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The Dust-Pressed Process Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process Prosser The Engineer: A Forgotten Birmingham Genius Richard Prosser 1804 -1854 The Discovery of his Life of Invention and Contention The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process: The Button Wars & The Tile Revolution Susan Darby Version 2 14-10-2017 !1 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process Copyright © 2015-2017 Susan Darby all rights reserved The purpose of the free publication of this work is to gain some belated, but much deserved, recognition for its subject Richard Prosser, an inventor who was also one of the main proponents of the first major legislative reform of the patent law system in 1852. He was fiercely protective of intellectual property rights. Any concerns as to possible copyright infringement in this narrative or any images within it should be addressed to the author in the first instance please at [email protected] and they will be given due and proper consideration; if any infringement is established the offending material will be removed, if required by the owner, with an apology - as Prosser himself would have demanded . The typeface used on the "cover" of this narrative and chapter headings is "Baskerville" in deference to Richard's admiration of another Birmingham genius: John Baskerville (1706-1775). Version 2 14-10-2017 !2 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process The Richard Prosser Stories to date The First Story Chapters 1to 5 Rescuing Richard: The Brothers' Feud & The "Chunk" Conundrum The Second Story Chapters 6 to 9 The Dust-Pressed Process: The Button Wars & The Tile Revolution (NB. Readers of The Second Story who do not wish to read The First are recommended to read its Introduction, Chapter 1 & Chapter 5 pp.148 to 162) The stories already written remain works in progress and will be subject to revision as, hopefully, further information and corrections come to light. Works in Contemplation: Tubes: A Wealth of Trouble The Emancipation of Inventors Version 2 14-10-2017 !3 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process Acknowledgements Throughout my narratives I try to acknowledge all my contributors and sources as they appear and, where appropriate, provide a link to any relevant website. In the case of "The Dust Pressed Process" especial thanks are due to the following: My American email-friend Jody Behrbaum, a self confessed "avid collector of Prosser (or "china") buttons", who has provided much of the source material from across the Atlantic for "The Button Wars"; The tile historian and author Hans van Lemmen for his many contributions to the content of Chapter 7 of Part Two of this narrative, his patience in helping me to understand the difficult technical aspects of his subject and for his invaluable encouragement of my excursion into a specialist field where I often feared to tread. My thanks also extend to: Professor Christine MacLeod, the author of Richard Prosser's new entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, for her continued encouragement, guidance and historical insight; The British Newspaper Archive, my main source of contemporary accounts, without which the Richard Prosser Stories would not have been discovered; Finally, but above all, Richard Prosser's great great grandson, Richard John Darby, my husband, for his support and toleration of my obsessive pursuit of his ancestor. Known as "John" since birth, my husband was named Richard after his maternal Prosser grandfathers: the mining engineer Richard Ellis Prosser, the historian of invention Richard Bissell Prosser and Richard himself. All errors, omissions and misconceived speculations in my narratives are entirely my responsibility. It is my hope that publication will lead to feedback, which will enable corrections to be made and will resolve some, at least, of the many questions that remain unanswered about Richard's life and inventions. Susan Darby [email protected] Version 2 14-10-2017 !4 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process The Dust-Pressed Process Part One: The Button Wars Chapter 6 Page The Opening Scene: Family Life 1840 6 The Dust-pressed Process 10 The Invention of the Process 12 The "Agate" Button : Thomas v. Richard? 