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第86冊 2020年(令和2年)03月31日発行 ISSN 0543-3894 明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 第 86 冊 MEMOIRS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HUMANITIES MEIJI UNIVERSITY VOLUME 86 2020 年 3 月 明 治 大 学 人 文 科 学 研 究 所 明 治 大 学 人 文 科 学 研 究 所 ◎ 研究所長 豊 川 浩 一 Director TOYOKAWA Koichi ◎ 運営委員 池 田 喬 Committee IKEDA Takashi 石 黒 太 郎 ISHIGURO Taro 伊 藤 剣 ITO Ken 生 方 智 子 UBUKATA Tomoko 大 楠 栄 三 OGUSU Eizo 奥 香 織 OKU Kaori 織 田 哲 司 ODA Tetsuji 梶 原 照 子 KAJIWARA Teruko 釜 崎 太 KAMASAKI Futoshi 清 水 則 夫 SHIMIZU Norio 清 水 有 子 SHIMIZU Yuko 竹 内 拓 史 TAKEUCHI Takushi 内 藤 まりこ NAITO Mariko 中 川 秀 一 NAKAGAWA Shuichi 波照間 永 子 HATERUMA Nagako 波戸岡 景 太 HATOOKA Keita 牧 野 淳 司 MAKINO Astushi ワルド・ライアン WARD, Ryan. M 出版刊行委員会 委 員 長 梶 原 照 子 清 水 則 夫 委 員 奥 香 織 中 川 秀 一 牧 野 淳 司 明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 第87冊 2020年（令和2年）3 月31日 発行 発行者 豊川浩一 発行所 明治大学人文科学研究所 〒 101-8301 東京都千代田区神田駿河台 1-1 TEL 03-3296-4135 FAX 03-3296-4283 印刷所 アライ印刷株式会社 ISSN 0543-3894 ©2019 The Institute of Humanities, Meiji University PRINTED IN JAPAN 明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 第 86 冊 目 次 横組 《個人研究第 1 種》 オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における 越境的地域連携とそのガバナンス………………………………………………… 飯 嶋 曜 子 1 《個人研究第 1 種》 水虫からみる比較生活文化論の試み ―日本におけるその社会的文化的背景への一考察に向けて…………………… 眞 嶋 亜 有 35 《個人研究第 1 種》 一流スポーツクライミング選手のトレーニング方法に関する調査研究………… 水 村 信 二 75 《個人研究第 1 種》 ディアスポラの民の信仰 ― サンテリアのイファの思想と実践 ………………… 越 川 芳 明 107 《個人研究第 1 種》 クレテイユ映画の前線 ～Tellement proches における階層、日常、ユダヤ性 … 清 岡 智比古 151 《特別研究第 2 種》 古墳時代考古学の国際化……………………………………………………………… 佐々木 憲 一 197 《特別研究第 2 種》 狂信主義と無道徳主義：R. M. ヘアー選好功利主義の批判的検討 ……………… 柴 﨑 文 一 229 ＊＊＊ 縦組 《特別研究第 1 種》 萬葉集の本文解釈学的研究 ― 遣新羅使人歌群をめぐって― …………………… 山 﨑 健 司 1 MEMOIRS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HUMANITIES MEIJI UNIVERSITY Volume 86 2020 CONTENTS IIJIMA Yoko Cross-border Cooperation in the Austrian - Italian Border Region: 1 Institution and Governance MAJIMA, Ayu Perceptions of tinea pedis: a comparative study analyzing society, 35 culture, and mindset in Japan MIZUMURA Shinji Research on training methods for elite sport climbing athletes 75 KOSHIKAWA Yoshiaki Religion of the People of Diaspora: Thought and Practice of Ifa of Santeria 107 KIYOOKA Tomohiko Frontière des ≪ fi lms de Créteil ≫ 151 ～ la hiérarchie, le quotidien et la judéité dans Tellement proches SASAKI Ken’ichi Archaeology of Kofun Period Japan in the World Context 197 SHIBASAKI Fumikazu Hare on Fanaticism and Amoralism: 229 A Critical Investigation of Preference Utilitarianism ＊＊＊ YAMAZAKI Kenji Hermeneutic Studies on the Text of the Man’yoshū Focusing 1 on the Waka Group of the Missions to Silla 明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 第86冊 （2020年3月31日）1-33 オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における 越境的地域連携とそのガバナンス 飯 嶋 曜 子 2 ― Abstract ― Cross-border Cooperation in the Austrian - Italian Border Region: Institution and Governance IIJIMA Yoko The purpose of this paper is to clarify the contemporary meanings of the cross-border cooperation as well as its geographical implications on regional governance developing in the process of deepening and enlargement of European Integration. This is fundamentally empirical and illustrative study focused on the case of Europaregion Tirol-Südtirol-Trentino located in the border area between Austria and Italy. The reason why this area is taken up in this