OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 27 SUMMER 1977

1*W The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1978 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio President—Jan Sorgenfrei, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 2985 Canterbury Drive, Lima, Ohio 45805 Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, Vice President—Steve Fuller, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 4767 Hudson Drive, Stow, Ohio 44224 All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Executive Secretary—Dana L. Baker, ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ West Taylor St., Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 quests for back issues, changes of address, and other Treasurer—Don Bapst, matter should be sent to the business office. 2446 Chambers Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43223 Recording Secretary—Mike Kish, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio 43081 OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N. Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. P.O. Box 61, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Editorial Office Trustees P. O. Box, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Terms expire Ensil Chadwick. 119 Rose Ave., Business Office Mount Vernon, Ohio 1978 Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Oxford Heights, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1978 Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, Membership and Dues Fairborn, Ohio 1978 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Max Shipley, 705 S. Ogden Ave., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Columbus, Ohio 1978 bership $7.50; H usband and wife (one copy of publication) William C. Haney, 706 Buckhorn St., $8.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Ironton, Ohio 1980 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Alva McGraw, Route #11, Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Ernest G. Good, 16 Civic Drive, has no paid officers or employees. Grove City, Ohio 1980 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Frank Otto, 1503 Hempwood Drive, subscription is included in the membership dues. Columbus, Ohio 1980 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhns, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 5.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 2.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, Indiana availability.

STANDING AND SPECIAL COMMITTEES

NOMINATING COMMITTEE CHAPTER COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Chairman Steve Fuller, Chairman Frank Otto, Chairman Ensil Chadwick David Towell —Frankfort, O Dick Partin Wayne Mortine Charles Coss—Uhrichsville, O. Steve Balazs Don Bapst John Haney—Ironton, O. John Baldwin Ken Black Don Casto—Lancaster, O. Billy Hillen James Greiger—Oak Harbor, O Don Gehlbach AUDITING COMMITTEE Harry Hopkins—Piqua, O. Ensil Chadwick, Chairman Ed Gall-Willoughby, O PROGRAM COMMITTEE Robert Hill James Gooding —Lewis Center, O Martha Otto, Chairwoman Larry Cronkleton M. J. Galloway—Piketon, O. Robert Sturm Jack Hooks RAFFLE COMMITTEE William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Buddy Haney, Chairman Joseph Dunlap Ernest Good, Chairman Graig R. Ciola Max Shipley Jerry Hagerty EDUCATION/PUBLICITY/ Earl Townsend Jack Hooks HISTORICAL COMMITTEE Steve Fuller Gordon Hart MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Mike Kish, Chairman Dean Driscoll Dave Mielke Buddy Haney, Chairman Marilyn Harness—Society Librarian Robert Converse Charles Stout, Jr. Jan Sorgenfrei Dorothy Good—Society Historian Ottie Cowan Lar Hothem Dave Scott Kendall Saunders Don Bapst Mary Beth Albin PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Tom Stropki LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jack Lanam Dana Baker, Chairman Jim Ritchie Alva McGraw, Chairman Steve Parker George Morelock Bert Drennen Dwight Shipley Doug Hooks David Kuhns Ed Hughes Charles Voshall David Brose Gilbert Dilley Dr. John Winsch TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Page Kohl Mound, A Hopewellian Mound Editorial policy for the Ohio Archaeologist In Tuscarawas County 4 has always been one of trying to present a format which appeals to a wide range of peo­ Age and Provenience of Adena Bone Combs.. 9 ple. We try to maintain a balance between The Hall Birdstone 14 the purely scientific archaeological report and stories of artifacts and collecting activities. The Effigy Platform Pipes Since the growth of our Society is the only yardstick by which we can measure the suc­ of the Hopewell People 16 cess of our publication it is apparent that the Trophy Axe From Ashland County, Ohio 17 material presented in the Ohio Archaeologist has been well received. Authorship of Squier and Davis Map There are those who argue that we should Authorship of Squier and Davis Map of the have more pictures of fine artifacts while Marietta Earthworks: A Belated Correction .20 there are as many at the opposite end of the spectrum who would rather see more site re­ Burins 23 ports. However, it is the opinion of your Editor Bone Jewelry of Prehistoric Man 24 that the vast majority of our nearly 1800 mem­ bers will be found in between these two Destruction of the Granville Hilltop Fort, schools of thought and it is our aim to publish Licking County, Ohio 26 material which will appeal to everyone. It must be pointed out, however, that The Prehistoric Duplicates 29 Ohio Archaeologist is what our members Two Coshocton County Finds 30 make it. If you, the reader, would like to see pictures of fine flint, slate, or stone, then do A Champaign County Mortar 30 your part and get us the material to print. If site reports are your field of interest then An Odd Gorget 31 encourage people who have dug or surface A Mississippian Elbow Pipe 32 hunted a site to write them up and send it to us. Incised Bars 34 We seldom pass up publishing any sub­ Prehistoric Dugout Discovered 35 mitted article if it will be of interest to our readers. An exception to this are reports which exceed four or five pages in length. Our magazine is small and we normally have around twenty-six pages available for articles. Some manuscripts sent, to us have been twelve to fifteen pages long and we feel that because of the limited number of publishable pages available, we cannot print them. This is in no way critical of these long reports and personally I wish we had the resources and space to share them with our readers.

Robert N. Converse Editor

FRONT COVER BACK COVER

This outstanding axe, a personal find of your Editor, is Shown for the first time in full color is one of the more shown in approximately full size. It was found April 20th, publicized of the Dr. Meuser pipes. It is made of a compact 1977, in Canaan Township. Madison County, Ohio. Made siltstone and was found near Deavertown, Morgan County, of a closely grained gray-green granite it weighs 8V2 lbs. Ohio. This unusual pipe portrays both the elements of the and is in nearly pristine condition. deer— antlers carved along the neck —and the wolf—teeth of a carnivore. Kohl Mound, A Hopewellian Mound In Tuscarawas County by Janice Keister Whitman, 35 Fifth St., Bangor, Maine

