Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 26 (2),26(2), 2016: 2016 144-154 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v26i2.7176

SULTAN ISKANDAR DJABIR SYAH: FROM TO THE MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF NEGARA TIMUR

Rustam Hasyim Program Doktor Ilmu-Ilmu Humaniora Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gadjah Mada; Program Studi PKn FKIP Universitas Khairun

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

This study aims to reconstruct the political Fokus kajian ini menguraikan beberapa peri- participation of Iskandar Djabir Syah (the stiwa politik yang melibatkan Iskandar Djabir 47 th Sultan of Ternate) in the establishment of Syah seperti konferensi Malino dan Denpasar the State of Eastern Indonesia. The results hingga terpilih menjadi menteri dalam negeri showed that: (1) the participation of Sultan of Indonesia Timur pada periode 1949-1950. Ternate Iskandar Djabir Syah in the unitary Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1). Partisipasi state started in the early independence of the Sultan Ternate Iskandar Djabir Syah dalam Republic of Indonesia; it was characterized by negara kesatuan dimulai sejak awal ke- conducting Malino and Denpasar conferences merdekaan Republik Indonesia, ditandai in 1946. The establishment of the Eastern In- dengan diselengarakannya konperensi Malino donesia State became the political inspiration dan Denpasar 1946. Terbentuknya Negara for Iskandar Djabir Syah to involve as the sen- Indonesia Timur kemudian menjadi inspirasi ate member of the Eastern Indonesia State/ politik bagi Iskandar Jabir Syah untuk meli- NIT representing North Maluku, as well as batkan diri sebagai anggota senat NIT me- one of its designers. (2) As one of the leaders wakili Maluku Utara, sekaligus merupakan who agreed to the idea of van Mook to form a salah satu disainernya. (2). Sebagai salah satu federalist country in the Malino and Denpasar tokoh yang menyetujui gagasan van Mook conference, so that when the Eastern Indone- untuk membentuk negera federalis dalam sia State was formed, he was appointed as the konperensi Malino dan Denpasar, sehingga Minister of Internal Affairs in the cabinet of ketika terbentuknya Negara Indonesia Timur J.E. Tatengkeng for 1949 to 1950 periods. (3) diangkat menjadi Menteri Dalam Negeri pada Malino to in 1946 that kabinet J.E. Tatengkeng periode 1949-1950. was initiated by H.J. van Mook was the Dutch (3). Konferensi Malino hingga Denpasar pada effort to establish the states in order to realize tahun 1946 yang diprakarsai oleh H.J. van the United States of Indonesia ( Republik Mook merupakan upaya Belanda mendirikan Indonesia Serikat /RIS) based on Linggarjati negara–negara bagian dalam rangka Agreement. At the conference, it was formed mewujudkan Negara Indonesia Serikat (RIS) the Eastern Indonesia State ( Negara Indonesia berdasarkan Persetujuan Lingarjati. Dalam Timur /NIT) covering the areas of , konferensi tersebut dibentuklah Negara Indo- Small Sunda (Bali and Nusa Tenggara) and nesia Timur (NIT) meliputi wilayah Sulawesi, the . Sunda Kecil (Bali dan Nusa Tenggara) dan Kepulauan Maluku. Keywords: Iskandar Djabir Syah, Political History, Malino and Denpasar Conferences. Kata Kunci: Iskandar Djabir Syah, Sejarah Politik, Konperenesi Malino, Konperenesi Denpasar

Author correspondence Email: [email protected] 144 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016