paper is that it has long historical background and brisk activities in terms of regional cooperation. This study consists of two parts; the fi rst part deals with outline of the common regional policy of EU and especially INTERREG program. The second part takes up the positive case in Europaregion Tirol-Südtirol-Trentino, and analyzes the formation and development of cross-border regional cooperation in Europaregion, focusing on various regional actors and their interrelations. Cross-border regional cooperation in this area has been developing in various fi eld. It is not only the public sector but also the private sectors such as social and economic actors for example regional companies, farmers and NPOs that have taken part in and made up various types of cooperation by the bottom-up/ community-led approach. The INTERREG V-A Austria-Italy program is a cross border program aiming to support a balanced and sustainable development and a harmonious integration of the border region. The program is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) as well as national public contributions. With these funds, the program promotes projects in the fields of research and innovation, nature and culture, institutional capacity and community led local development. This study analyzes the formation and development of cross-border cooperation in Europaregion, focusing on various regional actors and their interrelations. CLLD (Community-Led Local Development) is a bottom-up local development method to engage local actors in the design and delivery of strategies, decision-making and resource allocation for the development of their rural areas and to address social, economic and environmental challenges. The INTERREG V-A Austria-Italy does pioneering work in the field of local development, as the implementation of the CLLD approach is unique across Europe in the context of European Territorial Cooperation. In the cooperation area of INTERREG V-A Austria-Italy have been approved four CLLD regions: Dolomiti Live, HEurOpen, Terra Raetica, Wipptal. Each CLLD region developments its own strategy, which contains the defi nition of the area as well as an analysis of the needs and potential of this area. The CLLD strategies are designed and implemented by cross-border Local 3 Action Groups (LAG), composed of representatives of local public and private socio-economic interest groups. Participation of various actors in such cooperation encourages the redefi nition of relationships and partnerships among actors from both public and private sectors in regions and transforms the conditions of regional governance, and moreover, subsumes the possibility of the creation of the new type of region. Thus, the cross-border regional cooperation, have played an important role in forming a new spatial and social systems within EU area and by reorganizing various local authorities and regions in the process of deepening and enlargement of European Integration. 4 《個人研究第 1 種》 オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における 越境的地域連携とそのガバナンス 飯 嶋 曜 子 Ⅰ . 問題の所在 Ⅱ . ヨーロッパにおける越境的地域連携の進展とその背景 1. EU 地域政策の展開 1.1 共同体レベルでの地域政策の開始と強化 1.2 EU 東方拡大への対応と「欧州 2020」 1.3 統合の深化・拡大と地域間格差 2. ヨーロッパ統合と国境地域 2.1 EU 地域政策における国境地域 2.2 国境地域連携の発展とその要因 Ⅲ . オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における越境的連携 1. ヨーロッパリージョンの経済構造 2. 歴史的背景 －南チロル問題－ Ⅳ . 越境的連携の歴史的発展過程と制度 1. 