Kohl Mound is a small Hopewellian mound The second step in the project was to lay located on a ridge above the Tuscarawas out a series of five foot squares in parallel River in Goshen Township, Tuscarawas lines across the mound. Originally eighteen County, Ohio. The map coordinates are 81° squares were laid out, but only fifteen were 22' 30" west longitude and 40° 26' north excavated in exposing the interior of the latitude. The mound is located on the highest mound (See Blueprint, Figure 2). elevation of the ridge at a contour reading of Clearing the floor of the mound disclosed 1,020 feet. The ridge itself is located on the the outline of a burial crypt. The crypt was old Riker farm, which is now owned by the constructed of limestone boulders of varying Hardy Salt Company, and lies on a north- sizes from six inch diameter to twenty four south orientation. The ridge is a quarter of a inches, with sandstone slabs propped against mile south southwest of Midvale along state the boulders (Figure 3, Photograph). The route 295 which runs between New Philadel­ crypt enclosed a six foot diameter area which phia and Uhrichsville. It is about two miles held the central burial of the mound. The south southeast of Schoenbrunn. crypt wall varied from two to three feet in The mound was discovered in mid March width and was about at foot high. Evidence 1972 by Donald Kohl of Newcomerstown from various positions of the rocks indicate while he was exploring the Riker Site, a multi- that the wall had been higher but had fallen component, late prehistoric village site which due to weathering. The interior of this crypt lies at the southeastern base of the ridge. was covered with ashes and decayed char­ Wandering across the top of the ridge from coal, a piece of which was salvaged for radio­ south to north, Kohl noticed a mound-like carbon dating. The bones of the burial were protrusion on the apex of the ridge (Figure 1). so badly deteriorated that except for a portion He brushed aside the leaves on the south­ of the jaw and a few teeth and fragments of eastern side of the mound to test the soil and the femurs, which lay along a burnt log that discovered a long bone protruding through yielded the charcoal sample, little remained the soil. He dug around it and discovered to identify it as human. several other bone fragments. Kohl quickly The remains lay in a north-south orientation contacted the Tuscarawas Campus of Kent with the head north and the feet lying against State University for confirmation of his find. a limestone which had been cut twelve inches His assumption that he had discovered hu­ wide, twenty four inches long, and stood man bones was correct. The fragments were fourteen inches. It appeared to be an altar from the radius, ulna, and femur of a human. stone. This boulder was set above the rest of Full excavation of the mound was then be­ the stones in the wall and a crushed human gun by faculty and students from Kent State's skull bowl lay on it. Leaning against the base Tuscarawas Campus which is located about of this altar stone was a thin limestone slab two miles north of the mound site. The project about a foot long which had been painted was a weekend activity which lasted from the with yellow ochre. At the head of the burial last week in March until the middle of May. was a limestone boulder which had also been The first step was to lay out the approximate painted yellow, and on either side of the size of the mound, which proved to be 25 feet burial near the shoulder positions were lime­ north-south and 15 feet east-west. Its east- stone boulders painted with red ochre. The west width corresponds to the width of the positions of these colored stones and the way crest of the ridge. Its height was about 22 the bone fragments lay across the floor of the inches at the apex. Surface evidence and the crypt indicated that this was an extended protruding bone fragments indicate that the burial, and a burial which had been partially mound had suffered from years of erosion. cremated. The hill had once been cleared of timber and Beside the head of the burial were the used for pasture. The ridge had also been remains of a cache of personal items. Around disturbed by sandstone cuttings which had this cache was a half inch area of soil with a taken place on the western face just below pinkish color and greasy texture. There was the mound. All of this activity must have no evidence that the cremation had affected added to the natural erosion of the mound. the head of the individual. The fire seemed to

4 be more localized on the lower extremities within a foot of the boulder wall which must and the right side of the interment. have protected the head of the burial. Except for a Snyder's point located in the The south burial located behind the altar area of the ribe cage, all the other artifacts was the one that had produced the first hu­ associated with this interment were located man bones which had indicated the presence around the head area. Several items from the of a mound. Excavation proved that the frag­ cache had percolated upward through the ments of radius, ulna and femur had lain mound fill and had been found as the layers against a fourteen inch square limestone of clay covering the mound were removed. boulder that had been painted with red ochre. All of the artifacts in the fill lay in a area di­ This individual lay in an east-west orientation, rectly above the head and cache The items with his head towards the west and protected from the cache which had not migrated were by a partial circle of grey limestone boulders. three yellow-grey unifacial flakes of Flint His bones were also badly deteriorated, but Ridge flint (8cm x 3.5cm; 8cm x 2.8cm; 6.5cm part of his jaw and teeth were preserved by x 4cm), a black flint flake (3.7cm x 2.2cm), a the copper salts from a panpipe (6.3cm x rectangular sandstone hammerstone (10.3cm 4cm) which lay against his jaw (Figure 6, x 5.5cm x 2.5cm), a thin sandstone grooved Photograph). (The use of "he" in reference to tablet (7.5cm x 4.2cm x .06cm), and a grey the burials is only the generic sense. Sex cone shaped clay object (3.9cm diameter). could not be determined on these burials.) Other items found in the fill above the Besides the copper panpipe as a burial burial were a grey flint poplar leaf shaped offering this interment also had a 7.1cm x flake (4.5cm x 4cm), a piece of ground hema­ 3.8cm hematite tablet, half a rectangular tite (diamond shaped, 4.5cm x 3cm x 3cm), shale object, and a 4cm bar of Ohio pipe- two more yellow-grey flint flakes from the stone, which may have been an amulet. Three same core as the above flakes (6cm x 2cm; grey flint flakes (2cm to 2.5cm) lay in the fill 4.5cm x 2cm). As the measurement indicate above this burial and directly in association these flakes are not classic Hopewellian uni­ with the altar stone. The altar stone, measure­ facial flakes. There were also two sandstone ments previously given, was shaped so that balls (1.5cm; 2cm in diameter, possibly from a the base was pointed. This shaping of the rattle), and the proximal portion of a large base allowed the stone to be imbedded into ceremonial blade that measures 6.7cm in the stone wall and afforded to height above length and 5.4cm in width at the break. Bits of the other stones in the wall. This factor of red and yellow ochre were strewn throughout position and the fact that a human skull bowl the clay fill. (See Figure 4, Photograph). had sat on the stone led to the conclusion On either side of the crypt, outside of the that it was an altar stone. main wall, yet partially protected by a line of Neither of the two outlying burials ap­ limestone boulders lay two more burials, one peared to have been cremated. There was to the north, the other to the south. None charcoal in the soil but no charred bone frag­ could have been layed out on the east or ments. All three burials were poorly pre­ west sides of the crypt for the ridge sloped served because of the poor porosity of the off. The north burial which lay at the head of clay soil, its acidity, and the shallow depth of the central interment was badly deteriorated, the mound which allowed freezing and thaw­ and its remains seemed to be scattered ing to affect the bones. Therefore, little can around. This was the result of the activity of a be said about the physical characteristics of rodent. In fact he had carried some of the these three individuals. There was some pres­ teeth into his nest. He missed the artifacts. ervation of the teeth in each burial, enough These were still in situ. There were two that approximate age can be determined. The caches of classic Hopewellian unifacial individual in the central burial was the oldest. flakes. Although there were forty five blades Wear on the molars, particularly his third in these two deposits, no core was found any­ molars, was indicative of an individual in his where in the mound. Two large bifacially mid to late thirties. The two outer individuals flaked blades of black Upper Mercer flint were younger, both about the same age. (8.6cm x 3.8cm at the base; 8cm x 3.7cm), Their third molars showed no surface wear, one piece of ground hematite (5.8cm x 3cm x which indicates an age in the early twenties. 1cm, tear shaped), one round copper bead This mound is not outstanding for its arti­ (1cm in diameter) were found in association facts, which are not as exotic as those of with the unifacial blades (Figure 5, Photo­ other Hopewellian mounds throughout the graph). These artifacts and a sandstone Ohio Valley. The most unusual item in the abrading stone (9cm x 4.5cm x 1.4cm) lay mound is the panpipe, which is rare and ap- pears to be a Hopewellian trait. The mound is Indian cultures, especially those in the South­ outstanding for two other reasons than arti­ west, then the fourth color must have been facts, and those are its construction tech­ black—red, yellow, grey, and black. nique and its age. The second outstanding feature of this Although hilltop cairns have been noted in mound is its early date. The radiocarbon many locations and discussed in the liter­ sample from the central burial produced a ature, there is little discussion of the stone date of 2080 ± 70 (Japan N-1425), which is crypt (Dragoo, 1963: 136-137). Literature about 130 B.C. This date agrees very well which does describe stones in mounds men­ with the nature of the artifacts found in the tions altars but does not note colored stones. mound, several of which have Adena associa­ Forty limestone boulders and sixty five sand­ tion—the human skull bowl, extended burial stone slabs were used to build the wall of this and partial or localized cremation, and ground crypt and its two auxiliary walls for the out­ hematite in geometric forms (Dragoo, 1963; side burials. The stone wall was constructed Webb and Baby, 1966). The major Hopewel­ because there was no way to dig below the lian traits in this mound are the unifacial flake floor of the mound to lay the interments blades, the panpipe, the bifacial blades, and below the top soil at a protective depth before the Snyders point. The combination of these constructing the mound in the method used traits indicates a borderline Adena-Hopewel- in constructing valley mounds. The ridge on lian mound, and the radiocarbon date con­ which this mound stood is shale and solid firms this fact. sandstone which becomes evident at a depth This early date is significant because this of less than a foot below the surface of the mound is located in the hinterlands of Ohio, ridge. Therefore, in order to give depth to the far from the major Hopewellian sites of the interment and protection from erosion of the Scioto Valley. The nearest major ceremonial mound fill the walled crypt was necessary. center to Kohl Mound is at Newark. Kohl Besides this interesting engineering tech­ Mound lies at the head of an old glacial valley, nique to protect the remains, another feature the remains of a river which once extended of this stone crypt was the use of color on the down through Newark to the Scioto River. limestone boulders. These boulders did not Therefore, it is not out of the range of re­ come from the ridge itself, but were probably gional contact with the Newark ceremonial brought from the ridge to the east, across the center. highway from the site, which does have a Surface surveys along the Tuscarawas limestone outcrop. These stones were then River Valley and excavation at Riker Site shaped and prepared in a location to the indicate that Kohl Mound is not an isolated south of the mound in the saddle of the ridge, Hopewellian site, but one of many located where evidence of this work still remains. Of in Tuscarawas County. Several surveys have the forty limestones ten were red, ten grey, revealed McGraw Cordmarked sherds and and twenty yellow. Even though grey is the numerous Middle Woodland artifacts, and an natural color of these stones, the grey on the early Middle Woodland occupation was dis­ crypt boulders is a coating grey clay identical closed during the excavation and analysis of to the grey clay cone found in the cache with Riker Site material. McGraw Cordmarked, the central burial. The red and yellow colors McGraw Plain and several other Hopewellian are ochre. A deposit of red ochre was located ceramic types were identified at Riker Site. at the outer perimeter of the mound on the Riker lies at the base of the ridge upon which south. This feature appears to be a basket full Kohl Mound lies. Yet, no ceramics were found of ochre which had either been dumped or in the mound. Further Middle Woodland arti­ set in this location. Yellow ochre appeared facts found at Riker — seventy projectile more scattered throughout the mound fill and points, mica, unifacial flake blades, and bi­ with the interments. facial knives—indicate a hamlet site which The use of grey, red, and yellow colors was an adjunct of the mound. seems to be repeated in the colors of the Kohl Mound and its hamlet at Riker Site artifacts — forty five Hopewellian unifacial are only two of a number of Hopewellian flakes were of yellow, red, and grey flint. The sites which exist in the Tuscarawas Valley. other flake items were of yellow and grey Further research in this area may open flint, except for one black flake and three another chapter in Hopewellian dynamics in Hopewellian bifacial blades which are also Ohio. black. Even the bar of pipestone is red and yellow. If colors were ritually significant to the Hopewell as they are to many historic REFERENCES Moorehead, Warren K. The Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio. Chicago: Field Museum of Na­ Caldwell, Joseph R. and Hall, Robert L. (eds.) tural History. 1922. Hopewellian Studies. Springfield, Illinois: Illi­ Prufer, Olaf H. "The Hopewellian Cult." Scientific nois State Museum. 1964. American. Vol.211 (6). 1964.90-102. Dragoo, Don W. Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis Prufer, Olaf H. et al. The McGraw Site: A Study in of the Adena Culture. Pittsburg: Carneigie Mu­ Hopewellian Dynamics. Cleveland: Cleveland seum. 1963. Museum of Natural History. 1965. Fowke, Gerard. Archaeological History of Ohio. Webb, William S. and Baby, Raymond S. The Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and His­ Adena People, No. 2. Columbus: The Ohio torical Society. 1902. Historical Society. 1966.

