OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 35 NO. 4 FALL 1985

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

TERM Gordon Hart, 760 N Mam St., Bluffton, Indiana 46/14 EXPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS David J, Snyder, P O Box 388, Luckey, Ohio 43443 1986 President Don Gehlbach. 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Dr Phillip R Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 Ohio 43221 -Tele: Home 459-0808, Bus 888-3572 Robert Hartei. 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware Ohi, > 1986 Vice President Scott Haskins, 2160 Fitzroy Dr., Apt. A-6, Associate Editor, Maitha P Otto. Ohm Historical Society Columbus. Ohio Columbus, Ohio 43224-Tele: Home 476-4843 Jeft Csrskadden, 960 Eastward Circle. Colony Noi til 1986 Exec. Sect. Martha Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd„ Westerville, Zanesville. Ohio 43701 Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 846-7640, Bus 466-1500 Ext 256 1986 Treasurer Donald W. Foster, 54-E West Park St., Westerville, AII articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archeeoiogist should be sent lo the Editoi Memberships, requests lot back Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 891-7417 issues, changes of address, and othei matter should be sent to 1986 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal the business office Winchester, Ohio 43110-Tele: Home 837-4862 1986 Immediate Past President Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave.. PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY OF AD­ Westerville, Ohio 43081-Tele: Home 882-4176, DRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL Bus 890-3000 Ext 107 CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 1986 Editor Robert N Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio 43064-Tele: Home 873-5471, Bus. 873-4664 Editorial Office TRUSTEES 199 Converse Drive, Piam City, Ohio 43064 1986 Dana L Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd., 206, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340-Tele: Home 513-354-3951 BUS. MANAGER 1986 Michael W Schoenfeld, 524 Sycamore Dr, Pickerington, Joe Redick. 35 W Rivoicjlen Dr . Ohio 43147-Tele: Home 837-7088 Worthlngton, Ohio 43085 1986 Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44907- Tele: Home 419-756-8782 Membership and Dues 1986 Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Hts., Newcomerstown, Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $12 00, Ohio 43832-Tele: Home 498-7178, Bus. 498-7527 Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $13 00: Life member­ 1988 Alva McGraw. 1177 Eastern Ave, Chillicothe. Ohio 45601 - ship $300 00. Funds are used for publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. Tele: Home 773-4399 The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit 1988 Ernest G Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City, Ohio 43123- organization and has no paid officers or employees Tele: Home 875-6156 The Ohm Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription 1988 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, Ohio 43130- is included in the membership dui ••• Tele: Home 653-9477 Back Issues 1988 Frank Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd , Westerville. Ohio 43081 - Tele: Home 846-7640 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Regional Collaborators Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse ,.,..., $ 5.00 David W Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd , Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10 00 Charlai H Stout. Sr . 91 Redbank Drive. Fairborn. Ohio Back issues-black and white —each $ 4.00 Mark W Long. Box 467. Wellston. Ohio Back issues-four full color plates-each $ 4.00 Steven Kslley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave Lakewood. Ohio are generally out of print but copies are available from time to Robert Jackman, Box 30 Wellsvillo. Ohio 43968 time Write to business office for prices and availability James L Murphy, University Libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mall. Columbus, Ohio 43210

STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES

NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Ci inverse Chairman Maitna Otto. Chairman ji 'it Carskadi len Chairman Sti-ve t ullei Mike Schoenfeld Hi, I) || I ball,'is, ,n Jack Hi " ( Ji ihn Winsch Jeff Brown FLOOR MANAGER'S Wayne' M, II line James Murphy COMMITTEE Bob Hill ,n,, Dana Bake, Joy Ji s Don Casto Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Edith Campbell AUDITING COMMITTEE Jane Wen inei Chairman SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dave United 1 COMMITTEE Dl in I I Stl II (..ban man ihan m Putti ira R ib,'it Whit,i Craig Cn ila Mike, WMS' in R ibi 'it Converse! Chairman Roy Stuart Mik., Schoenfeld K, m Saundei -• Jell Carskai Iden EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Biiiy Hilien Martha Otto COMMITTEE TO STUDY Greg Shipley Scott Haskins BUDGETING Don Cast' i, Co-( haii man Wayne- M< n 11ri< • Fiank Otto Co-Cbaitman Kim EHlS Don Fostei Chairman Billy Hilleil Scotl Haskins RAFFLE COMMITTEE Jim Perry Jim Halm James Greenlee Chris Olenick. Chairman Eugenia Kish Jim Gooding Steve Olenick .i.r,, ,n Greenlee Dawn Wilson Jim Perry Warren Mears Jane Wei, Inei FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS Doug Hooks Buddy Haney (Joe Redick) COMMITTEE Scott Haskins EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE TO REVIEW Steve Puttera Steve Fuller, Co-ChaiimaCo n COMMITTEE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Roberl Converse, Co-chairman William King, Chairman D,,n BSPSl Craig Ciola Don Gehlbach. Co-Chairman William Tiell Robert Conversi Jefl f ruth Tom Grubb Dan Rosette Emu? Good James Gooding Jim Hahn Virginia MorelOCk Dorothy Good Martha otto Paul Foul Mark Seeley Lar Hothem TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page Fish Effigy Pipes 4 Another summer of A.S.O. shows is Three Surface Found Slate Pieces From Tuscarawas County 6 complete but not without leaving an enviable legacy that future summer Classic Hopewell Points 7 meetings will have a hard time surpas­ The Notched Ovate, A Rare Type Of Bannerstone 8 sing. Our best ever attended summer outing at the Newark, Ohio Mound- Two Slate Pieces From The Tolliver Collection 9 builders State Park attracted a large Some Thoughts On Archaic Bevels 10 variety of exhibits many on display for the first time. The Six River Valley and A Seneca County Fringed Pendant 11 Sycamore Run chapters, co-sponsors, should be commended on doing the leg- Sawn Slate 12 work which produced a superb event 1984 and 1985 Field Find Awards 12 under ideal weather conditions. Award winners were Ed Brison who presented ASO/OHS Archaeologists Work Together To Benefit Ohio Archaeology. . 13 an outstanding flint display and John Prehistoric Artifacts And Superstition In Europe 15 Rodgers with an exhibit of personally found stone tools. Both of these in­ An Interesting Shovel-shaped Pendant 16 dividuals are first time winners and are to be congratulated for their efforts. English Gunflints 17 Late in September we assembled in Hematite Artifacts 18 Tiffin for the second Seneca Arrow Hunters sponsored indoor show. Once A Large Seventeenth Century Historic Contact Interment again this was a "class" event with a full In The Cuyahoga Valley 20 house of exhibits, superior refresh­ ments (including homemade pies) and A Celt Of Unusual Material 29 great hospitality. Category award win­ Letters 29 ners were the McVetta brothers Bill and Bob with a fine slate pendant, gorget Comments On Gramly, Richards, and Lehberger 30 and bannerstone display and Jerry Bailey with an extensive collection of Flint Jack 30 flint all personally found since 1982. We A Week To Remember 31 thank all of the exhibitors at the four summer shows, and the meeting spon­ A Fine Adena Blade 32 sors for their contributions to our success The Williamson Site 32 story and especially "mother nature" for her total support. An Adena Adze 33 With our summer experience in mind let me offer a challenge to all chapters A D-Shaped Granite Bannerstone 33 of the A.S.O. In the coming months we Book Review 34 will have a number of state wide meet­ ings in Columbus at the Aladdin Shrine Occasional Publications In Northeastern Anthropology 35 Temple. Lets fill every table at these Pre-publication Sale (Charles H. Fairbanks Memorial Issue) 35 meetings with a large number of collec­ tor found displays just as we did at the summer events. Bring both your field finds and your site material. Your Presi­ dent will dedicate his special award to the best personally found collection at each of these meetings. Chapter Presi­ dents, encourage everyone in your group to participate. We can make each of our Columbus meetings a truly mem­ orable event with a large amount of material from every part of the state. See you in Columbus. D. R. Gehlbach

Front Cover Back Cover Hopewell point originally collected in Williams County, Fine granite bell pestle—collection of Mark and Ned Ohio, by Dr. Meuser. Made of Flint Ridge flint, 6% inches Shaw, New Holland, Pickaway County, Ohio. long. Collection of Steve Fuller, Stow, Ohio.

3 Fish Effigy Pipes By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

It was George A. West who observed effigy has a natural shape and pro­ of this effigy that gives me pause in in 1934 that, "As fish furnished a con­ nounced incised lines delineating scales, attempting to identify the fish it portrays. siderable portion of the food of the eyes, and mouth. Otherwise, the characteristics fall into American Indian, it is surprising that a The second of West's illustrated fish place for the white sucker, a fish which greater number of Fish Effigy Pipes effigies is shown in Figure 4. A steatite incidentally is found in streams and were not made by the aborigines of the pipe with broken stem, it features a lakes throughout much of eastern North eastern United States and Canada." round bowl with angular shoulders, and America including Ohio, Michigan, and (See West, I: 200.) In a recent article a spatulate handle in the shape of the the rest of the Great Lakes states. in the Ohio Archaeologist on "A Central tail of a fish. Described by West as an The numbers of fish effigy pipes are Ohio Fish-Effigy Pipe," William A. Steele "Effigy Handle Pipe" (200, 219, 732), a indeed few. The examples shown and noted that of some 295 effigy pipes pic­ description used as well for the one described in this article hopefully will tured in two decades of this magazine shown in Figure 3, it was found inSomers add to the awareness of a few more not and three decades of the Central States Township in Kenosha County, Wisconsin, previously featured in the pages of the Archaeological Journal the fish effigy and is now also part of the collection of Ohio Archaeologist. was represented only four times. (See the Milwaukee Public Museum. It mea­ Steele, 1985: 42.) In striking contrast, sures 87 millimeters in length, 21 milli­ Acknowledgements Steele counted 133 bird effigies, 30 hu­ meters in width. lam indebted to the Milwaukee Public man, 63 animal or amphibian (of which Third and last of West's fish effigy Museum for permission to reproduce the frog was most frequently encoun­ pipes is that shown in Figure 5. Fash­ photographically the fish effigy pipes tered), and 15 indeterminate in the ioned from ironstone or trap-rock, it was appearing on plates in George A. West's pages of those same journals. He asked collected by Theodore T Brown in Door Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Customs if the fish was portrayed so infrequently County, Wisconsin, and turned over to of the American Indians. I am also in­ "because of some ceremonial aspect, the Neville Public Museum. Measuring debted to Neil Allen and Kristina Kovalik, or simply because it was not viewed as 127 millimeters in length and 70 in width, curators of the collections in the Her­ an appealing subject?" As a staple in it displays a massive head, bulging eyes, itage Hall Museum, now at the Univer­ the diet of primitive man in nearly all a finely incised mouth, and enough sity of Arizona and the University of cultures and times, the humble fish (in­ ambiguity to pass for either a turtle or a Delaware respectively, for their many cluding shellfish) would seem not to fish. kindnesses in helping me to photograph have been ruled out for effigy represen­ There is nothing ambiguous about the the large stone effigy pipe from the tation on the basis of social or religious grayish-white fish effigy pipe repre­ Jacka Collection featured in this article. ceremonial use but rather for lack of sented in Figures 6 and 7. Part of the And, finally, I want to thank Dr. George appeal as a unique and exceptional William Jacka Collection in the Heritage McCormick of the Geology Department subject, about on the same level as a Hall Museum on the Marblehead Penin­ of the University of Iowa for his assist­ hickory nut or a cob of corn. Thus a sula at Lakeside, Ohio, it is an excellent ance in identification of mineral and rock primitive Hopewellian sculptor would example of a heavy effigy Mississippian materials and John H. Bowser and Ruth have no problem including a fish as an pipe. Weighing 1.14 kilograms (approxi­ S. Waggener of the Audiovisual Service object of food in his representation of a mately 2)4 pounds), it measures 210 of Miami University for their help with much more appealing otter (see Figure millimeters in length (about 83/ie inches), the photographic reproductions used in 1)oran intriguing great blue heron (see 115 millimeters in heightatthe bowl, 74 several of the illustrations Figure 2), but in each instance the prin­ millimeters in height on either side of cipal subject was the otter or the bird, the bowl, and 53 millimeters in width at References not the fish. (Both of these well-known mid-section. Inside measurement of the platform pipes were incidentally found bowl is 36 by 33 millimeters; outside is Gehlbach, Don R 1977 "The Massive Effigy Pipe Form: in the famed Tremper Mound in Scioto 51 by 45 millimeters. Museum records County, Ohio. See Otto, 1984: 28, 31.) An Enigma to Archaeological Re­ do notindicate itsorigin. It was fashioned search." Ohio Archaeologist, 27 (4): To the four fish effigy pipes located by from a massive piece of magnesium 20-21. (Highlights a sandstone fish Steele in the pages of the Ohio Archae­ silicate, curiously with the look and "feel" effigy pipe from Scioto County, ologist and the Central States Archae­ of steatite or soapstone on the side that Ohio.) ological Journal and the fifth featured in is highly polished (see Figure 6) but with Herbert, Paul A. his article on the sandstone fish effigy the appearance (though not the color) 1985 Great Lakes Nature Guide. Michi­ pipe found in Licking County, I should of serpentine or hydrated magnesium gan United Conservation Clubs, Lansing, Michigan. like to draw attention to several addi­ silicate on the opposite side, a side that Otto, Martha Potter tional, equally rare examples of fish is rather coarse and grainy (see Figure 7). 1984 "Masterworks in Pipestone: Trea­ effigy pipes. Three, all from Wisconsin, sure from Tremper Mound." Time­ are illustrated in West's monumental The fish effigy in the Jacka Collection line, 1 (1): 18-33. Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Customs appears to depict the white sucker (Cat- Steele, William A. of the American Indians. Figure 3 shows ostomus commersonnii), for it has a very 1985 "A Central Ohio Fish-Effigy Pipe." a fish effigy bowl made of red sandstone small, round mouth with a modestly Ohio Archaeologist, 35 (1): 42. with a ventral opening to admit a stem of underslung sucking lip and a single fin West, George A. wood or reed. According to West (200, on the back, in the center. (See Figure 1934 Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Cus­ 219, 732), this pipe was found in Prairie toms of the American Indians. 2 8.) According to Paul Herbert (1985:35), volumes. Published originally as a du Chien in Crawford County, Wisconsin, the depth (or heighth) of the white Bulletin of the Public Museum of and is part of the collection of the Mil­ sucker should be approximately one- the City of Milwaukee. Reprinted waukee Public Museum. Described as sixth its length. On the effigy it is about in 1970 by the Greenwood Press, 140 millimeters long and 53 wide, the one-third. That is the one characteristic Westport, Connecticut.