INTRODUCTION vated the social location of kawula as sub- ordinated to citizenship. Second, the sys- Iskandar Djabir Syah was the 46 th sultan tem of economic relations woven with its of Ternate. He was born on March 4 th , subordinate became loosing due to the 1902. He was the second child of seven implementation of agrarian law political children from Usman Syah (the 45 th Sultan which advocated land privatization and of Ternate) and the daughter of Mihir the shift in the predominant production of (nobility Susupu). His formal education feudal to capitalist production system. began in 1912 by entering the Malay Third, the traditional values of the tradi- School (Primary School) in Ternate. After tional elite tended to be astrictive had to graduating from elementary Malay in face the meritocratic values brought by 1915, he continued to Europese Lagere modernity, for example, positions in the School (Junior High School) in Ternate, bureaucracy were no longer as something but did not complete his study because he inherent but might be based on specific followed his father, Sultan Usman, who competency. was exiled by the Dutch to London for his Facing those changes, Sultanate of alleged involvement in Bellion Jailolo Ternate should decide whether following (West Halmahera). In 1917, Iskandar Dja- the logic of Soekarno’s power by taking bir Syah attended a school in Batavia. part in the national political arena or op- During his studying in Batavia, he met posing him by participating in political many friends who introduced him to a movement following Van Mook's concept political movement. , a promi- of the nation state. Kinds of form and sys- nent figure at PSI, invited him to join PSI, tem which should replace the system con- a political organization in 1920 to 1925. ducted during the colonial were a heated From this organization, Iskandar Djabir discussion among politicians. There were Syah enriched his political education two popular views, namely, the view of which greatly influenced his political view those nationalists who believed that the in the future. unity of the Indonesian state depended on At the time of and Hatta the strength of the central control; mean- proclaimed the Indonesia's independence while Iskandar DjabirSyah believed Indo- on August 17, 1945, this era was marked nesia should appear as an egalitarian dem- as the beginning of new ideological and ocratic state by giving wider autonomy to political struggle between the nobility and the provinces (particularly in the eastern the anti-self-governing groups ( republican Indonesia). vs swapraja ) in the . As a Sultan who had a traditional Political legitimacy, economic and cultur- authority over the East coast of Sulawesi al position should have provided wider (Butonand Bangai) to the north of West opportunity and certain level of social lo- , Seram and North Maluku which cation for the nobility after the independ- consisted of natural and geographical di- ence. However, the emergence of nation- versity, and cultural conditions, he be- alism blew the nobility's perception of in- lieved that it was certainly very difficult to dependence since the construction of a unite all the diversities into the centralized state ideology of nationalism emphasized unitary state. Therefore,SultanIskandar loyalty to the new nation. As a result, the Djabir took a decision to be part of Senate presence of the new nation state of Indo- of NIT representing North Maluku when nesia threated the three pillars of political participating at a conference in Malino and economic supremacy, namely; first, and then in Denpasar in 1946. These con- the political and economic relations be- ferences were concerning the establish- tween the nobles and their subordinates ment of the federation state of Indonesia were demolished by the new government's initiated by van Mook. adaptation of the ideological state nation- alism. The emergence of new system ele-

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MALINO CONFERENCE: THE 32). EMBRYO OF NIT Conceptually, the idea of van Mook about the federal state was not a new thing Based on the approval obtained from the for Iskandar Muhammad Djabir Syah. Dutch Government, van Mookcarried out The concept of a federal state was not a conference in Malino on July 16 to 24, much different from the system of govern- 1946 in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The ment, which had been long adopted by the decision of this conference was to conduct many Sultanates of Ternate. In the struc- a conference in Makassar due to several ture of the sultanate of Ternate ( Maloko speculative and conspiratorial considera- Kie Raha ), each kingdom under his control tions. Geographically, Makassar was con- took care of its own Internal Affairs. sidered relatively far away from the con- While the outside affairs, especially the trol of the new government of Indonesia. military and financial affairs, were con- During that time, Eastern part of Indone- trolled by the board of eighteen, which sia was occupied by the Australian Army consisted of representatives from four on behalf of the Allies which was political- kingdoms. They were the government rep- ly and security benefit. The conference resentatives and the military representa- was attended by 39 members of the Senate tives plus other delegates. With the recog- of 15 areas such as: Bali, Lombok, Riau, nition and guarantee of van Mook, the South Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung, , government’s form of the Republic of the East Borneo, North Maluku, Minahasa, United Indonesia became the warranty in Sangir Talaud, Gorontalo, Central Sula- managing the harmonization and ensuring wesi, Neeuw Guinea (Irian), Flores, Ti- the public justice. Therefore, the islands in mor, Sumba, Sumbawa, South Borneo, the rim of Republic of United Indonesia and South Maluku. The conference aimed and the rural areas which were remote at discussing the formation of the state from the central and they became freer to federation in Indonesia as well as the es- develop themselves. In addition, the con- tablishment of the state covering the areas cept of federal state gave the space to the in eastern Indonesia (Amal, 2007:211). kings in the eastern Indonesia to seize In Malino conference, van Mook their power (Djafaar, 2005: 114). offered the structural form of the federa- Malino Conference in July 16 to 24, tion state provided that the part areas that 1946 was the foundation of forming of the would be the components of the federa- state of Eastern Indonesia (Negara tion might be the wide areas and had the Indonesia Timur/NIT). NIT is the oldest potential of economic, social, and strong and largest among the countries estab- politic. Van Mook’s idea received positive lished by the Dutch government. The response from the delegate of North Malu- strong position of the Dutch in the eastern ku, Sultan of Ternate, Iskandar Djabir Indonesia became the reason for the Syah. For Iskandar Muhammad Djabir Dutch to give wide autonomy to the East- Syah, the formation of a federal state was ern Indonesia State consisting of hundreds not disintegration but it was a system of of large and small islands and divided into government that was not different from 13 autonomous regions. The Eastern In- the unitary state. The basic idea of the donesia was selected as the first area most substantial federal state was guaran- where the first state to be formed. Dutch teed the fairness in the allocation of re- military power was relatively large in this sources, in addition to enabling the effec- area, in any case the Netherlands was cor- tive and efficient administration manage- rect in its assessment that the idea ofthe ment because its scope was more limited. federal state would have special attraction In addition, the state of Eastern Indonesia for people outside the island who would be transformed into a prosperous were pretty anxious about the Javanese country and could develop its own iden- politics which were much larger. tityas wanted by all parties (Djafaar, 2005: In this conference, there were some

