaciones que trataron de explicar el proceso de incorporación de los extran- jeros como la asimilación (Gordon, 1964; Portes, 1995; Alba y Nee, 1997), la integración (Baglioni, 1964; Van Tubergen, 2006), el asentamiento (Massey, 1986; Chávez, 1991; Rou- se, 1992) y, en forma contemporánea, el transnacionalismo (Glick-Schiller et al., 1992). En contraparte, en los países expulsores, la preocupación por los contingentes de emigrantes y sus condiciones en los lugares de destino también ha estado dominada por las academias cuando éstos tienen una gran participación en los flujos migratorios internacionales. De ahí que la tradi- ción migratoria de México ha sido una razón fundamental para que el estudio de este tema se encuentre presente en la agenda académica nacional. Como país de emigrantes, la academia mexicana ha cen- trado su atención, entre otros tantos temas, en la cuantifica- ción de los flujos migratorios;1 el nivel y las condiciones de empleo;2 las remesas económicas y el impacto en el desarrollo de las comunidades de origen de los migrantes; y en años recientes, ha surgido el interés por la salud de las poblaciones de mexicanos en el exterior. Por otra parte, aunque la migración así como las temáticas de estudio han seguido patrones específicos de concentración, la focalización de los estudios ha estado centrada en los espa- 1 Sobre la cuantificación de los flujos migratorios La Encuesta sobre Migración en la Frontera Norte de México tiene 20 años de levantamiento. 2Desde que fueron planteadas por Ernest-George Ravenstein en The laws of migration (1885-1889), se considera que las condiciones económi- cas y la búsqueda de mejores condiciones de empleo son las principales ra- zones de la movilidad entre los grupos poblacionales. Par el caso mexicano, aunque es posible polemizar al respecto, la búsqueda de mejores condicio- nes de vida siguen siendo la razón principal por la cual se decide emigrar. 11 Zapata-Garibay cios geográficos adonde se dirigen los flujos migratorios. Para el caso de mexicanos en Estados Unidos, los estados fronte- rizos del sur de este país, como California, Texas y Arizona, han sido los espacios geográficos más estudiados en torno a la migración mexicana.3 Sin embargo, los cambios en el sistema productivo y en las condiciones económicas y sociales estadou- nidenses han contribuido a la redefinición de los lugares de destino de los migrantes. A la par, se ha dado una movilidad de los inmigrantes mexicanos asentados con anterioridad, deriva- do además en algún nivel a los movimientos antiinmigrantes surgidos principalmente en el sur de Estados Unidos. En el contexto anterior surge Chicago y su zona metropo- litana como uno de los principales destinos de los mexicanos en Estados Unidos. En 1980, los mexicanos en Chicago se convirtieron en el grupo de extranjeros más numeroso. En el año 2000, la comunidad mexicana en Chicago ocupó el segun- do lugar en tamaño después de la de Los Ángeles. De 1990 a 2000, el crecimiento porcentual y absoluto de mexicanos en Chicago fue el mayor en todo Estados Unidos. De lo anterior, la convergencia entre la presencia de contin- gentes de grupos de inmigrantes en espacios geográficos espe- cíficos conllevan a la necesidad de
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