A Fig. I (Shriner) Otter with a fish in its mouth. One of eight otter pipes found by William C Mills in the Tremper Mound, Scioto County. Ohio. According to Otto (1984: 31). no less than five of the otter effigies found Fig. 5 (Shriver) Fish head or turtle head, this large ironstone or trap-rock in this single mound carried fish in their mouths! Now part of the collec­ effigy pipe from Door County. Wisconsin, is shown here courtesy of the tion of the Ohio Historical Society, this particular pipe of Ohio pipestone Milwaukee Public Museum. It is featured on Plate 129in West (II: 738-739). was featured in West's Plate 69 (II: 618-619) and is reproduced here with permission of the Milwaukee Public Museum.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Superb specimen of a heavy Mississippian pie, this fish effigy is a highlight of the Jacka Collection in the Heritage Hall Museum. Possibly depicting a white sucker, it is highly polished on its obverse side. The mouthpiece is at the tail of the fish. Fig. 2 (Shriver) Great blue heron eating a fish. Another of the Mills' discoveries in the Tremper Mound, this 3V4 inch pipe of Ohio pipestone was highlighted by West on Plate 64 (II: 608-609 and is reproduced here through the courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same pipe, showing coarse grainy texture in contrast to the obverse side. The pipe has been fashioned from a large piece of magnesium silicate. Fig. 3 (Shriver) Fish effigy handle pipe of red sandstone found in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. The bowl is in the mouth of the fish. The pipestem would enter the ventral or belly opening below the gill. The back part of the fish was held vertically when smoked. This photograph has been taken from Plate 126 of West (11: 732- 733) and is reproduced here courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum. Fig. 4 (Shriver) Another fish effigy handle pipe, this one has a spatulate handle in the shape of the tail of a fish. A break across the stem and bowl shows clearly the entry of the pipestem from the side and the use of the tail of the fish as a handle when the pipe was smoked. Found in Kenosha County, Wisconsin, the pipe is pictured on Plate 131 in West (II: 742-743) and is reproduced here by permission of the Milwaukee Public Museum in Fig. 8 (Shriver) Artist's rendering of a white sucker, or Catostomus whose collection it is to be found. commersonnii From Paul A. Herbert, Great Lakes Nature Guide, 35. Three Surface Found Slate Pieces From Tuscarawas County By Dave Farrow 838 Fair Ave., N.E., New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663

These three slate pieces were found was found by my wife, Lorraine, in May lections, it may be safe to assume the within a 300 yard radius over a ten year 1981. It is an oddity since it is notched trapezoidal pendant and gorget also be­ period of time and are unique in several adjacent to the perforation and has 77 long in an Adena category. Regardless ways. The elliptical gorget (Fig. 1 cen­ deep notches or tally marks along the of cultural affiliation, these three finely ter) I found in May of 1972, while sur­ edges. It also may be a reworked or made slate pieces stand as outstanding face hunting with Mr. Harold Everett of salvage piece. examples of early man's ability to work Gnadenhutten. It was obviously highly The bar gorget on the right surfaced banded slate. prized by the ancient craftsman who only a few feet from the pendant on the Few things can stir one s imagination manufactured it since it was reworked left and was found by myself in March, as much as the eccentricities encoun­ after being broken. It is made of green 1982. Fashioned from bluish slate with tered in slate pieces. It is quite obvious and black banded slate and has two a small orange spot of iron oxide, this that these objects were held in high es­ deep grooves on each surface occasion­ gorget appears to have been salvaged teem by their makers —probably in a ally found on such pieces. The pointed, from a larger piece. mystical or magical sense. Unfortun­ or undamaged end, is engraved with a In Ohio Slate Types (Converse— 1978) ately, the whole story on slate and its very fine cross-hatched pattern and Converse describes the elliptical gorget eccentricities may never be known. there are 33 delicate tally marks along as a diagnostic Adena type. Based on the edges. the nature of existing mounds in the The pendant on the left is also made area, other artifactual material found in of green and black banded slate and the immediate vicinity, and local col­

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Three slate pieces from Tuscarawas County, all found over a ten year period.

6 Classic Hopewell Points By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Ohio area was the home of the famous Hopewell culture —often de­ scribed as the most advanced culture north of Mexico. Despite the fact that Hopewell had its most prominent mani­ festation here in southern Ohio, and in Ross County in particular, the point type which most exemplifies this culture is rarely found there except in mounds. Almost all the large typical Hopewell points of classic design come from northern Ohio, well out of what is con­ sidered Hopewell's core area. In fact, the type is a scarce one, especially those over three inches long, and few collections contain more than one or two specimens of that size. The Hopewell type is usually long in comparison to width although occa­ sional varieties have a broader and "fatter" appearance which may be re- sharpened examples. The base is shaped like a fan with fairly sharp corners and little or no basal grinding. Large expan­ sive notches leave pronounced barbs. Flake scars on the face of the blade are large and random and from percussion. The blade is trimmed with short pres­ sure flakes along the edges. Hopewell cache blades have a somewhat triangu­ lar appearance and Hopewell points look like these blades with notches re­ moved from the corners. Flint Ridge flint is common —some of it quite colorful and exotic. Blue-white chalcedony, striped, jewel quality and translucent moss agate like flint is all found in the type. Rarely will one of the classic types be made of black Upper Mercer flint or Carter Cave material. Attempts have been made in the liter­ ature to classify this point type with the so-called Snyder's point, named from an obscure Hopewell mound in Illinois. However, the classic Ohio Hopewell points surpass them in size and use of quality flint and are more elongated than their Illinois cousins. The name Hopewell perfectly describes the type as far as cultural affiliation is concerned and, when used in the literature, makes it more understandable and lucid.

stone. Richland County, pink Flint Ridge flint. Williams County, orange-maroon ,-,,„• tv^u^j Logan County, pink-tan Flint Ridge. Edison. Morrow County, white Flint Ridge. Indiana hornstone. Marion County.

7 The Notched Ovate, A Rare Type Of Bannerstone By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy, Columbus, Ohio

Relics of the first Americans are often rate notched ovate bannerstone. Pic­ some distance from other site materials mystifying especially when trying to tured are two examples of this highly left behind by Archaic people. Perhaps determine their use in an environment refined form. Our known data about the continual wanderings of their owners unknown in the modern world. Foremost notched ovates includes the following; resulted in many of these objects being in this regard are various forms of so LThey are extremely rare, probably lost in their travels. Perhaps through a called ceremonial objects including the less than 75 finished examples have succession of generations the signifi­ birdstone, effigies, pendants, gorgets, been recovered. cance of this artform was forgotten. bannerstones, amulets and boatstones. 2. They are found in the heartland of Sadly, the story is incomplete. Over the years we have constructed the eastern midwest, primarily in We are left to simply appreciate the many theoretical models of how these Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. zenith of the artistic expression of the artifacts could have been utilized. Oc­ 3. They are usually found on the surface Archaic people living in the midwest casionally, we actually find examples absent other associated artifacts. some 2500 to 3500 years ago. such as bannerstone forms in associa­ 4. Due to their elaborate form, sym­ tion with preserved wooden atlatl de­ metry, and aesthetic appearance, they vices. Unfortunately these clues are must have been prized objects in an few and therefore fail to fill the void of otherwise primitive environment. factual information. One strange fact is that, for unex­ Heading the list of curiousand largely plained reasons, most ovates are found unexplained artifact forms is the elabo-

:. : ~, •;,.•;

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Two notched ovates: left, banded slate example from Fulton County, Ohio, right, banded slate example from Grant County, Indiana.

8 Two Slate Pieces From The Tolliver Collection By Lester Tolliver Logan, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Tolliver) A knobbed crescent made of banded slate. This fine piece was found in Hardin County, Ohio, in 1872 by Sam Baird and was originally collected by Dr. Dwyer.

Fig. 2 (Tolliver) A banded slate notched ovate. This is one of the truly rare slate types and was originally in the Sam Johnson collection. Its tag is marked Yell County, Arkansas.

9 Some Thoughts On Archaic Bevels By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Archaic bevel is distinctive and touching but which are not true bevels. them I have seen —none of which are easily recognized. Even among novice I can only say that I have never seen a remotely left handed —it would be my collectors, they are readily separated genuine left hand bevel and would prob­ guess that Archaic flint knappers were and the type has been popular and ably be suspicious of its genuineness all right handed. highly collectible for a century. Before if I did. From the literal thousand of being identified and culturally assigned (Converse —1963), they were some­ times called bold bevels and a few col­ lectors held to the belief that the bevel­ ing was part of the design and was done to make the point spin when propelled through the air. In fact, the beveling is neither intentional nor would it make the point spin even if it were thrown which it wasn't. The bevel is the epitome of Archaic tool design. It's success in the Archaic period is apparent in the fact that col­ lection after collection from all areas of the midwest has produced numerous examples. Nearly every surface collec­ tor that I know of has found at least one specimen, which attests to the wide­ spread use among Archaic groups. It easily is one of the best known flint types. Despite the fact that this is a common type, it was so heavily used that whole and unbroken examples —especially those with their "ears" in tact—are par­ ticularly uncommon. Many of the large broken bases have been found —often prompting thequestion of how large the point must have been —but in fact the bases are always more or less the same size. Many observant collectors are not aware of the fact that a number of them are made from broken and renotched pieces. Even though the base is invari­ ably heavily ground, occasionally the scar of the previously broken base may still be evident (center bottom row). Beveling was done to resharpen worn edges of these tools—the more it was resharpened, the steeper the bevel and the smaller the blade. Interestingly, re­ tention of the barbs or ears seemed to be important since many examples still have thin and delicate ones still un­ broken (middle row—center). Once in a blue moon the lucky hunter will find a rare unbeveled example which is one that hadn't been subject to re- sharpening (bottom —right). Such pieces will have a base identical with other bevels although it might not be as heav­ ily ground. It would not be appropriate to talk about bevels without mentioning the fabled "left hand" bevel. On many oc­ casions points are shown to me which Fig. 1 (Converse) Archaic bevels. Coshocton flint, Franklin County. Coshocton flint. Franklh their owners believe to be one of these County. Flint Ridge flint. Union County. Flint Ridge flint. Madison County. Flint Ridge flint alusive pieces. Invariably, they are dif­ Licking County. Flint Ridge flint, Pickaway County. Flint Ridge flint, Delaware County. Coshoctoi ferent types with some left hand re­ flint. Perry County, Delaware chert. Union County.

10 A Seneca County Fringed Pendant By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

On August 9, 1978, a collection of Ancient sites in southern and south­ Why then have I not called it a Fort Indian artifacts found by the Reverend western Ohio." Two from the Feurt site Ancient pendant? Because its location Roy B. Leedy in the Flat Rock area of of the Fort Ancient tradition in the Scioto in Seneca County (about midway be­ Seneca County, south of Bellevue not Valley were featured in an article in the tween the Sandusky River and the West far from the Seneca Caverns, was trans­ April 1960 issue of the Ohio Archae­ Branch of the Huron River) is some 60 ferred from the Bishop Seybert Museum ologist (see Figure 2). Converse has miles north of the northernmost loca­ of Bellevue to the Historic Lyme Village further observed that fringed pendants tions of those mapped by Converse for display in the Seymour House Mu­ are often fashioned of banded slate and (1978: 70), well north of the Fort An­ seum. Included in that small but signifi­ are "always less than 3 inches in length," cient cultural area of prehistoric Ohio, cant collection is a relatively rare small with some "as small as 1 inch." and because its serrated lower edge is fringed pendant of gray-green banded Though the fringe on the Seneca not as boldly cut as are those from slate shown in Figure 1. When I first county pendant is serrated, it is not as known Fort Ancient sites to the south. saw it in the summer of 1982, I thought boldly cut and shaped as those from the My hope is that other, similar fringed it a tally-marked, bell-shaped Adena Feurt site. Its sides are smooth with no pendants from northern Ohio, in single pendant. Further examination of its incised decorations, akin to the Feurt component sites, will eventually enable diminutive size and asymmetrical lower pendant on the left in Figure 2. Interest­ more precise cultural identification. edge with serrated fringe has persuaded ingly, its height of 1l5/ie inches and me that culturally it is later than Adena. width of 1 Vi inches are virtually identical Converse (1978: 70-71) has noted that to the measurements of that same Feurt "small distinctive [fringed] pendants are pendant. And, its single perforation is peculiar to Fort Ancient" and that "nearly located high in the upper constricted Acknowledgements all of them have been found on Fort end as in both of the Feurt pendants. The helpfulness of Mr. Melvin Herner in enabling me to examine and photo­ graph the Seneca County fringed pen­ dant in the Seymour House Museum is gratefully acknowledged.

References Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, pp.70-71. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Columbus. Kientz, Phillip and Stanley G. Copeland 1960 "Feurt Site: Added Artifacts," pp. 47-48, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, No. 4.

mjiiiijiiii|iiiijiiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiiiiiiii|imin 8 9 10 11 t? n K 15 16 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Seneca County fringed pendant of gray-green banded slate Fig. 2 (Shriver) Two fringed pendants of slate from the Feurt Village site on display in the Seymour House Museum of the Historic Lyme Village (Fort Ancient tradition, reprinted from the Ohio Archaeologist of April. near Bellevue. Metric scale is shown. 1960. p. 48. Height and width measurements of the one on the left are virtually identical with those of the pendant shown in Fig. 1.

1 1 Sawn Slate By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Everyone is familiar with the so-called the offending part was simply snapped method, this time used to cut a heavy (but not easily understood) pecking — off. The saw cut was then ground off— piece of slate into blanks —probably grinding —polishing technique used by hence the scarcity of evidence of saw­ for such things as bar amulets, tubular aboriginal stone workers to fashion arti­ ing. These saw cuts can sometimes be bannerstones, or tubular pipes. Each facts of slate and other stone. But there seen on random pieces of slate from side shows both incomplete saw cuts is another method which, although evi­ site material which are in reality pieces and remnants of cuts which were com­ dence of it is not often encountered, of damaged artifacts. pleted and the scars of the broken area was used to produce workable blanks The sawing method was also employed between the cuts. The remaining cuts or to repair broken slate objects. This to shape the insides of the notches in which would have finally separated the is the technique of sawing. notched winged bannerstones. Scars two pieces are about % to V2 inch deep Many times when a slate pendant, from sawing can also be sometimes and have smoothly striated sides. It is gorget or bannerstone was broken or seen inside the notches in notched also interesting to note that the peck damaged, the artifact was repaired or ovates. marks which originally put the piece salvaged by simply removing the dam­ The piece of slate shown in Figs. 1 into rough shape are still evident and aged portion. To do this a deep groove, and 2 was found by Ralph Dunkle of were made prior to any sawing. probably made by a serrated flint tool, Ashville, Ohio, in Pickaway County. It was cut into each side of the piece and clearly shows scars of the saw and break

., >

' 4! 1

1 •"life

f

' fl

4s"'

Fig. 1 (Converse) Slate blank which was nearly separated by saw cuts Fig. 2 (Converse) Slate blank showing peck marks and scars of saw cuts but which is still in one piece. on each side as well as in the center.