146 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 decisions made, i.e.: (1) national anthem was that existing officers would be used and flag, the conference took a decision continuously. that the national anthem of The idea to form a united states (the was accepted as the national anthem; (2) country consisting of state parts) was al- in the field of politics and state administra- ready planned by van Mook before the tion, Malino conference decided unani- independence of the Republic of Indone- mously that in the field of the reconstruc- sia so that it was not surprising if the Re- tion of the state administration in the terri- publican leaders from the nationalist tory of the former for- movements were largely against this idea mation of a federation which covered the because federalism wanted by van Mook whole territory of the former Dutch East was led by the Dutch. Therefore, Malino Indies called the United Indonesia States Conference did not get a good reception consisted of the parts (states) with areas of from the Republic of Indonesia. Malino great power and authority with the power Conference was considered as an attempt to govern themselves as widely as possi- to gain the support of the Dutch represent- ble; (3) about the relationship with the atives in the regions outside Java as a Netherlands, Malino Conference ex- strategy to divide the nation of Indonesia pressed as its belief that it was necessary to (Nalenan, 1981: 83). carefully define the period of time as may be necessary to conduct cooperation with the kingdom as intended to give the op- DENPASAR CONFERENCE: THE ES- portunity to the United Indonesia State to TABLISHMENT OF NIT create organization in the field of the state administration, economic, social and cul- According to the agreement of Malino ture, and to obtain the equipments that Conference, the second conference (as it would give possibilities to the United In- was ongoing) would be held approximate- donesia States with all the freedom and ly four months in Denpasar. Denpasar independence to take decisions about the (Bali) was chosen as the venue for the con- continuation of the relationship between ference because the place was considered the Netherlands and Indonesia (Djafaar, safe after Margarana war. Denpasar Con- 2005: 184). ference was actually as the continuation of Thus the Malino conference was the the Malino conference to formulate a new beginning of the foundation of separating government and state structure in the re- the Indonesian areas into the independent gion of the big east through negotiations areas as the state part of the federal state initiated by van Mook. Denpasar Confer- and gave the possibility to the Dutch to ence was the embryo birth of NIT which control Indonesia. Malino Conference was a prototype of the puppet states which was the stepping stone of the Netherlands were continually formed by the Nether- to establish the United Indonesia State- lands (Kahin, 1955: 79). based on the concept that had been offered Before conducting Denpasar Con- by van Mook namely “the federal com- ference on December 7 to 24, 1946, on monwealth of Indonesia”. The Confer- November 15 th , 1946, the Government of ence held for approximately 8 days the the Netherlands, represented by Schermer- finally closed by Van Mook as chairman horn and SutanSyahrir from Indonesia, of the conference by asking the partici- signed the approval of Indonesian-Dutch pants to give their approval. He expressed settlement of the problem called his intention to establish a state in Java, "Linggarjati Agreement" which contained: , Borneo and the Big East. For the (1) the Government of the Republic of establishment of the Eastern Indonesia Indonesia and the Netherlands jointly or- State, it would be discussed specifically in ganized the establishment of a federal Denpasar conference and would be con- state called the United Indonesia States ducted jointly with the ARC. The goal (NIS); and (2) NIS would cooperate with