越境的連携の経緯 2. EVTZ ヨーロッパリージョン・チロル・南チロル・トレンティーノ（EVTZ Europaregion Tirol-Südtirol-Trentino） 3. オーストリア・イタリア国境地域のインターレグ・プログラム 4. インターレグ・CLLD Wipptal 5. コミュニティ主導型農村開発（CLLD）とインターレグ・プログラム Ⅴ . 結論 オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における越境的地域連携とそのガバナンス 5 Ⅰ . 問題の所在 本研究は、ヨーロッパの国境地域における越境的な地域連携の形成と発展の過程を、新たな地域ガ バナンス（地域統治）の構築という観点から捉え直し分析しようと試みるものである。 近年、地域の持続的発展を可能とする地域ガバナンスの新たなあり方に注目が集まっている。その キーワードは「連携」と「ネットワーク」である。従来、統治の対象とされてきた地域の構成主体 が、連携しネットワーキングすることによって新たな統治のあり方を模索している。それだけではな く、これらの新たな統治主体が自治体の枠を越えて連携し、新たな地域スケールにおいて新たなガバ ナンスを創造している。 こうした動きがダイナミックに展開されているのが EU の国境地域である。そこでは、障壁として の国境機能が低下し地域間競争が激化した結果、自ら地域を発展させるためにさまざまな地域的な主 体が連携し、新たな連携空間を創造してきている。本研究では、この新たな連携空間の創造を「新た な地域ガバナンスの構築」として把握し、そこでのガバナンスの構造と形成のメカニズムの解明を目 指す。 EU における越境的地域連携には地方自治体だけではなく、地域を構成するさまざまな社会的・経 済的主体が参加しているケースも多い（飯嶋, 2011）。このことは、越境的地域連携を単に国境地域の 地方自治体による広域行政という側面だけからでは捉えることはできないことを意味する。また、多 様な地域的主体の連携によって形成されている新たな連携空間は、国境地域の行政区域に一致する場 合もあれば、行政区域を越えて新たな空間的スケールを持つこともある。そして、EU は地域政策を 通じて越境的地域連携の発展を促し、その地域ガバナンスの構築に影響を及ぼしている。 このように越境的地域連携は、これまでの国家の枠組みを前提とした種々の地域連携とは異なる、 新たな連携空間とガバナンスの創造という観点から把握される必要がある。 EU 研究では、EU の統治システムを、従来の伝統的な国民国家システムを前提としたガバナンス とは異なるものとして捉えようとする研究が、政治学や国際関係論などで進められてきた。なかで も、EU のガバナンスを「マルチレベル・ガバナンス」として捉え、その特性、機能、発展過程など を明らかにしようとする研究が蓄積されてきている（Hooge and Marks, 2001）。マルチレベル・ガ バナンスとは、EU 政策の政策過程に多元的でさまざまな主体が国家の枠組みを越えて関与するとい う統治形態を意味している。マルチレベル ･ ガバナンスにおいては、もはや加盟国政府が権力を独占 しているのではなく、多元的でさまざまな主体が EU の意思決定にかかわる権限を共有している点に 着目する。欧州議会、EU 委員会、欧州裁判所といったスープラ・ナショナルなレベルの組織（超国 家的組織）は、EU の政策過程に独立した影響を及ぼし、それらの組織のメンバーは加盟国の代表と しての役割を演じるものではない。また、サブ・ナショナルもしくはリージョナルなレベルの主体 は、自国内に引きこもっているわけではない。彼らは、他のサブ・ナショナルもしくはリージョナル な主体とのトランスナショナルなネットワークを形成し、ナショナルレベルおよびスープラ・ナショ 6 ナルレベルで活動する（Hooghe and Marks, 2001）。 マルチレベル・ガバナンスの観点から地域政策を分析対象とした研究として、例えば、EU 加盟後 スロベニアなどの南東欧諸国が、EU 地域政策の政策過程に合わせて国内の既存の諸制度をいかに変 化させたのかを明らかにした Bache et al.（2011）の研究が挙げられる。また、Hooghe and Marks （2000）は、ヨーロッパの衰退産業地域がネットワーク化して連合体を形成し、EU 委員会に対して 衰退産業地域への地域政策の割り当てを増額するようにロビー活動を行い、それに成功したことを明 らかにした。Marshall（2005）は、イギリスのバーミンガムとグラスゴーを事例として、都市におい て EU 地域政策がローカルなアクターの行動や制度、規範などにいかなる影響を及ぼしたのかを明ら かにした。 こうした研究の多くは、意識するかしないかに関わらずマルチレベル・ガバナンスにおける多層性 を、「EU －国家－地域」という三層構造の枠組みで捉えている。そこでは、「EU －国家－地域」の 各層間が相互に連関性をもつ、重層的な三層構造の枠組みが念頭におかれ、その枠組みにおける各層 の位置づけについて議論している。 マルチレベル・ガバナンス論による諸研究は、ハースに代表される新機能主義的アプローチ （Haas, 1958 : Lindberg, 1963）や、ホフマンらによる政府間主義的アプローチ（Hoff mann, 1966 : Moravcsik, 1998）による、これまでのヨーロッパ統合研究において捨象されることの多かった「地 域」の動き 1 を積極的に取り上げている。その上で、「地域」での動きを EU や国家との関連において 把握することを通して、「EU －国家－地域」の三層構造的枠組みから、新しいヨーロッパの統治の 形態を把握しようとしている点で注目される。 しかし、先行研究で用いられてきた「EU －国家－地域」という三層構造の枠組みについては、さ らなる考察が必要である。それは、第 1 に、この場合の「地域」は地方自治体を念頭に置いたものが 多く、とりわけ EU の地域政策の単位となるようなリージョナルレベルの地方自治体とみなされ、そ の分析にとどまっていることである。そこには、多元的かつ多様な主体に着目するというこのアプ ローチの優位性が部分的にしか活かされていないと言わざるを得ない。まず地域を州や県といった リージョナルレベルの地方自治体としてだけではなく、市町村などのローカルな自治体までを含むも のとして捉えていかなければならない。さらには地域を構成するさまざまな地域的主体、たとえば大 学、研究機関、商工会議所、経済振興公社、民間企業、NPO、コミュニティなどが、EU の政策過程 にいかに関与しているのかを分析し、そこからヨーロッパの新しい統治の形態を考察することが求め られる。 第 2 に、旧来の三層構造の枠組みと視点は、国際関係論や国家論、地方財政論の伝統を引きずっ て、各層間の関係をパワーバランスの問題として片付けてしまいがちである。しかし、EU における 地域の位置づけの変化や各国内における分権化の進展によって、パワーバランス論で把握できる部分 はますます少なくなってきている。その上で、上述のように地域連携の推進主体には、民間や NPO などのように、単なるパワーバランスでは解釈できない要素が加わっている。 三層構造の枠組みにおいて地域をリージョナルな地方自治体としてのみ捉え、さらに「EU －国家 オーストリア・イタリア国境地域における越境的地域連携とそのガバナンス 7 －地域」間のパワーバランスに焦点をあてるという既往研究のスタンスでは、ヨーロッパの新しい統 治のあり方を把握することは難しい。また、マルチレベル・ガバナンスの議論では、ガバナンスの各 階層は国や州、自治体といった既存の行政単位を前提としているものがほとんどであり、ガバナンス
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