1984 and 1985 Field Find Awards November 1984 March 1985 May 1985 flint; #1 Mike Carter flint; #1 Mike Carter-E. Notch flint; #1 Bake-Dovetail #2 James Graves #2 Mark Byers—Adena #2 Badger—Archaic Bevel Stone tools; #1 Mike Cress Stone tools; #1 Herb Searson—Axe #3 Lemaster—Broad blade #2 Larry Byland #2 Curt Rodgers—Axe Stone tools; #1 Brumfield — Ceremonial; #1 Denver Anderson Ceremonial; #1 Stan Pliszke— Grooved axe #2 Harper-Full #2 David Barr Spine Gorget Grooved axe Best field find overall; #2 Denver Anderson- #3 Rayl — Hammerstone David Wade, Lizard effigy Plummet Best overall; Gerald & Dorothy Rayl- Ceremonial; #1 Puttera —Gorget Geniculate #2 Weidner— Humped gorget #3 Ellis-Plummet Best overall; Lar Hothem —notched base dovetail

1? ASO/OHS Archaeologists Work Together to Benefit Ohio Archaeology By Shaune M. Skinner Dept. of Contract Archaeology Ohio Historical Society

With the assistance of many of the Last year 156 sites were inventoried by contributed significantly to the work of members of the Archaeological Society ASO/OHS archaeologists in Delaware the survey, excavation and analysis but of Ohio, the Department of Contract and Franklin counties. Earlier this year also produced literally thousands of Archaeology at the Ohio Historical So­ many experienced ASO archaeologists dollars in matching credit for funding ciety has successfully completed an­ and some novice members assisted in the project. other survey and planning grant in the test excavation of several of these The real benefit of these cooperative Northern Delaware and Franklin coun­ sites. The work culminated in the nomi­ ASO/OHS efforts is the salvaging of ties. This was the third year that ASO nation of 3 sites to the National Register data which will soon be lost to construc­ members and Contract Archaeology of Historic Places. tion activities. Archaeological sites are staff have worked together to investi­ The funding for all three of these proj­ non-renewable, fragile resources. Once gate sites and retrieve archaeological ects was provided by grants adminis­ the information is gone, it can never data from areas of high development. tered by the Ohio Historic Preservation again be retrieved. By combining our The first of these projects, conducted Office. The terms of the grants require interests, knowledge, and appreciation in 1983, was the excavation of two an equal-value match. For each hour of prehistoric cultures, ASO and OHS mounds at the Wolf Plains near Athens that an ASO volunteer spent digging at participants have helped to save a small Ohio which were slated for imminent the sites, cleaning or cataloging artifacts piece of the rapidly dwindling archae­ destruction. Over 250 volunteer archae­ in the laboratory financial credits were ological record. ologists, many of whom are ASO mem­ earned to fulfill the quota in the grants. Photographs by Paul Ford, Sycamore bers assisted during the excavations. Therefore the volunteer efforts not only Run Chapter/ASO, Pickerington, Ohio.

Don Bier and Mike Schoenfeld remove the sod zone at the beginning of Don Potter illustrates the proper shovel shaving technique to his son Brian. the excavation, the Connett Mound #4, The Wolf Plains. Don. is an OHS Don and his son are ASO Sycamore Run chapter members. staff member and Mike is an OAS member from Westerville.

Screening the mound matrix was a time consuming and sometimes tedious As the units were excavated to greater depths it became more, difficult job at the Plains as Mr. McKibben, who spent many hours at this task for two persons to move comfortably in the square. Working here in close can attest. On this day he gained some assistance from Billy Hillin. Both quarters are Don Gelbach, ASO president and Barbara Motts. recording Mr. McKibben and Billy Hillin are natives of the area, therefore had a secretary for the organization. particular interest in the findings.

13 The laboratory tasks include washing, sorting and cataloging the archae­ Archaeological excavations are sometimes family affairs. Pictured here ological materials in preparation for analysis and description. Howard are Lynn Metzger and her mother Janeine Van Der Molen. They are West a Sycamore Run ASO chapter member is pictured here attempting screening the dirt from a test pit dug by Gene Van Der Molen. Lynn's to decipher some cryptic handwriting on an artifact bag. father. The Van Der Molen family is from Westerville, Ohio and they are members of the Six Rivers Chapter of the ASO \

The pained expression on Larry Edmister's face is attributable as much Andy Greene, an ASO member from Delaware, Ohio is recording loca- to the hot sun as the mundane task of screening. Larry, an ASO member tional information on a bag during the reconnaissance survey in Franklin from St. Louisville, Ohio said that he enjoyed the hard days work despite County. the heat.

While washing the artifacts can be a tedious job it also provides an Virgil Hollingsworth. an ASO member from Marion. Ohio preferred the opportunity to closely examine the material after it has been cleaned. field work to laboratory work. Here he is seen attempting to write a series John Levengood from Columbus is intent on removing the soil particles of catalogue numbers on a miniscule piece of flint, hence his preference from some pottery sherds. for the field.

14 Prehistoric Artifacts and Superstition in Europe By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

By the time first written records ap­ animals were thought to have been shot axe was secure from the effects of light­ peared in Europe concerning flint arrow­ by the elves and thus bewitched, and ning and thunder. As late as 1856, a heads and other prehistoric implements, that an arrowhead placed in their drink­ stone hatchet was circulated among such items were already familiar to ing water would effect a cure (Stevens neighbor farmers in Ireland to be placed peasants of the Middle Ages. It was not — 1870). Present day Norwegian and in troughs from which their animals unusual for Medieval field workers to Danish words for certain animal diseases drank in order to protect them from unearth arrowheads, celts and axes are "alfskot" and "elveskud," both mean­ disease. while working the soil and since no one ing in English "elf shot." These relatively No such aura of superstition surrounds knew where they came from, a super­ rare objects were considered powerful artifacts found in America. Perhaps the natural source was thought to have pro­ charms or cures, a belief which persisted relative abundance here of such items, duced them. Not only was the peasantry into modern times and still persists to­ as compared to those of Europe, ac­ ignorant of their origin, but the intelli- day in rural areas of Europe and the counts for this. However, the term "dart" gensia was equally as mystified. By the British Isles. Arrowheads were used as used for arrowheads is often encoun­ 12th century, Europe, England and Ire­ potent protection amulets against witch­ tered in rural areas of the midwest and land had in place a long history of folk­ craft and the evil eye. Many were set in the Appalachians and may be a carry­ lore and legend surrounding these silver to be worn around the neck or over from our Anglo-Saxon-Celtic strange stones. sewn on clothing. heritage. Early scholars believed that chipped Stone axes were thought to be thun­ flints and stone axes were caused by derbolts found under the roots or trees lightning striking the ground —a belief struck by lightning. Farmers in France which may have had its roots in the and Belgium placed them in mangers to peasant appellative for them of "thun- ward off animal misfortune. An ancient derstones" (Senet— 1956). The scholar­ hatchet was suspended around the neck ly name "ceraunite" (from the Greek of a ram acting as flock leader as pro­ keraunos meaning thunder) was at­ tection against the evil eye for the whole References tached to them (Fig. 1). A good deal of flock (Stevens— 1870). One such speci­ Stevens, Edward T. early literature explained how lightning men much worn is known from a col­ 1870 Flint Chips, London. and thunder could form such objects, lection taken from the isle of Guernsey. Senet, Andre 1956 Man in Search of His Ancestors, and they were regarded as freaks of Prehistoric axes were preserved for New York. nature. centuries by some families in order that In Anglo Saxon Britain and Celtic "they preserve from thunder, are good Scotland, Ireland and Wales, arrow­ for diseases of man and beast, and pow­ heads were called "elf darts" in the ders scraped from them may be taken belief that they were weapons of the for childish disorders'" (Ibid —p. 89). mysterious "little people." Sick farm Supposedly, every house with such an

CEKAVMIA tAPIi FVXNlNtVX VVLGO FVLCVR

Fig. 1 (Converse) Illustration of thunderstones (After Senet)

15 An Interesting Shovel-shaped Pendant By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Shovel-shaped pendants are a pro­ ginia. It is typical of the few finely made notches, tally-marks, engravings or are duct of the Hopewell period and seem to examples of the type and is carefully otherwise decorated, I have never seen occur in late contexts. There are great finished. On the lower portion are two another pendant of any type embel­ many peculiarities found in the type. tally-marks which are cut from edge to lished in such a way. They are perforated in such a way that edge. On one lateral edge of the shovel This example is 57ie inches long and 2 no matter how they were fastened or end are a series of tally-marks which are inches wide at its widest point. The suspended, the hole placement makes small V-shaped notched set in pairs more perforation is set in the exact center and little sense to our minds. Quite often the or less since they do not extend across is drilled from both sides as is customary. type is crudely made and may not be the entire marrow edge. All examples of the type are made of pleasingly designed. One of the idio­ In addition to the tally-marks this pen­ banded slate of black and gray or green syncrasies practiced by Hopewell pen­ dant is decorated with rather curious and gray color. I know of no shovel- dant makers was the addition of tally- markings. Around the perforation (Fig. shaped pendants of material other than marks or actual notches on some or all 1) is a circle of small depressions or this. edges. Rarely are these tally-marks or punctates which are thirteen in number. Distribution seems to have an east­ notches in any sort of symmetrical pat­ On the reverse (Fig. 2) is a similar set of ern—southeastern Ohio orientation, and tern and seem to be placed at random. punctates in what appears to be a sort of Muskingum Valley in particular having Some of them have two perforations keyhole design. Although the pendant produced a number of them —perhaps which makes this one of the few pendant itself is finely finished, the punctates are influencing the Kanawha River proveni­ types drilled in such a fashion. not particularly uniform being of varying ence of this example The shovel-shaped pendant shown in depth and diameter, nor are they set in a Figures 1 and 2 was found on the Buffalo nicely laid out pattern. Despite the fact site on the Kanawha River in West Vir­ that many specimens of this type have

Fig. 1 (Converse) Shovel-shaped pendant from the Buffalo site m Fig. 2 (Converse) Reverse side of pendant. Note keyhole like West Virginia. design around perforation.

16 English Gunflints By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Two kinds of gunflints are found in shafts and tunnels reveal that an enor­ ing about three and one half pounds, to Ohio—those of French and of English mous amount of work was required strike blades around six or seven inches origin. An occasional nordic gunflint may merely to get to the flint and a great deal long until the block was reduced to surface but they are extremely rare. of dangerous and backbreaking effort unusable size. The blades were then French gunflints are easy to recognize to get it to the surface. Primitive picks of taken to the gunflint maker who broke since they look like nothing more than a deer antler have been found in the shafts the blades into sections using a smaller solidified piece of honey or a piece of and these tools were apparently the only hammer and a steel anvil or "stake" caramel candy. English gunflints —not ones used to remove the overburden which waschisel shaped and set into his quite as plentiful as French ones—are and the flint. The flint obtained is a high workbench. Three edges of the resulting dark gray or black. The flint from which quality material somewhat translucent square blade section were champfered English flints were made is nodular and to nearly opaque and is similar to Flint off, similar to the chipping on an end comes from the cretaceous chalks of Ridge flint in texture. scraper, and the gunflint was complete. southern England. At one time, ending With the advent of flintlock guns, the There were some twenty three sizes into about a century ago, there was a major flint quarries at Brandon and elsewhere which they were graded. It was esti­ industry in Brandon, England, producing around Europe were viewed with re­ mated in the 1870s that a good blade- gunflints, and it is these flints that we newed interest, and every European maker could make around five thousand find in Ohio. country was opening up ancient quarries blades a day and a good gunflint maker Flint was mined near Brandon at and mines and considering them mil­ could produce three hundred gunflints Grimes Graves from sometime in the itary assets. an hour. Early antiquarians noted the early Paleolithic period until recently. In Brandon flints were shipped all over similarity of the flint debitage at Brandon contrast to America where flint was the world and many of them were traded to that found on prehistoric sites, even quarried rather than mined, one hill at to the Indians in America along with though the gunflint knappers were, Grimes Graves is honeycombed with flintlock guns. Oddly enough, American totally unable to produce replicas of more than four hundred prehistoric Indians did not seem to have the ability prehistoric artifacts. shafts, some of which are more than forty or desire to make gunflints from native In the 1950s, the late Edw. Atkinson feet deep. These shafts, eight to ten feet material, for few such artifacts have been stopped at Brandon while visiting Eng­ in diameter, extend downward through found. Perhaps the Indians did not real­ land. A flint knapper was found in the the chalk until the flint bearing strata are ize that our own flints would work as local pub (appropriately named the "Flint reached. Galleries or tunnels were then well as the ones used by the French and Knappers Inn") and he went to his shop extended in different directions to obtain English. and made Ed some gunflints and blades the best flint which occurs in horizontal Gunflints were manufactured at Bran­ — I still have one of the blades Ed gave seams. It is usually nodular but may don by first reducing the large nodules me. This was probably the last of the occur in lenses or beds —some of the to workable blocks. This was accom­ Brandon flint Knappers—he was making nodules weigh as much as 100 pounds. plished by knappers using large ham­ gunflints for hobbyists reviving the use Tons of chalk overburden were removed mers, seven to eight pounds in weight. of flintlock guns. in order to get at this high quality stone These blocks were then given to blade- by prehistoric flintminers. Excavated makers who used a steel hammer, weigh­

C0MV«tf£

Fig. 1 (Converse) Two English gunflints from Brandon. England, found in Madison County. Ohio.

17 Hematite Artifacts

Cone, Athens County —Cone, Pick­ away County —Cone, Ashville Pickaway County. Plummet, Licking County—Celt, Franklin County. Collection of Robert N. Converse.

18 Fluted point. Collected originally by the late Edward W. Atkinson at Yellow- bud, Ross County, Ohio. Made of an orange-black material which may come from Fairfield County, it is four inches long. Gift to the Editor from Mrs. Ed Atkinson.