H

Pre.oious &e*. °f

Enlargement of New Philadelphia Quadrangle of U.S. Geological Survey, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Scale: 1:1200.

Fig. 1 Kohl Mound, North Side Fig. 2 Kohl Mound, Western Side

7 / 8- ' ^

I• Fig. 3 Kohl Mound, stone crypt

unifacial flake blades human teeth human bones cache of artifacts and human teeth and hone Fnyder point human lonq bones charred loa skull bowl and vellow ochre limestone possible altar stone pan-pipe and human teeth human lonq bones, arti­ facts, site of initial testing of mound o cache o* red ochre

Fig. 4 artifacts with central burial

Fig. 5 cache of artifacts found with North Burial Fig. 6 Panpipe found with South Burial Age and Provenience of Adena Bone Combs James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43215 and Irene Stehli Dicar Radioisotopes Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio 44106

There are eight known occurrences of particularly suspect, although the Rock Riffle Adena bone combs in Ohio (2), Kentucky (5), Run bone sample was badly contaminated and Indiana (1), including that found in the with rootlets, which means that the real age original or "type" Adena Mound in Ross Co., of the sample might be even greater than Ohio. All have been found in burial associa­ 430 B.C. The radiocarbon dates, then, are tion and represent a distinct albeit rare Adena admittedly disappointing, for we had hoped trait, in contexts that have generally been that the Adena bone comb would prove to be considered late Adena. restricted to a relatively short time span with­ The combs are usually found in the form of in the late Adena Robbins complex. two rectangular pieces of wide, flat mammal Similarly long time spans, however, are bone which were apparently fitted together. evidenced for other "diagnostic" Adena Rob- In one instance (Lewis Mound), a small hole bins traits. The semi-keeled and quadricon- has been drilled in the corner of the comb. cave gorgets, for example, have been dated Along one edge of the combs 5 to 11 short from 450 B.C. to A.D. 271. Mica crescents teeth have been carved in the bone. Two have been dated from 390 B.C. to A.D. 270. combs (Wright Mound and Lewis Stone Some Robbins artifact types do appear to Mound) having 11 and 10 teeth respectively, have more restricted temporal ranges—the appear to have been used separately. In all expanded center bar gorget, for example, is other instances the combs occur in pairs, the known only from 150 B.C. to A.D. 20-40, and total number of teeth being from 10 to 18. Montgomery Incised pottery is dated from Dimensions of the paired combs range from 150 B.C. to A.D. 230. Of course, dates are so about 40 by 60 to 50 by 100 mm. Precise meager that.these ranges may well be ex­ measurements are given in most of the ori­ tended as additional dates are obtained. In ginal descriptions of these artifacts. No better general, the existing data do little more than interpretation of the function of these bone indicate the limited usefulness of radiocar­ tools suggests itself than Webb's (1940) ori­ bon-dating in Adena studies, a frustrating ginal idea that they were used for carding fact commented upon by Dragoo (1963) in fiber. his analysis of Adena. Only one Adena site yielding these bone Considered individually, however, several combs has been dated previously—one of of these dates on mounds yielding Adena the two Wright mounds, Montgomery Co., bone combs are significant. The Rock Riffle Kentucky. In an attempt to delimit the age of Run date, for example, is only the second this peculiar bone artifact type, charcoal or Adena date from the Hocking Valley and es­ bone samples were procured from three addi­ tablishes the relative age of this mound and tional Adena mounds that have yielded bone the somewhat younger Daines mound II. This combs and were radiocarbondated at Dicar in turn suggests that Dragoo (1963) was cor­ Laboratories, Case Western Reserve Univer­ rect in his assumption (Murphy 1975) that the sity. Radiocarbon measurements and calcu­ Daines mounds represent a terminal or deca­ lations were conducted by the junior author. dent Adena later than "classic" Adena (as These and other pertinent radiocarbon dates represented by the Rock Riffle Run mound). are presented in Table 1. We are grateful to The C. L. Lewis stone mound date of A.D. 20- Dr. James H. Kellar, Indiana University, for 40 is also of significance, supporting as it providing the human bone sample from the does the thesis that the Lewis mound is a very Lewis stone mound and to Dr. Eugenie C. late Adena component. (The Lewis mound Scott, University of Kentucky, for providing contained a large chert blade similar to the the human skeletal material from the Ricketts Hopewellian Marshall Barbed type described and Wright mounds. by White (1968).) The Ricketts mound date needs no comment, but it should be noted If all of the dates presented in Table 1 are that the Wright date of A.D. 270 dates the accepted, Adena bone combs were manu­ secondary mound, and the bone combs found factured from 430 B.C. to A.D. 270, a period in the Wright mound occurred in the tertiary of some 700 years. None of the dates are