147 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 the Kingdom of the Netherlands to estab- structure in the regions of the Big East lish a united Indonesia-Netherlands where the working paper was already (Poesponegoro & Notosusanto, 2008: available about the regulation plan of the 269). establishment of Big East State prepared Denpasar Conference took place by the General Commissariat for Borneo after Linggarjati agreement on November and the TimurBesar (Agung, 1985:74). 15, 1946. After the manuscript was ap- At the conference, the Sultan of Ter- proved on December 20, 1946, van Mook nate, Iskandar Djabir Syah, opposed the could freely act establishing the Eastern autonomous area ( swapraja ) of govern- Indonesia State which was not contrary to ment policy conducted by the Dutch gov- the spirit and soul of Linggarjati agree- ernment since 1938, in which the repre- ment. The conference participants who sentatives of the Dutch Government such were pro-Republic came to support the as the controller and the resident assistant establishment of the Eastern Indonesia exercised, such a wider power, so the king State because the Linggarjati Agreement was only a puppet. Iskandar Djabir Syah asserted that “the Netherlands govern- expressed his dissatisfaction about the po- ment recognized the fact of de facto power sition and status of the kings who headed of the Republic of Indonesia government the autonomous governments. According on Java, Madura, and Sumatera. While to him, the position as the Sultan was of- the regions were occupied by alliance or ten ignored; every decision made might the Dutch army gradually and with joint depend on the approval issued by the working between the two parties would Dutch. It made the position of the Sultan also be included within or into the Repub- just an ornament or the second person, lic Region”. even there were frequent conflicts of inter- Denpasar Conference was attended est as if there was a dual basis of local gov- by 71 representatives from all regions of ernment. It often made the society con- Eastern Indonesia. The number of local fused. Sultan was like a doll that could be delegates from each region and defined by tweaked by the Dutch; his position as Sul- van Mook consisted of 55 regional dele- tan was often difficult; his authority as gates, mostly represented by the King or Sultan was often overlooked in the interest the Sultan and 15 delegates from the mi- of the Dutch. norities (Chinese and other eastern for- Therefore, according to Iskandar eigners) so that there were 71 participants. Djabir Syah, it was necessary to abolish For Northern Maluku, it was represented the duality in the autonomous regions and by Iskandar Djabir Syah (Sultan of Ter- to the king as the head of the autonomous nate) and Zainal Abidin Alting (Sultan of governments was actually given real pow- ). The conference had the authority er and authority. The same view was also based on the decision of the Malino Con- presented by L. Katoppo (the delegate ference to draw up new governance and from Minahasa), he said that the Eastern state administration in the area of the Big Indonesia State consisted of more than East through negotiations and discussions 75% the autonomous regions and 115 au- with the representatives of the Dutch gov- tonomous government. The position of ernment. According to Ide Anak Agung the head of the autonomous governments Gde Agung there were noticeable differ- was regulated by the so-called ences between Malino Conference and "Korteverklaring " (short statement) and Denpasar Conference. In Malino Confer- "langekontrakten " (long contract) as the ence, talks were still general and the con- recognition of the Dutch Government to cerning to the political, economic, social the special position of the kings who he- and cultural issues in Indonesia in general. reditary ruled an autonomous region While in the Denpasar Conference, the (Katoppo, 1972: 78). talks were centered on one core issue, In Denpasar Conference, Sultan of namely the formation of the government Ternate, Iskandar Djabir Syah approved

148 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 the decision of the federal state, and con- which still remained under the control of sistently defended it because it was similar the Dutch kingdom. to the concept and understanding of Maloko Kie Raha that he had practiced and believed. According to him, the sociologi- SULTAN OF TIDORE, ZAINAL cal-anthropological situation of Indone- ABIDIN, AND THE REJECTION OF sian which was plural was suitable with PAPUA SEPARATION FROM NIT the plural-federalist concept. In the confer- ence, van Mook imposed federalism idea. From the beginning, the Dutch Govern- It was being done without the co- ment through the General Governor, van operation with the Republic of Indonesia Mook intended to separate the West Irian as approved in the Linggarjati agreement. (now Papua) from Indonesia Republic The Eastern Indonesia State was very stra- both in Malino and Denpasar Conference tegic for van Mook in achieving his ambi- in 1946. West Irian (Papua) was intention- tion to create the United Indonesia Re- ally not included in the conference by the public State which still remained within Dutch based on the reason that Papua the Dutch kingdom. would be discussed on its own after the The establishment of the Eastern establishment of NIT. At the conference, Indonesia State (NIT), according to Van Sultan of Tidore, Zainal Abidin (the Mook, would transformed Easter Indone- 36 th sultan) the representative of North sia into a country that had a strong vitali- Maluku was questioned why Papua was ty, would be able to develop its own iden- not integrated into NIT, whereas in the tity, and would successfully become a val- constitutional structure of the Dutch East uable part of the Indonesian federation Indies, Papua was the part of the Timur that would be realized as desired all par- Besar ( Grote Oost ). ties. At the end of Denpasar Conference At the conference, Zainal Abdin on December 24, 1946, it was established stated that from the immemorial time, Pa- a new country called Eastern Indonesia pua region was inseparable part from Ti- State which was still on the scope of Unit- dore Sultanate, therefore the autonomous ed Indonesia Republic State (RIS) that government of Tidore had full right and covered the areas of Sulawesi, Small authorization to Papua. He said that if it Sunda (Bali and Nusa Tenggara) and the was then held on the issue of dispute set- Maluku Islands (Agung, 1985: 199). tlement of Papua, the right of Tidore Sul- Denpasar Conference was selected tanate must be recognized. The suggestion by Cokorda Gde Raka Sukawati as the of Zainal Abidin was supported by E. first Head of Eastern Indonesia State (a Katoppo from Minahasa by saying that former member of the Volksraad from PEB the territory of (Papua) was party), the Prime Minister was Nadjamo- the part of the Dutch East Indies since the edin Daeng Malewa who was also a Min- old time, so that the United Indonesia ister of the Economic affairs, and the States covered the whole territory of the elected head of DPRS, Mr. Tadjoeddin Dutch East Indies, so the region of Papua Noer. Only the republicans argued that should be included in the territory of the the establishment of the Eastern Indonesia United Indonesia States as the part of the State in the framework of the establish- Eastern Indonesia Sate. ment of the Republic of Indonesia was In the history aspect, the relation only one step in the struggling process to- between Tidore Sultanate and Papua had ward Indonesia Republic State in accord- existed long before the arrival of Europe- ance with the proclamation spirit of 1945. ans. According MuridanWidjojo, eco- While those who supported federalism nomic, social, political and cultural rela- considered that the Eastern Indonesia tions were not only evidenced by written State was the goal on the context of the sources. Even the folk stories from Malu- establishment of the Federal State Federal ku (Tidore Chronic and Bacan) and Papua