19 A Large Seventeenth Century Historic Contact Interment In The Cuyahoga Valley: An Iroquoian Piece In The Puzzle Of What Happened To The Whittlesey Focus? By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Abstract eleven hundred acres of land, Hale's of their lives and property. I may also re­ No historic record exists which refers five hundred. The township of Ham­ mark what is very singular—the deerskin to or details the deaths of 121 men, prob­ mondsburgh we now know as Bath. The which tied these buttons was perfectly ably Iroquoian, in the valley of the Cuya­ Jonathan Hale Farm is today the prop­ neat and strong." hoga River in the seventeenth century, erty of the Western Reserve Historical The report of that seventeenth century only the record that their remains were Society and is widely known for the rep­ interment is to be found in a little leather- found in a square interment in 1811 by resentative early nineteenth century bound journal kept by Henry Leavitt the first settlers of what was then called Western Reserve village which is fea­ Ellsworth during his trip to and from the Hammondsburgh, now Bath Township, tured there. Connecticut Western Reserve in 1811, not far from what is still known as the a journal now part of the Henry L. Ells­ Hale Farm in Summit County, Ohio. The What made the night of June 30,1811 memorable was the report made by worth Papers in the Yale University Li­ report of the discovery of that interment brary. I first came upon the journal in the and in it, in burial association, European Hammond to Ellsworth and Williams, both Yale graduates and men of undis­ course of research in the Yale Library. sword blades or daggers, 3-holed shell Edited and with an introduction, it has gorgets, gilt buttons, and a brass kettle, puted integrity and above-average intel­ ligence, about "a discovery lately made just been published by the Western has been found in a manuscript in the Reserve Historical Society under the Yale University Library, a document re­ a few rods from his house," to wit: "A square interment of 11 rows of men title A Tour to New Connecticut in 1811: cently published by the Western Re­ The Narrative of Henry Leavitt Ellsworth serve Historical Society. In that report and 11 in a row making 121. Their feet was placed towards the East and their as Volume I in the new Western Reserve may be found an answer to the question History Studies Series. (See Shriver, of what happened to the Whittlesey heads towards [the] West. Their posi­ tion was horizontal. The depth from the 1985:63-65; 110-113.) Focus, the prehistoric people who oc­ Interestingly, in all my researches in cupied the Cuyahoga Valley and north­ surface of the ground was about 4 feet. On the breast of these people was the history and prehistory of northern ern Ohio until mid-seventeenth century, Ohio and the Cuyahoga Valley area, I just before the discovery and explora­ placed a shell through which was perfor­ ated 3 holes and through each of these have encountered no other mention of tion of Lake Erie by the French. that interment. That it was found on or **************************** holes was tied a gilt button with a piece of deer skin. By the side of these bones near the Hammond and Hale farms I do were found two swords or daggers which not question. But who were these men On the night of June 30, 1811, two bear the English stamp. Here also have who were buried there long before their weary horsemen attempting to reach been found pieces of a brass kettle graves were uncovered in 1811? And Samuel King's tavern at the Old Portage which was so decomposed that it only why were they buried in a square os­ on the Cuyahoga River at the head of exhi[bi]ted the distinct ingredients of suary of 11 rows, 11 men to a row? Why the centuries old Portage Path linking which it was once composed. Over these were English knives or swords buried the Cuyahoga and the Tuscarawas River graves have grown, since the burial, with them? If the graves were at least were overtaken by darkness before they white oak trees which measure 2 and 200 years old. why were the deer skin could reach their destination. Fortun­ more feet through the butt. On the banks thongs "perfect'y neat and strong"? And ately, they found shelter and spent the of the river a few rods distant are the of what significance was the presence night in the log cabin of one Jason appearances of two distinct ancient of a brass kettle in the midst of this Hammond, who lived several miles north fortifications. The Indians who inhabit common grave? of the Old Portage on land only recently these places have no tradition respect­ The more I have pondered these ques­ cleared of Indian title and opened to ing it. How then is it to be accounted for tions the more I believe they tie in with settlement under the Treaty of Fort but upon the supposition that this west­ questions raised in a number of other Industry. The two travelers were Henry ern country was peopled before the dis­ articles which have appeared in recent Leavitt Ellsworth and Ezekiel Williams, covery of Columbus and even this issues of such journals as Timeline and son and son-in-law of the late Chief supposition has many objections. For if Explorer as well as the Ohio Archaeolo­ Justice Oliver Ellsworth whose vast land- these men who were interred in this gist, articles which have been fueled by holdings in the newly opened area of place had not been Englishmen, why our admitted ignorance of some very the Western Reserve west of the Cuya­ were these arms bearing their own basic information about the last of the hoga and the Portage Path they had stamp found by their sides? And if they prehistoric peoples of northern Ohio, ridden out from Connecticut to inspect. were why should we not have any ac­ focusing on that period of time in mid- Hammond himself had come out from count of their settlement? And again is seventeenth century when Ohio's pre­ Bolton, Connecticut only the year be­ this the manner of burial among the history came to an end and its history fore. He was one of the first two per­ English? began. manent settlers of what was at that time called "Hammondsburgh," the name As to its antiquity there can be no This much is known: when French then give to Township 3, Range 12 of doubts, for the grains of the trees missionaries and fur traders were ex­ the Connecticut Western Reserve. The showed the graves to have been dug at ploring the headwaters of the St. Lawr­ other was his brother-in-law, Jonathan least 200 years since. The fortifications ence, the Ottawa River, and the upper Hale, of Glastonbury, Connecticut, who prove it to have been a country much Great Lakes in the early seventeenth had also arrived in 1810. The two lived settled, else there would be no need of century, there were Indians still living on adjoining tracts, Hammond's of making these forts as a preservation of and hunting on and near the southern

20 shores of Lake Erie. Their villages could was occupied by a distinct people." (See been for many decades in Ohio's col­ be found along such rivers as the Mau- Squier and Davis, 1848: 37-41.) leges and universities, continues to mee, Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion, Black, A little more than two decades later, make that affirmation), most archaeolo­ Rocky, Cuyahoga, Grand, and Ashtabula as president of the Western Reserve gists and anthropologists do not. Rather, in Ohio, as well as eastward along the Historical Society, Whittlesey authored they are persuaded that the Erie, instead Elk and Walnut in Pennsylvania and the Tract #5 in the Society's series of schol­ of occupying the whole of the southern Cattaraugus and Buffalo in New York. arly publications, entitled Ancient Earth shore of Lake Erie, occupied only the Yet, by 1669, when Jolliet and Pere, Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley. In it he southeasternmost coastal plains, no Casson and Galinee finally reached Lake postulated that prehistoric America had more than the area between present Erie Erie, the last of the Great Lakes to be been inhabited by three great nations: (Pennsylvania) on the west and the discovered and claimed for France, the 1) an Agricultural Nation, which inhab­ Niagara Frontier on the east with no Indians of the south shore were gone, ited central and southern Ohio as well extension westward into northern Ohio. their villages destroyed, their fires cold. as the country south to the Gulf of At least three other groups, they be­ Who were the last of the prehistoric Mexico and west to the Mississippi, a lieve, inhabited northern Ohio in late Indians who had lived on the lake plains nation also known as the "Mound Build­ prehistoric times: a people of Iroquoian and in the river valleys of the south shore ers;" 2) an Effigy Nation, which inhabited tradition [possibly ancestral Huron?] of Lake Erie? This was the question that the upper Mississippi Valley east to Lake living in the western basin until about piqued the curiosity more than a century Michigan, the principal earthworks of A.D. 1400, when they were pushed into ago of a Clevelander, a topographic engi­ which were effigies of animals; and 3) a southwestern Ontario and displaced by neer by profession and archaeologist Military Nation which- lived along the a second group of Algonquian tradition, by avocation, Charles Whittlesey. From streams which emptied into lakes Erie possibly ancestral Mascouten. They be­ the 1830s through the 1870s he con­ and Ontario, a nation of "Fort Builders." lieve the third group, the Whittlesey ducted archaeological researches in the "The earthworks of the Cuyahoga," he Focus, long conjectured to be synono- Cuyahoga Valley and across northern observed, "are a fair representation of mous with the Erie, were concentrated Ohio that first brought widespread at­ the Military Nation. . . . They were built entirely in northeastern Ohio, between tention in 1848 in the initial publication on bluffs and bends of the river, in strong the Cuyahoga and the Ashtabula, and of the Smithsonian Institution, the well- defensive positions, near springs and not strung out along the Lake Erie shore known work by Ephraim George Squier small streams of water, not far from westward all the way to northern Indi­ and Edwin Hamilton Davis, Ancient batteau navigation, and in the vicinity ana and southern Michigan as had at Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. In of rich bottom lands." one time been supposed. (For the older it, through narrative and illustration, supposition, see Morgan, 1952: 96; and The rest of Whittlesey's paper focused Whittlesey described ancient works of a Quimby, 1952: 106. For new interpre­ on vestigial remains of the "Military defensive nature near Norwalk in Huron tations, see Brose, 1971: 21-29; 1976: Nation" in the Cuyahoga Valley, primar­ County, near Conneaut in Ashtabula passim; Bush, 1984: 17-19; Trigger, ily on eleven forts and a number of County, near Newburg and Indepen­ 1978: 96, 792-797; White, 1961: passim; earthworks and caches. (See Figures 1, dence in Cuyahoga County, along the 1971: 19-38; 1978: 412-417; Stothers 2, 3, 4, and 5.) In recognition of this Black River in Lorain County, and along and Graves, 1982: 109-142. For the pioneering work, and, for want of a better the Maumee River near Toledo in Wood views of historians who remain uncon­ name, historians and archaeologists of County. He concluded, "Nothing can be vinced that the Erie were never in north­ the twentieth century, beginning with more plain, than that most of the remains ern Ohio and that the equation between Emerson Greenman in 1937, have been in northern Ohio, particularly those on Erie and Whittlesey is not valid, see referring to the people and the culture the Cuyahoga River, are military works. Cardinal and Cardinal, 1984:34-38. After of that late prehistoric "Military Nation" There have not yet been found any reexamining the principal source mate­ in northern Ohio as "Whittlesey Focus." remnants of timber in the walls [of these rials of seventeenth century ethnohis- (See Greenman, 1937: 351.) forts]; yet it is very safe to presume tory, particularly the Jesuit Relations that palisades were planted on them, We smile today over the simplistic and pertinent French maps, the Cardi­ and that wooden posts and gates were groupings and nomenclatures used by nals are not yet ready to confine Erie erected at the passages left in the em­ Charles Whittlesey a century and more occupation to the Niagara Frontier. In bankments and ditches." ago. Yet we are still asking the same particular do they question the conclu­ question he pondered then: who were sion of their anthropologist brethren that "All the positions are contiguous to the prehistoric inhabitants of northern the large hook-shaped river shown em­ water; and none of them have higher Ohio just before thecoming of the Euro­ ptying into Lake Erie west of the center land in their vicinity, from which they peans? He called them the "Military of its south shore and defining the area might in any degree be commanded Nation." Those who followed called them of Erie occupation on the Sanson map They form a line from Conneaut to Tole­ "Whittlesey Focus." But our curiosity, our of 1656 [perhaps the most credible map do, at a distance of from three to five compulsion to know more, to be as exact of the period—see Fig. 6] is not really miles from the lake; and all stand upon as we can be, demands that we go on the Cuyahoga but rather Lake Chau­ or near the principal river.... The most from there. Is there not some cultural tauqua and the nearby non-contiguous natural inference in respect to the north­ bridge linking the Whittlesey Focus with Chautauqua Creek of western New York.) ern cordon of works is that they formed one or more of the historic tribes of The strongest statement in denial of a well-occupied line, constructed either Indians, possibly a tribe or tribes whose the supposition of Erie occupation of to protect the advance of a nation land­ descendants live to this day? northern Ohio and the corollary theme ing from the lake and moving southward As suggested earlier, a great deal has of Erie-Whittlesey equation has been for conquest; or, a line of resistance for been written recently on this subject, that made by David Bush and Charles a people inhabiting these shores and with significant new interpretations and Callender in their article "Anybody but pressed upon by their southern neigh­ tentative conclusions being advanced. the Erie." In it they agree with David bors. The scarcity of mounds, the ab­ Though some historians still cling to the Brose that cultural patterning of Whit­ sence of pyramids of earth, which are so belief that the Erie and the Whittlesey tlesey Focus sites "suggests closer common on the Ohio, the want of rec­ Focus may well have been one and the affiliation with Algonquian rather than tangular and other regular works, at the same (indeed, Roseboom and Weisen- Iroquoian" tradition and conclude that north —all these differences tend to the burger, A History of Ohio, the principal "there is no reason to suspect that the conclusion that the northern part of Ohio Ohio history text in use today as it has

