Notes and References

Chapter 1: The Coming of

The contemporaneous evidence for Islamisation is described in Damais, 'L'epigraphie musulmane dans le Sud-Est Asiatique', with references to previous literature; see also Damais, 'Etudes javanaises, I: Les tombes musulmanes datees de Tr~l~j~'. Chinese records are translated in Rockhill, 'Notes on the relations and trade of China with the eastern archipelago'; and in Groenveldt, 'Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca'. On Marco Polo's account see Jack-Hinton, 'Marco Polo in South-East Asia'. Cortesao, Suma Oriental, contains the crucial text of Tome Pires in Portuguese and English translation. The Indonesian chronicles described above are found in the following: Hill, 'Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai'; Brown, Sejarah Melayu; Olthof, Babad Tanah Djawi; Djajadiningrat, Sadjarah . Other legends are described in R. Jones, 'Ten conversion myths'. The two sixteenth-century Javanese Islamic books have both been edited and translated by Drewes: ]avaanse primbon and Admonitions of Seh Bari. A survey of some of the controversies surrounding Islamisation, with special attention to the sources of Indonesian Islam, is in Drewes, 'New Light'. On the Sufi argument see Johns, 'Sufism as a category'. See also Ricklefs, 'Six centuries of Islamisation '. Some materials on Islam in the areas outside of which are mentioned in this chapter can be found in Hardy, 'Modern European and Muslim explanations of conversion to Islam in South Asia'; and in Majul, Muslims in the Philippines.

Chapter 2: General Aspects of Pre-Colonial States and Major Empires, c. 1300- 1500

The general principles which underlay Indonesian states have been investigated in Moertono, State and statecraft in old ; Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies (see especially vol. II, p. 102 ff.); and Reid and Castles, Pre-colonial state systems; see also Gullick, Indigenous political systems of western Malaya. Fisher, South-East Asia; and Pelzer, 'Physical and human resource patterns', describe the geography of the archipelago. The standard historical description of , now rather out of date, is Krom, Hindoejavaansche geschiedenis. This is the main source for the discussion in Coedes, Les hats hindouises, which has been translated into English as Indian• ised states of Southeast Asia. Slametmuljana, Story of Majapahit, contains much useful material, but some of the suggestions seem inadequately documented. For NOTES AND REFERENCES 281 the fifteenth century, all of these works have been superseded by Noorduyn, 'Majapahit in the fifteenth century'. A text and English translation of the Nagarakertiigama, and much other useful information, is given in Pigeaud, java in the 14th century. The Pararaton is in Brandes, 'Pararaton (Ken Arok)'; there is an Indonesian translation in Padmapuspita, Pararaton. C. C. Berg has published his arguments in several books and articles; see especially his Rijk van de vijfvoudige Buddha. On Malacca, see Wang, 'First three rulers of Malacca'; Wake, 'Malacca's early kings and the reception of Islam'; and the early chapters of Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian trade and European influence. An attempt to reconstruct Malacca's origins is Wolters, Fall of Siivijaya. The major source for its trade is Cortesao, Suma Oriental.

Chapter 3: The Arrival of the Europeans in Indonesia, c. 1509-1620

The background and development of Portuguese overseas expansion are described in Boxer, Portuguese seaborne empire; and in Diffie and Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese empire (this, however, has some errors of detail concerning the Malay-Indonesian area). An excellent analysis of Dutch overseas activities is in Boxer, Dutch seaborne empire. See also Parry, Europe and a wider world, reprinted as Establishment ofthe European hegemony; and Masselman, Cradle ofcolonialism. An examination of Portuguese and early English and Dutch activities in Indonesia is to be found in Meilink-Roelofsz,Asian trade and European influence. Much material is also included in Tiele, 'Europeers in den Maleischen archipel'. A Malay chronicler's view of the conquest of Malacca is given in Brown, Sejarah Melayu. Portuguese and Dutch activities in Maluku are analysed in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid-Molukken. On sixteenth-century Maluku see also Abdurachman, 'Moluccan responses to the first intrusions of the West'. Abdurachman et al., Bunga rampai sejarah Maluku (I), covers the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There is also interesting material collected in da Fran~a, Portuguese influence in Indonesia. Documents concerning Coen's period are in Colen brander and Coolhaas, jan Pietersz. Coen. The events surrounding the conquest of Batavia are described in Ricklefs, 'Banten and the Dutch in 1619'.

Chapter 4: The Rise of New States, c. 1500-1650

There is much miscellaneous material on the states discussed above in Meilink• Roelofsz, Asian trade and European influence. On and the states of the western archipelago, see Djajadiningrat, 'Geschiedenis van het Soeltanaat van Atjeh'; and Lombard, ; see also the earlier parts of Andaya, King• dom of johor. On Java, see de Graaf and Pigeaud, 'Eerste Moslimse vorstendommen op Java'; de Graaf, 'Senapati Ingalaga'; and de Graaf, 'Sultan Agung'. The first of these books lacks an index, which is to be found along with English summaries of the 282 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA other books listed here and other of de Graaf's writings in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'. On the later years of Majapahit see Noorduyn, 'Majahapit in the fifteenth century'. The earliest Javanese chronicle so far discovered is published in Ricklefs, Modern j avanese historical tradition. Some Javanese chronicle views on the fall of Majapahit are also published in Ricklefs, 'Consideration of three versions of the Babad Tanab Djawi'. The manuscript is published and translated into Indonesian in Atja, Tjarita Purwaka Tjaruban ; its authenticity is doubtful: its paleography and use of Western rather than Javanese dates suggest in fact a twentieth-century origin for the text. See also the Indonesian translation in Sulendraningrat, Purwaka Tjaruban Nagari. For sixteenth-century Java, of course Cortesao, Suma Oriental, is a major source. From the seventeenth century onwards, important VOC documents are published in de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandscb gezag. Van Goens's reports are in de Graaf, Vijf gezantscbapsreizen van Rijklof van Goens. C. C. Berg's arguments concerning Senapati are found in several of this publi• cations, of which the most important for this purpose is 'Twee nieuwe publicaties betreffende de geschiedenis en de geschiedschrijving van Mataram'. A reply is found in de Graaf, 'Historische betrouwbaarheid der Javaanse overlevering'. On Makasar see Pelras, 'Les premieres donnees occidentales concernant Celebes-Sud'; Noorduyn, 'Islamisering van Makasar'; Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo '; and Stapel, Bonggaais verdrag. On the Makasarese and Balinese in the Lombok-Sumbawa area see de Graaf, 'Lombok in de 17e eeuw'.

ChapterS: Literary, Religious and Cultural Legacies

There is a vast literature on the subjects covered in the chapter. Excellent, but already rather out of date, introductions to the scholarship on Malay and Javanese are in Teeuw and Emanuels, Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia; and Uhlenbeck, Studies on the languages of java and Madura. Religious matters are discussed in Stohr and Zoetrnulder, Religionen Indonesiens (also available in a French edition). The best introduction to classical Malay literature is Winstedt, History of classical Malay literature. On the seventeenth-century Acehnese mystics and their doctrines much has been written; see Lombard, Iskandar Muda; Johns, 'Malay Sufism' and 'Islam in Southeast Asia'; van Nieuwenhuijze, Samsu'l-Din van Pasai; al-Attas, Mysticism of Hamzab Fansuri and Ran"in and the Wujudiyyab of Acheb; and Ito, 'Why did Nuruddin ar-Raniri leave Aceh?'. Malay litera• ture available in translation is listed in Chambert-Loir, 'Bibliographie de la litterature malaise en traduction'. The most comprehensive survey of Javanese literature is in vol. I of Pigeaud, Literature of java. Zoetrnulder, Pantbeisme en monisme, is still the best analysis of mystical Javanese Islam. Much useful information on Javanese Islam and on Yasadipura I, as well as a valuable text, is contained in Soebardi, Book ofCabolek. English versions of three Javanese shadow plays can be found in Brandon, On thrones of gold. NOTES AND REFERENCES 283

On Old and Middle Javanese literature, see Zoetmulder, Kalangwan. On Middle Javanese see also Robson, Wang bang Wideya. Balinese babads are analysed in Worsley, Babad Buleleng; and Hinzler, 'Balinese babad'. On Bugis and Makasarese, see especially Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo' Noorduyn, 'Origins of South Celebes historical writing'; and Cense, 'Old Buginese and Macassarese diaries'. An introduction to Indonesian art is in Holt, Art in Indonesia. A good intro• duction to Indonesian music is found in Hood and Maceda, Music; more exten• sive discussions are contained in Sadie, New Grove dictionary.

Chapter 6: Eastern Indonesia, c. 1630-1800

Events in South Maluku are described in detail in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid• Molukken. On the events in South see Andaya, 'Kingship in Bone'; Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo '; Skinner, 'Sja'ir perang Mengkasar'; Stapel, Bonggaais verdrag; and Noorduyn, 'Arung Singkang'. There is also much infor• mation on the Makasarese and Bugis and their activities in the western archipelago in Andaya, Kingdom of johor. The Nusa Tenggaraareaissubjected to penetrating historical and anthropological analysis in Fox, Harvest of the palm. On the eco• nomic history of the VOC see Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic trade.

Chapter 7: java, c. 1640-82

An authoritative discussion of the reign of Amangkurat I is in de Graaf, 'Mangku-Rat I'; this work is summarised in English in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'. There is also considerable material in Schrieke, Indonesian socio• logical studies. A major primary source is in de Graaf, Vijf gezantschapsreizen van Rijklof van Goens. A critical Javanese view which may be contemporaneous is in Ricklefs, Modern Javanese historical tradition. On the period of the Trunajaya rebellion, see also de Graaf, 'Gevangenneming en dood van Raden Truna-Djaja'; and de Graaf, Expeditie van Anthonio Hurdt. Both of these are also summarised in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'. On Ban ten, see Djajadiningrat, Sadjarah Ban ten; and de J onge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandsch gezag.

Chapter 8: Java, Madura and the VOC, c. 1680-1745

This chapter concerns subjects upon which little has yet been published. The bulk of it is based upon research notes from VOC and Javanese sources compiled by the present writer. Some of the VOC material is available in de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandsch gezag; one Javanese source is in Ricklefs, Modern Javanese historical tradition. Certain episodes and characters have, however, been covered. For a biography of Speelman, see Stapel, Cornelis ]anszoon Speelman. The Surapati episode is the subject of de Graaf, Moord op Kapitein Franfiois Tack (this is summarised in 284 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'); and Kumar, Surapati. Concerning Raja Sakti, see Kathirithamby-Wells, 'Ahmad Shah ibn Iskandar'. Vermeulen, Chineezen te Batavia, concerns the Chinese massacre and the associated conflict between Valckenier and van Imhoff. A biography of van Imhoff is to be found in Krom, Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff. The king's adventures after the fall of Kartasura are described in Gijsberti Hodenpijl, 'Zwerftocht van Sultan [sic) Pakoeboewana II'.

Chapter 9: Java and the VOC, c. 1745-92

On Central and East Java in this period see Ricklefs, jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi. The period is also discussed more briefly in Soekanto, Sekitar jogjakarta. See also Louw, Derde javaanscbe successie-oorlog. On Bant~n see de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandscb gezag.

Chapter 10: Java, 1792-1830

The most important work on this period is Carey, 'Pangeran Dipanagara'. See also Ricklefs, 'Dipanagara's early inspirational experience'. On Javanese percep• tions of relations with Batavia see Ricklefs,jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi; and on the Sepoy mutiny see Carey, 'Sepoy conspiracy of 1815 in Java'. The standard history of the itself is Louw and de Klerck, java-oorlog; see also Sagimun, Pablawan Dipanagara berdjuang; there is a briefer description in Soekanto, Sekitar jogjakarta. Concerning the see Pringgodigdo, Ondernemingen van bet Mangkoenagorosche rijk. There is also much valuable information contained in Rouffaer, 'Vorstenlanden'. On colonial issues see Bastin, Native policies of Sir and 'Raffles' ideas on the land rent system in Java'; Day, Dutch in java; Wright, East• Indian economic problems; and Levyssohn Norman, Britscbe heerscbappij over java en onderhoorigheden. A stimulating attempt to consider more fully the social impact of the colonial environment is found in Burger, Sociologiscb• economiscbe gescbiedenis.

Chapter 11: Java, 1830-1900

Important general surveys of the period discussed above are to be found in Day, Dutch in java; Burger, Sociologiscb-economiscbe gescbiedenis; and especially Furnivall, India. On the , all of the above works have been superseded by Fasseur, Kultuurstelsel en koloniale baten. Important contributions by Van Niel are to be found in his articles 'Function of landrent under the Cultivation System in Java' and 'Measurement of change under the Cultivation System in Java, 183 7- 1851'. See also Elson, 'Impact of government sugar cultivation'; and Fasseur, 'Organisatie en sociaal-economische betekenis'. An invaluable political survey of the years 1839-48 is contained in Arsip Nasional, Ikhtisar keadaan politik Hindia-Belanda, tabun 1839-1848, with the NOTES AND REFERENCES 285 original Dutch text and summaries in English and Indonesian. A description of Java in the 1870s is found in Veth, java. On the Suryengalaga affair and other late-nineteenth-century conspiracies see Kumar, 'Born leaders in changed times'. VanDeventer, Overzicbt van den economiscben toestand der inlandscbe bevolking van java en Madoera, is an official report to the Minister of Colonies and a devastating revelation of the impact of the 'liberal' period upon indigenous society. On Javanese cultural activities see Pigeaud, Literature of java; Soebardi, '-religious elements as reflected in the Book of Tjen!ini'; and Dewan tara, Beoefening van letteren en kunst in bet Pakoe-Alamscbe geslacbt. On nineteenth• century artists see Holt, Art in Indonesia; Maronier, Pictures of the tropics; and Bachtiar, 'Raden Saleh'. On Raden Saleh's family background see de Graaf, 'Semarangse geslacht Bustam'. The economic activities of the Mangkunegaran are analysed in Pringgodigdo, Ondernemingen van bet Mangkoenagoroscbe rijk. On Javanese bupatis in this period see Soeria Nata Atmadja, Regenten-positie; and Sutherland, 'Notes on Java's regent families'. Drewes, 'Struggle between J avan ism and Islam', concerns late-nineteenth-century anti-Islamic writings. On the education of new see Brugmans, Gescbiedenis van bet onderwijs in Nederlandscb-Indiii. Peasant protest is discussed in two works by Kartodirdjo: 'The peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888' and Protest movements in rural java; the first of these contains much information on Islam in this period; the second proposes a classi• fication of movements which has, however, been criticised. See also Drewes, Drie javaanscbe goeroe's; and Wiselius, 'Dj~j~ B~j~'.