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(Biak Chronic) narrated the brotherhood nesia States generally and from the of bond (1997; 129). So it was not surprising Eastern Indonesia States specifically, to that the bond of brotherhood between the support us as much as possible so that we two regions existing for the centuries in can unite in one nation. Although the es- the collective memories which was inten- tablishment of the United Indonesia States tionally omitted by the Dutch Colonial by according to Linggarjati Agreement, on separating Tidore and Papua in Denpasar November 15, 1946, excluded Papua, but conference on December 7 to 24, 1946, we always want to keep all our thoughts caused protest from Zainal Abidin Alting. and energy to unite with our national On that occasion, Zainal Abidin brothers under nation of the United Indo- insisted to have the opportunity to give an nesia States. Our intention comes from explanation of his attitude ( stern motiuer- our deep, clear and clean hearts, so that ing ) “about the exclusion of Papua in the we have a big hope that the excellency can Eastern Indonesia States (NIT)” as report- receive our brotherhood so we can stand ed by the New State newspaper. Zainal together to develop one prosperous Indo- Abidin conveyed his disappointment as nesia and gain great happiness in the fu- follows: ture" ( Timoer Indonesia , November 20, 1946). The Excellency Mr. Major Chairman, The same rejection came from the I am as the head of the Tidore kingdom society of Maluku. In a big meeting con- with much regret not be able to approve ducted by Indonesia Youth Association the results of the Round Table Confer- on November 13, 1946, in Ambon City, ence as with the results of my kingdom, there were about 3000 people had taken although it has been separated for a political resolution, namely: (1) continu- while, which is one part is included in the United Indonesia States and other ing to fight for the ideals of freedom and part is in the West Irian which under the whole of the Indonesian home lands the control of the Kingdom of the Neth- and supporting the NIT government based erlands. In the end, I pointed out that in on the decision of the Board of Maluku, this short description, it can be conclud- and (2) demanding and fighting for Irian ed that the Tidore kingdom still retains to still remain in RIS ( Menara Merdeka , its rights to the Iriant which historically 1946). part of Tidore kingdom. That is all, By the Round Table Conference thank you. (Koferensi Meja Bundar/KMB) on Au- gust 23, to November 2, 1949 in Den Rejection of the separation of Papua from Haag, the policies carried out by the the Eastern Indonesia State was not only Dutch Government to separate Papua expressed by Zainal Abidin at the confer- from the Tidore Sultanate intensively con- ence. Outside the parliament, as reported ducted. On March 23, 1949, De Waalas, in the Indonesia Timoer newspaper, the an advisor to the Dutch East Indies gov- kings of Papua such as king Ahmad- ernment in Indonesia to the Kingdom of Uswanas(Fak-Fak) and king Haji Ibrahim the Netherlands, suggested that Papua Baoe ( Rumbati/Kokas ) had filed a petition could be separated from Tidore through to the Excellency the Minister of Internal two options: first, the Dutch press to cus- Affairs from the Eastern Indonesia States tomary chiefs who were under the power to merge Papua into the Eastern Indonesia of the Tidore Sultanate to separate them- States. In the petition letter, both kings selves by the reason that separation open stated that, "We have recognized the es- wider advantageous in a variety of fields. tablishment of the United Indonesia The polling should involve the Sultan of States, which consists of from the island Tidore and it was expected to be complet- Sabang to Aru, and as the sons of our na- ed no more than two years; and second, tion we will seek the relationship and help De Waalas suggested that the Sultan of from the government of the United Indo- Tidore, Zainal Abidin should be given a