21 Erie Indians, as a group, ever occupied Huron language. "All these nations," he In all of the reading I have done on the northern Ohio. If the Whittlesey cannot wrote, "are sedentary ... They cultivate subject, I have yet to encounter any dis­ be assigned to the Erie Indian," they the land, and consequently are very cussion of the three tribes listed by Le suggest, "the historical tribe which may populous. . . . The greater part of these Jeune immediately after the Eriehronon, prove a better candidate is the Kicka­ tribes understand the Huron language." or Erie. I am referring specifically to the poo." They point out that Sanson's 1656 (Thwaites, 1896-1901: JR 18, 233-235.) Totontaratonhronon, the Ahriottaehro­ map (see Fig. 6) shows that tribe living Though David Stothers has advanced non, and the Oscouarahronon. Believing in the area southwest of Lake Erie. the appealing argument that a map found that Le Jeune was still progressing in However, they wisely ask that "this link not long ago by the Canadian geog­ his list essentially from east to west, ad­ not be made without first a detailed rapher, Conrad Heidenreich, in the mitting that the Erie indeed probably examination of the ethnohistorical data Taunton archives of the British Ministry were confined to the area between pres­ relating to the Kicka"poo, and further of Defense may well be Ragueneaus ent Erie, Pennsylvania and the Niagara examination of how the Whittlesey Fo­ long lost Huron Map of 1640, David Frontier, and affirming that most of the cus materials might relate to this." (See Brose and others believe that it is not Sauk, Fox, Mascouten, Kickapoo, Nipis- Bush and Callender, 1984: 34.) Inas­ and that it did not serve as basis for sing, and Miami were primarily west of much as Emerson Greenman in his in­ Sanson's subsequent maps. (Stothers, lakes Erie and Huron, then we come vestigation of ten sites in northern 1983: 36-37; Brose, 1984: 28-29.) upon the names of three tribes between Ohio in 1929 and 1930 had found both Whether or not the Taunton map is the Erie and Sauk (et al) for which no Iroquoian and Algonquian traits (spe­ indeed the "Lost Huron Map," (and detailed accounting has yet been made, cifically in pottery) in villages he sub­ acknowledging that maps at best "are at least not as far as I am aware. Le sequently would identify as Whittlesey not unimpeachable testimony"), it is Jeune's eyes had picked those names Focus, one is inclined to give credence well that we take another look at that off Father Ragueneau's Huron map of to the arguments of Brose, Bush, and list of 29 Indian nations transcribed by 1640. Our eyes do not have to have Callender in the 1980s for an Algonquian Le Jeune from Raguenau's Lost Huron that same map before us to be chal­ linkage to the Whittlesey people, par­ map, for it well may help us eventually lenged by those names (though I admit ticularly when they report oval living answer the question, if not the Iroquoian that geographic location even imper­ structures similar to those of the Kicka- Erie, then were the Whittlesey Focus fectly made on a very imperfect map poo and other Algonquian peoples the Algonquian Kickapoo, or were they would still be a help.) rather than longhouses of the Ontario some other tribe? It is evident from Interestingly, Reuben Gold Thwaites, Iroquois or Niagara Frontier Erie types reading the list of 29 tribal names that the editor of the monumental 1896- in the post mold patterns at some of the in the main Le Jeune took them off the 1901 translation of 73 volumes of Jesuit Whittlesey sites. (See Bush, 1984: 19.) Huron map reading from east to west. Relations, makes only the barest refer­ Yet one must pause before reaching any Let's take a look at the Huron names ence to each of the three. For the Toton­ final conclusions respecting a Kickapoo- for these 29 tribes, and then the his­ taratonhronon, on page 260 of Volume Whittlesey linkage because there were toric tribal identification (where pos­ 18 he states that "Laverdiere conjec­ and still are all those other Whittlesey sible) by which they are known: tures that this may be the Atontrataron- Focus materials that Greenman (and nons, an Algonkin tribe who, a little later, others) have attributed to the Iroquoian tradition: "beads and awls of bone; tri­ angular, leaf-shaped and truncated flint Tribal Names from the Historic Tribal points; roughly flaked celts, pottery with Lost Huron Map Identification the crimped pattern and incised hori­ 1. Agneehronon Mohawk zontal and diagonal lines, and shell 2. Oneiochronon Oneida tempering." (See Greenman, 1935:3-11; 3. Onontaehronon Onondaga 220-237; 1937: 304-367.) 4. Konkhandeenhronon Any final detailed examination of eth­ 5. Oniouenhronon Cayuga nohistorical data of the type called for 6. Andastoehronon Susquehannock(Conestoga) by Bush and Callender to substantiate 7. Sonontouehronon Seneca or deny a Kickapoo-Whittlesey linkage 8. Andoouanchronon must also necessarily begin with the 9. Kontareahronon Huron inhabitants of Contarea original records kept by French mis­ 10. Ouendat Wyandot sionaries, principally Jesuits, in the early 11. Khionontatehronon Petun and mid-seventeenth centuries, as well 12. Oherokouaehronon as with maps prepared by French car­ 13. Aondironon Neutral Nation tographers of that same period (particu­ 14. Ongmarahronon Neutral Nation larly those made by Louis XIV's royal 15. Akhrakuaeronon Susquehannock (Conestoga) geographer, Nicolas Sanson, in 1650, 16. Oneronon Wenro 1656, and 1657). Regrettably, one of the 17. Ehressaronon key links in our understanding remains 18. Attiouendaronk Neutral Nation obscure, the so-called "Lost Huron Map" 19. Eriehronon Erie prepared by Father Paul Ragueneau in 20. Totontaratonhronon 1640 and referred to in the Jesuit Rela­ 21. Ahriottaehronon tion of that year in the report sent by 22. Oscouarahronon Father Paul Le Jeune from Quebec on 23. Huattoehronon Sauk September 10 to his superior in Paris. In 24. Skenchiohronon Fox his report, Le Jeune noted that he had 25. Attistaehronon Mascouten received "a Huron map that Father Paul 26. Ontarahronon Kickapoo Ragueneau sent me." From that map, Le 27. Aoueatsiouaenhronon Nipissing (see Thwaites, 5: 279) Jeune had taken the names of 29 Indian 28. Attochingochronon Miami? (see Goddard, 124) nations living south of the St. Lawrence 29. Attiouendarankhronon Neutral Nation and the Great Lakes, names given in the

22 fled from the St. Lawrence to the Huron 2.) "A square interment of 11 rows of Whittlesey cemeteries, I have encoun­ country. Among them, Menard estab­ men and 11 in a row making 121 . . ." tered no mention of any having been lished the mission of St. Elizabeth Squared-off or rectangular interments found which had been perforated and (Huron Relation of 1644, chap, viii.)" or ossuaries were not uncommon among worn as gorgets. On the other hand note Certainly this does not suggest linkage Iroquoian peoples including Huron and has been made of Iroquois warriors with the Whittlesey Focus in northern Eries, though one with as many as 121 wearing shell gorgets. As late as the last Ohio, though the "Algonkin" reference bodies would be very rare. (See Spiel- years of the eighteenth century, the is not to be dismissed as unimportant. bauer, 1982; Potter, 1968: 70.) However, Mohawk Joseph Brant, leader of the pro- What about the Ahriottaehronon? not one of the multiple burials reported British Iroquois after the American Thwaites in his index, Volume 72, page by Greenman, Morgan, Ellis, Brose or Revolution, wore a handsomely deco­ 35, says only that this was an "Algon­ Bush in a Whittlesey Focus cemetery rated shell gorget. (See Tooker, 1978: quian (?) tribe." Well enough, we should was described as rectangular, and only 435. Also see Figure 7.) Of what signifi­ not dismiss them out of hand in our effort one, at Tuttle Hill near Independence, cance the third hole? It was probably a to relate them to the Whittlesey Focus, was reported by Emerson Greenman as "kill hole" perforated in the shell to rep­ though Thwaites's question mark under­ containing an ossuary. (See Greenman, resent the killing of the shell gorget even scores the degree of uncertainty and 1937: 313, 321.) That contained the as the Indian who had worn it had been the absence of information available disarticulated bones and skulls of but killed or had died. (See Spielbauer, to him. seven adults, in contrast to the 121 1982.) The gilt buttons tied with pieces Then what about the Oscouarahro­ burials recorded by Ellsworth in the of deer skin to the shell gorgets suggest non? Thwaites is more positive here. In interment which is the subject of this a military identification in emulation of his index, Volume 73, page 204, he as­ article. Interestingly, the Tuttle Hill os­ the European uniform, perhaps French. serts that they were a "Huron-lroquoian suary was located only a dozen miles (Recall in this connection that Onondaga tribe." north of the large interment and was chiefs before the assault on the prin­ If these three tribes were western part of the complex of what Whittlesey cipal Erie fort in 1654 put on French neighbors of the Erie in 1640, and two described as Fort No. 3 in his Ancient uniforms, hoping to frighten the Erie, of them were Algonquian and the third Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley. (See most of whom had never seen Euro­ Huron-lroquoian, then perhaps we may Figures 1 and 2.) pean military attire. (See Shriver, 1984: have some additional pieces available 3.) "Their feet was placed towards the 33; JR 42: 181.) Though Trigger has to us of the puzzle of identifying prehis­ East and their heads towards [the] West. noted that "the first recorded contact toric, or proto-historic, man in northern Their position was horizontal. The depth between Europeans and Iroquoianstook Ohio. from the surface of the ground was about place in the Baie de Gaspe on July 16, This brings me back to where I started, 4 feet. . ." Reports of Whittlesey Focus 1534" and that European goods in small to the report of a square interment of burials suggest that these people buried quantities "were available as far west as 121 skeletons, all oriented east and west, their dead in cemetery areas near their the Seneca country" well before 1600, discovered just west of the Cuyahoga villages, in pits 2-3 feet deep. (See Bush, it was not until the first half of the seven­ River, under oak trees said to be 200 or 1984: 21-22.) The flexed position was teenth century that all the Iroquoian- more years old, with English knives or most common for interment, though speaking peoplesof the Northeast grew swords in burial association, along with occasionally a skeleton has been found increasingly dependent on European perforated shell gorgets, gilt buttons, in extended (or what Ellsworth styled trade goods." (See Trigger, 1978: 344, and a badly decomposed brass kettle, a "horizontal") position. (Morgan, 1952: 347, 352.) report made by Jason Hammond to 97.) None of the reports of Whittlesey 5.) "By the side of these bones were Henry Ellsworth and Ezekiel Williams cemeteries indicate consistent direc­ found two swords or daggers which bear on that night of June 30, 1811 Let us tional orientation of the inhumations. the English stamp. . . ." Though at one consider the specifics of this report as (See Greenman, 1937: 313.) On the time historic contact materials (primar­ recorded by Ellsworth in his leather- other hand, the west, the land of the ily 56 white clay pipe fragments, iron bound journal. setting sun, the land where Aataentsic nails, and chinaware,) found at the Fair- 1.)"l am indebted to Mr. Hammond lived was, according to Bruce Trigger, port Harbor Site (Whittlesey Focus) were for the following information respecting of particular meaning to the Iroquoian believed to have been seventeenth a discovery lately made a few rods from Huron. This fact has been corroborated century in origin, suggesting trade be­ his house . . ." According to L.V. Bierce by Conrad Heidenreich, who has pointed tween the Whittlesey people and other (1854: 30), Hammond had had the first out that the Huron believed the villages Indian groups living to the east who in choice of lots in the newly opened Town­ of the dead lay in the direction of the turn traded directly with Europeans, that ship 3, Range 12 in the Western Reserve setting sun. (See Trigger, 1976: 85-90, belief has been disproved with indica­ in 1810 and had chosen lots 26, 27, 28, 358-362, 411, 428; Heidenreich, 1978: tion that the materials were actually 29, and 30. Lot 30 was nearly at the 374-375; Thwaites, 1896-1901; JR 10: nineteenth century rather than seven­ bend of the Cuyahoga River, a short walk 143, 173.) Tuck has noted that among teenth and were intrusive on the site. from the Northampton Township line and northern Iroquois the rule prior to 1600 (See Potter, 1968: 71-72; Morgan and the sites of two prehistoric Indian fortifi­ "seems to have been simple burials, Ellis, 1943: 43-44; Bush, 1984: 21.) At cations, probably Forts No. 8 and No. 9 usually single flexed interments," no other Whittlesey site and at only one as described in Whittlesey's Ancient whereas "in the contact and historic Fort Ancient site near Cincinnati (at Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley. (See periods burials were concentrated in Madisonville) have European contact Figures 1, 4, and 5.) Jonathan Hale, his clan cemeteries outside (and often some materials been found in situ. Conse­ brother-in-law, had the next choice and distance from) villages," with "flexed quently, the importance of finding Euro­ picked lots 11, 12, 13, and part of 14, disposal burials replaced by extended pean trade materials in the Cuyahoga just north of Hammond's land. Given the inhumations." (Tuck, 1978: 332.) interment, assuming they date back to greater fertility of river bottom land and 4.) "On the breast of these people was the seventeenth century should not be the importance of a source of water, placed a shell through which was perfo­ underestimated. Trigger (1978: 346) has Hammond probably constructed his rated 3 holes and through each of these reported that European iron knives, house (described by Ellsworth as "a log holes was tied a gilt button with a piece hatchets, and sword blades were par­ hut imperfectly finished ") close to the of deer skin. . . ." Though marine shells ticularly coveted by the Saint Lawrence river. have been found in burial association in Iroquoians in the period between 1534

23 and 1603. These and a host of other to then had lived in the village cem­ to the shell gorgets "was perfectly sound trade items found wide acceptance etery, and allowed them to travel west­ and strong" would suggest that the among the native populations across ward to the land where . . . Aataentsic graves were less than, not more than, eastern North America in the seven­ lived ... old kettles were put into the pit 200 years old. Yet we do know that teenth century, including among other for the use of the dead." In 73 volumes organic materials buried underground things, brass bells and kettles, combs and of Jesuit records of the seventeenth and do not decompose at a constant rate, "porcelain collars" (beaded "chokers"), eighteenth centuries, only among the that they deteriorate in accord with the smoking pipes and firearms. At first both Iroquoian Huron were reports made of nature of the sub-soil in which they have the French and Dutch along the St. kettle association with multiple burials. been placed. American Civil War dead, Lawrence and the Hudson were hesitant In the instance of an Ottawa chief and in buried in clay with a lot of standing about selling guns to the Indians. But another of a Natchez warrior in Louisi­ moisture, have been exhumed a century after English traders in the Connecticut ana there were reports of kettle associa­ later with virtually no skeletal material River towns began selling firearms to the tion with single burials. (See Thwaites, remaining, not even teeth. Glacial Kame Iroquois, the reluctance of the French JR 67:157; 68:157.) In the case of Huron dead, buried three or more thousand and Dutch to engage in such trade evap­ death through violence, according to years ago in gravelly hillocks or kames, orated. (See Trigger, 1976: 620, 631.) Heidenreich (1978: 374-375), those have been found with every bone, every With the number of beaver skins traded killed in war or by drowning were buried tooth accounted for, in some cases in at Fort Orange (later Albany) increasing below the ground and were not subse­ such an excellent state of preservation from 6,000 in 1640 to 46,000 by 1656, quently reinterred in the Feast of Dead. that it has been thought they were re­ most of which were brought in by the (See Thwaites, JR 10:143,271.) Trigger cent victims of foul play! Relative to the Iroquois, firearms in the hands of war­ has also commented (1976: 440) that well-preserved deer skin thongs in the riors of the Five Nations increased dra­ "large numbers of inhumation burials at Cuyahoga ossuary, there is an account matically, shattering the balance of specific Huron sites may reflect wars or in Thwaites, {JR 10: 265) of a Huron power between the Iroquois and their local catastrophes." ossuary at Penetanguishene, Ontario, neighbors and enabling the Iroquois Significantly, Tuck, writing about Iro­ which was uncovered in 1846 "under a through the so-called Beaver Wars to quoian (Five Nations) mortuary practices thick stratum of earth" in which a large extend their trading empire westward to (1978: 332-333), has noted that after beaver robe used as a shroud was still the Great Lakes and the Ohio Valley. 1600 their burials were characterized intact. (See Trigger, 1978: 344-356.) by extended inhumations lavishly ac­ My own conclusion, from all of this, is 6.) "Here also have been found pieces companied by grave offerings, including that the interment of 121 men on or near of a brass kettle which was so decom­ kettles. And he has noted that the os­ the Hammond/Hale farms probably posed that it only exhi[bi]ted the distinct suary type of secondary burial charac­ dates back to mid-seventeenth century, ingredients of which it was once com­ teristic of the Huron in the seventeenth with the most likely years falling between posed. . . ." As in the instance of the century was also characteristic of other 1657 and 1660. other European trade materials found in Iroquoian peoples including the Petun 8.) "On the banks of the river a few the Cuyahoga interment, the brass kettle and the Neutral. (White, however, has rods distant are the appearances of two had no counterpart in any of the Whit­ pointed out that "differences between distinct ancient fortifications. . . . The tlesey burials. Interestingly, it was the the Huron and Neutral ossuaries indi­ fortifications prove it to have been a English Queen Elizabeth in the late cate that the Neutral ceremony at the country much settled, else there would sixteenth century who had imported time of reburial was not identical to the be no need of making these forts as German miners and mining techniques Huron Feast of the Dead." (1978: 410.) a preservation of their lives and prop­ to England in order to develop the min­ 7.) "Over these graves have grown, erty. . . ." The two fortifications were eral resources of her island nation. A since the burial, white oak trees which probably Nos. 8 and 9 as described in direct result of this was the establish­ measure 2 and more feet through the Whittlesey's Ancient Earth Forts of the ment of brass manufacture on a signif­ butt.... As to its antiquity there can be Cuyahoga Valley, pages 16-18. (See Fig­ icant scale in England, a circumstance no doubts, for the grains of the trees ures 1, 4, and 5.) Situated on a high and that had dramatic impact on the nature showed the graves to have been dug at very precipitous bluff overlooking the and character of British trade goods with least 200 years since.. .." The question Cuyahoga River, Fort No. 9 was the more the American Indians after 1607. Ac­ of establishing a date for the Cuyahoga imposing of the two. It had a wall six feet cording to Brose (1971: 2-29), brass interment is an important one. The size high constructed across the approach- kettles and brass bells were traded or of a white oak tree, of any tree for that way from the east. Enclosed between carried as far west as Lake Superior by matter, will reflect local conditions of the bluff and the wall were some five the 1650s. According to Tuck (1978: climate, soil, moisture. A white oak tree acres of land. Earthwork No. 8, on a 329), the introduction of copper and of 2 feet diameter in most areas would secondary terrace some thirty feet brass kettles spelled the demise of Iro­ probably not be 100 years old. One of above the river and on the opposite or quoian ceramics. nearly 4 feet in diameter was cut down west side of the Cuyahoga across from Of what significance was the brass near Oxford, Ohio several years ago in Fort No. 9, was generally rectangular in kettle in burial association? The Jesuit which 212 annual growth rings were shape with a low wall enclosing all but a Jean de Brebeuf witnessed in the 1630s counted. (See Conrad, 1985.) A white single opening. In all likelihood this had (see Thwaites, JR 10: 265-311) a prac­ oak tree of "more feet" than 2 in diam­ been at one time the site of a palisaded tice among the Huron of a Feast of the eter would probably fall somewhere be­ village, the low wall describing where Dead, which they called "the Kettle," in tween 100 and 200 years of age in most the pointed stakes had been driven in which every ten or fifteen years the parts of Ohio. Ellsworth reported that the ground and then banked. When skeletal remains of all those who had "the grains of the trees showed the visited by Whittlesey an oak tree three not died violent deaths in the period graves to have been dug at least 200 feet in diameter was growing on top of were removed from temporary village years since." Given the nature of the one section of the wall. North and east cemeteries and reinterred with great European trade materials found in burial of Earthwork No. 8 was yet another ceremony in a common ossuary. Accord­ association, particularly the brass kettle, enclosure, perhaps a half-mile distant, ing to Trigger (1976: 85-90, 358-362, I would question whether the graves described by Whittlesey as Fort No. 7. 411,428), "this final burial was believed were "at least 200 years" old. The fact Near these forts along both sides of a to release the souls of the dead, who up that the deer skin which tied the buttons small stream called Hale's Brook were a

