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Yüksek Lisans, Tez Dosyası T.C. YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ NECMETTİN AYAN TEMMUZ-2014 HAÇLI SEFERLERİ’NDE KIBRIS’IN ROLÜ (1191-1310) NECMETTİN AYAN TARAFINDAN YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜNE SUNULAN TEZ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSAN TEZİ TEMMUZ 2014 ii Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Onayı _____________________ Prof. Dr. Erdal Tanas KARAGÖL Enstitü Müdürü Bu tezin Yüksek Lisans derecesi için gereken tüm şartları sağladığını tasdik ederim. _____________________ Prof. Dr. H. Mustafa ERAVCI Anabilim Dalı Başkanı Okuduğumuz ve savunmasını dinlediğimiz bu tezin bir Yüksek Lisans derecesi için gereken tüm kapsam ve kalite şartlarını sağladığını beyan ederim. _____________________ Doç. Dr. Fatih ERKOÇOĞLU Danışman Jüri Üyeleri: Bu tez içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallar ve etik davranış çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Ayrıca bu kurallar ve davranışların gerektirdiği gibi bu çalışmada orijinal olan her tür kaynak ve sonuçlara tam olarak atıf ve referans yaptığımı da beyan ederim; aksi takdirde tüm yasal sorumluluğu kabul ediyorum. Adı Soyadı: Necmettin AYAN İmza : 4 ÖZET HAÇLI SEFERLERİ’NDE KIBRIS’IN ROLÜ (1191-1310) AYAN, Necmettin Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Fatih ERKOÇOĞLU 2014 Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz’deki jeopolitik ve stratejik konumu nedeniyle ilkçağlardan beri birçok mücadeleye sahne olmuştur. Doğu Akdeniz ve Anadolu topraklarını kontrol eden güçler adanın sahip olduğu öneme binaen Kıbrıs’a sık sık saldırı düzenlemişlerdir. 1095 yılında Clermont’ta toplanan konsil sonucunda başlayan Haçlı Seferleri, Ortaçağ’ın en önemli olaylarından bir tanesidir. Yapılan seferler sadece batı tarihini değil, Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasının tarihini de etkilemiştir. Kudüs'ün 1187 yılında Selahaddin tarafından fethedilmesinden sonra geri alınabilmesi için Kutsal Topraklara Almanya, Fransa ve İngiltere Kralları tarafından yeni bir sefer hazırlanmıştı. İngiltere Kralı Richard, seferi sırasında Kıbrıs’a asker çıkararak buranın idaresini ele geçirmiştir. Böylece kısa süre içerisinde adada Latin idaresi kurulmuştur. Kıbrıs, Latin yönetimi altında Haçlı Seferleri’nde daha aktif rol oynamaya başlamış ve Haçlılar için burası ileri karakol görevi görmüştür. Bu çalışmada Richard tarafından adanın ele geçirilmesi süreci dönemin kaynakları kullanılarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1191 yılından 1291 yılına kadar adanın önemini öne çıkaran olaylar tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca 1291 yılından sonra Doğu Akdeniz’den adaya iltica eden askerî tarikatların durumu, Templier şövalyeleri tarikatının ilgası süreci ve bunun adadaki yansımaları izah edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs, Haçlı Seferleri, Kudüs, Lusignan, Doğu Akdeniz 5 ABSTRACT CYPRUS’ ROLE IN THE CRUSADES (1191-1310) AYAN, Necmettin MA, History Department Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Fatih ERKOÇOĞLU 2014 Cyprus, because of its geopolitical and strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean, it has been scene of many struggles. Owing to the importance of the island, the powers which control the Eastern Mediterranean and Anatolian territories have frequently attacked Cyprus. The Crusades began as a result of the council that gathered in Clermont in 1095, which is one of the most important events of the Middle Ages. The expeditions, not only has affected the western history but has also affected the history of the Eastern Mediterranean region. After Jerusalem was conquered of by Saladin in 1187, a new expedition has been prapered to the Holy Lands by Germany, France and England Kings in order to retake it. King Richard, during the time of his expedition, disembarked his troops at Cyprus and seized the administration. Thus the Latin rule was set up on the island within a short time. Cyprus under the Latin rule has begun to play more active role in the Crusades and has served as outpost for Crusaders. In this study, the process of invading the island by Richard has been evaluated using the sources of the period. The events that put forward the importance of island from 1191 to 1291 have been discussed. Besides, the military orders that defected from the Eastern Mediterranean to Cyprus, the process of the abolition of the order of the Knights Templier and its repercussions on the island have been described. Key Words: Cyprus, Crusades, Lusignan, The Eastern Mediterranean 6 İçindekiler ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 6 KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................................... 9 ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................. 