150 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 role in the Cabinet of NIT, or be given a wati, but did not get a serious response special task to separate Papua from his from the president. kingdom. In his view, if the Sultan of Ti- The News of Papua separation from dore was given all authorities, the separa- Tidore Sultanate got a strong reaction tion of Papua from Tidore could be com- from a number of PI’s prominent people pleted in December 1949 (Amal, 2007: and society of Ternate and Tidore. Those 217). prominent, through the newspaper of The same thing was also suggested Menara Merdeka, protested the Dutch gov- by Dr. Beel, the High Representative of ernment by accused that the City High the Dutch City in Indonesia. He suggested Representative conducted political black- that the separation of Papua should be mail against the helpless Sultan of Tidore. conducted by the decision of the City Similarly, the Papuan leaders who were High Representative. In the decision, it the members of the Self Determinants Or- was determined:(1) the Tidore Sultanate ganizing Committee, via the Dutch news- would be integrated to the government of paper, Aneta on July 21, 1949, said that Indonesia federal; and (2) polling regard- the Papuan people did not want to be sep- ing Papua and Raja Ampat separation arated from Tidore and Maluku. State- from Tidore were very depend on the ap- ment of the Papuan leaders was the distor- proval of the Tidore Sultanate (Adnan tion was conducted by the Dutch East In- Amal, 2007: 211). dies government. Separation of Papua To respond some of these sugges- from the Tidore Sultanate was systematic tions, van Maarseveen as the Minister of effort to continually colonize the parts of Across Regional Affairs made a political Indonesia. To gratify the society and the contract with the Sultan of Tidore as be- Sultan of Tidore, the status of autono- low: (1) Korteverklaring was signed by the mous government in Tidore was increased Dutch East Indies government and the to onderafdeling and Sultan Tidore became Tidore Sultanate which was put into the the resident of North Maluku replacing effect since 1909 should be canceled. With Iskandar Djabir (Sultan of Ternate) and all the unilateral cancellation of this, the Sul- the governmental agencies were centered tan of Tidore could not rule over his au- in Soasio, the capital of Tidore ( Indonesia thority areas. Thus the Sultan of Tidore Timoer , 1949). had the authority to govern only on Ti- After the dissolution of the United dore Islands; (2) since Korteverklaring took Indonesia States (RIS), Zainal Abidi- into the effect, Sultan of Tidore adminis- nAlting was invited by the Dutch to be tratively did not rule his power on Papua; offered by three options: (1) Papua along and (3) since the Pacific war occurred, with Tidore became an independent state; Papua was occupied by the Allies and the (2) Papua along with Tidoreweresovereign resident run the government power there under the Netherlands Kingdom; and (3) based on S. no. 108 jo. S. 149 (Nachrawy, Papua along with Tidore fused together 2003: 65). with the Homeland, the Republic of Indo- Therefore, on June 12, 1949, van nesia. From those three options, Zainal Maarseveen invited Zainal Abidin, Sultan AbidinAlting chose the third option. of Tidore, to discuss about the separation Based on that political decision, President of Papua from Tidore. On that occasion, Sukarno asked the resident Zainal Abidin Zainal Abdin was forced to accept the sep- who was also the Sultan of Tidore to sup- aration of Papua from Tidore by stating port the central government to claim Pa- that all the kings in Papua’s land and Raja pua as the part of Tidore based on histori- Ampat Papua had given their approval to cal perspective. The suggestion was wel- break away from the Tidore Sultanate. comed by Zainal Abidin and on August Zainal Abidin protested the unilateral de- 17, 1956, President Sukarno formed prov- cision from the Dutch by complaining to ince of West Irian by inaugurating Zainal the President of NIT, Cokorde Gde Suka- Abidin as the first Governor of Papua