24 number of burial mounds, caches, and they one and the same with the people not warfare that brought an end to the embankments. (See Figures 1 and 4.) who had once lived in the fortified vil­ Whittlesey occupation of northern Ohio, That the area had been long and consid­ lages nearby? For a considerable time I this based on recent findings by the erably inhabited by a people prepared tried to determine if an equation existed Archaeology Laboratory of Case West­ to defend themselves against attack was between the people in the interment and ern Reserve University at the Norma the conclusion reached by Ellsworth in the people who had built the forts and Grantham Site some 1800 feet south of 1811 and by Charles Whittlesey sixty the palisaded villages, if the interment the old Fairport Harbor Site near the years later. was, in effect, a cemetery serving the mouth of the Grand River in Lake burial needs of the people of the forts County. (See Bush, 1984: 17-24.) Bush 9.) "The Indians who inhabit these and the villages. But the equations kept has concluded that the Norma Grantham places have no tradition respecting it. breaking down. I am now convinced that Site was actually the cemetery for the . . ." The land of Jason Hammond and the men buried in the interment were Fairport Harbor Site. Two radiocarbon Jonathan Hale had been the site of a enemies of the people defending the dates from the Norma Grantham Site Mingo village until Indian claim to it had forts and the palisaded villages, the have been analyzed: A.D. 1600±60and been voided by the Treaty of Fort In­ people on whom Charles Whittlesey A.D. 1660+ 60. Though many single dustry in 1805. Following survey, the focused his attention, the people Emer­ graves have been found, of particular initial settlers, Hammond and Hale, had son Greenman and the rest of us have interest have been the numerous mul­ moved on to it in 1810, though Indians, long been calling Whittlesey Focus, for tiple burials, including many in which principally Mingo, continued to live in lack of a better identification. There is "stacking" of the dead has occurred or the area. (See Tackabury etal, 1874:24; very little to suggest an equation be­ in which earlier graves had been re-dug Bierce, 1854: 29-38.) According to Wil­ tween the mortuary practices of the to admit additional bodies. Bush has liam C. Sturtevant (1978: 543), "In the Whittlesey Focus and those of the peo­ asked what might explain "a pattern of eighteenth century the Ohio Iroquois, ple buried in the mass interment. The apparent haste, disregard for the sanctity of whatever tribal origin, were usually Whittlesey Focus were still a pre-contact of earlier burials, and a total abandon­ known either as Mingo or as Seneca, people, still using weapons of stone to ment of the usual burial customs?" He the name Mingoes being used for Iro­ defend themselves and their villages. recalls that the Jesuit Relations reported quois of western Pennsylvania at least Their attackers were historic contact that the Indians of the southern shore of as early as 1731." He has pointed out people, with European weapons to give Lake Erie had been killed or captured (1978: 537) that there is no evidence of them an advantage, to help them de­ by the Iroquois in mid-seventeenth cen­ Iroquois occupation of any part of the stroy the old balance of power between tury, but questions "does the archaeol­ Ohio country, or even the use of it for tribes and nations. ogical evidence still support the idea?" hunting, until about 1740, despite the fact that "by about 1660 the aboriginal There is much to indicate that the Because preliminary analysis of the inhabitants of the country just south of Whittlesey Focus were indeed Algon­ burials at the Norma Grantham Site Lake Erie had been driven out by the quian in tradition, as Greenman had has indicated that none exhibited the Iroquois." And he has noted that the first suspicioned in the 1930s and as Brose, "trauma usually associated with war­ reference to Iroquois occupation of the Bush, Callender and others have been fare," such as projectile points or musket Cuyahoga Valley "dates from 1743, suggesting in the 1980s. If so, were the balls lodged in bones, and because the when a rapidly increasing settlement of Whittlesey one and the same with the "stacked" graves included a cross-sec­ perhaps 2,000-2,400 emigrants from all Ontarahronon or Kickapoo, identified on tion of the population —male and female, the Five Nations (and Delaware, Mahi- the Sanson map of 1656 as the "Ontar- young and old—all quickly buried under cans, Ottawas, Saint Francis Abenakis, raronon" living west of the "Eriechro- "immense stress," he has concluded that and Chippewas, but probably mostly nons" (or Erie) and south of Lake Erie? I it was severe epidemic resulting from Iroquois) was reported to have been on believe they probably were. Could they the introduction of European disease the lower Cuyahoga River for some have been the Totontaratonhronon or rather than Iroquois aggression "that years." The map accompanying Sturte- Ahriottaehronon, the Algonquian tribes resulted in the ultimate demise of the vant's article shows that heterogeneous whose names appear immediately fol­ aboriginal populations in the northeast­ settlement of diverse Indian peoples to lowing the Erie on the Le Jeune listing ern Ohio territory. The fear of this invisi­ have been located at the Old Portage on of 1640 based on the Ragueneau "Lost ble death," he states, "coupled with the Cuyahoga (see Figure 1), several Huron" map? My answer here would be probable fears of Europeans and the miles south of the Hammond/Hale "possibly." If these people had been Iroquois may have been enough of an farms, and indicates that it was "oc­ destroyed or dispersed by an attacking impetus to cause most of the Native cupied more than 10 years." (See Sturte­ enemy between 1640 and 1656 (and American population to abandon the vant: 1978, 537.) The Mingo village at the Whittlesey Focus could well have southern snores of Lake Erie for safer' the Hammond/Hale farms appears to been, for they were no longer in north­ land further to the south and west." With have been occupied some years later, ern Ohio by the 1660s), then one would smallpox having decimated entire Huron after the American Revolution. (See not expect to find their names on a map villages north of Lake Erie in the late Tackabury etal, 1874:24; Bierce, 1854: drawn in 1656. Believing that the Whit­ 1630s, with the total population of 29-38.) It is not surprising that "the tlesey were Algonquian, we need not Huronia being cut in half at that time as lndians[Mingo]who inhabit these places consider further the possibility that the the consequence of the spread of Euro­ have no tradition respecting it," whether Iroquoian Oscouarahronon, that third pean diseases for which the Native the "it" be the nearby ancient fortifica­ tribe following the Erie on the Le Jeune American population had no immunity tions in the Cuyahoga Valley or the listing of 1640, were equated with the (see Trigger, 1978: 352), one is inclined interment of the 121 men on or near the Whittlesey people. to accept Bush's findings as valid for the Hammond/Hale farms. Clearly by the 1660s the Whittlesey Whittlesey Focus population of the Fair- Focus were no longer in northern Ohio port Harbor/Norma Grantham Sites. If there was no Mingo tradition re­ regardless of the Algonquian tribal name But I find it more difficult to accept his specting either the ancient earth forts of by which they might have been known generalization that it was disease rather the Cuyahoga Valley or the interment of to the Huron, and through them the than Iroquois aggression "that resulted 121 men on the land that had once been French. But what had happened to them? in the demise of the aboriginal popula­ theirs, then who were the people whose An appealing argument has been ad­ tions in the northeastern Ohio territory." bodies lay in that interment? And were vanced by David Bush that it was disease While it was disease that cut the pop-

25 ulation of Huronia in half in the Georgian riors who may have been killed in battle, and ceremonial burial for their dead. Bay area to the north of Lake Erie, the as evidenced by the third hole in the What happened to the Whittlesey Fo­ surviving Hurons did not immediately shell gorgets they wore. Unlike the cus? I believe a combination of disease evacuate their villages and head for safer Whittlesey Focus people, they appear and war, both likely carried to them by land further to the south and west. No, to have been warriors of a nation or the Iroquois of the Five Nations in the they stayed a decade longer, only then nations with European contact, as at­ late 1650s, brought an end to their to be caught up in the Beaver Wars tested by the gilt buttons, the English occupation of northern Ohio and forced waged by the Iroquois Five Nations to swords or daggers, the brass kettle. The the survivors to abandon their villages achieve monopoly of the fur trade in squared-off or rectangular interment, the and migrate to the south and west. Thus Eastern North America. I believe a number of graves in it, the orientation of it was that when Jolliet and Pere, Casson somewhat similar pattern may have un­ the bodies, the presence of that brass and Galinee explored Lake Erie and its folded in the area south of Lake Erie, kettle in burial association—all suggest shores in 1669 on behalf of Louis XIV, where another Native American popula­ Iroquoian (most likely Five Nations) King of France, they found the Indians tion, the Whittlesey Focus, doubtless presence in the Cuyahoga Valley in mid- of the south shore gone, their villages weakened by disease and without the seventeenth century. abandoned or destroyed, their fires cold. weapons of war available to other tribes Father Le Jeune had written his supe­ A Cuyahoga Valley interment of 121 through trade with the Europeans (with rior in December 1657 to report that men, probably Iroquoian, discovered in whom they had not yet had contact), "our Iroquois carry fire and war" against 1811 but unreported until 1985, may found themselves the target of Iroquois the Algonquian tribes beyond the Erie. help explain what had happened. aggression in the late 1650s. Having already destroyed or dispersed Acknowledgements Let's take another look at the record, the Huron, the Petun, the Neutral, and The kind permission of the Yale Uni­ in this case the report of Father Paul Le the Erie, the Iroquois of the Five Nations versity Library to edit and publish the Jeune sent from New France to his (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Henry Leavitt Ellsworth journal of 1811 superior in Paris, dated December 1, and Mohawk) were now carrying the war and of the Western Reserve Historical 1957. Let's look specifically at page 49 for control of the trade in beaver furs Society to quote from that journal in this of Volume 44 of the Jesuit Relations for into northern Ohio and across the Ohio article, of the Royal Ontario Museum in 1656-57, in the Thwaites' translation, Valley, where beaver were still plentiful. Toronto to reproduce photographically where we find the following: Long inhibited from this encroachment the shell gorget which belonged to the "For our Iroquois have discovered, into Ohio by the presence and power of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, and of beyond the Cat Nation [the Erie the Erie, the Iroquois were now free to the Library of Congress to reprint a de­ whom they had just destroyed], attack the Algonquian peoples to the tail of the Nicolas Sanson map of 1656 other and numerous Nations who west and south. (See Trigger, 1978: are gratefully acknowledged. speak the Algonquin language. 345-356; Shriver, 1984:29-42; Thwaites, Bibliography and References There are more than thirty villages JR 44: 49.) Beauchamp, William M. whose inhabitants have never had Though European weapons gave them any knowledge of Europeans; they 1905 A History of the New York Iroquois. an advantage, the Iroquois paid dearly New York State Museum Bulletin still use only stone hatchets and with their own lives in the course of the No. 78. knives. . . . our Iroquois carry fire Beaver Wars. In 1654 a Jesuit missionary Bierce, Lucius V and war thither. . . had reported that Iroquois losses had 1854 Historical Reminiscences of Sum­ If we now believe the Whittlesey Fo­ been so heavy in the storming and cap­ mit County. Akron: T. & H.G. Can- cus were Algonquian and not Iroquoian, ture of an Erie fort that the attackers had field, 29-38. Brose, David A. if we now believe they were "anybody been compelled to remain two months 1971 "The Early Historic Indians of but the Erie," then is it not logical to in Erie country to bury their dead and Northern Ohio."' The Explorer, 13(1): believe that they were among those care for their wounded. (Thwaites, JR 21-29. "other and numerous Nations'" (probably 42: 183.) Certainly the Whittlesey like 1973 "A Preliminary Analysis of Recent also including the Fort Ancient people the Erie must have fought for their Excavations at the South Park Site, in southern Ohio whom we believe an­ homes, their villages. And the Iroquois Cuyahoga County, Ohio." Pennsyl­ cestral to the historic Shawnee) against must have paid dearly for their military vania Archaeologist, 43(1): 25-42 whom the Iroquois of the Five Nations ventures in Ohio, as the interment of 1976 Ed., The Late Prehistory of the Lake were carrying "fire and war" in 1657? 121 bodies in the Cuyahoga Valley would Erie Drainage Basin: A 1972 Sym­ Certainly the Whittlesey had numerous suggest. Yet there was order, plan, at­ posium Revised. Cleveland: Cleve­ villages. We believe they were Algon­ tention to custom and ritual evident in land Museum of Natural History. 1978 "Late Prehistory of the Upper Great quian. They had no direct knowledge of that interment, for the bodies were Lakes Area." Handbook of North Europeans. They were still using only placed 11 men in a row, 11 rows in all, American Indians. Vol. 15, Bruce G. stone hatchets and knives. (Not one of each man with a three-holed gorget of Trigger, ed. Washington: Smith­ the Whittlesey Focus village sites to this shell on his breast. Even as the Iroquois sonian Institution, 569-582. day has yielded the first seventeenth had remained two months in Erie coun­ 1984 "History as a Handmaiden to Ar­ century European contact artifact.) try in 1654 to bury their dead and care chaeology?" Ohio Archaeologist, But what about that large interment of for their wounded, so they must have 34(1): 28-30. Bush, David R. 121 men discovered in 1811, buried in remained a considerable period of time in Whittlesey country to bury their dead 1984 "The Erie I ndians and the Whittlesey the very heart of Whittlesey Focus coun­ Focus: Late Aboriginal Life in North­ try, not far from a number of earth forts and care for their wounded several years eastern Ohio." Lake County Histori­ and palisaded villages ranging down the later. In turn this would indicate, as it cal Quarterly, 26(4): 17-25. Cuyahoga Valley from Charles Whittle­ had in the climactic battle in their war Bush, David R. and Charles Callender sey's Fort No. 1 at Newburg near Cleve­ against the Erie, that though the Iroquois 1984 "Anybody but the Erie." Ohio Ar­ land on the north possibly as far as Fort had suffered frightful losses they had chaeologist, 34(1): 31-35. Island in the great Copley Swamp on still prevailed. Having defeated the Callender, Charles, Richard K. Pope, and the south? The 121 were men; they were Whittlesey people and driven them from Susan M. Pope not a cross-section of an indigenous their fortified villages, the victorious 1978 "Kickapoo." Handbook of the North village population suddenly ravaged by Iroquois invaders of the Cuyahoga Valley American Indians, Vol. 15, Bruce G. could take the time to accord proper Trigger, ed. Washington: Smith­ disease. They appear to have been war­ sonian Institution, 656-667.