21 Thomas and his U.S. Patent 27 U.S. National Archives: Thomas's Application 34 Richard's English Patent: No. 8548 42 Inferences 45 Thomas's 1844 U.S. court case 47 Thomas's 1847 U.S. court case 53 England: Richard & Minton on the offensive; Richard v. Royal Worcester 56 The Agate Button: England v. France 72 "Divers articles": other applications of the dust-pressed process 88 Part Two: The Tile Revolution 90 Chapter 7 Paving the Nation: The Victorian Tile Revolution - The Beginning:From Mosaic to Geometrical Pavements 91 Chapter 8 The Toy & Brick Ventures of Mr Cole & Mr Prosser: Foresight Unrewarded 162 Chapter 9 Minton Tiles 1840-54 Richard's Role: The Knowns & Known Unknowns 194 Version 2 14-10-2017 !5 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process Chapter 6 The Button Wars or Tom, Dick and Herbert and the "Agate" Button (1840 to 1854) The distinctly separate stories that constitute the rest of Richard's business career (following his "nail" period) each occur over the whole, or a major portion, of the remaining fourteen years of his life. One of these, the comparatively short story of the Chunk and Vesta stoves, has already been told in the preceding chapter. It would be hopelessly confusing if all the known events in his life during the years from 1840 to 1854 were recounted strictly chronologically. Instead, each of the remaining stories will be told separately, with events in his personal life interwoven when appropriate: his personal life is still largely unknown except for facts officially recorded in census returns and the registers of births, deaths and marriages. This and the next three chapters concern Richard's seventh patent, which revolutionised two, seemingly prosaic, industries - button-making and decorative tiling. The Opening Scene: Family Life 1840 At sometime between 2nd October 1838 and 19th May 1840 Richard and his family moved from the Chunk Engine Works to live at a house a short distance away: 9 Camp Hill Bordesley. The dates are the baptism date of his second child, Richard Bissell and the birth date of his third, George Rippon: the former's baptism record confirmed that the family were still living at the Works, the latter's birth certificate confirmed his place of birth. The move probably took place sooner rather than later after Richard Bissell's baptism, for the reasons explained in the previous chapter. Version 2 14-10-2017 !6 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process Earlier on in my genealogical research I had difficulty finding Richard in the 1841 census, the reason being that the enumerator had spelt "Prosser" with the long "s", an "f" without the crossbar. This was an archaic form of the letter "s" which was falling out of use by 1841 but was still found in the handwriting of those educated before the 1820s. In addition, the enumerator had missed out the second "s" with the result that the name appears to be "Profer", which the Ancestry transcriber had interpreted as "Proper", an understandable mistake. These transcription errors are quite common and I soon learnt to apply a certain amount of lateral thinking in my name searches on Ancestry. I was nearly defeated by one spelling, "Bossa" in the 1871 census, when looking for Richard Bissell Prosser; perhaps the transcriber was a Brazilian. An analysis of the 1841 census revealed that the house at 9 Camp Hill was located on the west side of this road, the right-hand side leaving Birmingham. Richard, 35, an engineer, was residing there with his wife, Sarah, 25, and three young children: Eleanor, Richard, and George, aged 4, 3 and 1. A "Hannah Proper" (sic), 23, of independent means was living with the family but this must surely be Sarah's sister, Hannah Potter; such mistakes by the census enumerators were not uncommon. Richard was also now able to afford a live-in servant, a 15 year old girl, Ann Lees. The return also confirmed that the houses on the west side of Camp Hill were, on the whole, lived in by "middle class" occupants, including an accountant, a school teacher, a merchant, an importer, as well as some residents of independent means. Several of the households had a servant; the merchant had three. The same return also includes another familiar name: William Church, engineer, who gave his age as 50 (in fact he was about 63), now living (slightly closer to Birmingham town centre than Richard) in High Street Bordesley with his wife, Ann, 45; they also had one servant. But did this move from Heywood House in the rural hamlet of Bordesley Green indicate a downturn in his fortunes? Camp Hill was a continuation of this High Street: the two engineers and inventors were living on the same side of this road about fifteen doors away from each other - were they on cordial terms after all that had happened during the previous ten years? The Camp Hill road continued south out of Birmingham, becoming the Stratford Road shortly after the Holy Trinity chapel, and then passed through the hamlets of Sparkbrook and Sparkhill. The latter, situated at the junction of the lane to Showell Green, was where Thomas Morton Jones was living in the 1841 census, less than two miles away from Richard's family. Mr Jones then had six surviving children; another two had previously died in infancy. He had Version 2 14-10-2017 !7 Prosser The Engineer The Second Story The Dust-Pressed Process married in 1829 and his wife, the fecund Julia, had borne him at least eight children in the eleven subsequent years; there appear to have been no twins.
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