Contents Complete List of Contents...... ix Publisher’s Note...... xiii Contributors...... xvii

Accent Discrimination...... 25 Affordable Care Act and Undocumented Immigrants...... 27 African immigrants...... 31 Afro-Caribbean immigrants...... 39 Alien and Sedition Acts...... 43 ...... 46 Amerasians...... 49 American Jewish Committee ...... 53 Anglo-conformity...... 54 Anti-Irish Riots of 1844...... 56 Arab American intergroup relations...... 60 Arab American stereotypes...... 65 Arab immigrants...... 67 Ashkenazic and German Jewish immigrants...... 75 Asian American education ...... 77 Asian American Legal Defense Fund...... 82 Asian American literature...... 83 Asian American stereotypes...... 87 Asian American women...... 89 Asian Indian immigrants...... 93 Asian Indian immigrants and family customs...... 98 Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance...... 102 Assimilation theories ...... 105 Au pairs...... 109

Bangladeshi immigrants in the ...... 110 Bilingual education...... 114 Bilingual Education Act of 1968...... 119 Border Patrol, U .S ...... 125 ...... 131 Brain Drain...... 135 British as dominant group...... 138 Burlingame Treaty...... 141

v ...... 145 California gold rush...... 146 Cambodian immigrants...... 150 Canadian immigrants...... 155 Celtic Irish...... 159 Censuses, U .S ...... 160 Chicano movement...... 165 Chinatowns...... 170 Chinese American Citizens Alliance...... 173 Chinese detentions in ...... 178 ...... 180 Chinese exclusion cases...... 184 Chinese immigrants...... 186 Chinese immigrants and California’s gold rush...... 190 Chinese immigrants and family customs ...... 194 Chinese Six Companies...... 199 ...... 203 Clotilde slave ship...... 207 Coast Guard, U .S ...... 211 Coolies...... 213 Cuban immigrants...... 215 Cuban immigrants and African Americans...... 219 Cuban policy ...... 223 Cultural pluralism...... 226

Demographics of ...... 229 Deportation ...... 234 Discrimination...... 240 Domestic Abuse as a Protected Category (Asylum)...... 246 Dominican immigrants ...... 250 The DREAM Act...... 254

Eastern European Jewish immigrants...... 258 English-only and official English movements ...... 261 Ethnic enclaves...... 266 Euro-Americans...... 269 European immigrant literature...... 270 European immigrants, 1790-1892 ...... 280 European immigrants, 1892-1943 ...... 285 E-Verify Employment Verification System...... 290

Family businesses...... 293 Farmworkers’ unions...... 298

vi Federal riot of 1799...... 305 Filipino immigrants...... 306 Filipino immigrants and family customs...... 311 Florida illegal-immigrant suit...... 314

Garment industry...... 316 Gay Lesbian Transgender Immigrants and Asylum Seekers...... 319 Generational acculturation...... 323 Gentlemen’s Agreement...... 327 German and Irish immigration of the 1840’s...... 331 German immigrants...... 334 González rescue...... 339 Green cards...... 342 Gypsy immigrants...... 344

H-1B Visa ...... 346 Haitian boat people...... 350 Haitian immigrants...... 353 Hansen effect...... 355 Hawaiian and Pacific islander immigrants...... 356 Head money cases...... 361 Helsinki Watch report on U .S . refugee policy...... 362 History of U .S . immigration ...... 367 Hmong immigrants...... 375 Homeland Security Department: 2003...... 378 Hull-House...... 382 Human Smuggling (or Human Trafficking)...... 384