26 Cardinal, Jare R. and Eric J. Cardinal lumbus: The Ohio State Archaeol­ Eastern North America, 11: 109- 1984 "Archaeology and History: Some ogical and Historical Society, 77. 142. Suggestions from the Historians' Moore, James Talmadge Sturtevant, William C. Viewpoint." Ohio Archaeologist, 1980 The Amerind-Jesuit Encounter: A 1978 "Oklahoma Seneca-Cayuga." Hand­ 34(2): 34-38. Study in Cultural Adaptation in book of North American Indians, Cherry, P. P. Seventeenth Century French North Vol. 15, Bruce G. Trigger, ed. Wash­ 1911 The Portage Path. Akron: Western America. Unpublished doctoral dis­ ington: Smithsonian Institution, Reserve Company, 5, 8, 32. sertation: Texas A & M University. 537. Conrad, Arthur F. Morgan, Richard G. Tackabury, Mead & Moffett 1985 Interview with the author (Septem­ 1952 "Outline of Cultures in the Ohio 1874 Combination Atlas Map of Summit ber 11). Region." Archaeology of Eastern County, Ohio. Philadelphia: Tacka­ Dickinson, John A. United States, James B Griffin, ed. bury, Mead & Moffett, 24-25, 121. 1982 "La Guerre Iroquoise et la Morta­ Chicago: University of Chicago Thwaites, Reuben G. lity en Nouvelle France, 1608- Press, 96-97. 1896- Ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied 1666." Revue d'Historie de I'Ameri- Morgan, Richard G. and H. Holmes Ellis 1901 Documents (73 volumes). Cleve­ que Francaise, 36(1): 31-55. 1943 "The Fairport Harbor Village Site." land: Burrows Brothers. Ellis, William Donohue The Ohio State Archaeological and Trigger, Bruce G. 1966 The Cuyahoga. New York: Holt, Historical Quarterly, 52(1): 3-44. 1965 The Jesuits and the Fur Trade " Rinehart and Winston. Murphy, James L. Ethnohistory, 12(3): 30-53. Goddard, Ives 1971 "The Lyman Site, Lake County, 1976 The Children of Aaetaentsic: A His­ 1972 "Historical and Philological Evi­ Ohio." Pennsylvania Archaeologist tory of the Huron People to 1660 dence Regarding the Identification 41(3): 12-23. (2 volumes). Montreal: McGill- of the Mascouten." Ethnohistory, 1971 "The Fairport Harbor Site, Lake Queen's University Press, 85-97, 19(2): 123-134. County, Ohio." Pennsylvania Ar­ 358-362, 386, 392, 411, 428. 566. Greenman, Emerson F. chaeologist, 41(3): 26-43. 1978 "Early Iroquoian Contacts with 1935 "Excavation of the Reeve Village Parker, Arthur C. Europeans." Handbook of North Site, Lake County, Ohio." The Ohio 1907 "An Erie Indian Village and Burial American Indians, Vol. 14, Bruce State Archaeological and Historical Site at Ripley, Chautauqua, NY" G. Trigger, ed. Washington: Smith­ Quarterly, 44(1): 2-11. Bulletin 117. New York State sonian Institution, 344-356. 1935 "Seven Prehistoric Sites in North­ Museum. Tuck, James A. ern Ohio." The Ohio State Archae­ Perrin, William Henry 1978 "Northern Iroquoian Prehistory." ological and Historical Quarterly, 1881 History of Summit County. Chicago: Handbook of North American In­ 44(2): 220-237. Baskin & Battey, 498,500,618,622. dians, Vol. 15, Bruce G. Trigger, ed., 1937 "Two Prehistoric Villages Near Potter, Martha A. Washington: Smithsonian Institu­ Cleveland, Ohio." The Ohio State 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. Colum­ tion, 322-333. Archaeological and Historical Quar­ bus: Ohio Historical Society. Vietzen, Raymond C. terly, 46(4): 305-366. Quimby, George I. 1965 Indians of the Lake Erie Basin or Griffin, James B., ed. 1952 "The Archaeology of the Upper Lost Nations. Wahoo, Nebraska: 1952 Archaeology of Eastern United Great Lakes Area." Archaeology of Ludi Printing Company. States. Chicago: University of Chi­ Eastern United States, James B. Wakefield, Francis cago Press. Griffin, ed. Chicago: University of 1966 "The Elusive Mascouten." Michigan Grismer, Karl H. Chicago Press, 106. History, 50(3): 228-234. Roseboom, Eugene H. and Francis P. 1952 Akron and Summit County. Akron: White, Alene Lowe Weisenburger Summit County Historical Society, 1947 Personal correspondence with the 9-11, 71, 556,650. 1984 A History of Ohio. Columbus: Ohio author (May 10). Heidenreich, Conrad E. Historical Society, 13. White, Marian E. 1978 "Huron." Handbook of North Ameri­ Shea, John Gilmary 1961 Iroquois Culture History in the can Indians, Vol. 15, Bruce G. Trig­ 1855 History of the Catholic Missions Niagara Frontier Area of New York ger, ed. Washington: Smithsonian Among the Indian Tribes of the State. Ann Arbor: University of Institution, 374-375. United States. New York: Edward Michigan Anthropological Papers, Horton, John J. Dunigan & Brother. No. 16. 1961 The Jonathan Hale Farm: A Chroni­ Shetrone, Henry C. 1971 "Ethnic Identification and Iroquois cle of the Cuyahoga Valley. Cleve­ 1931 The Mound-Builders. New York: Groups in Western New York and land: Western Reserve Historical Appleton, 278. Ontario." Ethnohistory, 18: 19-38. Society, 8. Shriver, Phillip R. 1978 "Erie." Handbook of North Ameri­ Hunt, George T. 1984 "The Beaver Wars and the Destruc­ can Indians, Vol. 15, Bruce G. Trig­ 1940 The Wars of the Iroquois. Madison: tion of the Erie Nation." Timeline, ger, ed. Washington: Smithsonian University of Wisconsin Press. 1(2): 29-41. Institution, 412-417. Hyde, George E. 1985 Ed., A Tour to New Connecticut in 1978 "Neutral and Wenro." Handbook of 1962 Indians of the Woodlands: From 1811: The Narrative of Henry Leavitt North American Indians, Vol. 15, Prehistoric Time to 1725. Norman: Ellsworth. Cleveland: Western Re­ Bruce G. Trigger, ed. Washington: University of Oklahoma Press. serve Historical Society, 64-65, Smithsonian Institution, 407-411. Kubiak, William J. 111-113. Whittlesey, Charles 1970 Great Lakes Indians. Grand Rapids: Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis 1871 Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuya­ Baker Book House. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ hoga Valley. Cleveland: Western Lounsbury, Floyd G. sippi Valley. Washington: Smith­ Reserve Historical Society. 1978 "Iroquoian Languages." Handbook sonian Institution, xxxv, 8-46. of North American Indians, Vol. 15, Spielbauer, Ronald H Bruce G. Trigger, ed. Washington: 1982 Personal interview by the author. Smithsonian Institution, 334-343. (March 4). Lupoid, Harry F. Stothers, David M. 1975 The Forgotten People: The Wood­ 1983 "The Lost Huron' or Lost Jesuit' land Erie. Hicksville, New York: Ex­ Map Found?" Ohio Archaeologist, position Press. 33(4): 36-37. McCoy, James C. Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves 1937 Jesuit Relations of Canada, 1632- 1983 "Cultural Continuity and Change: 1673. Paris: Arthur Rau. The Western Basin, Ontario Iro­ Mills. William C. quois, and Sandusky Traditions—A "1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Co­ 1982 Perspective." Archaeology of

27 Ea i I li work N"K I, ol 1.1 XOIITU HAMPTON 1870 \ * I '» «. f

,/*

1-Ouk nun III diiinioinr n Rntiumr 0 «r;iv<-l knolls ol villi c-v drill ^Ohhtoh

VOIITII IIAMI'TOV I Julv IHG<) Fig. 5 (Shriver) Earthworks 8 and 9 among Whittlesey's Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley were the two closest to the interment of 121 men found just to the west of them. Note that an oak tree 3 feet in diameter was found by Whittlesey growing on the northeastern em­ bankment of No. 8. Fort No. 9 was situated on a high and very precipitous bluff and was rich in stone implements, pottery, and flint arrow points. Fig. 1 (Shriver) Map of Charles Whittlesey's Ancient Earth Forts of the k'liuloK <> cl Cuyahoga Valley, prepared by him in 1870. The large interment of 121 X II AM I men was located just west of the Cuyahoga River near Forts 8 and 9.

/ D r T

OK ]t i I s • o 111 c b 1 to SCeel d«oj>. \ S ii n cl A r n vol . il en tin nc:«v Fig. 4 (Shriver) A small stream known as Hale's Brook (shown in this map but not in the one in Fig. 1) ran through the Hale Farm at the Fig. 6 (Shriver) A detail from the Nicholas Sanson Map of New France northeast corner of Bath Township. Near it were two large groups of pits drawn in 1656. On this map the Erie (Eriechronons or Nation of the Cat) or caches on the Hale Farm and a third cluster of six pits or caches a are shown living south of Lake Erie to the east of a hook-shaped river half-mile down the brook on its south bank in Northampton Township. believed by Marian White and others to be a representation of Lake According to Whittlesey (1871: 21) a large Indian trail passed near this Chautauqua and Chautauqua Creek in western New York. The Kickapoo third cluster along which were very old hacks or blazes upon the trees. (or Ontarraronon) are shown to the west of that same river, giving credence Forty years earlier (about 1830) Andrew Hale had found "over one of the to the belief that the Whittlesey Focus and the Kickapoo may have been axe marks . . . a growth of 160 layers, " which would establish a date of one and the same people. Library of Congress circa 1670 for the axe mark.

28 /er/J'.t /,„ll Tinrl.i KorlX'»ll /// rl r// r ti it r n r f WEYMOUTH Siinrt/eit /Mr. /rf'tO MEDINA l;L March 1850

9**o*****r a. It. f/ntniH&/i/f///x /w//' tit/ti/rrtitr/f K ii I *i r p « ti |>i o f i lt> a ti rw&u/lAmrnt rf tUtfh r imi/unit. if it. rotut .Veurt/vri? to /n i/rpri/itrn r r Fig. 3 (Shriver) Fort No. 11 was located in the valley of the east branch of the Rocky River at Fig. 2 (Shriver) Whittlesey's Fort No. 3 was Fig. 7 (Shriver) The shell gorget which belonged Weymouth. A sharp bend of the river formed a located on the land of Henry Tuttle in Inde­ to the Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant, leader of peninsula about 400 feet long with vertical walls pendence and is now known as Tuttle Hill. the pro-British Iroquois in the late eighteenth rising 50 feet above the water. According to century. Note the beads and/or buttons and the Whittlesey (1871:18), "it would, in this region, personalized monogram. (See Tooker, 1978: be difficult to find a position more inaccessible 435.) Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. to an assaulting party than the water sides of this peninsula. About 300 feet from its point, the ancient engineers made a triple wall of earth, with exterior ditches, as shown on the plate."

A Celt of Unusual Material LETTERS By Mel Wilkins I am very angry because my name was Lima, Ohio linked with the article "Point & Barbs" by Gregory Perino which appeared in the last issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. The celt shown in Fig. 1 was found I did NOT submit nor do I endorse the nearSt. Paris, Champaign County, Ohio. contents of that article. It is made of an unusual material which My reputation and my work as a volun­ appears to be almost pure quartz with teer at the Historical Society should inclusions of jadeite. speak for itself. Editor's note: This article was inadver­ tantly published under Miss Mott's name. It was supplied by Joe Redick and our apologies to Miss Mott are in order.

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Celt from St. Paris. Champaign County. Five inches long.