9 mound, which remains undated but is pre­ placed them with the burial. Certainly it is sumably somewhat younger than A.D. 270. unlikely that the bone comb accompanying No attempt was made to radiocarbon date the two year old infant buried in the Rock samples from the other two mounds that Riffle Run mound actually belonged to the have yielded bone combs, the Wright mound child. More likely, it was placed in the grave 7 and the original Adena mound. In the in­ by one of the parents. stance of the Wright mound 7, its proximity to In conclusion, Adena bone combs were Wright mound 6 and the similarity of the probably manufactured for a period of at least suites of artifacts recovered from the two 700 years. They cannot be used, therefore, mounds suggest near contemporaneity. In as a narrow time marker, nor do they appear the case of the original Adena mound, it has to be restricted geographically within Adena proven impossible to locate an adequate or to be useful as indicators of individual age, bone sample that can be attributed to it. Ap­ status, sex, or occupation. It is curious, how­ parently, W. C. Mills shipped all of the oste- ever, that these distinctive Adena bone arti­ ological material to the U. S. National Mu­ facts are nowhere mentioned in the 1970 Ball seum. Douglas Ubelaker (pers. comm., Nov. State University Aden symposium which at­ 12, 1974) states that the Smithsonian files tempted to define and refine Adena studies, contain only Mills' 1925 letter of transmis­ for they are diagnostic of the late Adena sion, which indicates merely that "the weight (Early Scioto) Robbins Complex or Robbins of the skeletons will be in the neighborhood Stage (Swartz 1972), though Swartz, ap­ of 2000 to 2500 pounds, and are represen­ parently on the basis of radiocarbon dates, tative skeletons from a number of sites in places the Wright site in his Middle Scioto Ohio. I have been preserving these skeletons phase. for the last twenty years to send to the Mu­ seum ..." Only one small lot of bones is labeled "Adena" and there is no way of deter­ REFERENCES CITED mining in which layer of the Adena mound Dragoo, Don W. these were found. Ubelaker writes that 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the "There are many skeletons that are labeled Adena Culture. Annals of Carnegie Mu­ only as 'various mounds', which could repre­ seum, Vol. 37, Pittsburgh. sent the missing skeletons from the Adena Kellar, James H. mound but there appears to be no way to 1960 The C. L. Lewis Stone Mound and the determine this for sure." It may also be noted Stone Mound Problem. Indiana Histori­ that the otherwise accurate drawing of the cal Society, Prehistory Research Series, Ross County, Ohio comb (Mills, 1902, p. 470) Vol. 3, no. 4., pp. 357-481. shows a vestigial tooth at one end, which has Mills, William C. been reproduced by Dragoo (1963, p. 222), 1902 Excavations of the Adena Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, who inadvertently attributes this comb to the Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 452-479. Wright mound; this tooth does not exist on Murphy, James L. the actual specimen (Fig. 1). 1975 An Archaeological History of the Hock­ "Context" of the eight known Adena bone ing Valley. Athens: Ohio University combs is given in Table 2. It seems clear that Press. Swartz, B. K., Jr., ed. no consistent combination of artifact associa­ 1970 Adena: The Seeking of an Identity. A tions, physical age of burials, or form of burial symposium held at the Kitselman Con­ or grave exists among the few known occur­ ference Center, Ball State University, rences of these combs, unless the high inci­ March 5-7, 1970. 182 p. dence of male burials (4 of the 7 burials are 1972 A Provisional Taxonomy of Prufers male; sex of the other 3 has not been deter­ Scioto Tradition. Proceedings of the mined, including one child and one crema­ Indiana Academy of Science for 1971, tion) is significant. Lack of comb associations Vol. 81, pp. 81-85. with female skeletons is considered for­ Webb, W. S., and W. D. Funkhouser tuitous, however. Utilitarian objects are gen­ 1940 Ricketts Site Revisited. Site 3, Mont­ erally rare in association with Adena female gomery County Kentucky. The Univer­ sity of Kentucky, Reports in Anthrop­ burials and, indeed, except in the case of ology, Vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 211-278. articles of personal adornment, masks, or Webb, William S. "medicine bag" contents, it is often a moot 1940 The Wright Mounds, Sites 6 and 7, Mont­ point whether accompanying grave goods gomery County, Kentucky. The Univer­ belonged to the buried individual or were sity of Kentucky, Reports in Anthrop­ actually the property of a family member who ology, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 6-134.

10 Context" of Adena Bone Combs

Burial and Mound Burial Type Associated artifacts Placement Radiocarbon date Adena mound, Extended adult, Cache blades, "near right none Ross Co., Ohio subfloor, bark formal tablet, beaver tibia" prepared, log incisors, bone awls, covered; pud­ drilled mountain lion dled clay; leg canines bones painted red Rock Riffle Run Extended child; Marginella beads between femora 430 B.C. mound, Athens Co., 2 adults at neck Ohio associated C. L. Lewis stone Extended adult; Corner notched flint at right hip A.D. 20-40 mound, Shelby Co., 12 associated blade, copper beads Indiana burials with associated burial Ricketts mound, Burial 13, adult, Elbow pipe, Lamp- at right hip 390 B.C. Montgomery Co., Ky. log outline, bark si lis spoon, bone prepared awls, spatulas, ant­ ler flaker, Adena Stemmed blade Burial 17, log, Copper ring, bone near left none bark-covered; drift, Bone awls, shoulder feet removed turtle and shell spoons, "arrow point" Wright mound 6, Burial 8, adult, Bone comb, tubular at right elbow A.D. 270 Montgomery Co., Ky. log box, bark stone pipes, bone prepared, pud­ spatulas, stone dled clay, spatula tertiary mound Wright mound 7, Burial 2, crema­ Rectangular formal none Montgomery Co., Ky. tion on mound tablets; bone flaker floor

Table 1 Radiocarbon Dates on Adena Bone Combs

Mound Provenience Material Radiocarbon Date Corrected (MASCA) Rock Riffle Run, Athens Co., Ohio Burial 7 Human bone 440 B.C. 60 430 B.C. Ricketts mound, Montgomery Co., Ky. Burial 13 Human bone 308 B.C. 55 390 B.C. C. L. Lewis stone mound, Shelby Co., Indiana Burial 26 Human bone 80 B.C. 75 A.D. 20-40 Wright mound 6, Montgomery Co., Ky. Burial 13 Charcoal A.D. 210 140 A.D. 270

11 Fig. 1 Bone combs from the Adena mound, Ross Co., Ohio. The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.

Fig. 2 Primary burial. Adena mound, Ross Co. Photo courtesy of Martha Otto. The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.