Illegal aliens ...... 388 Immigrant advantage...... 392 Immigrants in sports...... 393 of 1917...... 399 Immigration Act of 1921...... 403 ...... 408 Immigration Act of 1943...... 413 ...... 416 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952...... 417 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965...... 421 Immigration and Service ...... 425 Immigration and Naturalization Service V . Chadha...... 430 Immigration “crisis” ...... 431 Immigration in film...... 435 Immigration law...... 439

vii Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986...... 446 Indentured servitude...... 450

viii Complete List of Contents Volume 1 Accent Discrimination, 25 California gold rush, 146 Affordable Care Act and Undocumented Cambodian immigrants, 150 Immigrants, 27 Canadian immigrants, 155 African immigrants, 31 Celtic Irish, 159 Afro-Caribbean immigrants, 39 Censuses, U .S ., 160 Alien and Sedition Acts, 43 Chicano movement, 165 Alien land laws, 46 Chinatowns, 170 Amerasians, 49 Chinese American Citizens Alliance, 173 American Jewish Committee, 53 Chinese detentions in New York, 178 Anglo-conformity, 45 Chinese Exclusion Act, 180 Anti-Irish Riots of 1844, 56 Chinese exclusion cases, 184 Arab American intergroup relations, 60 Chinese immigrants, 186 Arab American stereotypes, 65 Chinese immigrants and California’s Arab immigrants, 67 gold rush, 190 Ashkenazic and German Jewish immigrants, . Chinese immigrants and family 75 customs,194 Asian American education, 77 Chinese Six Companies, 199 Asian American Legal Defense Fund, 82 Citizenship, 203 Asian American literature, 83 Clotilde slave ship, 207 Asian American stereotypes, 87 Coast Guard, U .S ., 211 Asian American women, 89 Coolies, 213 Asian Indian immigrants, 93 Cuban immigrants, 215 Asian Indian immigrants and family Cuban immigrants and African customs, 98 Americans, 219 Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, 102 Cuban refugee policy, 223 Assimilation theories, 105 Cultural pluralism, 226 Au pairs, 109 Demographics of immigration, 229 Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States. Deportation, 234 110 Discrimination, 240 Bilingual education, 114 Domestic Abuse as a Protected Bilingual Education Act of 1968, 119 Category (Asylum), 246 Border Patrol, U .S, 125 Dominican immigrants, 250 Bracero program, 131 The DREAM Act, 254 Brain Drain, 135 British as dominant group, 138 Eastern European Jewish immigrants, 258 Burlingame Treaty, 141 English-only and official English movements, 261 Cable Act, 145 Ethnic enclaves, 266

ix Euro-Americans, 269 Head money cases, 361 European immigrant literature, 270 Helsinki Watch report on U .S . refugee European immigrants, 1790-1892, 280 policy, 362 European immigrants, 1892-1943, 284 History of U .S . immigration, 367 E-Verify Employment Verification Hmong immigrants, 375 System, 290 Homeland Security Department: 2003, 378 Hull-House, 382 Family businesses, 293 Human Smuggling Farmworkers’ unions, 298 (or Human Trafficking), 384 Federal riot of 1799, 305 Filipino immigrants, 306 Illegal aliens, 388 Filipino immigrants and family customs, 311 Immigrant advantage, 392 Florida illegal-immigrant suit, 314 Immigrants in sports, 393 , 399 Garment industry, 316 Immigration Act of 1921, 403 Gay Lesbian Transgender Immigrants Immigration Act of 1924, 408 and Asylum Seekers, 319 Immigration Act of 1943, 413 Generational acculturation, 323 Immigration Act of 1990, 416 Gentlemen’s Agreement, 327 Immigration and Nationality Act German and Irish immigration of the of 1952, 417 1840’s, 331 Immigration and Nationality Act German immigrants, 334 of 1965, 421 González rescue, 339 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 425 Green cards, 342 Immigration and Naturalization Service Gypsy immigrants, 344 V. Chadha, 430 Immigration “crisis”, 431 H-1B Visa, 346 Immigration in film . 435 Haitian boat people, 350 Immigration law, 439 Haitian immigrants, 353 Immigration Reform and Control Act Hansen effect, 355 of 1986, 446 Hawaiian and Pacific islander Indentured servitude, 450 immigrants 356

