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Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Burtner, Marcus Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 04:13:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268613 CRAFTING AND CONSUMING AN AMERICAN SONORAN DESERT: GLOBAL VISIONS, REGIONAL NATURE AND NATIONAL MEANING by Marcus Alexander Burtner ____________________________________ copyright © Marcus Alexander Burtner 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Marcus A. Burtner entitled “Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature, and National Meaning.” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Katherine Morrissey ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Douglas Weiner ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jeremy Vetter ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jack C. Mutchler Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Dissertation Director: Katherine Morrissey 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED Marcus A. Burtner 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I arrived in the Sonoran Desert through the generosity of many people whom I now acknowledge. First, my birth family, Judy, Les, Matthew, Garrett, and Jesse continually inspire me toward new goals. They all provide motivating examples through their extraordinary lives. They are part of a wider ring of my amazing family who shape my expectations and provide support and love. Second, I want to thank my academic family. Many people helped my along the way. I had a great senior thesis advisor in the late Reese Kelly at Fort Lewis College. The Faculty and students of Northern Arizona College welcomed me back into academia after nearly a decade of knocking about North America. Professors Michael Amundson, Susan Deeds, Cynthia Kosso, Eric Meeks, George Lubick, Scott Reese, and Margaret Morley created a productive and provocative environment that I will always treasure. David Neshiem, Jon Olivera, Beth Moser, and a host of other peers helped make Flagstaff an exciting home and intellectual hotbed. I owe a special debt to Mike Amundson who bravely oversaw a thesis on Alaskan salmon by asking “how would you explain this idea if we were talking about bison?” He also introduced me to Katherine Morrissey who is the real reason I found myself studying the desert in Tucson. Katherine oversaw my introduction to the Sonoran Desert with a National Park Service project on Saguaro National Park. She keeps opening doors and inviting me to succeed and I thank her for all these opportunities and support. She is a great mentor and has been the motor of my PhD program. She shaped much that is good in this document and in my practice of history. I also wish to thank my professors and peers, Kevin Gosner, Doug Weiner, Jeremy Vetter, Roger Nichols, Michael Schaller, Ben Irvin, J. C. Mutchler, Neil Prendergast, Risha Druckman, Sigma Colon, Ian Draves, Amy Grey, Mary Kovel, James Lockhart, Megan Prins, Tyler Ralston, Vikas Rathee, Robbie Scott, Robbin Zenger and many others who wove history and fun into a Tucson life. A special thanks to Gina Wasson and Vicky Parker for all their help and support. Finally, thanks to Barbara Burtner who also dared to move to the Sonoran Desert, re-invent her life, and create our family. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….7 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………9 INTRODUCTION: CONSUMING AND PRODUCING SONORAN DESERT NATURE………………………………………………………………………………...10 Historiography…………………………………………………………………...12 Sonoran Desert…………………………………………………………………..24 Description of the Work…………………………………………………………27 CHAPTER 1: METAPHORS OF PLACE UNDER THE CACTUS FLAG……………33 Southern Deserts: American Encounters with the Lower Sonoran……………...33 Overwriting a Region: From Pimeriá Alta to U.S. Southern Desert…………….38 Cacti as Global Commodities……………………………………………………44 Acting out a Geography of American Conquest………………………………...46 Remapping the Known World…………………………………………………...52 Focusing the Imperial Gaze with the Language of Natural Science……………..59 Placing Cacti in their Regional Context………………………………………….63 The Global Vision: Displacing Cacti into Exotic Lands………………………...68 CHAPTER 2: A COLONIAL SENSE OF TIME, SONORAN DESERT ANTIQUITY……………………………………………………72 The Human Metrics of Civilization……………………………………………...73 Histories Brought to Bear on Antiquities………………………………………..75 Human Origins and Historical Musings…………………………………………76 Crafting the Sonoran Desert’s Ethnographic Present…………………………....93 Sonoran Desert Encounters and Colonial Analogies…………………………….96 The Emerging Sonoran Desert Archive………………………………………...104 CHAPTER 3: FRIENDLY AND FAMILIAR NATURE: ESTABLISHING THE CONNECTIONS AND COLLECTIONS OF AN AMERICAN SONORAN DESERT, 1880-1910…………………………………………………………………..109 An American place in the desert……………………………………………….109 Sonoran Desert Nature in National Histories…………………………………..113 Collecting cacti and selling meaning…………………………………………...118 Saturation studies: Federal scientists remap the Sonoran Desert………………122 Local centers for constructing the Region……………………………………...136 The Desert Botanical Lab………………………………………………………143 Translating Nineteenth-Century Paper Deserts into Desert Science…………...145 A homeland through desert research…………………………………………...153 CHAPTER 4: CRAFTING AND CONSUMING THE SONORAN DESERT………155 North American Deserts: The Research Agenda………………………………160 Tumamoc Hill Labscape……………………………………………………….161 Desert Basins…………………………………………………………………...169 Papagueria………………………………………………………………………180 Crafting and Consuming the Sonoran Desert…………………………………..186 From Labscapes to Regional Description………………………………………187 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS – CONTINUED CHAPTER 5: DOMESTICATING SONORAN DESERT NATURE: CONSUMING CACTI AND PLANTING PROXY LANDSCAPES………………....189 Consuming Desert Nature as Identity…………………………………………..189 Sonoran Desert Proxy: Saguaro National Monument…………………………..191 Cactus Gardens: Metaphors of Place…………………………………………...192 The Garden of Papago-Saguaro National Monument-Proxy Landscape……….198 The Gardens of Saguaro National Monument-Proxy Landscapes……………..201 Cactus Forests ………………………………………………………………....208 Ecology and Islands in the Desert Sea…………………………………………213 Mountains as Desert Islands………………………………………………….. 215 Coalitions for Conservation……………………………………………………219 Managing the meaning of cacti…………………………………………………238 An American Sonoran Desert…………………………………………………..246 CONCLUSION: THE WORLD IN MINIATURE: SONORAN DESERT GLOBAL CONNECTIONS……………………………………………………………248 The world rhythm of desert hearts……………………………………………...251 Desert Lab Roots and Global Visions…………………………………………..258 Mapping World Cacti…………………………………………………………..263 Desert agriculture……………………………………………………………….268 The Joseph Wood Krutch Garden and the mysterious wandering boojum trees:A lesson in commemoration and commodification……………...272 APPENDIX A: FIGURES AND MAPS……………………………………………….279 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………297 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: A contemporary vision of the Sonoran Desert. Courtesy Arizona Sonora Desert Museum……………………………………………..279 Figure 2: Image of Apache and Saguaro, William Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance,1848……………………………………………...280 Figure 3: Pimeriá Alta, detail from Daniel Lizzar, 1833. Courtesy University of Texas, Arlington……………………………………………….281 Figure 4: Daniel Lizars, Mexico and Guatamala, depicting New Spain on the eve of Mexican Independence. Courtesy UT Arlington………………………...281 Figure 5: Detail from Alexander Von Humboldt's A Map of New Spain, 1810. Courtesy Special Collections Division, University of Texas at Arlington Libraries…..282 Figure 6: Emory's pre-expedition map intentionally blank. Courtesy University of Texas Arlington……………………………………………….282 Figure 7: Luxuriant Plants from Emory's Notes, 1848………………………………...283 Figure 8: John Russell Bartlett's Casas Grandes, UA Press, rights Pending, 1852……284
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