151 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 from 1956 to 1961 with a capital of Soa- order with the formation of the govern- siu, Tidore (Herry RD. Nachrawy, 2003: ment structure in the Eastern Indonesia 143). States so that from the bottom to the top level, it could be created a democratic gov- ernment with national character based on BECOMING THE MINISTER OF NIT the principles of federalism. The establish- ment of the regions with extensive autono- Since the beginning of the establishment my and steady power as well as the au- of the Eastern Indonesia State (NIT) thority where the autonomous govern- which was initiated by van Mook on be- ment played an important role accompa- half of the Dutch government, Iskandar nied by the council elected by the society. Djabir Syah had shown his participation Based on the principle of democracy and as the member of NIT representing North by fast holding that the Eastern Indonesia Maluku. His Participation was indeed rea- States was a law country where the order sonable because based on historical and and security were guaranteed so that the political aspects, the Ternate Sultanate people felt themselves protected by the had closeness to the Dutch government, law so that they could live safe and secure. which had long been entrenched in the Tatengkeng Cabinet ran the policies that Ternate Island until the World War II, were dual-function with each other to even when the Japanese occupied the Ter- have a harmonious balance. nate Island, Iskandar Djabir Syah along In the era of Tatengkeng Cabinet, with his family was evacuated in Brisbane there had been the rise of rebellion seeds Australia in September 1945. that wanted to break away from the Unit- AfterIskandar Djabir Syah returned from ed Indonesia States and joined with Indo- Australia, he was appointed as the head of nesia Republic (RI). The dispute between the region (resident) with the rank of colo- APRIS and TNI encouraged a number of nel Tituler der Koninghen Orange van Nasau . autonomous regions in NIT region ap- As explained above, that as long as pearing to proclaim the region out of NIT served as senate member of NIT repre- and combined the region to become the senting North Maluku, Iskandar Djabir part of Indonesia Republic (RI) as the sta- Syah always perseveringly fought the con- tus as a province. For example, on April cept of a federal state in Malino and 26, 1950, Karaeng Andi Idjo (South Sula- Denpasar conference. For that reason, in wesi) proclaimed South Sulawesi to be the the Tatengkeng Cabinet, Iskandar Djabir part of the province of Indonesia. The Syah was appointed as the Minister of In- same thing was also done by Adjuba ternal Affairs of NIT (December 27, 1949 Wartabone for the region of North Sula- to March 14, 1950). After inaugurated by wesi (Arthur A. Schillers, 1989: 63). the President of the Eastern Indonesia Chaos and conflict between the fed- State (NIT), Tjokorde Gde Rake Soeka- eralist and the unitary groups in South wati on December 27, 1949, Iskandar Sulawesi especially in Makassar raged Djabir Syah began his career as Minister with great atmosphere causing very seri- of Internal Affairs. His position as the ous condition. From the unitary group Minister of Internal Affairs made him suc- headed by the parliament members of the ceed in delegating the power of the central Indonesian National Unity fractionurged government the regional heads of the en- the government to be allowed to conduct a tire territory of the East Indonesia (Agung, massive demonstration in order to break 1985: 94). up the Eastern Indonesia States and be The cabinet of J.E. Tatengkeng was involved into the territory of Indonesia the emergency cabinet or the transitional Republic. government and its leadership only lasted In addition, the rebellion of Andi for one year. Nevertheless, Tatengkeng Aziz in Makassar in early April 1950 re- Cabinet determined to develop a new legal sulted in the crisis of NIT Cabinet. On

152 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016

April 20, the prominent figures of Maluku lic in 1950, at the same time Sukarno’s Indonesian Youth (PIM), Pupella, pro- policy exiled Sultan of Ternate, Iskandar posed un-trust motion in NIT parliament. Djabir Syah to Jakarta and he was placed As a result, the Prime Minister of as one of the employees of Internal Affairs Tatengkeng resigned and the cabinet was Department (1950 to 1976), as he was disbanded. Thus, the Cabinet of J.E. considered as one of the federalist leaders, Tatengkeng did not last long. Its besides that he was accused as the man Workplan only overcame the issue of the who was pro-RMS and considered as dis- transition toward the establishment of loyalty to the Government of the Republic united States as the result of merging RIS of Indonesia. In that period, the sultanate and RI.Such development affected the of Ternate suffered from the vacant gov- political atmosphere in the Eastern Indo- ernment.All the activities of the govern- nesia State and gave big courage to the ment regulations were run by the legisla- unitary group to realize its goal to dissolve tive institution or the board of eighteen the Eastern Indonesia States. (Bobatonyagimosetofkange ). The vacancy The dissolution of the Eastern Indo- affected on the decreasing of the legitima- nesia State on August 15, 1950 caused cy of royal power elite (aristocrats) due to surprise in many circles about the quick the loss of political control and bureau- omission of the federation system from cratic in its territory. Their capacity was Indonesia. It was approximately six limited only as the complement of the months after the sovereignty resignation to government structure. It was caused by the government of the United Indonesia the leadership authority only on the hands States which had transformed into the uni- of the sultan. tary state. Changing the shape of the state, The limitation and the lack of politi- especially among the Dutch government. cal power of the Ternate Sultanate made The changes of the state principle left very almost nothing could be done. Almost all deep impression. The Dutch East Indies of the accesses leading to the interests of government had accused the Indonesian local power were isolated during the ab- party to be not honest in the implementa- sence of Sultan Iskandar Djabir Syah. tion of the Round Table Conference and Therefore, the elite territory was confined in connection with that expressed the dis- to the walls of the palace although it still appointment. had a government bureaucracy, yet it only The attitude of the Dutch govern- dealt with the interests of the palace ment was transformed into the anti- household. Indonesian Government and actualized in At the same time, Soekarno’s gov- its foreign policy that firmly opposed to ernment issued a number of policies re- Indonesia in West Irian case in the 1960s. stricting the movement of the local author- When the Prime Minister W. Drees re- ities, for example, the dissolution of the elected for the four times (1956 to 1958), kings’ board in 1950. Another example he became the main driving force to enter was about the Agrarian Law of 1960 on the West Irian (now Papua) in the territo- the restriction and land ownership (the ry of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at state took over the lands of autonomous the time of the amendment to the Consti- government), and the establishment of tution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands autonomous regional administration of in 1956 (L. Katoppo, 1972: 54). level 1 in Maluku, based on the Law No.60 in 1958, by determining Ambon as the province capital of Maluku. As the CONCLUSION authority in level II, the Regent was no longer had to be held by the sultan and When the United Indonesia States merged family so that in the subsequent develop- into the unitary state of Indonesia Repub- ment, the public positions were more dominated by non-sultanate groups. Final-