Volume 2 Indigenous superordination, 455 Jamaican immigrants, 480 International adoptions, 455 Jamestown colony, 483 Iranian immigrants, 460 Japanese American Citizens League, 487 Irish immigrants, 463 Japanese American internment, 491 Irish immigrants and African Japanese immigrants, 495 Americans, 467 Japanese Peruvians, 499 Irish immigrants and discrimination, 468 Japanese segregation in California Irish stereotypes, 469 schools, 501 Israeli immigrants, 471 Jewish immigrants, 505 Italian immigrants , 475 Jewish settlement of New York, 511 Jews and Arab Americans, 515

x Justice and immigration, 520 Pakistani immigrants, 646 , 650 Know-Nothing Party, 526 Picture brides, 655 Korean immigrants, 527 Plyler v. Doe, 656 Korean immigrants and family customs, 530 Polish immigrants, 659 , 534 Proposition 187, 663 Proposition 227, 665 Laotian immigrants, 538 Push and pull factors, 669 Latinos, 541 Latinos and employment, 547 Racial and ethnic demographic trends, 671 Latinos and family customs, 552 Real ID Act, 677 Lau v. Nichols, 557 Refugee fatigue, 680 League of United Latin American Citizens. . Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 681 561 and racial/ethnic relations, 685 Literature . 565 Russian immigrants, 689 Little Havana, 570 Little Italies, 572 Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 692 Little Tokyos, 574 Santería, 696 Machine politics, 576 Scandinavian immigrants, 697 Mail-order brides, 578 Scotch-Irish immigrants, 701 Mariel boatlift, 581 The Secure Fence Act, 702 Medical examination of immigrants Sephardic Jews, 705 and refugees, 586 September 11 terrorist attacks, 707 , 589 Settlement house movement, 7013 Mexican American Legal Defense and Shadow wolves (Native American INS Education Fund, 592 tracking unit), 717 Mexican deportations during the Sikh immigrants, 719 Depression, 595 Southeast Asian immigrants, 721 Middle Eastern immigrant families, 598 Soviet Jewish immigrants, 725 Migrant superordination, 602 Support Our Law Enforcement and Migration, 603 Safe Neighborhoods Act 727 Model minorities, 609 Mongrelization, 614 Taiwanese immigrants, 730 Muslims, 615 Thai garment worker enslavement, 732 Tibetan immigrants, 735 , 619 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 736 Naturalization, 622 Twice migrants, 738 Naturalization Act of 1790, 629 Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization . Unaccompanied children as Service . 630 immigrants, 739 Nigerian immigrants, 631 Undocumented workers, 744 Universal Negro Improvement , 635 Association, 745 Ozawa v. United States . 639 Vietnamese immigrants, 749 Page law, 642 Visas, 754

xi War brides, 759 Missouri, 847 , 764 Montana, 849 West Indian immigrants, 767 Nebraska, 851 White ethnics, 770 Nevada, 853 Women immigrants, 772 New Hampshire, 855 , 857 Wong Kim Ark case, 776 New Mexico, 859 New York City, 861 , 779 New York State, 866 North Carolina, 868 “” campaign, 784 North Dakota, 871 Zadvydas v. Davis, 788 Ohio, 873 Oklahoma, 876 U.S. State briefs Oregon, 879 Alabama, 791 Pennsylvania, 883 Alaska, 783 Rhode Island, 886 Arizona, 795 South Carolina, 887 Arkansas, 797 South Dakota, 890 California, 799 Tennessee, 892 Colorado, 803 , 894 Connecticut, 805 Utah, 898 Delaware, 808 Vermont, 900 Florida, 811 Virginia, 903 Georgia, 813 Washington, D .C ., 906 Hawaii, 815 Washington State, 908 Idaho, 818 West Virginia, 910 Illinois, 820 Wisconsin, 912 Indiana, 823 Wyoming, 915 Iowa, 825 Kansas, 827 Appendices Kentucky, 829 Bibliography, 919 Louisiana, 831 Time Line of U .S . Immigration History, 929 Maine, 833 Maryland, 835 Statistical Tables, 943 Massachusetts, 838 Michigan, 841 Indexes Minnesota, 843 Category Index, 1053 Mississippi, 845 Subject Index, 1065

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