Chapter 12: The Outer Islands, c. 1800-1910

There has been no full study of the outer islands in this period which analyses Dutch expansion throughout the area, and few local studies which reveal the Indonesian side of events. A survey of Dutch imperial aspects is, however, to be found in Fasseur, 'Een koloniale paradox', which covers 1830-70. A number of important essays is contained in Lapian and Day, Papers of the Dutch-Indonesian historical conference 1976. Much information is given in the regional articles in Paulus et al., Encyclopaedie van Nederlandscb-Indiii; and in a more abbreviated fashion in Bezemer, Beknopte encyclopaedic. Valuable colonial surveys of the whole Indonesian area are contained in Arsip Nasional, Laporan politik tabun 1837; and Arsip Nasional, Ikbtisar keadaan politik Hindia-Belanda, tabun 1839- 1848; both volumes have the original Dutch texts and summaries in English and Indonesian. On Dutch missionary activity in the nineteenth century see vol. I of Swellengrebel 'In Leijdeckers voetspoor'. On Madura see also Sutherland, 'Notes on Java's regent families'. On Bali and Lombok see Utrecht, Sedjarab bukum internasional di Bali dan Lombok. Events in Ambon are described in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid-Molukken. Fox, Harvest of the palm, concerns Nusa Tenggara. Imperial rivalry in is described in Irwin, Nineteenth-century Borneo. See also Soeri Soeroto, 'Beratib Beamaal movement in the BanjarWar'. Brooke rule in Sarawak is analysed in Runciman, White rajahs; and Pringle, Rajahs and rebels. Concerning Palembang, see Woelders, 'Sultanaat Palembang, 1811-1825'. 286 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

The progress of Dutch imperialism in is described in Schadee, Geschiedenis van Sumatra's oostkust. Three important articles by Dobbin have greatly illuminated the Padri move• ment: 'Economic change in as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement'; 'Islamic revivalism in Minangkabau'; and 'Tuanku Imam Bondjol'. See also Abdullah, ' and Islam: An examination of conflict in Minangkabau'; and Mansoer et al., Sedjarah Minangkabau. For information on the Wahhabis in Arabia, see Hourani, Arabic thought in the liberal age. Reid, Contest for , is an analysis of the origins and progress of the , with special attention to diplomatic aspects. For a description of the war itself see van't Veer, Atjeh-oorlog. See also Alfian, 'Acheh Sultanate under Sultan Mohammad Daudsyah'. Snouck Hurgronje's major study of Aceh is his Atjehers, available in English as Achehnese. A convenient analysis of Snouck Hurgronje's ideas is given in Benda, Crescent and the rising sun. Concerning the region see Castles, 'Statelessness and stateforming tendencies among the '.

Chapter 13: A New Colonial Age

Furnivall 's Netherlands India is an unsurpassed source for subjects covered in this chapter, and for many other aspects of twentieth-century Dutch colonialism which are not discussed above; his Colonial policy and practice is also very valuable. On economic aspects see also Allen and Donnithorne, Western enterprise in Indonesia and Malaya; and Caldwell, 'Indonesian export and production'. A major survey of the economy in the later years of Dutch rule is found in vol. I of Sutter, Indonesianisasi. American economic interests are analysed in Gould, Americans in Sumatra. On East Sumatra see Pelzer, 'Planter and peasant'. Burger, Sociologisch·economischr! geschiedenis, also contains a stimulating analysis of this period. The beginnings of the oil industry are described in Schadee, Geschie• denis van Sumatra's Oostkust; see also Paulus et al., Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indiif (or Bezemer, Beknopte encyclopaedie). For a much more detailed account see Gerretson, Geschiedenis der 'Koninklijke', translated into English as History of the Royal Dutch. A general survey is found in Van Niel, Emergence of the modern Indonesian elite. The most comprehensive statistical picture of the period is contained in Departement van Economische Zaken, Volkstelling 1930 I Census 1930. On educational reforms see Brugmans, Geschiedenis van hetonderwijsinNederlandscb• Indie; and on population matters see Widjojo, Population trends in Indonesia, The development of the Indonesian administrative corps in this new age is analysed in Sutherland, Making of a bureaucratic elite. The works cited in chapters 14 and 15 which concentrate on indigenous Indonesian affairs also contain much material on colonial policy and practice.

Chapter 14: The First Steps towards National Revival, c. 1900-27

The events of this period have attracted much scholarly attention. Van Niel, NOTES AND REFERENCES 287

Emergence of the modern Indonesian elite, is still a valuable survey; as is Pringgodigdo, Sedjarab pergerakan rakjat Indonesia. On Budi Utomo see Nagazumi, Dawn of Indonesian nationalism. The best introduction to the Saminist phenomenon is Benda and Castles, 'Samin move• ment'; see also Bijleveld, 'Saminbeweging'. McVey, Rise of Indonesian Communism, is the most authoritative study of PKI down to 1926-7, and contains much material on the other political move• ments of the period, particularly SI. On the rural SI see Kartodirdjo, Protest movements in rural java; and Oates, 'Afdeeling B'. The best analysis of Com• munism in Minangkabau is in Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies, vol. I. Fox, Harvest of the palm, describes developments in Timor. Noer, Modernist Muslim movement in Indonesia, 1900-1942, is a survey of Islamic reform. On the movement in Minangkabau see Abdullah, Schools and politics. The role of Singapore in this is described in Roff, Origins of Malay nationalism. On the major Islamic reform movements in Java, see also Federspiel's publications 'Muhammadijah' and Persatuan Islam. Islamic educational develop• ments are analysed in Steenbrink, , madrasab, sekolab. Valuable essays on the reform movement in Java and on the government-recognised Islamic hierarchies are contained in Pijper, Studiiin over de gescbiedenis van de , 1900-1950. Hourani, Arabic thought in the liberal age, describes the Middle Eastern background of Islamic reform. Surjomihardjo, 'National education', describes Indonesian educational efforts, including women's movements. The origins of Taman Siswa are described in McVey, 'Taman Siswa and the Indonesian national awakening'. See also Surjomihardjo, 'Suwardi Surjaningrat's ideals and national-revolutionary actions'. On the Javanese priyayi elite in this period see Sutherland, Making of a bureau• cratic elite.

Chapter 15: The Pace Moderated, 1927-42 A general survey of the events of this period is in Pluvier, Overzicht van de ontwikkeling der nationalistiscbe beweging in Indonesii! in de jaren 1930 tot 1942. Pringgodigdo, Sedjarab pergerakan rakjat Indonesia, also covers this period. For a detailed analysis concentrating on the urban 'secular' movements of 1927-34 see Ingleson, Road to exile. For the period 1936-42 seeAbeyasekere's publications 'Partai Indonesia Raja'; 'Soetardjo petition'; and One band clapping. See also O'Malley, 'Pakempalan Kawulo Ngajogjakarta'. There have been several studies of ; the best is Legge, Sukarno: A political biography. There is also much valuable material on Sukarno's thinking in Dahm, Sukarnos Kampf um Indonesiens Unabbiingigkeit (in English under the title Sukarno and the struggle /or Indonesian independence), but Dahm's inter• pretations of this material and his attempt to link it closely to traditional Javanese cultural phenomena have been criticised. The Javanese bureaucratic class is treated in Sutherland, Making of a bureaucratic elite. The background to World War II in Indonesia is covered in Aziz, japan's colonialism and Indonesia. On Islamic matters, see Noer, Modernist Muslim movement in Indonesia, 1900-1942. Events in Minangkabau are treated in detail in Abdullah, Schools and politics. See also Federspiel, Persatuan Islam. 288 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

On the development of modern Indonesian literature, see Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, which analyses these works briefly and includes extensive bibliographies. See also Teeuw, 'Impact of Balai Pustaka on modern Indonesian literature'; Sutherland, 'Pudjangga Baru'; Jassin, Pudjangga Baru; and Jassin, .

Chapter 16: World War II and the Japanese Occupation, 1942-5

No entirely satisfactory work covering the whole of Indonesia during World War II has been published. The best available survey is Aziz, japan's colonialism and Indonesia. A comprehensive, but rather undigested, collection of material is in Waseda University, japanese military administration in Indonesia. Benda, Crescent and the rising sun, is a valuable work, but its isolation of Islam as the primary topic tends to obscure other aspects. A substantial analysis emphasising economic matters is in vol. I of Sutter, Indonesianisasi. B. Anderson has greatly illuminated the later stages of the occupation in Java; see his 'Japan: "The light of Asia"'; Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the japanese occupation; and java in a time of revolution. Legge, Sukarno: A political biography, is also valuable. Some important interpretative issues concern• ing Java under the Japanese are considered in Sluimers, ' "Nieuwe orde" op Java'. There has so far been no serious study of areas occupied by the navy, but on Sumatra see Piekaar, Atjeh en de oorlog met japan; Reid, 'Japanese occupation and rival Indonesian elites'; and Reid, Blood of the people. A good survey of the Japanese background to events can be found in Beasley, Modern history of japan. See also F. Jones, japan's in East Asia; and Elsbree, japan's role in Southeast Asian nationalist movements.

Chapter 17: The Revolution, 1945-50

The Revolution has produced much scholarly wntmg of high quality. Reid, Indonesian national revolution, is the best guide to the Revolution throughout Indonesia. An earlier and more detailed study which concentrates on Java, and which ranks as one of the classic works of Indonesian history, is Kahin, Nationalism and revolution. Legge, Sukarno: A political biography, is also valuable. For an extensive study by a major participant, see Nasution, Sekitar perang kemerdekaan Indonesia. Vol. II of Sutter, Indonesianisasi, covers the Revolution with an emphasis on economic aspects. The years 1945-6 in Java are analysed in B. Anderson, java in a time of revolution. On in the same period see Smail, in the early revolution. Lucas, 'Social revolution in Pemalang', covers the three regions affair. Events in are described in Soejatno (Sujatno), 'Revolution and social tensions in Surakarta' and 'Perubahan-perubahan sosial politik di Surakarta'. On see Selosoemardjan, Social changes in ]ogjakarta. The rebel• lion is discussed in D. Anderson, 'Military aspects of the '. For a study of Soedirman see Nugroho, 'Soedirman: Panglima yang menepati janjinya'. The Revolution in Sumatra has not yet received as much attention as Java. NOTES AND REFERENCES 289

Reid, Blood of the people, covers the early years of the Revolution in Aceh and East Sumatra. On the initial stages in Aceh, see also Piekaar, Atjeh en de oorlog met japan. See also Reid, 'Birth of the Republic in Sumatra'. Areas outside of Java and Sumatra have yet to receive serious study. The final stages of the Revolution are covered in Feith, Decline of constitu• tional democracy. On international diplomatic aspects see A. Taylor, Indonesian independence and the United Nations; the more general diplomatic context is described in Colbert, Southeast Asia in international politics. Islamic aspects are covered in Boland, 'Struggle of Islam'. See Horikoshi, 'Dar ul-Islam movement', on Kartosuwirjo and . On literature see Teeuw, Modern Indonesian literature; on art see Holt, Art in Indonesia.

Chapter 18: The Democratic Experiment, 1950-7

Feith, Decline of constitutional democracy, is an exhaustive study of this period. Studies of various constituents of the political scene may be found in Hindley, Communist party of Indonesia; Mortimer ,Indonesian Communism under Sukarno; McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army'; Legge, Sukarno: A political biography; and Boland, 'Struggle of Islam'. On population growth see Widjojo, Population trends in Indonesia. A brief collection of useful statistics is given in Brand, 'Some statistical data'. Economic affairs down to 1955 are analysed in vols. III and IV of Sutter, Indonesianisasi. Local studies of Javanese society are found in Selosoemardjan, Social changes in jogjakarta; Castles, Religion, politics and economic behaviour in java; Jay, Religion and politics in rural ; and Kuntowidjojo, 'Sikap ekonomi dan keagamaan pengusaha didesa industri' (available in English as 'Economic and religious attitudes of entrepreneurs in a village industry'). Geertz, Religion of java, contains much information, but has been criticised for appearing to equate communal identities (santri and ) with a social class category (priyayi). An analysis of the 1955 (and 1971) elections is in van Marie, 'Indonesian electoral geography'. On foreign policy see Fifield, Diplomacy of Southeast Asia; Bone, Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) problem; and Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia. Concerning regional crises, see Mattulada, 'Kahar Muzakkar'; Smail, 'Military politics of North Sumatra'; and Harvey, .