."'I Comments On Gramly, Richards, and Lehberger By William A. Lovis Michigan State University

A recent short article (Gramly, Rich­ 24), a socketed harpoon primarily as­ late Yant Site date that is inconsistent ards, and Lehberger 1985: 13-16) of­ signable to the Middle Woodland (Lovis with the prehistoric chronology of the fered erroneous comment on the in­ 1979: 35-37, Figure 16a p. 38), and a Midwestern United States, and not the ternal logic of a discussion concluding demonstrated use of non-mound burial age attributed to the specimen from that there were pre-Late Woodland uses during the Middle Woodland in the 20LP98. It would appear appropriate for of site 20LP98. The following brief com­ Saginaw Valley (Halsey 1976), the most Gramly et al to first rectify the incon­ ment takes issue with the position in the parsimonious interpretation was that sistencies between their radiocarbon Yant site paper, and concludes that the there was a "Middle Woodland, Hope- assessments and the Yant Site artifact statements contained therein are based well-related" (Lovis 1979: 43) compon­ inventory before embarking on un­ cumulatively on selective reading of the ent at 20LP98. This is hardly faulty logic, warranted, poorly documented tilting 20LP98 paper, a lack of distinction be­ as my detractors would have it. matches. tween Hopewell and local Middle Wood­ Secondly, an "earlier use of the site" land, and incomplete knowledge on the is not premised solely on the panpipe. Acknowledgements part of the Yant site authors about ad­ Aside from the Middle Woodland ceram­ I thank Dr. John Halsey for review of jacent regional chronology. These er­ ics noted above, there are Early Wood­ an initial draft of this response. rors result in support of a pet hypothesis, land Shiawassee Wares (Lovis 1979: rather than a provoking discussion. 22-25, Figure 7, p. 24). Moreover, the Since I do not presume to have the same authors of the Yant Site through either References depth of knowledge in either Yant oversight or intent, ignore the several Mound site or Ohio prehistory as my statements in the report about the pres­ Gramly, R.M., E. Richards and D. Lehberger critics, I leave it to others to judge the ence of terminal Late Archaic/Early 1985 Excavations at the Yant Mound, consistency of their contributions in Stark County, Northwestern Ohio. Woodland burials in the immediate Ohio Archaeologist, 35(2): 13-16. those areas, and will confine my com­ vicinity of the later Woodland compon­ Halsey, John ments to itemization of errors of fact. ent (Lovis 1979: 10, 42-44). In fact, it is 1976 The Bussinger Site: A Multicom­ Firstly, attention is called to discus­ the presence of Late Archaic/Early ponent Site in the Saginaw Valley sion of the panpipe (Lovis 1979:40-41), Woodland red ochre cremations, arti­ of Michigan with a Review of Early where several alternative interpretations facts of Early and Middle Woodland age, Late Woodland Mortuary Com­ and clearly Late Woodland interments plexes in the Northeastern Wood­ are presented including post-Hopewell lands. Ph.D. dissertation. University deposition as an heirloom. No late, post- that are employed in generating a com­ parison with the multicomponent Bus- of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. Middle Woodland panpipe recovery was Lovis, William A. (editor) recorded in the literature to that date. singer Site (Halsey 1976) and an argu­ 1979 The Archaeology and Physical An­ Coupled with the lack of an absolute ment for in situ development of the thropology of 20LP98: A Woodland date, the presence of Middle Woodland local burial complex (Lovis 1979: 42, Burial Locale in Lapeer County, Green Point and Tittabawassee wares 44). Michigan. The Michigan Archaeol­ at the site (Lovis 1979: 25, Figure 7 p. In sum, it would appear that it is the ogist, 25(1-2): 1-69. Ann Arbor.

Flint Jack By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

He was known under several aliases Jack that the science of typology came that "some of the collectors who in­ and nicknames, among which were into being. "Reproductions" were caus­ formed the workmen of the points of "Shirtless," "Fossil Willy," "Cockney ing such problems that an exhibition was authenticity in stone tools were them­ Bill," and "Bones'—but it was as "Flint held in 1857 to expose fakes. Flint Jack selves severly bitten by the forgers. This Jack" that he gained noteriety and be­ finally became so famous (or infamous) fact should delight the hearts of all anti­ came the bane of early English anti­ that no one would buy his forgeries- quaries." Our hearts would be delighted quarians. His real name was Edward he became a drunk and died in paupers today should such a circumstance occur. Simpson of Whitby, England, and he was prison. We still have Flint Jacks, many of the first flint forger of record. By the middle of the 19th century, whom manufacture artifacts under the aegis of "reviving a lost art" or "produc­ Forgery of antiquities is nothing new faking had become widespread and was off and running. In Yorkshire, a man ing replicas" or trying to attach some even though it may seem more acute in aura of scientific research to their our own day. As early as 1850, anti­ known as "Snake Willy" or "Skin and Grief" was foremost among a number frauds. But in essence they are only quarians and collectors were becoming fakers—committers of frauds, forgeries, concerned by the number of fakes and of fakers. At Stoke Newington in the 1890's, forgery had become a local in­ and otherwise practicing deception. Al­ forgeries appearing on the market and most all states have laws against such finding their way into collections. To dustry. Their products were put in con­ tainers with scrap iron to acquire a patina illegal acts. Unfortunately, none of them supply this burgeoning interest in ac­ have ever been prosecuted. quiring prehistoric artifacts, Flint Jack which had previously been a clue to traversed England producing frauds and their newness. A study of the Stoke moving on when things became too hot Newington forgers in 1894 revealed for him. It was probably because of Flint

30 A Week To Remember By Glenn Spray 5100 Martinsburg Rd., Mt. Vernon, Ohio

Many times a surface hunter goes to the field thinking that perhaps it will be the day he finds an unusual artifact. But finding an exceptional piece doesn't happen often, so when I found three such pieces in one week it was most unusual. After attending the annual Society meeting in May, and after chores and supper, I went hunting and found the notched base dovetail shown in Fig. 1. It is 2% inches long and 1% inches wide and made of Upper Mercer flint. On Tuesday of that week I found the fractured base point shown in Fig. 2. It is somewhat damaged but the damaged places have been reworked by the In­ dian. It is made of Flint Ridge flint and is 3 inches long and is the first fractured base point I have found. On Friday of that same week, while working ground with a field cultivator in preparation for planting soybeans, I saw an object which looked unusual about to go under the cultivator, so I stopped and it turned out to be a slate ball banner (Fig. 3). It has a few chips Fig. 2 (Spray) Obverse and reverse of fractured base point. and scratches but is all in one piece. It is 2V4 inches in diameter and is the first whole piece of slate I have found in many years of hunting. In addition to the above pieces I also found in that week a celt, several small points and a number of broken pieces.

Fig. 1 (Spray) Notched base dovetail. Fig. 3 (Spray) Obverse and reverse of banded slate ball banner.

31 A Fine Adena Blade The Williamson Site, By Dave Farrow Dinwiddie County, Virginia 838 Fari Ave. N.E., New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663 *An assembly of all the best articles ever published about the Williamson Paleo-lndian Site. *8J4x 11, 213 pages. * Perfect binding on heavy, glossy stock. * Tables, charts, maps, hundreds of Paleo-lndian Points and Tools pictured. * One color plate. PRICE: $25.00 plus $2.00 for shipping and handling ORDER FROM: R. M Peck 1539 Quail Drive Harrisburg, NC 28075

CONTENTS

Page No. Acknowledgement iv Preface vi Introduction vii by Vance Haynes Chapters 1. A Folsom Workshop on the Williamson Farm ... 1 Dinwiddie County, Virginia (The Williamson Site) by B. C. McCary, J. C. Smith, C. E. Gilliam 2. The Cattail Creek Fluting Tradition and Its 11 Complex-Determining Lithic Debris by Floyd Painter 3. Paleo Mans Tool Kit 21 by Floyd Painter 4. Lancets, Unusual Items from Paleo Man's 27 Tool Kit by Floyd Painter 5. Stratigraphic Investigations at the Williamson .33 Site, Dinwiddie County, Virginia by Vance Haynes 6. The Williamson Site: A New Approach 41 by Joseph L. Benthall and Ben C. McCary 7. Excavation at the Williamson Site, Dinwiddie ... 49 County, Virginia by Ben C. McCary and Gleen R. Bittner 8. An Analysis of Lithic Material from the 73 Williamson Site Fig. 1 (Farrow) Five inch Adena blade found by Gerald H. Johnson near Port Washington, Ohio. 9. Split Cobble Abraders, An Important Item in ... . 79 Paleo Mans Tool Kit by Floyd Painter On March 30, 1985, my wife Lorraine 10. Possible Evidence of Tattooing by 87 found this exceptional Adena blade Paleo-lndians of Eastern North America while surface hunting a recently cleared by Floyd Painter terrace overlooking the Tuscarawas 11. The Williamson Paleo-lndian Site, Dinwiddie ... 95 County, Virginia River near Port Washington, Ohio. The by Ben C. McCary blade is five inches long and is fashioned 12. The Fields at Cattail Creek: An Up-Date on 181 from a light pinkish-purple variety of the Williamson Site locally available Upper Mercer flint. Al­ by Rodney M Peck though blades and knives have never gained a real popularity among collec­ tors, certain examples of these artifacts display color and workmanship which rivals that found on many fine prehis­ toric notched types. This blade is a classic example of quality flint and work­ manship found in blades and knives.

32 An Adena Adze By Jack Rosenfeld 4704 Glengate Dr., Columbus, Ohio

This artifact was a recent find on April 15, 1985, in Franklin County near Big Walnut Creek. This type adze has been described as an Adena tool (Converse: 1973). It is flat on the underside and beveled to a 45° angle at the bit. It is tapered toward the narrow poll making it somewhat triangular in outline. The stone from which it is manufactured is a compact igneous stone from the gla­ cial drift.

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Top view of Adena adze. Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) Side view of 4% inch adze.

A D-Shaped Granite Bannerstone By Richard S. Coyer 114 Walnut St., Quincy, Ohio 43343 This outstanding bannerstone was found in western Union County on June 20, 1985. It is of a very rare type and even though it is known for the Ohio area, D-shaped bannerstones are not considered plentiful anywhere. In Ban­ ner-stones of the North American In­ dian (Knoblock—1939) there is pictured a specimen almost identical in size and material from nearby Logan County. Like most Ohio bannerstones of this type it is made from speckled granite and clearly shows the black and white crystals of feldspar, quartz and mica. It is somewhat convex on the bottom sur­ face and is drilled with a hole approxi­ mately % inch in diameter. All of my collection has been person­ ally found while surface hunting. Need­ less to say, this is the finest piece I have ever found.

Fig. 1 (Coyer) Speckled granite bannerstone from Union County 2% inches long.

33 A special feature of the book is a page Archaeology" may be purchased from BOOK REVIEW of drawings that show what a skeleton's the National Geographic Society, Dept. 100, Washington, DC. 20036, for $24.95, The National Geographic Society is bones can tell about a person. Notched plus $3.25 for postage and handling, or pleased to present for your review its teeth, for example, can reveal a wool spinner; a compressed rib cage, some­ by telephoning toll-free 800-638-4077. new publication: one who wore a corset. For further information, contact: THE ADVENTURE The volume also provides some help­ Joy Aschenbach OF ARCHAEOLOGY ful and practical information: two time News Service Tracing archaeology's fascinating charts that trace archaeological achieve­ National Geographic Society evolution from an adventurous treasure ments and world cultures, an annotated Washington, D.C. 20036 hunt into a scientific pursuit of the past, bibliography, a guide to some of the 202-857-7633 "The Adventure of Archaeology" is a museums where the featured artifacts comprehensive, richly illustrated book are displayed, and a list of places to sign that tells the stories behind the great up as a volunteer on a dig. Editor's note: Readers will find this to discoveries, from the first finds to the Enclosed are four black-and-white be one of the best books most recent. prints from "The Adventure of Archae­ of its kind published in re­ Written by anthropologist Brian M. ology" for your use. We would appreci­ cent years. The color illus­ Fagan of the University of California, ate a tear sheet of your review or feature. trations themselves are the 368-page hardcover book includes The educational publications of the worth the price—it should 390 illustrations, 24 maps, and 13 spe­ nonprofit Society are not distributed belong in the library of cially commissioned paintings, some por­ commercially but are available to the anyone interested in ar­ traying great moments in archaeology. public. Copies of "The Adventure of chaeology and the past.

A 50-ton stone monument carved by the Olmec, builders of Mexico's earliest known civilization. ,s unearthed at the nch archaeological site at La Venta in 1940 This historical photograph is one of 403 illustrations featured in the National Geographic Society s new book, The Adventure of Archaeology. " which describes how archaeology developed from an adventurous treasure hunt into a scientific pursuit of the past.

34 ANNOUNCING::: OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ANTHROPOLOGY, NO. 9

(PART I) THE NELSON ISLAND AND SEABROOK MARSH SITES: Late Archaic, Marine Oriented People on the Central New England Coast, by Brian S. Robinson, vii + 107 pp., 15 plates, 29 figs., 11 tables, appendices. The comparative analysis of data from two partially submerged islands in salt marsh estuaries provides evidence of a Late Archaic, coastally-adapted culture that may be related to the Small Stemmed Point tradition. The Seabrook tool assemblage establishes a typological model for the definition of a related complex in the large, multicomponent surface collection from Nelson Island. A detailed perspective on the nature of coastal adaptive strategies of a relatively high population suggests that the society achieved a level of cold and warm weather stability in their particular environment. Recovery of burials complements the study with insights into the ritual life of the population.

(PART II) CERAMIC ANALYSIS IN THE NORTHEAST: Contributions to Methodology and Culture History, edited by James B. Petersen, iii + 159 pp., 9 plates, 22 figs., 27 tables. This collection of papers from the 21st Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Anthropological Association provides sug­ gestive examples of varied analytical procedures as well as cultural historical reconstructions. The near absence of ceramic chronologies for large portions of the Northeast as well as a general lack of comparable methodologies in the region have tended to retard the advance of research in northeastern archaeology. This collection seeks to remedy that situation by stimulating more researchers to join in the comprehensive analysis of northeastern ceramics. The following papers are included: Ceramic Analysis in the Northeast: resume and prospect by James B. Petersen An Analysis of a Southwestern Connecticut Prehistoric Ceramic Sample by Cecelia S. Kirkorian and Nancy S. Dickinson Early, Middle and Late Woodland Ceramic Assemblages from Great Diamond Island, Casco Bay, Maine by Nathan D. Hamilton and David R. Yesner The Ceramics of the Fort Dummer Site (VT-WD-13), Brattleboro, Vermont by Martha E. Pinello The Prehistoric Pottery of the Smyth Site by Victoria B. Kenyon Three Middle Woodland Ceramic Assemblages from the Winooski Site by James B. Petersen and Marjory W. Power

ORDER FORM Please send copy(ies) of: Cost: $15.00 (incl. postage/handling) OPNEA9(l) THE NELSON ISLAND AND SEABROOK MARSH SITES AND (II) CERAMIC ANALYSIS IN THE NORTHEAST To: Name (print)

Address

//MAIL WITH PAYMENT TO: FUND FOR ANTHROPOLOGY, DEPT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, FRANKLIN PIERCE COLLEGE, RINDGE, N.H. 03461

Announcing PRE-PUBLICATION SALE CHARLES H. FAIRBANKS MEMORIAL ISSUE

Florida Journal of Anthropology, Special Publication No. 4

$10.00—Special Pre-publication sale price until November 1, 1985 $15.00—Regular price after November 1, 1985 Part of the proceeds will go to the Charles Fairbanks Scholarship Fund. Contents: 15 papers, 200+ pages, photographs, perfect binding. Please add $1.00 postage and handling for the first copy and $0.50 for each additional copy to be mailed. To save on the cost of mailing, you may note on your order that you will pick up your copy at the SEAC meetings in Birmingham, November 7-9, 1985. Please send your check or money order to FASA, c/o Dept. of Anthropology, 1350 GPA, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

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