Fig. 3 Close-up of primary burial cache, Adena mound, Ross Co., Ohio. Bone comb lying on edge, to right and above formal tablet and beaver incisors: bone awls lie on left tibia, cache blades at feet. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus.

12 -rjJfpi

Fig 4 Bone combs from Rock Riffle Run Fig. 5 Bone combs from C. L. Lewis stone mound, Shelby Co., Indiana. mound, Athens Co., Ohio.

Fig. 6 Burials 13 and 14, Ricketts mound, Montgomery Co., Kentucky.

•fch

Fig 7 Bone comb associated with Burial 13, Ricketts mound, Montgomery Co., Kentucky

13 1. (Tiell) The Hall Birdstone pictured actual size. Note the highly polished surface. The Hall Birdstone by William W. Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

The illustrated birdstone is from the col­ 2). The groove would allow a hafting cord lection of the late Joseph C. Hall Sr. (1878- to pass under the base and help keep the 1973) of Lakewood, Ohio. This history is birdstone rigid. The restricted movement from verbal contact with him and' his son would lessen wear on the perforation. Joseph C. Hall Jr. The nose tip was slightly fractured and The birdstone resided in their collection salvaged. The area is smoothly polished with for 1-1/2 decades. In 1948 it had been ob­ only a slight indication of a jaw. The impor­ tained from a farmer in Braceville Township, tance of the head is noted by the incised Trumbull County, Ohio. The farmer had found mouth. It had evidently been added when it on his farm. In reference it will be called the fractured nose was salvaged. The mouth the Hall Birdstone as the discovers name is a very thin engraved line added above (the farmer) will probably remain forever the fractured area. It is approximately .037" unknown. wide and .25" long. It extends around the The Hall Birdstone is made from a dark nose and into a section of the fractured area blackish slate that is highly polished. There (see photograph 3). This finely engraved are several small abrasions on one side which mouth is more prevalent on the anamal type appear more recent. These scratches have birdstone. Approximately 51.9% of the in­ removed the patina and polish. The birdstone cised mouth birdstones are of this type. length size is 3-7/16" which falls into a middle Both front and rear perforations have been range for this type. Its shape is sometimes broken and salvaged in a similar manner. A referred to as the animal or chubby type. new hole was made on each side above the The fat rounded body is semi-ovate in cros- old drilling. The bottom holes were then section, with a small head and thin neck that extended until converging with the newer stretches upwards. side drillings. These new salvaged perfora­ One of its features is a concave base. tions are more conical in comparsion to the The base is slightly hollow in a lengthwise first ones. The original bridges were ex­ direction—a rarer characteristic that appears tremely thin. The new ones measure .090" more on this type birdstone (see photograph thick (front) and .085" thick (rear) at the thin-

14 est points. The bridges are among the most accented with the incised mouth and salvaged delicate to be viewed on any birdstone. (see perforations. photograph 3 and 4) These weak bridges could indicate very little stress was antici­ pated in use—or perhaps the drill positioning HALL, JOSEPH C. SR., Verbal communation. was missjudged. HALL, JOSEPH C. JR., Verbal communation. MILLS, WILLIAM C, Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Hall Collection (which is now dis­ TIELL, WILLIAM W., Ohio Archaeologist, The In­ persed) had several very outstanding artifacts. cised Mouth Birdstone, Volumne 25, No. 3. Among them was the Hall Birdstone. Its TOWNSEND, EARL O, Birdstones of the North graceful, fluent lines seem even more American Indian.

2. (Tiell) Above photograph. Bottom view showing the concave base.

3. (Tiell) Right photograph. Close-up of head showing line of incised mouth and salvaged nose tip.

4. (Tiell) Bottom left photograph. Close-up of rear perforation showing the double salvage drilling.

5. (Tiell) Bottom right photograph. Close-up of front perforation showing the weak bridge.

15 The Effigy Platform Pipes of the Hopewell People by Don R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

The effigy tobacco pipes of the Hopewell Other outstanding specimens are the sandhill mound-building culture are among the finest crane pipe which bears a crest of red feathers, examples of Stone Age art. Executed in the indicated in red pigment, and the long-extinct images of amphibians, birds, animals, and the Carolina paroquet. human head, many are so exquisitely fas­ The tobacco pipes of the Hopewell culture hioned and so realistic that one readily recog­ are known archaeologically as the "platform nizes various species of birds and animals. style." One end of the platform is drilled with The skill and artistry of the Hopewellian com­ a hole which connects with the previously pares faborably with today's master engraver. drilled bowl cavity standing upright on its He was also a close observer of nature. For center. The other end of the platform served example, the overlapping feather effect and as a handhold. the minutely incised lines on the bird pipes The Hopewell people evolved as a highly are drawn with precision and remarkable ac­ artistic resident culture about the time of curacy. Some were ornamented with eyes Christ. They lived mainly in Ohio and Illinois. set with copper or pearls. It is thought that their effigy pipes were sym­ Among the many effigy pipes obtained from bols of their reverence for and communication the Tremper mound in Scioto County, Ohio, with nature since very few show evidence of are such interesting specimens as the barred having actually been smoked. To our knowl­ owl with head turned as he looks to the rear, edge, their overall quality and remarkable the raccoon with its front paw inserted in a expression of life-like characteristics has not crawfish hole as he reaches for his favorite been equalled by other groups of prehistoric tidbit, and the otter holding a captured fish. peoples living in the Midwest.

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Peregrine falcon pipe from Tremper mound. (Courtesy of Ohio Historical Society).

16 Trophy Axe From Ashland County, Ohio by John R. Heath Box #82 Sullivan, Ohio 44880

While surface hunting one of my favorite This axe is 7-1/8 in. long, 2-7/8 in. wide multicomponent sites along the headwaters and 1-9/16 in. thick at the center ridge. The of the east branch of the Black River, in Sul­ weight is 1 lb. 5oz. It is made of honey colored livan twp. Ashland Co., Ohio, I found this quartzite. large trophy axe pictured in (Fig. 1). This is a rare find for Ashland Co.

Fig. 1 (Heath) Obverse and reverse of Trophy Axe from Ashland Co.. Ohio. Photo by Jim Yost.