Chapter 19: Guided Democracy, 1957-65

No general survey of the guided democracy period has yet been published. The years 1957-9 are covered in detail in Lev, Transition to guided democracy. Analyses extending to 1962 are found in Feith's 'Dynamics of guided democracy' and 'Indonesia'. Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, extends to 1963. See also Reeve, 'Sukarnoism and Indonesia's "functional group" state'. The PRRI rebellion is still in need of scholarly study; Mossman, Rebels in paradise, is a useful account. On the Sulaw~si rebellion see Harvey, Permesta. Studies covering the whole period with emphasis on particular aspects are 290 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

found in Crouch, Anny and politics; Mortimer, Indonesian Communism under Sukarno; Legge, Sukarno: A political biography; Boland 'Struggle of Islam'; and McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army'; all but the last of these include analyses of the 1965 coup attempt and its various inter• pretations. The economic troubles of the period are described in Mackie, Prob• lems of the Indonesian inflation. Other valuable studies are found in Foulcher, 'Survey of events surrounding "Manikebu"'; Lee, 'Taman Siswa in postwar Indonesia'; and Rocamora, 'Partai Nasional Indonesia, 1963-1965'. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian literature, includes the writers of this period. Feith and Castles, Indonesian political thinking, contains valuable primary sources for this period (and before). Sukarno's own Autobiography as told to Cindy Adams gives much insight into his mind in this period. The general incli• naticn of scholars to see Sukarno as a social conservative despite his revolutionary rhetoric is challenged in Hauswedell, 'Sukarno: Radical or conservative?'. The foreign policy of this period has received considerable attention. See Bunnell, 'Guided democracy foreign policy'; and Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia dispute. Weinstein, Indonesian foreign policy, concentrates on the post-Sukarno years but includes material on this period. On China's role see Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia; and J. Taylor, China and Southeast Asia; both of these include analyses of the 1965 coup attempt. American involvement is discussed in Bunnell, 'Central Intelligence Agency• Deputy Directorate for Plans 1961 secret memorandum'; and Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States policy, which extends to c. 1962. A radical American critique is found in Scott, 'Exporting military-economic development: America and the overthrow of Sukarno'.

Chapter 20: The New Order since 1965

The new order has yet to become the subject of a major historical survey. The most substantial analysis down to c. 1976 is in Crouch, Army and politics, which concentrates on military aspects. Polomka, Indonesia since Sukarno, is a valuable analysis down to c. 1970. Roeder, Smiling general, is an authorised biography of Soeharto extending to 1968. Oey, Indonesia after the 1971 elections, contains several useful articles; the essays in Caldwell, Ten years' military terror, attack the regime from a leftist viewpoint. The period of transition from old to new order is described in Paget, 'Military in Indonesian politics'; and Hindley, 'Alirans and the fall of the old order'. Studies of various aspects of domestic politics are found in McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army', which extends to 1969; Mcintyre, 'Divisions and power in the Indonesian National Party, 1965-1966'; Nishihara, Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971; and Ward, Foundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia. Boland, 'Struggle of Islam', extends to 1969. On the 1971 elections see van Marie, 'Indonesian electoral geography'; and on the 1977 elec• tions Tjan Silalahi, '1977 general elections'. Political imprisonment down to mid-1977 is analysed in Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report; the Indonesian edition of this (Indonesia: Sebuah NOTES AND REFERENCES 291 laporan Amnesti Internasional) has an introduction covering developments between mid-1977 and October 1978. Religious issues are discussed in several of the works listed above. On Chris• tianisation see also G. Jones, 'Religion and education'. Concerning Kebatinan see Hadiwijono, Man in the present Javanese mysticism. An overview of religious issues is in Ricklefs, 'Six centuries of Islamisation'. Islamic educational work and related matters are discussed in Steen brink, Pesantren, madrasah, sekolah; and Sudjoko Prasodjo et al., Profil pesantren. On the ending of confrontation see Weinstein, Indonesia abandons confron• tation; and Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia dispute. For foreign relations in general see Weinstein, Indonesian foreign policy, which extends to c. 1974; and Heinzlmeir, Indonesiens Aussenpolitik nach Sukarno, 1965-1970. Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia, extends to 1967; ]. Taylor, China and Southeast Asia, extends to 1972. Economic affairs down to 1976 are analysed from a critical standpoint in Palmer, Indonesian economy since 1965; or see Palmer's briefer discussion 'Economy 1965--1975 '. Radical criticism is also found in Payer, 'International Monetary Fund and Indonesian debt slavery'. Robison, 'Toward a class analysis of the Indonesian military bureaucratic state',looks at the business affairs of the new order elite. On oil see especially Carlson, Indonesia's oil. Indonesia's econ• omy and society are seen within a wider ASEAN context in Kuhne, Bevolkerungs• und Beschiiftigungsentwicklung, which extends to c. 1971; and Wong, ASEAN economies in perspective, which extends to c. 1976. Bibliography

Abbreviations of Joumals

BEFEO Bulletin de l'Ecole Fran"aise d 'Extreme-Orient BKI Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ]AS journal of Asian Studies ]MBRAS journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society ]SEAH journal of Southeast Asian History ]SEAS journal of Southeast Asian Studies MAS Modern Asian Studies MilS I Majalah Ilmu-Ilmu Sastra Indonesia I Indonesian journal of Cultural Studies RIMA Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs TBG Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde uitgegeven door bet (Koninklijk) Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen VBG Verhandelingen van bet (Koninklijk) Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen VKI Verhandelingen van bet Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde

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Note: Readers who fail to locate a twentieth-century Indonesian personal name or publication tide under the expected spelling should check possible alternate spellings (seep. xiii above). abangan (Javanese nominal Muslims), Alauddin Riayat Syah I, Sultan of Johor, 155-6,166,172,173,207,209,215, 29, 30 217,228,232,237,262,273,274 Alauddin Riayat Syah II, Sultan of Johor, 'Abduh, Muhammad, 160, 161 31 Abdul Aziz, Sayyid, 9 Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahar, Sultan of Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of Pontianak, Aceh, 30 213, 221 Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Mukamil, Sultan Abdul Kadir, 95 of Aceh, 30 , Haji, see Rasul, Haji Albuquerque, Afonso de, 21 Abdu1Rahman,Tengku,261,263 Alexander the Great, 49 Abdullah Muhammad Maulana Matarani, Algemeene Studieclub, 174 Sultan, 44 Ali, Mohammad, 236 Abdurrauf of Singkil, 48 Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan of Aceh Abendanon, J. H., 148-9 (Tuanku Ibrahim), 13 5 Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso, 190, 196 'Ali-Baba' firms, 235 Abulmafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir, , Sultan of Aceh, 5, Sultan of Banten, 44 29-30 Aceh, 15, 22, 26, 27, 29-33, 47-8, 51, Ali Murtopo, 264 133, 134, 135-9, 144, 188, 191, 208, , 175, 234-7, 239, 218,235,238,250, 253-4,257,276; 241-3,252,267,269 foundation of, 5; Islamisation of, 5, 6; Prawirodirdjo, 169, 170, 173, becomes Special District, 253; Aceh 239-40 War, 107, 136-8, 144 a/iran, 229 'act of free choice' in Irian Jaya, 259, 275 Alit, Pangeran, 66-7 Adabiyah school, 161 All-Aceh Union of , see PUSA adat (customary law), 111, 133-4, All-Indonesia Congress of Islamic Scholars 137-8,160,161,162,167,253 (1957), 249 Adat, Raja. 13 3 Alor, 128 Adi Sannka, Pangeran Arya, 102 Amangkurat, Ratu (mother of Pakubuwana Adityavarman, 132 II), 85, 86, 88 'Afdeeling B', see Section B Amangkurat I, Susuhunan of Mataram, Affandi, 203 38, 44, 66-72 Afghani, Jamal ad-Din al-, 160 Amangkurat II, Susuhunan of Mataram and Africa, 18, 19,20,23,26,136,236 Kartasura: as crown prince, 69-73; as Agam, 133 king, 73-4, 76-7, 78-81 Ageng, Ratu, 111 Amangkurat III, Susuhunan of Kartasura, Agen~. Sultan of Banten, 75-6, 79 81-3, 89, 95 Agranan Law, 118 Amangkurat IV, Susuhunan of Kartasura, Agung, Sultan of Mataram, 31, 37-8, 84-5 40-5,51, 66,68, 70, 71,92, 101, Ambarawa, 204 120,245 Ambon, Ambonese, 22-3, 25-6, 27, 36, Ahmad, Sultan of Malacca, 21 59-61,62,66,81,82,83, 101,102, Ahmad HanaP.i, 50 10~ 11~ 113, 129-30, 134, 139, Ahmad Khanb, Shaikh, 161, 162 152,159,204,221,230,251 Ahmad Syah, Sultan of Pahang, 31, 32 'Amboyna Massacre', 27 Ahmad Syah ibn Iskandar, 80-1 ambtsvelden, 117 Ahmat Majana/Majanu, 5 America, United States of, Americans, 115, Aidit, D.N., 216, 217, 229, 231, 239-40, 133, 135, 136, 137, 152, 181, 184, 189, 242,247,256,257,259,262-3,266, 201,213,214,216,218,219,242, 268-70, 274; father of, 231 250-1,257,259-69,278 Akbarnama, 49 Amir Hamzah (poet), 182, 208-9 Alam, Raja, 133 Amir Hamzah (uncle of the Prophet), 49, Alas, 136 50 320 INDEX