11 GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................................... 14 A. Kaynaklar ve Araştırmalar ................................................................................. 14 1. Kaynaklar ................................................................................................................. 14 a. Grekçe Kaynaklar ................................................................................................ 14 b. Ermeni Kaynaklar ............................................................................................... 16 c. Latince ve Eski Fransızca Kaynaklar ................................................................ 16 d. İtalyanca Kaynaklar ............................................................................................ 24 e. Süryanice Kaynaklar ........................................................................................... 24 f. Arapça Kaynaklar ............................................................................................... 25 g. Farsça Kaynaklar ................................................................................................. 26 2. Araştırmalar ............................................................................................................. 27 B. III. Haçlı Seferi’ne Kadar Kıbrıs Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış .............................. 28 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM III. HAÇLI SEFERİ VE KIBRIS’TA HAÇLI YÖNETİMİNİN KURULMASI ........... 41 A. Hıttin Savaşı Sonrası Genel Durum ....................................................................... 41 B. III. Haçlı Seferi ve İngiliz Kralı Richard ............................................................... 45 C. Richard’ın Kıbrıs’ı Ele Geçirmesi .......................................................................... 53 D. Templier Şövalyeleri Dönemi (1191-1192) ............................................................. 61 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KIBRIS’TA LATİN YÖNETİMİ ....................................................................................... 64 A. Guy of Lusignan ve Conrad of Montferrat Arasındaki Çekişme ........................ 64 B. Guy of Lusignan ve Kıbrıs’ta Latin Yönetiminin İnşası (1192-94) ..................... 66 C. Amaury of Lusignan Dönemi (1194-1205) ve IV. Haçlı Seferi ............................. 70 D. I. Hugh Dönemi (1205-1218) ................................................................................... 76 1. I. Hugh de Lusignan Devrinde Kıbrıs-Anadolu İlişkileri ................................. 79 7 2. V. Haçlı Seferi ....................................................................................................... 82 E. I. Henry (1218-53) .................................................................................................... 83 1. VI. Haçlı Seferi ve II. Frederick ......................................................................... 86 2. Ibelin Ailesi ve Kıbrıs .......................................................................................... 88 3. IX. Louis’in Seferi ve Kıbrıs ............................................................................... 99 4. Haçlı-Moğol İlişkileri ......................................................................................... 102 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MEMLÜK-HAÇLI MÜCADELESİ SIRASINDA KIBRIS’IN ROLÜ ........................ 104 A. II. Hugh Dönemi (1253-1267) ................................................................................ 104 B. III. Hugh Dönemi (1267-84) .................................................................................. 107 C. II. Henry Dönemi (1285-1324) .............................................................................. 112 1. Müslümanların Akkâ’yı Fethi .......................................................................... 113 2. II. Henry ve Amaury’nin Mücadelesi .............................................................. 118 D. Kıbrıs’ta Askeri Tarikatlar ve Templier Şövalyeleri Tarikatı’nın İlgası ......... 123 SONUÇ ............................................................................................................................... 132 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ........................................................................................................... 134 EKLER ............................................................................................................................... 151 8 KISALTMALAR a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale ve madde Amadi : Chronique d’Amadi, ed. René de Mas Latrie, in Chroniques d’Amadi et de Strambaldi, Paris, 1891-93. Ambroise : The History of the
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