17

Authorship of Squier and Davis' Map of the Marietta Earthworks: A Belated Correction James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society

It is well known that Squier and Davis in a head. Davis, upon learning that he would their classic Ancient Monuments of the Mis­ not be included as coauthor, had already sissippi Valley, first published in 1848 by the written an angry, hurt letter (September 22, Smithsonian Institution as the initial volume 1847) that marked the beginning of the end of their Contributions To Knowledge, relied of his friendship with Squier. Whittlesey, upon the work of several other Ohio anti­ shocked to find no mention of previous quarians, notably S. P. Hildreth, James workers in the field, including himself, wrote McBride, and Charles Whittlesey. It is per­ a stinging letter to Squier (December 6, 1847) haps less known that Squier, who did the and also wrote to McBride, suggesting that actual writing of the memoir, was somewhat his work would not be properly acknowledge negligent in acknowledging the use of the in the impending Smithsonian Insitution pub­ notes and maps of these other archaeologists lication. McBride appears to have taken the and that before the "memoir" was finally matter in stride, though a friend of his wrote a published even he and Dr. E. H. Davis had letter highly critical of Squier to the Cincin­ become so estranged over acknowledgement nati Gazette. McBride did make certain that and rights to the artifact collection that Squier full credit would be given to him and the seriously considered legal action. people who helped him survey his sites in the Squier and Davis actively solicited the aid Smithsonian memoir, and, to be fair to Squier, of Hildreth, McBride, Whittlesey, and other it should be pointed out that he did give full antiquarians of the state, as shown by cor­ credit to the surveyors and delineators of the respondence in the E. G. Squier collection at maps used in Ancient Monuments of the the Library of Congress. Davis, who through­ Mississippi Valley. He was even able to mol­ out displays a greater concern with proper lify Whittlesey with a "long and candid letter" acknowledgement of others' work, asks (June (December 11,1847) and get him to agree to 18, 1846) "What do you propose to do with "put right" the matter with Joseph Henry, our friend McBride's labours, etc.? Would it secretary of the Smithsonian, and with the not be well to get his paintings and his con­ American Ethnological Society, to both of sent to use them for this work?" He was also which institutions Whittlesey had expressed (June 15, 1846) concerned about credit due his mind. himself: "My good fellow, amidst all your Although Whittlesey averred that he was success, don't forget your friend at home. "not particularly sensitive in matters of this Meet (sic) out to him equal credit and a due sort," no one familiar with his life and work share of the honours, etc." can fully accept the statement, for Whittlesey McBride gave consent to Davis the follow­ was always extremely sensitive regarding ing month and Whittlesey in the winter of criticism and proper acknowledgement of his 1846, though complications prevented his own "contributions to knowledge"; in fact, his furnishing any detailed information until July, actions in this particular instance belie his 1847. By that time, Squier was hard at work words. It is all the more remarkable, there­ writing what was to be the preliminary report fore, that he let Squier publish the survey of published by the American Ethnological So­ the extensive Marietta earthworks (Figure 1) ciety, and Davis was admonishing in him under his name, for the work was not actually (July 1, 1847) that "We must put McBride's done by Whittlesey. Squier, it should be name to all of his surveys, state their location noted, gives Whittlesey ample credit, enough on the plates. I understand that the old man to make up for any previous slight: "The map has expressed some fears that he will not here presented is drawn from a careful sur­ receive the credit that he is entitled to." vey of these works, made in 1837, by Charles With publication of Squier's Observations Whittlesey, Esq., Topographical Engineer of on the Aboriginal Monuments of the Missis­ the State, under the law authorizing a Geo­ sippi Valley by the American Ethnological logical and Topographical Survey of Ohio. It Society in November, 1847, matters came to has never been published; and its fidelity, in

20 every respect, may be relied on . . . The topo­ Mapping the Marietta earthworks seems to graphy of the map, and the accompanying have been Curtis' only venture into arch­ sections, are features which every intelligent eology. Graduating from West Point in 1831, inquirer will know how to appreciate." he was employed as an engineer on construc­ This "Squier and Davis" or "Whittlesey" tion of the National Road. In April 1837 he survey of the Marietta works was actually became chief engineer of the Muskingum performed by Samuel R. Curtis. Whittlesey River improvement project, serving until May did not get around to acknowledging this fact 1839. He resigned as adjutant-general of until nearly forty years later when, in 1885, Ohio in order to fight in the Mexican War, he revised his "Ancient Earth Forts of the later moving to Iowa, served in Congress, Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio", originally published where he promoted the Pacific Railroad, and in 1871 as Tract 5 of the Western Reserve was made a major-general during the Civil Historical Society. This revision was never War, being in charge of the Department of the published, but Whittlesey's handwritten re­ Missouri. Following the war he was appointed vision of his account of previous investiga­ to a commission examining the construction tions in Ohio has been preserved. To his of the Union Pacific railroad and died in 1866, discussion of Squier and Davis' work, he while engaged in this work. appended the following statement: "My friend and classmate the late Gen. Samuel R. Curtis in 1838, while a Civil Engineer of the State and engaged upon the Muskingum improve­ ment, made a complete survey of these REFERENCES works, including profiles of the elevations Squier, Ephraim George and ditches. This plat he placed in my hands, 1847 Observations on the aboriginal monu­ which disappeared with my other plans of ments of the Mississippi Valley. New 1839-40. A copy was furnished to Mr. Squier York: Bartlett & Welford, 79 p. Squier, Ephraim George and Edwin Hamilton Davis (page 73) which by mistake he has credited 1848 Ancient monuments of the Mississippi to me, an error which has not hitherto been Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to corrected." Knowledge, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.

i Jfe V : m//Wm,,;HyMfe- '"-SSI 'liK OHIO. . • ;•:, _.*> Siu-vyer /837, . : ;|g. ?7/JJ111J^BHIH •3MNB

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22 Burins by H. C. Barker, North Lewisburg, Ohio

These two burins were found in northeast and wood into a wide range of new tools and Champaign County. They are flat, narrow im­ objects, such as needles, harpoons, spear plements with a sharp, strong corner or point throwers, bracelets, and beads. The speci­ and beveled edge. They were used for chisel­ men on the left is 2-3/8 inches long while the ing, etching, and shaping bone, antler, ivory one on the right is 3 inches long.

23 Bone Jewelry of Prehistoric Man by Gary H. Morrison, Rt. 2, Huntinburg, Ind.

Being an artist, the appreciation of prehis­ it I noticed the point of a possible bone awl toric artifacts will remain with me for the rest sticking out about 2 inches. I carefully ex­ of my life. I enjoy studying all of the artifacts, posed it and was delighted to see a beauti­ but my favorites have to be the bone objects fully engraved bone pin. It is 4 inches long that these people designed for use as tools and is preserved very well (Fig. 1 e). and ornaments. Later, in November, 1976,1 was excavating For several years after I started collecting, three infant burials on a small site, and dis­ I had to admire the bone awls, needles, and covered on the middle burial a group of bone ornaments of other collectors. Then in August pins and one projectile point. The bone pins of 1974, while working on a 10-foot square included an unengraved raccoon radius bone excavation unit in a small shell midden, I pin (Fig. 3f), a broken decorated raccoon located a bone needle and bone bead at the radius bone pin (Fig. 3g), and a raccoon penis 21 inch level (Fig. 1a, b). The soil conditions bone (Fig. 3h). The projectile point (Fig. 3i) were such that these particular artifacts were probably represents a Middle or Late Archaic in excellent condition. The needle and bead culture and is comparable to the shell mound were within 6 inches of each other and were culture's projectile points. As I worked on the located in the upper third of a pit. The needle smallest infant I uncovered a matched pair is 3-3/4 inches long and the bead is 1 inch of bone pins expertly engraved in a well pre­ long by 3/4 inch wide. The hole through the served condition (Fig. 2j). They are made from bead has a diameter of 1/2 inch. Finding a the split halves of a deer radius bone (possi­ bone artifact polished and expertly designed ble the halves of the same bone) and are is one thing, but to find one with an elaborate, 7-1/2 inches long. The burials contained red coordinated engraving on it is to me a once ochre and were 48 inches deep. The large in a lifetime occurance. Not only is this en­ pins were located near the feet of the burial graving neat and precise, but it is coordinated and could possibly have been placed as orna­ so that as the artifact is turned, the reverse ments on a cradle board. side is upside down (Fig. 2). As my excava­ I realize that my photographs do very little tions proceeded at the site, I found other justice to the actual artifacts, but I hope that broken needles, several of which had been this article and the bone pins described can engraved (Fig. 1d). be appreciated by other collectors of these Then in the spring of 1975 it happened to valuable items. I also hope that other collec­ me again. This time I was walking along a site tors reading this article might write me if they that is being washed out by a river. Several have found engraved bone beads like that people had already been there so I took a described in my report. quick look along the bank. As I walked near Fig. 1 (Morrison) Bone artifacts from Indiana.