Amir Sjarifuddin, 181, 191, 205, 206, Badruddin of Demak, 3 3 209, 210, 213-18 Bad~g, 127-8 Amnesty International, 278 Bagelen, 116 AMS (General Middle School), 150, 152, Baghdad,12 179 Bagus Buang, Ratu, 102 AJnongraga,Seh,51, 120 Bahrum Rangkuti, 203 Amuntai, 191 Bajra, Carik, 51 Anbi.ta, 52 Balai Pustaka, 176-7, 181-2 Angger-Agen~;o 96 Balambangan, 10, 36, 39, 41, 44, 87, 96 Angger-Arubiru, 96 Bali, Balinese, 7, 13, 16, 19, 44, 45, 66, angliatan 45, 203 67,78,79,80,81,82,84,86,87,89, Anno javanico, adoption of, 43 90,95-6,102,152,172,195,202,204, Anrangkusuma, patib of Kartasura, 212,228,238,243,262, 264,274; 79-80 literature of, 52, 53; music of, 54; Ansor, 247, 262 Dutch conquest, 126-8, 135; cattle, Antasari, Pangeran, 131 129 Antwerp, 26 Balikpapan,203 Aqsa, al-, 35 Banda, Bandanese, 7, 26, 27, 60, 82, 83, Arabia, Arabs, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 19, 33, 101, 130, 132, 176, 180 119,120,133,161,162,175,181,255. Banda Aceh (Kutaraja), 136, 137, 138, See also 208 Arabic language and literature, 4, 8, 9, 11, Bandung, 102, 148, 150,156, 168, 173, 49, 50, 51, 53,159,161,162,182, 174,176,179,195,202,204,208, 192 210, 213, 220, 226, 253. See also areca, 19 Asian-African Conference Arjuna Sasrabau, 50, 51 Bangil, 82 Arjunawijaya, 50 Bangka, 125,131,210 Arjuna'Wiwiiba, 50 Bangkalan, 126 Armed Forces Day, 268 Bangkara, 134 army, Indonesian: in Revolution, 202, Bangli, 127-8 205, 206, 207, 209-10, 211, 216-20; Banjarmasin, 43, 44, 64, 90, 130-1, since independence, 227 ff. passim; 195; Banjarmasin War, 131 size of, 216,227, 233, 257; pre• Bank of China, 265 ponderance of Javanese in, 252. See Banten, 24, 26, 27-8, 32, 33, 39, 41, also Banteng Division, Brawijaya 42,43,44,66,67,68, 70,71, 72, Division, Division, 75-6, 79,80,81,83,86,87, 101-2, Kostrad, paracommandos, Siliwangi 116, 170, 188, 213, 217; foundation of, Division 34-5 Aru, 30, 31, 130 Banteng, Barisan, 211 arumpone (Kin~ of Bone), 62, 202 Banteng Division, 242 ASEAN (Association of South East Barabudhur, 37 Asian Nations), 275 Bari, Seh, text ascribed to, 11 Ashanti War, 136 Barisan Tani Indonesia, see Peasant Front, Asian-African Conference (Bandung), Indonesian. 235-6 Baron Sakendber, 106 Asrama Indonesia Merdeka, 195 Barus, 134 Asrar al- 'arijin, 48 Bastin, John, 110 Assembly for Federal Consultation, 214 Bataks, 30, 133,134,149, 176, 181, 188, atomic bomb, 197, 265, 268 208-9,210,240,242 attoriolong, 53 Batavia, passim; foundation of, 28; Australia, Australians, 184, 204, 210, Javanese attacks on, 42-3; epidemics 213,214 in, 86; massacre of Chinese in, 87, 90; Austria, 182 renamed Jakarta, 189 Azahari, Shaikh A.M., 260 batik (dyed fabric), 53, 54, 121, 158 Batuah, Haji Datuk, 167 bauxite, 183 Baab Ullah, Sultan of Temate, 23 Bayat,Sunan,9,43, 70 babad, see chronicles and historical Bebeluk, Ki, 51 traditions and individual titles Beijing (Peking), 247 Babad Giyanti, 52 Belenggoe, 182 Babad Kartasura, 51 Belgium, 24, 114, 214 Babad Kraton, 97-8 Belitung, 131, 210 Babad Tanab jawi, 9-10, 38, 51 Bendara, Ratu, 95 Bacan, 7 ~Jsngal, 11 Badaruddin, Mahmud, Sultan of Palem• Bengkulu (Bencoolen), 76, 132, 135, bang, 131-2 180 INDEX 321 benteng-stelsel, 112 126, 13~ 14~ 150, 152, 15~ 15~ benzoin, 18 165; (during Revolution), 207; (in Berg, C.C., 16, 37-8 19th-century Minangkabau), 134 Bergson, H., 157 Bupatis' Union, 157, 164 'Berkeley mafia', 275 bureaucracy, size of, 226-7 Berlin blockade, 218 , 237-9, 25Q-1, bestuursberoormingwet (1922), 152 258 Besuki, 70 Burma, 17,193,196,197,218,235, betel, 133 253; (Pegu),19 Bbiiratayuddba, 49, 50, 52 'business cabinet', 246 bbinneka tunggal ika, 244 Bustan as-Salatin, 48 bid'a, 160 Butung, 61, 62 Bijeenkomst voor Federale Overleg, 214 Bintan, 31 Bintang, Zacharias, 81 Cabolek, Ki (Serat Cabolek), 51, 52 birds of paradise, 130 Cairo, 160, 161, 169, 179 'black Portuguese', 64 Cakraj~a, patib of Kartasura, 85 Blitar, 44, 196, 275 Cakranegara, 128 Blitar, Pangeran (brother of Amangkurat Cakraningrat II, Panembahan of Madura, 82 IV), 84 Cakraningrat III, Pangeran of Madura, 83-4 Blora, 159 Cakraningrat IV, Pangeran of Madura, Bodi Caniago, 13 3 84-6,88-90 Body for the Supporters (or Spreaders) Cakraningrat line of Madura, 41, 126 of Sukarnoism, 264 Caliph, Caliphate, 8, 168, 179 Bogor (Buitenzorg),102, 158,231, 256, Caton Arang. 52 270, 275 Caltex, 144, 227, 250-1, 266 bonang. 54 Calvinism, see Protestantism Bonang, Sunan,9, 10 Cambodia, 1 7 Bone,45, 61-2,64-5,73,129,202,210 camphor, 18-19 Bonjol, 134 cannibalism, 134, 138 Borneo, 197, 198, 260. See also Canton, 36 Kalimantan Cape of Good Hope, 76, 85, 90, 108 Borneo Oil Company, 144 Capellen, G.A.G. Ph. van der, 111, 129 Bosch, Johannes van den,114-15, 125 Carter, J ., 278 Both, Pieter, 40 cassava, 145 Boven , 1 70, 180 Catholic Party, see Partai Katholik , 14, 39, 40, 80 Catholicism, Catholics, 23, 24, 25, 60, Bratar.uda, 50, 51 159, 163, 228. See also Christianity Brawtjaya Division, 251, 252, 265, cattle, 129 269-70 Cek Ko-po, 33 Brazil, 23 celempung. 54 Brebes, 201 c,r,, tbini, 120 Britain, British, English, 26, 27, 28, 46, Centraal , see CSI 75, 76, 90, 102, 106, 107, 108-10, Central Advisory Board (Chuo Sangi-in): 115, 118, 120, 125, 126, 129-37 in Java, 193, 196; in Sumatra, 195 passim, 145, 160-1, 184, 201, Central Intelligence Agency (American), 203-6,210,212,213,227,246, 264, 269 26Q-1, 263-4, 267. See also East India Central Intelligence Board (Indonesian), Company 260 Brooke, James, 130-1 centuries, cycle of, in Java, 70, 97 Brunei, 19, 131, 260-1; early gravestones Ceylon, 81, 82-3, 84, 85, 102, 235 at, 5-6; Islamisation of, 7, 8 Chaerul Saleh, 246, 254, 263, 264, 266, bubonic plague, 147 269, 274 Buddhism, see Hindu-Buddhism Chairil Anwar, 203 budi and buda, 122 Champa, 17 Budi Utomo, 156-7, 158, 159, 162, 163-4, Chen Yi, 265 174, 180 China, Chinese, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 28, Bugis, 7, 15, 19, 33,45-6, 61-3,64, 73, 33, 36, 75, 87-9, 90, 95, 110, 111, 82,100,129,130, 139,202,212; 112, 116, 11~ 119, 130, 131, 135, literature, 45, 53. See also Bone 144,147,150,151,153,158,161, Buitenzorg, see Bogor 163,164,175,181,191,204,213, Bukittingi, 250-1 217,218,226,227,235,236,237, Buleleng, 126-7 240,255,257,260,262,268,274, bupati: (Javanese lords, senior courtiers), 276, 278; role in Islamisation, 3, 5, 106, 107, 112; (Javanese officials of 6, 7, 11, 33. See also China, People's Dutch colonial regime), 115, 121-2, Republic of 322 INDEX

China, People's Republic of, relations with councils, 152-3. See also Volksraad Indonesia, 236, 241, 255, 256, 261, coup attempt of 1965, 268-71, 262,264,265-8,274 273-4; killings which followed, 274; cholera, 111, 112, 137 imprisonment which followed, 274, Christian Party, see Parkindo 278 Christianity, Christians, 23, 31, 45, 59, Crawford, John, 109 60,61,64, 71, 72, 76,81,128-9, CSI (Sarekat Islam Central headquarters), 134, 149, 152, 162, 174-5, 181, 159, 164-7 201,202,209,210,212,221,228, Cultural Manifesto, 26·3 238, 240, 273; Christian population, cultuurstelsel (cultivation system, 'culture 273. See also Catholicism, Protestantism system'), 114-18, 120, 121, 122 Christison, Sir Philip, 204 Czechoslovakia, 182 chronicles and historical tradition's: Balinese, 52, 53; Bugis and Makasarese, 53; Daendels, Herman Willem, 107-8, 109, Javanese, 9-10, 17, 33, 34, 37-8, 39, 110, 113, 126, 130 40,43, 51, 52, 53, 72,97-8, 111; Daha (Kediri), 1 Malay, 8-9, 49, 53. See also individual Dahlan, Haji Ahmad, 162 titles. Dalat, 198 Chuo Sangi-in, 193; Sumatra Chuo Dale, Thomas, 28 Sangi-in, 195 Daludalu, 134 Cik di Tiro, Teungku, 137 Damais, Louis-charles, 4 Cikini, attempt to assassinate Sukamo at, Dama~Wulan (Damar Bulan) stories, 249,250 49, 50 Ciliwung river, 42 dance, 53-4 cinnamon, 118 Danes, 46, 7 5 Cirebon, 35, 39, 41, 42, 67, 71, 76-7, 80, DanurV.a, patih of Kartasura, 85 82,83,87, 108,117,188, 198,212; Danureja I, patih of Yogyakarta, 106 foundation of, 34 Danureja II, patib of Yogyakarta, 106, Cloon, Dirk van, 86 108, 109 clove, 19, 20, 26, 59-61, 102, 118 Danureja IV, patih of Yogyakarta, 112 coal, 131, 213 Darsono,166, 167,170 cockfighting, 133 Darul Islam, 215-16, 228, 232, 234, 235, coconut, 145 243, 250, 257-8 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 27-8, 43, 79 Daud Beureu'eh, Mohammed, 188, 218, coffee, 63, 83, 86, 102, 108, 111, 235, 253-4 114-19,121,133,144,145 Daud Syah, Tuanku Muhammad Colijn, Hendrikus, 177 (Sultan Ibrahim Mansur Syah) of Aceh, Colombo powers, 235 137-8 Comintem, 163, 169 Daya,29 Comite voor het Javaansch Nationalisme, Dayaks, 191 167 'debt of honour', 143, 146 'Communism, national', 209,217,228 decentralisation, 152-3 Communist Party of Indonesia, see PKI Delacroix, F., 120 'confrontation', 260-4, 268, 274 oelanggu, 215 Constantinople, 20 ~i. 30, 31, 136, 188 Constituent Assembly, 234, 238-9, 249, Demak, 8, 15, 17, 33-5, 37, 38, 39, 51, 252,253,254 81,82,88,97 Constitution, Indonesian: of 1945, 197, Democratic League, 256 201, 206, 252-3, 254, 255; of 1950, oemung, 70 221, 230. See also Constituent Den Pasar, 128, 212 Assembly Depression of 1930s, 145, 147, 151, 153, Constitutional Regulation of 1854, 116 172, 178,183,188 copper, 275 desascbolen, 151 copra, 144 Deventer, C. Th. van, 119, 143 Coral Sea, battle of, 189 Dewa Agung: of Gelgel, 44; of Klungkung, Coromandel, 11 127-8 corruption: before 19th century, 21-2, Dewa Ruci, 52 25, 60, 78-9, 87, 102, 106; in 19th Dewantara, Ki Hadjar (Suwardi Surjaning- century, 111, 115-16, 118; in 20th rat), 163, 167-8, 173, 180, 192, 196, century, 148, 189, 207, 227, 235, 239 241,242,249,253,264,271,273, Dharma!iinya kakawin, SO 275-7 diamonds, 19 cotton, 18 Dias, Bartolomeo, 20 Council of the Indies (Raad van Indie): Diem, Ngo Dinh, 263 creation of, 26; reduction of powers Dieman, Antonio, 59-60 of, 153 Diniyah School, 161 INDEX 323

Dipanagara, Pangeran (son of Hameng• elmu nabi Adam, 159 kubuwana III), 111-13, 166 emigration (from Java to outer islands), Dipanagara, Pangeran (son of Pakubuwana 147 I), 84 English, see British Diponegoro Division, 251, 252, 265, English War, Fourth, 105 269-70 Eru Cakra, 158 Djajaadiningrat, Raden Adipati Arya, Ethical policy, 127, 143-54, 157, 165, 149 176, 177, 181 Djajadiningrat, Hoesein, 30, 150 Djambek, Shaikh Muhammad Djamil, Fadhillah Khan, 3 5 161 Fakhruddin, Muhammad, Sultan of Djawi Hisworo, 167 , 132 , 246-54, 263 'Falatehan', 35 doctors, numbers of: in 1930, 147-8; Fasseur, C., 116 in 1974, 273 Fatahillah, 35 'Dokt~r-Jawa' school, 123, 149, 156, Ficus elastica, 144 157 'fifth force', 266-8 Door duisternis tot Iicht, 149 First Class schools, 150, 151 Douwes Dekker, Eduard, 118, 163 Flores, 7, 64, 128, 180 Douwes Dekker, E.F.E., 163, 165, 184 Fock, Dirk, 149, 153 DPR (Peoples' Representative Council): Formosa, see Taiwan established, 230; in 1945 constitution, Fox, James J., 129 252; dissolved, 256; re-established, France, French, 26, 46, 86, 102, 106, 276-7 108, 135, 136, 137, 184 DPR-GR (Mutual Cooperation Peoples' Frederikse, Jochum, 84 Representative Council), appointment Freitas, J ordllo de, 22 of, 256 Fretilin, 278 Drake, Sir Francis, 26 Front Demokrasi Rakyat, see People's Drewes, G.W.J., 11 Democratic Front Du Bus, Fort, 130 functional groups, 243, 247, 252-3, 256 Dulles, J.F., 251 Dutch, passim; arrival in Indonesia of, Gajah Mada University, 208 23-8 Gama, Vasco da, 20 Dwiwarna (red and white Indonesian gambier, 133 flag), 193, 198 gam!Jling, 13 3 game/an (orchestra), 54, 156 East India Company, Dutch, see VOC ganyang Malaysia, 261 East India Company, English, 26, 42, GAPI, 183 80. See also British Gare'ndi, Raden Mas, 89, 95 East Indonesia state (NIT), 212, 219, 221 Garibaldi, G., 174 East Java state, 214 Garut, 165, 215 East Sumatra state, 214, 221 Gelgel, 44 Eastern Salient (Oostboek) of Java, 10, 35, Generation of 45, 203 36,40,44,66,67,80, 84,86,89, Gerakan Hidup Baru, 248 95-6, 213. See also Balambangan, ~rakan Rakyat Baru, 196-7, 248 Pasuruhan ~rinda (local Yogyakarta party), 178 Eberfeld, Pieter, 87 ~rindo (Indonesian People's Movement), eclipses, 7 0 181, 188 Edam island, 102 Germany, Germans, 165, 182, 184, 187, education: Rotinese, 64, 129; in 19th• 197,267 century Java, 122-3; Ethical period ~rwani (Indonesian Women's Movement), reforms of, 148-52, 154; Western, 259,269,270 Indonesian desire for, 156; Islamic, Gianyar, 127-8 161,162-3,167,169,179,182,188, Gibraltar, Straits of, 26 191, 192-3, 273; during World War Gids, de, 143 II, 189, 190; in 1950s, 226; after 'Gilchrist letter', 267 1965, 272-3. See also Taman Siswa, Girl, 36, 43-4 pesantren Girl, Panembahan, 71, 73 'Eereschuld, Een', 143 Gi~Sunan,9,10, 36,37,38,43,59 Egypt,11,161,168,175,233,237 Girindrawardhana R~awijaya, king of elections: Volksraad, 153, 164, 165; Jdajapahit, 33 of1955,234,236,238, 240, Girisawardhana, king of Majapahit, 17 243;of1957,239,248,250;of Gjyugun, 194, 202 1971 and 1977, 276 Goa (India), 21, 259 elephants, 31 Goddess of the Southern Ocean, 38, 41, Elizabeth I, queen of England, 26 44,97,98,111,113 324 INDEX