153 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 26(2), 2016 ly, the Ternate status as municipal was Indonesia Timoer , 22 June 1948. dissolved and reduced to a level II district Indonesia Timoer , 18 & 22 December 1948. that had limited governmental authority. Kahin, Audrey. 1990. Pergolakan Daerah Pada The state intervention was so strong on awal Kemerdekaan. Jakarta: Grafiti. the traditional power in Soekarno’s power Katoppo, L. 1972. Perdjoangan Irian Kembali ke Dalam Wilayah RI. Bandung: era that the palace declined of its legitima- KilatMadju. cy. Kutoyo, Sutrisno. 1978. Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daerah Maluku . Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Kebudayaan Daerah Departemen Pendidikandan Kebudayaan RI. This article is part of a dissertation on The Lapian, A.B. 1980. Pengantar Memorie van Elite Sultanate of Ternate’s Participation Overgave J.H. Tobias (1857)-Memorie van in the Change of Regime: The Political Overgave C. Bosscher Residen Ternate History of Ternate, 1946-2002. I would (1859). Jakarta: ANRI. Menara Merdeka , 12 December 1946. like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mononutu, Arnold. 1981. PotretSeorang Patriot. Djoko Suryo as my supervisor and Prof. Jakarta: GunungAgung,. Dr. Bambang Purwanto, MA as co- Muhammad, Syahril. 2006. Kesultanan Ternate: supervisor. Sejarah Sosial Ekonomi & Politik. Yogyakarta: Ombak. Nachrawy, Herry RD. 2003. Peranan Ternate REFERENCES TidoreDalamPembebasanIrian Barat . Ter- nate: Yayasan Kie Raha. Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde. 1985. Negara Negara Baroe , 13 February 1947. Indonesia Timur ke Republik Indonesia Negara Baroe , 4 March 1947. Serikat . Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada. Negara Baroe , 13-14 May 1947. Amal, Adnan. 2007. Kepulauan Rempah - Negara Baroe , 23 June 1947. Rempah: PerjalananSejarah Maluku Utara Negara Baroe , 7 July 1947 1250 – 1950 . Jakarta: Gora Pustaka Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened & Nugroho Indonesia. Notosusanto (Eds.) 2008. Andaya, Leonard Y. 1993. The World of SejarahNasional Indonesia VI . Jakarta: Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early BalaiPustaka. Modern Period . Honolulu: University of Schillers, Arthur A. 1989. The Formation of Hawaii Press. Federal Indonesia 1945-1949. Bandung. Bousoiri, Chasan. tt. Sekulimit Derita Satu Edisi Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 13 January 1949. Kehidupan Seorang Dokter , Jakarta: Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 19 Februay 1949. Anonymous. Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 18 & 23 March 1949. de Clercq, F.S.A. 2007. Ternate:Karesidenan dan Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 30 May 1949. Kesultanan.Terjemahan Noer Fitriyanti Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 20 & 25 June 1949. dari,Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 25 & 30 July 1949. Ternate, 1890. Ternate: Komunitas Uma Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 16 & 25 August 1949. Sania. Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 19 September 1949. Djafaar, Irza Arnita. 2005. Dari Moloku Kie Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 22 October 1949. Raha Ke Negara Federal: Biografi Sultan Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 10 & 22 November Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Syah . Jakarta: 1949. Bio Pustaka. Soeloeh Rakyat Makasar , 3 & 26 Decem- Hasan, Abdul Hamid. 2000. Aroma Sejarah dan ber1949. Budaya Ternate . Jakarta: PustakaUtama. Widjojo, Muridan. 2009. The Revolt of Prince Indonesia Timoer , 24 January 1948. Nuku: Cross Cultural Alliance Making in Indonesia Timoer , 28 February 1948. Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Boston. Indonesia Timoer , 24 May 1948.

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