Fig. 2 (Morrison) Design engraved on bone bead.

Fig. 3 (Morrison) Bone artifacts and flint point from Indiana.

25 Destruction of the Granville Hilltop Fort, Licking County, Ohio James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society

In 1847, in addition to the famous "Opos­ identification. They note that "Unlike all other sum" or "Alligator" effigy mound at the east hill-works which have fallen under notice, end of Granville, Licking County, E.G. Squier the ditch occurs outside of the wall (though and E.H. Davis also described an interesting their map indicates that the reverse is true of "fortified hill" about two miles east of Gran­ the small circle occurring inside the fort). The ville, within a half mile of "The Alligator". two small mounds within the earth circle were Squier and Davis' map of the site is repro­ found to contain "altars", which were covered duced in Figure 1. with ashes, intermixed with small fragments This site was, until recently, located on the of pottery. Squier and Davis believed that the ridge immediately behind the residence at earthwork was defensive and, noting that Bryn Du Farms, and in August, 1975, through this is the only hill top fort to enclose a sacred the courtesy of Mrs. Sallie Jones Sexton, I circle, they concluded that "conceding what was permitted to surface hunt the site. It was can hardly admit of doubt, that the minor then high in corn and heavily overgrown with structure had a sacred or superstitious origin, weeds. In places along the western edge of we must of necessity arrive at the conclusion the hill, the wall and ditch of the enclosure that the altars of the ancient people some­ were still discernible. No trace of the mounds times accompanied their defences." or central enclosure were apparent. Results More to the point, the small amount of of the survey, in which every open space of material retrieved from the Bryn Du Farms ground was carefully scanned, were meager: site strongly suggests that the mounds were one bipitted erratic cobble of acidic feldspar Adena. Although aware that Adena Plain pot­ porphyry, a small sherd of Adena Plane pot­ tery can be confused with similar Middle and tery (crushed igneous rock temper) 5.6mm Late Woodland plain ceramics, I think that thick, and 27 flint chips (high quality Flint identification as Adena seems probable and Ridge, 22; impure Vanport chert, 1; Upper is buttressed by the nature of the site (i.e., Mercer flint, 3; unidentified, 1). Eleven of the a "sacred circle" surrounding two of the Flint Ridge chips had been burned. Only one mounds), the lack of Middle Woodland blade- chip, a blocky spall of crinoidal Vanport chert lets while other types of flake utilization are showed evidence of use; one side of it had comparatively common, and by the site loca­ been used as a scraper. tion on a hilltop, a mile away from Raccoon Subsequent to the recent sale of Bryn Du Creek. Although the nearby "Opossum" effigy Farms, this site has been cleared and leveled mound has been assigned to the Hopewell for housing construction. In July, 1977, Mr. culture on the basis of a piece of mica (Bern- Harold Keene, Newark, Ohio and the writer hart 1976), there is no compelling reason to visited the site, immediately following a heavy accept this idea, especially since mica is rain. No trace of the mounds or enclosure relatively common in Adena mounds. Several remained, and much of the original surface Middle Woodland sites were discovered dur­ had been covered with fill. Collecting under ing the author's field survey of Raccoon excellent surface conditions yielded only the Creek in 1975, but these are restricted to the following: one thick, crude blade of Upper glacial outwash terraces along the creek and Mercer flint showing slight use as an end are marked by more diagnostic items (blade- scraper, five thin amorphous lamellar flakes lets, Mankers-like points, and Middle Wood­ of Flint Ridge flint showing slight use as land pottery) than mica. scrapers, and 65 unutilized chips (Upper Mer­ cer, 5; Flint Ridge, 56; unidentified, 4). Thir­ teen of the unutilized Flint Ridge flakes show REFERENCES evidence of burning. Chippage was most common on the highest part of the ridge, the Bernhardt, Jack E. locus of the mounds. 1976 A Preliminary Survey of Middle Wood­ land Prehistory in Licking County, Ohio. Squier and Davis' original description of Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 46, this site provides few clues as to its cultural nos. 1-2, pp. 39-54.

26 AT?1.

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NEAR GRA NVILLE . • Z&A -J&xS-yj-.r.: LICKIHb COUNTY OH/0. SurriyJ iy E. Ct.SyuUr o«ilE H. Davit /J47. r u -•,....,,.#.

Fig. / Squir and Davis' (IS47) map of the Bryn Du earthworks

27 /. (Tiell) The top view of two birdstones photographed actual size. Among the many similarties is integrated banding into the basic design.

2. (Tiell) The obverse side of the same birdstones showing the underjaw fluting and conical drilling Actual size.

28 Prehistoric Duplicates

by William W. Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

Similarties can often be seen within the tian Mythology), griffin or Bacchus (Greek bannerstone, the gorget and the pendant mythology). catagories. The often mentioned "prototype" These two slate stone birdstones repel the is very much in evidence in these three areas. idea of early man copying the shape of a In prototyping birdstones, many remain in­ living creature, and falling short. However dividually independent — they contain a it does show an intelligent, sensitive man combination of similar features and unlike closely duplicating his god-like images. These features. The two pictured birdstones (animal were not just random sculptures but a basic, type) are so close in feature similarties detailed, individual shape. Its shape and use that they seem more than a "prototype" had a very restricted meaning. To duplicate association. the birdstone would be a way of continuing The top photograph (1. actual size) shows and expanding its function and usefulness. the overall forms as being very similar to each The larger of the two pieces was found in other. The size difference in length is 13/16". Delaware County, Ohio. It is in the Cameron Both have the same protruding eyes, pointed Parks collection and is pictured in Warren K. beak and a ridge through the center decreas­ Moorheads, Stone Ornaments, Page 409. It ing toward the tail. The banding, on each one, is also pictured in Earl Townsend's, Bird­ is integrated into the design creating a dra­ stones of the North American Indian, page matic striping. The bottom photograph (2. 623. actual size) shows each of the flat undersides. The smaller birdstone was found in Berrien They are grooved by tapering flute running Co., Michigan. It is in the William Tiell collec­ from the nose to the front perforation (similar tion and was formally in the Roger Mayne fluting, of the underjaw, appears in Ft. An­ collection. It was purchased on November 7, cient effigy pipes). The perforations are posi­ 1976. tioned the same and drilled in a one faced, These duplicated birdstones were found conical manner ("Adena Type"). approximately 200 miles apart—well within With all these similarities it's possible that the migratory distance of early man. the same artisan had manufactured the two pieces. The same representive effigy has been copied with its identical idol-like fea­ REFERENCES tures. These characteristics could represent Moorhead, Warren K. Stone Ornaments a turtle or frog (with the fluted jaw) or a com­ Parks, Cameron, Personnel communication. bination of bird, reptile, mammel or anphi- Townsend Earl, Birdstones of the North American bian, e.g. a gargoyle, unicorn, Horus (Egyp­ Indian.

