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The Revolt of Prince Nuku TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction The Revolt of Prince Nuku TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction Edited by Leonard Blussé and Cynthia Viallé VOLUME 12 The Revolt of Prince Nuku Cross-cultural Alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780-1810 By Muridan Widjojo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 The TANAP programme is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Widjojo, Muridan (Muridan Satrio) The revolt of Prince Nuku : cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780-1810 / by Muridan Widjojo. p. cm. — (Tanap monographs on the history of Asian-European interaction ; v. 12) ISBN 978-90-04-17201-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Maluku (Indonesia—History. 2. Saidul Jehad Muhamad El Mabus Amirudin Syah, Sultan of Tidore, 1738-1805. I. Title. II. Series. DS646.6.W53 2009 959.8’ 52021—dc22 2008045746 ISSN 1871-6938 ISBN 978 90 04 17201 2 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all right holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD Probably nowhere in the world have such profound changes in historio- graphy been occurring as in the nation states of Monsoon Asia that gained independence after the conclusion of the Pacific War in 1945. These tra- ditionally outward-looking countries on the rims of the Indian Ocean and the Eastern Seas have been interacting with each other through maritime transport and trade for more than two millennia, but the exi- gencies of modern nation-building have tended to produce state-centred historical narratives that emphasise a distinctive heritage and foster cultural pride and identity on the basis of such heroic themes as anti-colo- nial resistance. No one will deny the need for and utility of such ‘nation- building’ agendas, but an inward-directed national historiography does not necessarily prepare one’s citizens for our present age of regional co- operation and globalisation. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the coastal societies of Monsoon Asia witnessed the entry of European traders, the emergence of global maritime trading networks, and the laying of the foundations of colonial empires that reached their apogees in the nineteenth and twen- tieth centuries. The difficulties of studying this pre-colonial and early colonial past should not be underestimated. Local sources are often rare because of wars and the frequent changes of both indigenous and colonial regimes. The hot and humid tropical climate is also unkind to the preser- vation of manuscripts. The mass of western-language data preserved in the archives of the former East India Companies and those of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Asia often have an undeniably Europe-centred character and bias. Thus we face not only a highly imbalanced supply of source material, but also the very complex problem of how to decode the hidden agendas that often colour these primary materials. Over the past fifty years there has been a pronounced effort in academ- ic circles in North America, Australia and the former European colonial nations to ‘decolonize’ historical writing on Asian-European interaction, albeit for reasons totally different from those in their Asian counterparts. Increasingly doubt has been cast on such longstanding paradigms as the superiority of the dynamic West over static Asian societies. Historians of international trade such as the late Holden Furber, whose description of this period as ‘The Age of Partnership’ inspired the name of the TANAP programme, have taken an interest in the various ways and means by which Asian-European interaction began in various kinds of competition, rivalry, collaboration, diplomacy, and military confrontation. This vi SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD approach has forced historians to return to the archival sources and the places where these events unfolded with the result that new frontiers of research have opened up in which close partnerships between Asian and European historians, with their specific cultural tool kits and linguistic backgrounds, are now starting to bear fruit. In anticipation of the four hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the Dutch East India Company in 1602, members of the History Department of Leiden University proposed the establishment of an inter- national research programme aimed at training a new generation of Asian historians of Asian-European interaction in the early modern period. It was taken for granted that any such drive towards international educa- tional co-operation should be carried out in carefully planned collabora- tion with the National Archives in The Hague, the Arsip Nasional of the Republic of Indonesia in Jakarta, and the archives of Cape Town (South Africa), Colombo (Sri Lanka), and Chennai (India), which together hold several kilometres of archival records from the former Verenigde Oost- indische Compagnie. The TANAP—Towards a New Age of Partnership —educational and archival preservation programme was started in 2000 thanks to generous grants from the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands Organi- zation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO), the Netherlands UNESCO Commission, and Leiden University. Twelve universities in Asia sent some thirty young lecturers to Leiden during 2001-2003. Under the auspices of the Research Institute for Asian-African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), these historians participated in an advanced master’s programme that included intensive courses on historiography, palaeo- graphy, and the old Dutch written language. With additional funding from several Asian foundations, in 2002 seventeen of the TANAP graduates from Sri Lanka, India, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Africa, and the Netherlands began working towards a Ph.D. degree at Leiden. Three others went on to pursue their doctorates at universities elsewhere in the world. The TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Inter- action, which include two studies on early modern South African society, are the offspring of their doctoral theses defended at Leiden. Leonard Blussé, Leiden University CONTENTS Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xv Glossary xvi Maps xx Introduction 1 Geographical and historical setting 1 Previous studies 3 Theme and outline of this study 5 Chapter One: The VOC in Maluku: Imposing the Spice Monopoly 9 The European presence before the Dutch 9 Establishing monopoly and the making of VOC power 12 Banda 15 Ambon 19 Ternate and Tidore 21 Chapter Two: Ruling the Local Rulers: Maintenance of the Spice Monopoly 27 Expanding structure and rule 27 Exploiting local forces 33 The decline of the VOC 37 Handling rebellious Tidore 39 Chapter Three: Tidore and the Rise of Prince Nuku 47 Organization and leadership of the Sultanate 47 The Seram Dispute: the beginning of turmoil 52 The Treaty of 1780: loss of independence 55 Initial contest (1780–1783) 57 The ‘Tidoran Revolution’ 60 Sultan Tidore versus Sultan Papua and Seram 63 A temporary decline and epidemic (1785–1790) 65 Resurgence of forces (1791–1796) 69 Chapter Four: From Rebel to Sultan 75 The conquest of Tidore 75 The conquest of Ternate (1798–1801) 77 Negotiations for an independent Tidore (1803–1805) 84 viii CONTENTS The post-Nuku struggle: the decline of Tidore (1805–1810) 88 Chapter Five: Papuans and Halmaherans: Raiders and Warriors 95 The Papuans of Raja Ampat 96 Raja Ampat and Geelvink Bay 98 The myth of the raiding leaders and Tidore 99 Papuans of the Onin and Kobiai areas 105 Gamrange 108 The long history of raiding 110 Chapter Six: The Raiders, Tidore, and Nuku 115 Prince Nuku and the Papuan–Gamrange warriors 119 Gamkonora and the renewed loyalty from Tidore’s periphery 122 Raiding (and trading) networks 127 Chapter Seven: The East Seramese: Traders and Rebels 131 East Seram Trading Networks 133 The East Seram–Dutch relationship in the seventeenth century 139 East Seram under Tidore (1700–1769) 141 East Seram and Nuku 145 Chapter Eight: Leadership and Local Politics in East Seram 149 Leadership 149 Type of leaders 151 The West and South Seramese 155 The North Seramese 158 Chapter Nine: The English and Nuku: Guns and Spices 165 English interests in Maluku 165 A French interloper 167 Captain Forrest and political turmoil 168 Initial encounter 171 An envoy to Bengkulu and Bengal 173 John McCluer and John Hayes 175 English country traders 177 The English occupation 180 Chapter Ten: The English Monopoly and the Anti-climax in Nuku’s Struggle 187 The clove monopoly contested again 187 The English residents and the capture of Ternate 193 Aborted recognition 200 The anti-climax in Nuku’s struggle 202 CONTENTS ix Tidore–English relations in post-Nuku politics 204 Conclusion 209 Notes 217 Appendices 1. List of Sultans of Tidore 251 2. List of Sultans of Ternate 252 3. List of Dutch Governors in Ternate 253 4. List of Portuguese Governors in Ternate 255 5. List of Governors of Ambon 256 Bibliography 259 Index 269 List of Maps 1.
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