Goens, Rijklof van, 37, 59, 67, 73 karta, 207-8, 219, 220, 231, 233-4, Gogodog, 71 250-1 gold, 15, 18, 19, 20, 131, 133, 233 Hamzah Pansuri, 47-8, 49 Gold Coast, 136 Hanafi school of law, 4 Golkar (Sekber Golkar, Joint Secretariat Hanbali school of law, 4, 168 of Functional Groups), 264-5, 276-7 , 247, 252, 267 Gombong, 184 Harian Rakjat, 236, 257, 270 gong, 54 Ha~awijaya, 52 Good Offices Committee, 214, 218 Hartingh, Nicolaas, 9 3 Gorontalo, 62, 251 Hartsinck, Andries, 100 go tong royong, 243 Hasanuddin, king of Banten, 35 Governor-General of VOC, creation of Hasanuddin, Sultan of Gowa, 62, 67 position of, 26 Hasjim Asjari, Kyai Haji, 169, 194, 195 Gowa, 45-6, 59-63, 67, 69, 129 Hassan, A., 168, 179 Graaff, Simon de, 15 3 Harta, Mohammad, 175, 176, 178, 180, Graeff, Andries C.D. de, 176, 178 19Q-8,201,205,206, 211,213,214, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 216-20, 232, 241-3, 246, 248-52, 187,189 256 Greeve, Jan, 100 Hayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit, 17 Gresik, 10, 36, 39, 40; early gravestone at, HBS (Higher middle-class school), 1 50, 5,11 172-3 Guadalcanal, 189 head-hunting, 138 Guiana, Dutch, see Surinam Heeren XVII (Directors of the VOC): 'guided democracy': origins of, 239, 241, role of, 25-6; dismissal of, 106 242-3; general nature of, 245-6 Hegel, G.W.F., 157 guitar, 23 Heiho (Auxiliary Forces), 192, 194, 198, Gujerat, Gujeratis, 11, 19, 42, 48 202,203,210 Gunseikan (Military Governor), 190, Henry 'the Navigator', prince, 20 192,194,198 Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan), 205 Guntur, Raden Mas, 83, 95 Heutsz, Joannes Benedictus van, 137-8, Gunungjati, Sunan, 9, 10, 34-5 148,149,157 Gunungsitoli, 135 Hevea brasiliensis, 145 Guomindang, 252 bijrab (non-cooperative movement), 167, guru ordonnantie (teacher ordinance): 168, 181 ofl905,169;of1925,169,193 Hikayat Aceb, 49 Hikayat Amir Hamzab, 49, 52 Hikayat Iskandar Dbulkarnain, 49 Hadhramis, 161 Hikayat Pandawa ]aya, 49 Hadikusomo, Ki Bagus, 193, 196 Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, 8-9, 12 Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo, 267 Hikayat Seri Rama, 49 Haditb, 160 Hindu-Buddhism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Haji, Sultan of Ban ten, 7 5-6, 80 xi, 7, 11, 12-13, 16-17, 18, 33-4, baJiS (pilgrims who have been to Mecca): 35, 36, 37,49,50,52,53,96,134, as money lenders and landowners, 119, 156, 159,173, 228; revival of, 273. 123, 164; 19th-century numbers of, See also Old Javanese literature 12 3; as religious and popular leaders, Hiroshima, 197 123-4, 133, 165, 194; travel via HIS (Dutch-Native school), 150, 151, 152 Singapore, 160-1 Hider, A., 182, 183 Halim P~rdanakusumah air base, 267, 'Hitoe, Kapitein', 59-60 269-70 Hitu, 22, 25, 36, 59-60 Halmahera, 19 5 Hizbullah, Barisan (God's Forces), 196, Hamengkubuwana I, Sultan of Yogyakarta 203,215,228 (Pangeran/Sultan Mangkubumi), Hoamoal, 59-61, 63 89, 91-101, 105 Hohendorff, Johan Andries Baron von, Hamengkubuwana II, Sultan of Yogya• 88-9,92 karta: as crown prince, 97, 98-9, Hollandsch-chineesche schools, 1 50 100; as Sultan, 101, 105-9, 111, 112 honey, 18-19 Hamengkubuwana III, Sultan of Yogya• Hong Kong, 184 karta, 106, 108, 109, 111 hongi, 61 Hamengkubuwana IV, Sultan of Yogya• boofdenscbolen (chiefs' school), 122, karta, 111 148 Hamengkubuwana V, Sultan of Yogya• Hoorn, Joan van, 81 karta, 111, 120 Horie Choso, 191-2 Hamengkubuwana VIII, Sultan of Yogya• bormat circulaire (etiquette circular), karta,207 122,123 Hamengkubuwana IX, Sultan of Yogya- horses, 19, 31, 69, 129 INDEX 325

Houtman, Comelis de, 24 irrigation, expansion of, under Ethical Hud, Sharif, 6 policy, 146 Hurdt, Anthonio, 73 Irshad, a!-, 162, 182 'hydraulic' society, 15 ISDV (Indies Social-Democratic Associa• tion), 163, 164-6 Ibadat, Raja, 133 Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh, 30, 31-3, Ibn Battuta, 3 48,49 Ibn Sa'ud, 168 Iskandar Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 18 Ibnu Sutowo, 250, 276, 278 Iskandar Thani Alauddin Mughayat Syah, Ibrahim, Seh, 93 Sultan of Aceh, 32-3, 48 Ibrahim, Tuanku (Sultan Ali Alauddin Islam, passim; coming of, 3-13, 17, 18, 36, Mansur Syah) of Aceh, 13 S-6, 13 7 37, 45, 96, 129, 133, 134; influence on Ibrahim Mansur Syah, Sultan of Aceh, indigenous literatures, 47-52, 53; reform 137-8 movements, 122, 132-4, 160 ff. passim. Idenburg, Alexander W.F., 143, 148, See also Modernism, Orthodox 159 Islam, Shafi'i school of law, Sufis, and , Kyai Haji, 247, 253, 254 indiflidual names and terms iima', 160 Islam dan k~bangsaan, 179 ijtibad, bab al- ijtibad, 160 Islamic Communism, 165, 166, 167 Iljas Jacub, 179, 180 Islamic Community, Preparatory Union Imagiri, 44 of, 190 imam (religious leader) in Aceh, 33 Ismail, Shaikh, 8 Imam. al-, 161 Israel, 236 Imam Bonjol, Tuanku, 133-4 Italy, 184 Imhoff, Gustaaf Willem Baron van, 90, Itinerario naer Oost ofte Portugaels 91-2 Indien, 24 Inderagiri, 31, 134 Iwojima, 197 India, Indians, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12. 19, 21, 43, 75,109,110,120,130,135,136, Jagaraga, 39, 84 144,161,168,176,204,205,213, Jaka Tingkir, 37, 38 235,255,259 Jakarta, 189 ff. passim; becomes capital Indiii weerbaar (defence of the Indies) of Indonesia, 221; population, 226. movement, 153, 163-4 See also Jayakerta indigo, 83,111, 115, 11). , 197, 201, 252, 253, 254 Indische Partij, 157, 163, 167, 173 Jakarta-Pnompenh-Hanoi-Beijing- Indische Vereeniging, 175 Pyongyanga~s,268 Indochina, French, 184. See also Vietnam, Jambi, 27, 31, 67, 132, 135 Cambodia Jami'yyat Khair, 162 Indo-Europeans, 157, 163, 173, 181, Jangrana II, 83 204 Jangrana III, 84 Indonesia, University of, 263 Jangrana IV, 84 (Bahasa Indonesia): Janssens, Jan Willem, 108-9 origins of, 176; during World War II, Japan, Japanese, 19, 23, 26, 27, 75, 190; used in educational system, 226 83,120,123,138, 154, 172, 180, Indonesian literature, modem, 176-7, 181-2, 181, 182-208passim, 209,215,225, 203 227,231,246,247,267,272,277-8 Indonesian Nationalist Party, see PNI Jassin, H.B., 263 'Indonesia Raya', 193, 198, 212 Java Sea, battle of, 184 Indonesia tumpab darabku, 177 Java War, 107, 108, 112-13, 114, 129, inflation, 189, 215, 227, 235, 255, 259, 134, 166 263,268,275.277 Javanese literature, 9-10, 49-52, 53, Ingalaga, Susuhunan, see Pakubuwana I 97-8, 111, 120. See also chronicles Inggit Garnasih, 173 and historical ttaditions and indiflidual inlander, 183 titles Insulinde, 163, 165 Javanese Wars of Sucession: First, 82; International Monetary Fund, 260, 268 Second, 84; Third, 92-4, 101, 102 Interpol, 268 Jawa Hokokai, 194, 195-6, 201 Investigating Committee for Preparatory Jayakerta, 27, 28, 34 Work for Indonesian Independence, Jayalengkara, king of , 41 196, 197 Jayanagara, king of Majapahit, 17 Iqbal, Muhammad, 203 Jayapuspita, 83-4 Iraq, 175 Jazirat al- Muluk, 22 Irian Jaya, 130, 166, 170, 203, 220, Jembrana, 127 23D-1,236,239,240,243, 249, Jepara, 27, 29, 35-6, ~o. 42, 68, 70, 250,257-9,260,261,275 73, 78,80,81,84,89,91, 149 iron, 18 Jerusalem, 35 326 INDEX jesuit order, 2 3 KNIP (Central Indonesian National Jipang, 37, 39 Committee), 201,206, 213, 214; johns, A.H., 13 Badan Pekerja KNIP, 206 Johor, 15,21,22,29-33,35,72,80 Kop (Vigilance Command), 263, 264 jolo, 6. See also Sulu archipelago K01so Kuniaki, 195, 197 J ombang, 169, 194 kongsi, 131 Jongjava,159,173 Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij J ong Minahasa, 159 tot Exploitatie van Petroleum-bronnen Jonge, Bonifacius C. de, 177, 180 in Nederlandsch-Indie, 'de Koninklijke', Jonker, Captain, 81 144 Jortan, 40 Korea, 236, 251 'July 3rd Affair', 211-12 Korean War, 230, 233 Juwana, 71, 82, 88 Kostrad (Army Strategic Reserve), 262, 264,269-70 Kabinet Karya, 246 Kota Pilian~ 133 Kabinet Kerja, 254 Kotawaringm, 130 kafir, 168, 192 KPM line, 227, 249 Kahar Muzakkar, 232, 257 kris (dagger), 53, 54, 128 Kajoran, Raden, 70, 7 3 Kuala Lumpur, 261 Kakiali, 36, 59-60 Kucing, 131 Kalijaga, Sunan, 9-10, 37, 38 Kudus, 35 Kalimantan, 7, 15, 17, 19, 27, 39, 63, Kudus,Sunan,9, 35, 37,39 64,67,83,90, 102,144,169,187, Kuning, Sultan (in Banjarmasin), 131 188,191,197,203,212-13,220,221, Kuning, Sunan (in Java), 89 242, 250, 257, 263-4; Dutch conquest Kupan~e 64 of, 13G-1, 135. See also individual Kuta Gede, 39, 41 place-names Kutaraja, see Banda Aceh Kahnyamat, Ratu, queen of Jepara, 35 Kutei, xi, 36, 64, 144 Kaliurang, 218 Kwajalein, 195 Kamaruddin of oemak, 3 3 kweekscbolen, see teacher-training schools Kampar, 31 kyai (religious teacher), 124, 158, Kant, 1., 157 169,192,193,194,203,205,216, Kapaha,60 228 kapok, 145 Karangasem (Bali), 126-8 La Galigo, 53 Karta, 41, 67 La Ma'dukelleng, 64 Kartasura, 50, 51, 74-91 passim, 98; La Mappanjuki, 202 foundation of, 74, 97; conquests of, La Tenritatta toUnru', see Arung Palakka 89, 98; abandonment of, 91 Lajar terkembang, 182 , Raden Ajen,, 149 Lampun~ 32, 35,83,101,147 Kartini Fonds, 'Kartmi schools', 149 Lancaster, Sir james, 26 Kartosuwirjo, S.M., 215-16, 230, 232, 235, 'land rent' (land tax), 110, 114-15, 117, 119 258 Langkat, 136, 144 Kilum (in Aceh), 30 Lasl!m, 40 Kaum Betawi, 159, 1 77 lasykar rakyat, 208 (in java), 158 Law College (Rechtshoogeschool), 150 kawin gantung, 173 League of Supporters of Indonesian Kebatinan, 273 Independence, 2 53 Kedah, 3t Lee Kuan Yew, 268 Kediri, 1, 34, 38, 39, 72-3, 76 Left Wing (Sayap Kiri), 213, 214, 215 Kedu,116 Leiden University, 137, 207 Keibodan, 192 Leimena, Johannes, 247, 254, 263, 265, Kennedy, J.F., 257, 259 269 Kennedy, R.F., 259, 263 Lekra (People's Cultural Institute), Kenpeitai (Japanese Military Police), 190, 247,259,263 191,204 Lenin, V., 166 Keper, 73 Leran gravestone, 3 keroncong, 2 3 , see Nusa Tenggara Kertarijasa Jayawardhana, king of Majapahit, Leyte Gulf, 196 17 'liberal' period, 119, 121-4, 143 'Kew letters', 108 Limapuluh Kota, 133 Khrushchev, N., 257, 265 Limboto, 62 Kidul, Kangjeng Ratu or Nyai Lara, see Limburg Stirum, J.P. Count van, 164, 165 Goddess of the Southern Ocean lincoln, A., 174 kidung, 52 Linggajati agreement, 212, 213 Klungkung, 127-8 Unschoten, Jan Huygen van, 24 INDEX 327

Lintau, 134 218; Federation of, 251, 260. Lipura, 38 See also Malaysia Lisbon, 24, 26 Malaysia, Federation of, 260-4, 266, 268, literacy: in 1930, 152; in 1961, 226 274. See also Malaya LKN (National Cultural Institute), 259,263 Malik, Adam, 210, 211, 264, 266 Lobo,130 Malik as-Salih, Sultan of Samudra, 3, 8, 11 Lokapala, SO, 51 Malik az-Zahir, Sultan, 4 Lombard, Denys, 30, 32 , 5, 11 Lombok,7, 16, 19, 36,44,45, 52,63, Maliki school of law, 4 83, 127, 152, 204; Dutch conquest of, , 212 128 Mallaby, A.W.S., 205 Loyola, St. Ignatius, 23 Maluku (Moluccas, 'Spice Islands'), Lubis, Zulkifli, 241, 248, 249, 250, 257 7,8, 18,19,20-8, 36,40,59-61,63, Lukman, M.H., 216,217,229,231,256, 66, 91, 152, 242, 243. See also Ambon, 269,274 Banda, Hitu, South Maluku, Teruate, , 210 Tid ore Luzon, 196 Manar, al-, 3 5 mancanegara (outer districts of Javanese macapat, SO, 52 kingdom), 106,108,113 Macao, 23 Manchuria, 182, 197 Macapagal, Diosdado, 261, 263 Mandarsyah, king of Ternate, 6o-1 mace, 19, 20, 59 Mangkubumi, Pangeran (brother of Madiun, 34, 38, 81, 84, 270; PKI Pakubuwana II), see Hamengku• rebellion at, 216-17, 218, 228, 229, buwana I 232,252 Mangkubumi, Pangeran (son of Hamengku• Madiun river, 38-9 buwana II), 112 Madura, Madurese, 7, 24, 36, 41, 44, 70-1, Mangkunegara, Pangeran Arya (brother 74, 78, 82, 83-4, 88-90, 100, 105, of Pakubuwana II), 85 112,126,139,146,147,152,156, Mangkunegara I, Pangeran Adipati (Raden 157, 164, 187, 211, 213; literature of, Mas Said), 85, 89, 91-100 53; music of, 54; state of, 214. See also Mangkunegara II, Pangeran Adipati Arya, Cakraningrat 106-7, 109, 113 Maeda Tadashi, 195, 198 Mangkunegara IV, Pangeran Adipati, 120, Maetsuycker, joan, 59, 62, 73 121 MagiHang, 113, 148, 204, 206 Mangkunegara VIII, Pangeran Adipati Ma#tan, 84 Arya, 211 Mababbiirata, 49 Mangkunegaran: status under Dutch rule, Mabkota Segala Raja-t'aja, 48-9 119-20; success in adjusting to Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Aceh, 137 colonial rule, 121 Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 21, 29 Mangkunegaran Legion, 107, 109, 110, Ma Huan, 5 112, 121 Maimun, daughter of, 3 Manikebu, 263 MaJa, Kyai, 112, 166 Manila, 195, 196 MaJa Agung, 40 Manipol (-USDEK), 255, 259, 263 Majakl!rta, 122, 172 Mansur, al-, king of Tidore, 7 Majapahit, 4-5, 8, 10, 12-13, 14, 16-18, Mansur, Kyai Haji Mas, 192, 194, 196 33-4,35,36, 37, 38,40,44, 52,71, Mansur Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 5 97, 132; golden crown of, 73, 80 mantri-guru, 123 Makasar, Makasarese, 7, 27, 36, 44, 45-6, Manuel, Dom, of Ternate, 22 59-63,64-5,69,70-3,75,78,81,82, Maphilindo, 261 83,102,113,129,130,195,202, Marah Rusli, 176 221, 243; literature, 45, 53. See also Mardijkers, 82 Gowa Maring, G., 163 Malabar, 11 martabat, 48 Malacca, 18-19, 21-2, 25, 29-32, 35-6, Ma'ruf Syah, Sultan of Pedir, 5 40, 43, 47, 72; as centre of Islamisa• Marxism, 171, 173, 174, 175, 178, 210, tion, 5; Islamisation legend concern• 256. See also PKI ing, 9; Portuguese conquest of, 21 ; Masjid al-Haram, 161 Dutch conquest of, 33, 59, 61; Masyumi, 194, 196, 203, 205, 209, British occupation of, 108, 135 214-17, 228-43, 247-56, 258, , 34,40,82,94,95-6,202, 210 26S;banned,253,256 Malaria, 112, 130, 147 Mataram (in Java), 28, 36ff. rassim; Malay literature, 8-9, 47-9, 53. See also foundation of, 36-40; fal of, 72 chronicles and historical traditions Mataram (in Lombok), 127, 128 and individual titles Mataram, Pangeran Arya (uncle of Malaya: British,145, 184,197,198, Amangkurat IV), 84 328 INDEX

Matulesia, Thomas, 129-30 Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Pahang, 5 Mauritius, 102, 108 Muhamrnadiyah, 162-3, 166, 167, 168, Max Ha'Velaar, 118, 143 178,182,191,192,193,194,196, Mecca, 8, 34, 44, 68, 123, 133, 160, 209 161, 162, 167, 168-9, 179,192, Muis, Abdul, 164, 165, 166-7, 182 237,253 mukim (in Aceh), 32 Medan, 204, 213, 226, 231, 234, 242, 251, MULO (More Extended Lower Education 266 school), 150, 151, 152, 168 Medan Merdeka, 203, 269-70 Multatuli, 118, 163 Medical College (Geneeskundige Munir, al-, 161 Hoogeschool), 150 Murba, Partai (Proletarian Party), Mediterranean, 18, 19 217,228,230,238, 241-3,264; Megat Iskandar Syah, Sultan of Malacca, banned,266 18 Murya, Sunan, 9 Melaka, see Malacca music, 23, 54, 120, 156 Mempawah, 130 Muslimin, wong, 1 58 Menado,62, 113,119,132,134,202, , 169, 170, 173, 216-17, 262 251 Musyawarah Nasional, Musyawarah Menak Amir Hamsa, 50, 51-2 Nasional Pembangunan (1957), 248 Menak stories, 50, 51-2 Muwardi, 211 Mengwi, 121 Muzaffar Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 18 Mentawai, 138 Muzaffar Syah, Sultan of Pedir, 5 Merah Silau/Silu, 8 mysticism, Islamic, see Sufis Merapi, Mt., 70, 111, 270 Merbabu, Mt., 270 Niigarakertiigama, 16, 17 MIAI (Supreme Islamic Council of Nagasaki, 197 Indonesia), 182, 183, 191, 193, 194 Nahdatul , see NU Middle Javanese literature, 16, 52 Najamuddin, Ahmad, Sultan of Palembang, Middleton, Sir Henry, 26 132 Midway,189 Napoleon, Louis, 106 Minahasa,62, 149,159,240 Napoleon Bonaparte, 106; Napoleonic Minangkabau,Minangkabaus,S0-1, Wars, 108, 110, 114 132-4, 155,161-3, 164, 166,167, Napoleon Ill, 136 169,170,175,176,179-80,181, Naqshabandiyah order, 134, 160 184, 188; Islamisation of, 7, 133; Nasakom, 256, 263, 266-8 language and literature, 53, 176 Nasiruddin, Abdul Rahman, Sultan of Mindanao,6 Jambi, 132 Mintaraga, SO, 51 Nasser, G.A., 236 Minye Tujoh gravestones, 4 Nasution, A.H., 210, 215-16, 219, Misbach, Haji, 165, 166 228, 233-4, 237, 239, 24Q-1, Mochtar Lubis, 203, 241 243,247-62,265,267-70 Modernism, Islamic, 160 ff. passim; Natadiningrat, Pangeran, 108 origins and nature of, 160-3 Natakusuma, Pangeran (brother of Molana Usalam, 10 Hamengkubuwana II), see Pakualam I Mol ana Yusup, king of Ban ten, 3 5 Natakusuma, patib of Kartasura, 86, 88-9 Moluccas, see Maluku National Conference, National Develop• Mongolia, Outer, 236 ment Conference (1957), 248 Mongols, 12 National Council, 243, 247, 248, 254 Mook, Hubertus J. van, 204, 205, 206, National Front (of guided democracy 211, 213, 214; van Mook line, 214, period), 257, 263 217,218 National Front for the Liberation of West Moro, Morotai, 23, 195, 203 Irian, 2 SO, 2 57 Moses, story of, 10 National Front government (Madiun Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 203-4 rebellion), 217 MPR (People's Consultative Assembly): National Party (Nationale Fractie), 177 in 1945 constitution, 252; established, National Planning Council, 254 277 'national united front' strategy: adopted MPRS (Provisional People's Consultative by PKI, 2 31; endangered by PKI, 262 Assembly), appointment of, 256 nationalism, 'secular': beginnings of, Muarakumpe, 132 171, 172, 173-6; Islamic opposition Muchtar Lutfi, 179, 180 to, 168,174, 179 Muhammad, the Prophet, 8, 48, 49, Natsir, Mohammad, 179, 209, 228, 230-1, so, 160,167,247 232,241,250-3,257-8 Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Aceh, 135 Neck, Jacob van, 24 Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 9, Nederlandsch Indische Vrijzinnige Bond, 18 165 INDEX 329 negara ikut tutm, 212 Pajang, 36-8,40, 51, 73, 74, 97 Nejara Islam Indonesia, 215 Pakempalan Kawula Ngayogyakarta, 178 Nehru, J., 236, 259 Pakempalan Politik Katolik Jawi, 159 Neighborhood Associations, 194 Pa~stan,203,235,253 Netherlands Trading Company (NHM: Pakualam I, Pangeran (Pangeran Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij); Natakusuma), 106, 108, 109-10 115,118 Pakualam II, Pangeran Adipati, 120 New Life Movement, 248 Pakualam lll, Pangeran Adipati, 120 'new order': oripn of term, 272; Pakualam Vlll, Pangeran Adipati, 207 compared With Dutch rule, 272-3 : status under Dutch rule, New People's Movement, 196-7, 248 119-20; members play roles in newspapers: numbers of, 176, 255; early anti-colonialism, 156, 167 circula~.n of, 226, 236, 255 Pakualaman Corps, 110 Npmpel-Denta, Sunan, 9, 41, 43 Pakubuwana I, Susuhunan of Kartasura N1as, 31, 135 (Pangeran Puger, Susuhunan Ingalaga), NitiSiistra kakawin, 52 70,72,74,80,81-4,85,95 Njono Prawiro, 274 Pakubuwana II, Susuhunan of Kartasura , 216, 229, 231, 257, 259, 269, and Surakarta, 85-6, 88-92 274 Pakubuwana III, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 'November promises', 165 92-9 NU (Nahdatul Ulama, the Rise of the Pakubuwana IV, Susuhunan of Surakarta, Religious Scholars), 169, 175, 182, 95,99-100,105-10 191, 194, 205, 209, 232-43 passim, Pakubuwsna V, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 247-56 passim, 262, 264, 266, 271, 120 276 Pakubuwana VI, Susuhunan of Surakarta, Nu, U, 236 113 Nur ad-daqa'iq, 48 Pakubuwana XII, Susuhunan of Surakarta, Nusa Tenggara, 64, 128-9, 135, 243. 211 See also individual place-names Palakka, Arung, 61-3, 70, 73 nutmeg,l9,20,59,118 Palembang, 6, 17, 18, 31, 35, 44, 67, 68, 80,102,131-2,135,144,159,174, 'October 17 affair', 233-4, 237, 239, 204,213,226,249 240 Palm, W.A., 99 Oetoesan Hindill, 173 Pamanahan, Kyai GC:dhe, 37 Office for Religious Affairs, 190, 191, Pam$cutan, 128 195 Pamekasan, 70, 126 'official fields', 117 Panaraga, 39, 84 oil, 144, 145, 183, 213, 227, 242, 250, Panarukan, 34, 44 261,277-8 Pan-Asianism, 166 Okinawa, 197 Pancasila (five principles), 234, 235, 249, Old Javanese literature, 16-17, 49-50, 252, 263, 279; origin of, 197 51, 52 Pane, Armijo, 181-2 Omar Dhani, 258, 263-4, 267, 268, Pane, Sanusi, 176, 182 269-70,274 panembaban, 71 Oosthoek, see Eastern Salient Panggung, Sunan, 51 opium, 73, 77, 78, 79, 83, 119, 128, Pan-Islam,164,166,169,171,172,179 133, 159, 167 Panji stories, 49, 50,51, 52 Opsus, 264 (Malay verse form), 49, 176 orang kaya (in Aceh), 32 paracommandos (RPKAD), 270 orang laut, 18 Paramayoga, 120 Ormuz, 21 Parameswara, 18 Orthodox Islam, 160, 168-9, 172, Parameswsra Dews Syah, king of Malacca,18 175,179,182,207,228,232, Pararaton, 16, 52 247,249,254,256,270.See Pariaman, 27 also Shafi'i school of law, NU Parindra (Greater Indonesia Party), 180, 181, OSVIA (Training School for Native 183 Officials), 148-9, 150, 156, 158 Parkindo (Indonesian Christian Party), Outhoom, Willem van, 81 228,230,238,253,254 Parman, S., 265, 269 Padan~ 102, 108, 134, 135, 161, 162, Partai Islam Indonesia, 182 204,213,250,251 Partai Katholik (Catholic Party), 228, Padangpanjan~ 161, 162 230,238,243,247 Padris, , 112, 133-4, 155 Partai Sarekat Islam, 167, 174, 175 Pahang, 5, 31, 32 Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, see PSII painting, 12o-1, 203 Partai Sosialis (Socialist Party), 209, 213 Pajajaran, 7, 34-5, 38, 106 Partai Sosialis Indonesia, see PSI 330 INDEX

Partindo (Indonesian Pany), 177-8, 179, Persatuan Islam (Islamic Union), 168, 180,181,209 173,17t182 Pasai, 3, 6-7, 11, 30, 34 Persatuan Ferjuangan, 210 Pasir, 36, 64 Perserikatan Kommunist di India, 166 Pasundan: (organisation), 159; state, 214, Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia, 174 219, 220 Persia, Persian, 11, 19, 48, 49, 75, 83, Pasuruhan, 34, 36, 39, 40, 80, 82, 90 175; Persian horses, 31, 69 Patah, Raden, of Demak, 34 'Persis', 168 Pati, 39, 42, 82 Persyarikatan Ulama, 162 patib (administrative grade under Dutch Pertamina (State Oil and Natural Gas rule), 121-2 Mining Enterprise), 276, 278 patib (chief official of Javanese kingdem), 70, pesantren (Islamic religious schools in 79,85,86,88-9,91,93,96,98,106, 108, Java), 111, 158, 162, 169, 192, 109, 112; abolition of position in 193,194,205 Yogyakarta, 207 Pesindo (Indonesian Socialist Youth), Patras, Abraham, 86 209,210,236 , 129 Peta (Protectors of the Fatherland), 194, patturioloang, 53 196,198,202,203,210 pawn1hops, 119,123,159 Pham Van Dong, 236 POI (Indonesian Democratic Party), 276 Philippine Sea, batde, of, 195 Peace Corps, 266 Philippines, Filipino, 20, 25, 75, 120, pearl, mother-of pearl, 130 152, 181, 193, 195, 196, 218, 251, Pearl Harbor, 184 260-1, 263, 275. See also Mindanao, Peasant Front (Indonesian) (BTl), 236, Sulu 259,266 Piagam Jakarta, see Jakarta Charter P~dir, 30, 133 Pidari, orang, 133 Pegu,19 Pinang, Pulau, see Penang ~kalongan, 116,204,207 Pires, Tome, 6-7, 11, 12, 18, 29, 33, 36 Pekik,Pangeran,41,43,67,69 pitch, 18-19 pelog, 54 PKI (Indonesian Communist Party): Pelopor, Barisan, 195 1920-7 period, 153, 166-7, 169-70, Pemalang, 207 172, 174; underground 1935-45 Pemuda Rakyat (People's Youth), 236, period, 207, 216; in Revolution, 209, 247,259,269,270 216-17; after independence, 229-43, Penang, 26, 109, 133, 134 247-71,273-4,275;oudawed,274; Penanggungan, Mt., 34 membership, 166, 231, 236, 259, Penangsang,Arya, 37 267 Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia, see PNI• PKN, 178 Baru , 67, 69, 72, 74, 97 Pengging, 37 PNI (Indonesian Nationalist Party): pengbuTu (Minangkabau clan head), before World War II, 174, 176, 133-4, 138, 188 177; in Revolution, 201, 209, 214, Pengkalan Kempas stone, s 217; after independence, 228-43, Penyedar PSII, Barisan, 181 247-67,274 People's Congress, Indonesian, 183 PNI-Baru, 178,179,180, 183, 190 People's Council, see Volksraad Poedjangga Baroe, 181-2 People's Democratic Front, 215, 216-17 poison,69,84,85,132 People's Pany, Brunei, 260' Poland, 183 People's Security Army, 205 Polem Muhammad Daud, Panglima, 138 pepper, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 32, 35, 'police actions': first, 213-14; second, 63,66,68,75,77,79,101, 111,118, 218-19 131, 135-6, 144,145 political prisoners, since 1965, 274, 277, 'pepper rajas', 135-6 278 Perak, 30 Polo, Marco, 3 Perdjuangan kita, 206 Pontianak, 130,131,213,221 Perhimpunan Indonesia, 175, 232 Population: before ca. 1800, 14-15; penntab balus, 151 in Java in 19th century, 105, 116, p~rjuangan, 200; badtm p'etjuangtm, 203 117, 119, 120; in Indonesia in 1905, Perlak, 3 138; growth of 1905-30, 146-7; Permesta rebellion, 243, 247, 248, 25G-1,257 in Indonesia in 1939, 153; during Permi (Indonesian Muslims' Union), World War II, 189; growth of u 179-80 1950-61, 225; urban, 226; in 1971 Permina, 250 and after, 273; movements of, 83, P~mufakatan Islam, 168 86, 96, 116-17, 117-18; of Euro• Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia (Indonesian peans in Indonesia, 119, 147; of People's Union), 177, 180 Chinese in Indonesia, 147 INDEX 331

Portugal, Portuguese, 6, 19, 2Q-5, 26, railways and tramways, construction of, 27, 29-32, 34, 35, 43, 45, 46, 61, 146 64, 128, 259, 278; language, 23 'raja mogok', 166 47,82 Rijasanagara (Hayam Wuruk), king of Potsdam, 197 Majapahit, 17 PPP (), 276 Rijasawardhana, king of Majapahit, 1 7 PPPKI, 175 Rama, 50, 51 Prabalingga, 148 Rarna, Panembahan, see Kajoran, Prambanan, 37 Raden Pramudya Ananta Tur, 203, 247, 259 RanMya~~ 49,50, 52 Prangwadana, Pangeran (Mangkunegara Rangga, Raden, 108 II), 106 Rangga Lawe, 52 Prawata, Sultan of Demak, 35 Ran~oon, 197 Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Ramri, Nuruddin ar-, 48, 53 Independence, 197, 201 Rasul, Haji (Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah); Priangan, 73, 76, 83, 101, 102, 114, 115, 161-3,167,184,192 118,134,169,170,194 rattan, 19 primbon, 16th-century Javanese, 10-11 Ratu, Pangeran, king of Banten, 44 Pringgalaya, patib of Kattasura and Ratu Adil, 158, 166, 178 Surakarta, 91 Ratulangie, G.S.S.J., 202, 210 priyayi (member of the official class), Raymond, George, 26 122, 158, 159, 165, 169,173, rehab, 54 178, 188, 194, 202; 'new' or Red Sea,123 'lesser' priyayi, 122-3, 155-7,174,230 Reede tot de Parkeler, J.Fr. Baron van, Protestantism, Protestants, 24, 25, 60, 106 129, 228. See also Christianity, regent, 115, 134 Parkin do R~ntenbond, see Bupatis' Union PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Rembang 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 144, 149 Indonesian Republic), 250-3, 256, Rengasdengklok, 198 257-8,260 Renville, USS, agreement aboard, 214, 215 PSI (Indonesian Socialist Party), 214, Retnadboemilab, 156 228-43 passim, 247, 248, 250-6, , 210 258,265;banned,253,256 Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 160, 161 PSII (Indonesian Islamic Union Party), Rivai, Abdul, 165 175,179-80, 181,182,190,191, 'Rodim', 33 196,215,238 Roeslan Abdulgani, 241, 247 Puger, Pangeran (half-brother to Krapyak), romusba, 193-4 39 Ronggawarsita, Raden Ngabei, 120 Puger, Pangeran (son of Amangkurat 1), rosewater, 19 see Pakubuwana I Roti, Rotinese, 64, 128-9, 159 puputan, 128 'Rotterdam', 62 Purbaya, Pangeran (brother of Amangkurat Round Table Conference, 219, 220, IV), 84 236,239,240 Purbaya, Pangeran (brother of Sultan Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (KPM), Agung), 67, 71 227,249 Purbaya, Pangeran Arya, patib of RPKAD, 270 Kartasura, 86 rubber,144-5,183,188,213,227,233 Purwaka Caruban Nagari, 35, 282 Rukun Tetangga, 194 PUSA (AII-Aceh Union of Ulamas), 188, Russia, Russians, see Soviet Union 235 pusaka (holy regalia in Java), 38, 72-3, Sabah, 26Q-1 82-3,98 Sabang, 208 Pustakaraja Purwa, 120 Sabilillah, Barisan (Forces in the Path of Putl!ra, 192, 194 God), 203, 228 putihan, 15 8 Said, Raden Mas, see Mangkunegara I Putri Cina, 34 Said, Sultan of Ternate, 23 Saigon, 197 Qadiriyah order, 134, 160 Saipan, 195 Quds, al-, 3 5 Saka era, abandonment of, in Java, 43 Qur'an, 8, 10, 49, 152, 160 Sakirman, 265 Sakti, Raja, SQ-1 Raad van Indie, see Council of the Indies S:Ua (SQ}o), see Surakatta Radjiman Wediodiningrat, 157, 164, Salah asuhan, 182 196,197 salab Idenburg. 159 Raffles, Thomas Stamford,109-10, 113, Sala river, 14, 38-9, 82, 91, 146 126, 132, 135 Salahuddin, Sultan of Aceh, 30 332 INDEX

Salatiga, 94, 109 Shanghai, 265 Saleh, Raden, 120 Sbarab al- 'asbiqin, 48 Salim, Haji Agus, 164, 166, 167, 169, Sbari'ab, 51, 160 173,174,179,181,196,218 Shattariyah order, 133, 134, 160 salt, 126, 133 Shell, Royal Dutch, 144, 145, 177, , Haji, 158 227,249,250,266 Sambas, 130, 131 Shell Transport and Trading Company, Samin, Surantika, 159 144 Sampang, 41 Shi'ah, 160 Samudra, 3, 6, 8-9 Shibata Yaichiro, 205 sandalwood, 8, 19, 64 Shu Sangi-kai, 193 Sang Merah-Putih (red and white SI (Islamic Union), 158-9, 163-9, 172, Indonesian flag), 193, 198 173, 174, 178. See also Partai Sangihe, 62 Sarekat Islam, PSII Sanskrit, 4, 34 Siak, 31, 134, 136 santri (Javanese strict Muslim), 158, 207, Siam, 17, 18, 19, 63, 75, 80, 193. See 215,216,217,237,247,262,274 also Thailand sanyo (advisers), 193, 196, 201; Dewan Sidayu, 24, 39, 85 Sanyo, 196 Sidenreng, 65 Saparua, 129-30 Sihanouk, N., 236 Sarawak, 13Q-1, 26Q-1 Siliwangi Division, 210, 214, 215-18, 241, Sarekat Adat Alam Minangkabau, 167 251,252,269 Sarekat Ambon, 159 silk, 18 Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah, 158 Simatupang, T.B., 210, 228, 233-4 sarekat bijau, 169 Simbolon, Maludin, 240, 241, 242, Sarekat Islam, see SI 248, 250, 257-8 'Sarekat Islam B', see Section B Singapore, 110, 130, 13 5, 136, 138, Sarekat Kaum Buruh Indonesia, 176 160-1,168,170,184,187,192,197, Sarekat Rakyat (People's Union), 167, 169 251,260-1,268,275 Sarekat Sumatra, 159 Singasari, Pangeran (brother of Pakubu• sarengat, 51 wana II), 89, 91, 95-6 Sarifa, Ratu, 101-2 Singasari, Pangeran (son of Amangkurat 1), Sasaks, 128 71 Sasraningrat, Raden Mas Adipati Arya, Singhawikramawardhana, king of 149 Majapahit, 1 7 Savu, Savunese, 64, 128-9, 159 Singkang, Arung, 64-5 Schakelschool, 151 Singkil, 134 schools, see education Si Singamangaraja, 134 scripts: Arabic, 5, 11, 49, 50, 53, 169; Siti Inggil, 86 Bugis and Makasarese, 53; Javanese, Sitijenar, Sunan, 9, 51 11, 49, 50, 53; Indian, 5, 49, 53; Sitor Situmorang, 259 paleo-Sumatran, 4 Sitti Nurbaja, 176 Second Class schools, 150-1 Siwa (Siva), 17 Section B (of SI), 164, 165, 169, 173 Siwalan, 40 Seda ing Krapyak, Panembahan, 39-40 , 230, 250-1, Seinendan, 192 257-8 Sij_arab Banten, 10, 150 Sjahrir, Sutan, 175, 178, 180, 190, 195, Sejarab Melayu, 8-9, 4 7 198,201,206,209-13,214,218, Sekber Golkar, see Golkar 228, 232, 233, 258 S12,la Gilang, 38, 72 Sjam (Kamarusaman bin Ahmad Mubaidah), Semarang, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88-9, 247,264,265,269,274 91,95, 109,120,144,149,164,204, slavery, slaves, 18-19, 23, 32, 45, 64, 76, 213,226 78,79,87, 115,117,126,127,128, , 164,166-7,170,173,175 135, 138 Senapati Ingalaga, Panembahan, 37-9, slendro, 54 41,72 Sloot, Jan Albert, 73 Sentot, 108, 112, 166 smallpox, 129 Sepoys, 109, 110 Sneevliet, H.J.F.M., 163, 164, 165, 173 September 30 Movement, 269-70 Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan, 137-8, Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 21 148,149,160 Seram, 59, 60. See also Hoarnoa. SOBSI (Central All-Indonesia Workers' Serdang, 136 Organization), 229, 232, 235, 248, Serrao, Francisco, 22 249,259 Shafi'i school of law, 4, 48, 160.161, Sociaal Democratische Arbeiderspartij, 162, 168, 182, 192. See also 165 Orthodox Islam 'social revolutions', 206-7. 208-9 INDEX 333

SoCialist t"arty ot Indonesia, see PSI, Partai sugar, 23, 73, 78, 86, 87, 111,115,117, Sosialis 118, 121, 144, 145, 147, 159, 189, Socotra, 21 213 ; sugar beet, 121 Soedirman, 194, 210-12, 216-17, 218, Sugar Law, 118 219,252 Suhiti, queen of Majapahit, 1 7 Soeharto, 184, 219, 258, 262, 264, 265, Sukadana,27, 39,41,44 269-70, 272-8 Sukamiskin prison, 176 Soeharto, , 276 Sukamo, 172-4,176,177,178-9,180, Soentin$ Melajoe, 162 19Q-275 passim SoetardJO Kartohadikoesoemo, 181, 183, Sukiman Wirjosandjojo, 174, 175, 182, 196 209,228,231-2,251 ('Bung Torno'), 205. See also sukue, 30 , Dr Sulaiman, Sultan of Aceh, 135 Sokawati, 91 Sulawesi, see individual ethnic and place Solor, 7, 128 names Soppeng,62 suling, 54 Sorandaka, 52 sulphur, 18 Sosrokardono, 164, 165, 169 Sulu archipelago, 6, 8, 261 Soumokil, 221 Suma Oriental, 6, 33, 36 South Africa, 236 Sumatra ThawaJib, 167 South Maluku, Republic of, 221 Sumatranen Bond, 159 state, 214 Sumba, 8, 19, 64, 128-9 Southeast Asia Command, 203, 210 Sumbawa, 7, 19, 44, 45, 62, 63, 128 Soviet Union, Russia, Russians, 163, 165, Sumedang, 43 166,170,197,213,216,218,239, Sumenep, 126 241,246,247,257,259,261,262, , 248, 250, 264-6,268 257 Spain, Spanish, 24, 25, 26, 27, 45, 46, SumuaJ, H.N.V., 243, 248, 257 59, 60, 61, 62; Spanish Civil War, sunan, 9 182 Sunda, Kidung, 52 SpeciaJ Bureau (Biro Khusus), 265, 269 Sunda, Straits of, 26, 102 Special Operations (Opsus), 264 Sunda, Sundanese, 7, 19, 34-5, 54, 116, Speelman, Comelis Janszoon, 59, 62, 117, 118, 139, 146, 156, 159, 216, 63, 72-3, 78-9 240; literature of, 53 Spice Islands, see MaJuku Sunda KaJapa, 34 Sri Lanka, see Ceylon Sunnab, 160 Sri Tanjung, 52 Sunni, 160. See also Orthodox Islam staatsinricbting of 1925, 153 Supa, 212 StaJinism, 209, 216, 217 Supardjo, 269, 274 Standaardscholen, 151 , 254, 257 Stanvac, 144, 227, 250, 266 Supreme Operations Command (KOTI), Starkenborgh Stachouwer, W.L. Tjarda 258,262 van, 177, 183, 184 Surabaya, 7, 33, 34, 36, 39-41, 42, 43, 67, States-General (of the Netherlands), 25, 69, 71,72,81,82,83-4,89,90,126, 118, 143, 164 144, 149, 162, 164, 165, 172-3, 174, steam navigation, impact of, 118, 125 203, 204-6, 213, 226, 265; battle of, Stevenson Rubber Restriction Scheme, 205 145 Surakarta (Javanese court city), 51, 91 ff. STOVIA (School for Training Native passim; foundation, 91; status under Doctors), 149, 150, 156 Dutch rule, 119-20 Struggle Union, 210 Surakarta (name for }ayakerta), 34 study clubs, 174, 177 Surapati, 79-82; descendants of, 82, 84, Subandrio,246,254, 256,26o-4,266, 85, 90, 94, 95-6 269,274 Surat, 83 Sudamala, 52 Surengrana, 84 Sudan, 162,253 Surinam (Dutch Guiana), 117, 136 Surusman,216,229,274 Surjadarma, Surjadi, 256, 258 Sudjojono, 203 Surjoruningrat, Pangeran, 1 78 Suez CanaJ, 118, 123 Surjopranoto, 167-8, 169, 182 Suffah Institute, 215 Surkati, Shaikh Ahmad, 162 Sufis, Sufism (Islamic mystics, mysticism): Surya Raja, 97, 98 in Islamisation, 5, 11, 12-13; in pre• SuryengaJaga, Pangeran, 119 coloniaJ Aceh and Java: 48, 51; in Susuruh, Raden, 38 19th century, 124, 133, 134; in Sutan Maharadja, Datuk, 162, 167 20th century, 160, 161, 166, 167, Sutomo, Dr, 174, 177, 180. See also 215 Soetomo ('Bung Torno') 334 INDEX

Suwardi Surjaningrat, see Dewan tara, Timor, 7, 8, 19, 64, 81, 102, 128-'9, Ki Hadjar 139, 159, 278 Suzuki Kantaro, 197 Timorsch Verbond, 159 Switzerland, 258 tin, 18, 125, 128, 144, 145, 183 syabbandar (port master), 92 Tirtawiguna, 51 syair (Malay verse form), 49, 176 Tirtayasa, Sultan of Banten (Sultan Syarnsuddin of Pasai, 4 7-8 Ageng), 75-6, 79 syari'at, 51 Tirtoadisurjo, 158 Syria, 19, 26 Tjipto Mangunkusumo, 157, 163, 165, 173,176 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 158, 164-9, Tabanan, 127-8 172-3,179,180,190,215 Tabariji/Tabarija, king of Ternate, 22 tobacco, 118, 133, 144, 145, 189 Tack, Fran~ois, 73, 76, 80 To-Indo, 19 5 'Tagaril', 35 Tojo Hideki, 193, 195 Taha Saifuddin, Ratu, of Jambi, 132 Tokyo,263 Tahir Jalaluddin, Shaikh (Muhammad Tolitoli, 165 Tahir bin Jalaluddin al-Azhari), 161 'Topasses', 64 Taiwan (Formosa), 189, 251-2, 261 Toraja, 129 Taj as-Salatin, Tajusalatin, 48-9, 52 Tralaya gravestones, 4-5, 7 Taj ul-Alani, queen of Aceh, 33, 48 'transmigration', 147 Takdir Alisjahbana, 181-2 Trawulan gravestone, 4-5, 7 Talaud, 62 Treaties, contracts, and agreements: of Taman Siswa, 168, 173, 177,180,192, Bungaya, 62, 129; Dutch-Banten, 75; 239,247 Dutch-Javanese, 68, 72, 73, 78, 83, tamarind, 19 85-6,89,92,93,94, 100,106,107, Tamjid Illah, Sultan of Banjarmasin, 131 108, 126; Dutch-Palembang, 68; of TanMalaka, 166-7,170,175,209,210, Giyanti, 93, 94; Dutch-Balinese, 127; 212,216,217,219,228,241,246 Dutch-Lombok, 128; Dutch• Tanah Datar, 133 Portuguese, 128; Dutch-Kalimantan, Tanaka Kakuei, 277 130; Dutch-Jambi, 132; Dutch-Minang• Tanimbar, 130 kabau, 134; Dutch-lnderagiri, 134; Tapa, Kyai, 101-2 Dutch-Siak, 134, 135, 136; Anglo• Tapanuli, 133, 209, 21·5, 242 Dutch, 135, 136; of London, 135, Tape/ Adam, 52 136; of Sumatra, 136; of Revolutionary Tarakan, 203 period, 212, 213, 214, 215; Indonesian• tarekat (Islamic mystical brotherhood), USA, 232; Indonesian-chinese, 236; see Sufis, Sufism ASEAN, 274-5 te~63, 102,118,131,144,145,189 Trenggana, king of Demak, 33-5, 37 Teacher Ordinance, see guru ordonnantie Trengganu stone, 4, 8 teacher-training schools, 150, 15 7, 168 Tribhuwani Wijayottunga Dew!, queen Technical College (Technische Hoogeschool), of Majapahit, 17 150,173,174 Tripartite Pact, 184 T~.42, 72,73,81 Triple A Movement, 190, 192 T~reja, 111, 112 Trunajaya, Raden, 63, 70-3, 76, 78, 81, Tegal-Wangi, 72 82,89 Telukabesi, 60 tuanku, 133 T~mbayatt. 43, 70 ,7, 34,39,40,71 Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, 205 Tulang Bawang, 101 Tentara Nabi Muhammad, 167 Turkey, Turks, 20, 93, 136, 137, 168, Terauchi Hisaichi, 197-8 175 Ternate, 7, 22-3, 25, 26, 36, 59-61, 62, 63, 83, 132 textiles, 18-19,63, 73, 76, 78, 79, 83, Ujungpandang, 62. See also Gowa, 119, 133, 184. See also batik Makasar Thailand, 233, 253, 261, 275. See also Ukur, 43 Siam ulama (Islamic scholars) in Aceh, 33, Thamrin, Muhammad H., 177, 180, 183, 137-8,155,188,191,208,235 184 uleiibalang (bulubalang) (war leaders, Thawalib school, 161 Acehnese aristocrats), 32, 3 3, Thedens, Johannes, 90 137-8, 188, 208 Theosophy, 122, 157, 172 umbul, 69 'three regions affair', 207 'unilateral action' campaign, 262, 264, Tidore, 7, 22, 25, 61, 63 266 Tien, lbu, 276 Union, Netherlands-Indonesian, 212, 220, timber, 28, 40, 66, 68, 78, 80, 83 236,239,240 INDEX 335 unions, 159-60, 163, 164, 166-7, 168, West Indies, 26 176. See also SOBSI West Kalimantan state, 213, 221 United Nations (UN), 210, 213-14, West New Guinea, see Irian Jaya 218-19,230,249,259,266 Westerling, Raymond 'Turk', 212, 220 United States of Indonesia, 212, 214, widow-burning, 7, 127, 138 22Q-1 Wijayaparakramawardhana, king of Untung, 269, 274 Majapahit, 17 urbanization, 226 Wikramawardhana, king of Majapahit, 17 USSR, see Soviet Union Wilatikta, Tumenggung, 1 o 'wild schools ordinance', 180 Valckenier, Adriaan, 87, 90 wilde vaart, 24 Valentyn, Fr., 39 Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands, Van Niel, Robert, 116 143, 164 Velsen, Johannes van, 88 William V of the Netherlands, 108 Venice, 20 , 232-4 Vereenigde Oost-Indiscbe Compagnie, Wiraguna, Tumenggung, 66 see VOC Wirasaba, 39, 40 Vervolgscholen, Inlandsche, 1 S 1 Wisnu (Visnu), 17 Vichy, 184 Wiwoho p()erbohadidjojo, 182, 183 Victoria, fort, 2 S 'working cabinet', 254 Vienna, Congress of, 114 World Bank, 268 Vietnam, Vietnamese, 17, 75, 120, 184, World War I, 146, 163-5 197,217,261,263,265,266,278 World War II: approach of, 182-4; in Village Regulation of 1906, 148 Indonesia, 184-99 villa:ge schools, 1 S 1 Vlaming van Outshoorn, Arnold de, Xavier, St. Francis, 2 3 60-1 VOC (), 2 5-l 06 passim, 11 7; foundation and Yamin, Muhammad, 176, 177, 181, 196, organisation of, 25-6; military role of in 197,210,211,212,231,234,246, Java, 74-S; dissolution of, 105-6 254 Volksraad, 153, 163-S, 167, 177, 180, Yani, Achmad, 251, 258-9, 262, 263-S, 181, 183, 184, 196 267-8, 269 volksscbolen, 1 S 1 Yasadipura I, 51-2 vorstenlanden (Central Javanese Yogyakarta (Yogya), 92 ff. passim; principalities), 119, 202. See also foundation of court, 94; conquest individual principalities and rulers of in 1812, 107, 109-10; status Vrije woord, bet, 166 under Dutch rule, 119-20; capital VSTP (Railway and Tram Workers' of Republic, 208 Union), 164, 167 Youth Congress, Youth Pledge, of 1928,177 Wachid Hasjim, Kyai Haji, 194, 195, 196, Yudanagara Wulang, 51 232 Yunus, king of Demak and Jepara, 33, 35 Wahhabi, 133, 168 Yusup, SO , 156-7 Yusup, Shaikh, 75-6 Wajo, 64-5 Walilanang, Sunan, 9 Zainal Abidin, king of Ternate, 36 walis (apostles of Islam in Java), 5, 9, 34, Zainuddin, Ahmad, Sultan of Jambi, 35, 36, 40, 43, SO, 51. See also indi• 132 vidual names , Sultan of Banten, 101-2 Washingron, G., 174 Zainul Asyikin, Sultan of Banten, 102 wax, 18-19 Zeeland, 24 (shadow play), 49, SO, 52-3, Zeven Provinciiin, 180 54,120,121,155,156,246 Zheng He (Cheng Ho), 18 wedana, 121-2 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai), 236, 265, 266, Wedatama, 120 267 Weltevreden, 123, 149, 156 Zijlker, A.]., 144