29 Two Coshocton County Finds By Richard L. Gregory, 15441 Johnson Rd., Lisbon, Ohio

The two artifacts in the accompanying ing edge is on the left rather than the right photographs were found while surface hunt­ side. The other artifacts is a finely chipped ing near Warsaw in Coshocton County. The knife of high quality Upper Mercer flint from shaft scraper is made of gream and light blue the Coshocton deposits. Both pieces are ap­ Flint Ridge flint. It is unusual in that the scrap- proximately 3 inches long.

Fig. 1 (Gregory) llafted shaft scraper of Flint Ridge flint Fig. 2 (Gregory) Finely chipped knife of Coshocton flint with cutting edge on left.

A Champaign County Mortar by Mrs. Calvin Rutan Mechanicsburg, Ohio

This mortar, weighing 7-3/4 pounds was found while surface hunting in a plowed field north of Mechanicsburg in the spring of 1975. Although interested in Ohio's first residents, I was not a member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio at the time and had never seen a mortar. The unusual stone lay on the porch steps for more than a year. Mr. and Mrs. Cliff Barker of North Lewisburg identi­ fied the stone when they presented a program on Indian artifacts for my Conservationists 4-H Club. Needless to say, the mortar is no longer on the front steps. A Mississippian Elbow Pipe by R. L. Harter Delaware, Ohio

elbow pipe shown in figures 1 and jinally found by Kermit Rhotan of io, and is now in the collection of nale, also of Radnor. The pipe was y Mr. Rhoton in the mid 1950's, while riing trip along the Olentangy River Irn Delaware County. The Olentangy tins into the Delaware Reservoir and e winter and spring the water level

Fig. 1 (Harter) Full length view of the Mississippian elbow pipe.

Fig. 2 (Harter) Close up view showing the decorated bowl.

31 An Odd Gorget by Don Casto, Lancaster, Ohio

This gorget was sold in the dispersal sale However, the sides are perpendicular rather of the Meuser collection. The provenience is than slanted and the piece is highly engraved given as follows: Deeds Mills, 3 mi. south of —a feature rarely found in any Adena gorgets. Lancaster, Fairfield County — catalogue In addition it has grooves along each of the 3329/5. flat sides which are similar to those seen in The gorget is unusual in that it does not fall some Fort Ancient pipes. The material is buff within the normal gorget types. It is reminis­ and red sandstone and is one which is not cent of the semi-keeled Adena type and is unusual for either Adena or Fort Ancient. It drilled in the same fashion as Adena gorgets. is 3-1/2 inches in length.

•T*« • * • -

Fig. 1 (Casto) Three views of a sandstone gorget. Note engraving along each side as well as on the upper surface.

32 * % » • •ft . % *

* a. * * - *• -

Two Pipes From The Meuser Collection By Don Casto, Lancaster, Ohio

These two pipes were collected By Dr. Gordon Meuser. Two views are shown of a modified Adena tubular type which is from Hamilton County, Ohio. It is 4 in. long. The unfinished platform pipe is Hopewell and is made of sandstone. It is from Fairfield County and is 2-3/4 inches long.

33 Incised Bars by Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

Very little is known about these curious No two incised bars are ever exactly alike. objects and they are among the scarcest of They vary both in size and shape and the all stone artifacts. Seven incised bars were incising may be found in many forms. This pictured by Smith (Ohio Archaeologist, 1959) incising—which is actually deep grooving— all of which were from northern Ohio. Smith's does not fall into any sort of recognizable assertion that they were more common in pattern and usually consists of longitudinal southern Ohio is not borne out by examina­ or transverse grooves or even notches along tion of surface collections. In fact, other than the edges. Several of them have pronounced the bars pictured by Smith, all the incised notches at the center indicating that they may bars ever seen by the author have come from have been hafted while others show no sign Franklin County and northward. In the illus­ of having been fastened to anything. They tration is a bar found by Jon Ritchie in Frank­ are almost always fairly crude and flat on the lin County in 1977 while another recent sur­ bottom with haphazard incising on the upper face find came from Richland County. surface. Most have excurvate sides and The cultural affiliation of these bars is un­ squared or pointed ends. known although it was speculated by Morse The function of incised bars, as is the case (Ohio Archaeologist, 1961) that an example with many stone and slate artifacts, is com­ from a Hopewellian village site in Illinois may pletely unknown. have been Hopewellian in origin. They have Although slate, granite, and hematite were not been reported from Hopewell sites in used as raw materials most of them are made Ohio and the bar Morse pictures seems to of sandstone. differ considerably from Ohio examples.

Fig 1 (Converse) Incised sandstone bar found in Franklin County, Ohio, by Jon Ritchie of Hilliard. It is made of compact sandstone and is 3 inches long.

34 Prehistoric Dugout Discovered by Lar Hothem, 65 Oberle Ave., Carroll, Ohio

A major archaeological find was made last The Ohio dugout will undergo a chemical winter, one that all Ohioans can one day view bath over a period of months, which will re­ with pride. A prehistoric dugout boat was place in the oak with a wax-like preservative. found in Northcentral Ohio, the first believed Carbon-14 tests and pollen analysis are to be to have been recovered in the continental completed. It is expected that eventually the United States. dugout—which may be considered more a The story: Donald and Mary Ringler, own­ boat than a canoe—will go on public display. ers of Savannah Lake about 20 miles north The dugout seems to be a unique prize, of Mansfield, Ohio, were having the edges telling us much about the use of stone tools of the Lake dredged. The equipment operator and woodworking techniques and prehistoric was Harold H. Slessman and the date was transportation and certainly much more. It Nov. 30, 1976. also would seem that the dugout is the largest Mr. Slessman, operating the dragline at prehistoric wooden artifact ever found. about 4 feet, thought at first he had struck a large log with the bucket. However, it had engulfed the prow of the dugout and pulled the craft toward the operator, preventing damage to the dugout. The craft was large, measuring 22-1/2 feet long, 3-1/4 feet wide, and with a depth of 30 inches. It had been constructed from a single, mammoth oak log, and the waterlogged boat was estimated to weigh about 1200 pounds. The top sides were about 3 inches thick, tapering to about 8 inches near the bottom. Following the discovery, the Cleveland Mu­ seum of Natural History was contacted. Dr. David Brose, Curator of Archaeology for the Museum, came to the site. He studied the craft and announced to the news media that it was probably 2000 to 3000 years old, which would place it as Early Woodland. The craft was removed from the Lake—Mr. Slessman used a 4-inch nylon sling around the dugout—and it was trucked to Cleveland for preservation work. The fine condition of the craft is attributed to very acidic waters. This, the result of much dead vegetation in the lake, retarded the growth of decay-pro­ ducing bacteria. That, and the shortage of oxygen, meant that the craft was found very nearly as the early Amerinds had left it. Dr. Brose stated that only two other dug­ outs have been found in North America, both in Ontario, Canada. Neither was as well- preserved as the Savannah Lake discovery, according to Dr. Brose. (Note. The writer has a clipping several years old about a smaller wood dugout that was supposedly found by two young men in the backwaters of a Southwestern U.S. river. No follow-up information was available, so that possible additional discovery remains Fig. I (Hothem) Drawing of prehistoric dugout canoe. unverified.) Illustration by Doug Bailey.

35 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and pro­ mote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, mu­ seums, and institutions of learning, and to dissemi­ nate knowledge on the subject of archaeology Membership in this society shall be open to any pefson of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues