DOCSLIB.ORG

An Analysis of Accession 16082, the Ohio Hopewell Site Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Analysis of Accession 16082, the Ohio Hopewell Site Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2020 A Collection Divided: an Analysis of Accession 16082, the Ohio Hopewell Site Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum Katrina N. Schmitz University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Schmitz, Katrina N., "A Collection Divided: an Analysis of Accession 16082, the Ohio Hopewell Site Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2419. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2419 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COLLECTION DIVIDED: AN ANALYSIS OF ACCESSION 16082, THE OHIO HOPEWELL SITE COLLECTION AT THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM by Katrina N. Schmitz A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2020 ABSTRACT A COLLECTION DIVIDED: AN ANALYSIS OF ACCESSION 16082, THE OHIO HOPEWELL SITE COLLECTION AT THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM by By Katrina N. Schmitz The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2020 Under the Direction of Dr. Patricia B. Richards This thesis investigates and documents sixty-one Ohio Hopewellian objects that form a collection currently housed at the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM). The objects were excavated from the Hopewell site of Ross County, Ohio which lends its name to a renowned and geographically expansive archaeological cultural horizon. The meaning and interpretation of these MPM objects, and the site itself have evolved over time through decisions made by Native peoples, archaeologists, and museum curators. The MPM’s collection can be used as a conduit enabling discussion of the evolution of interpretations for the entire Hopewell site and the extraordinary number of artifacts which have been removed from it. Further, this collection is a mechanism for understanding decisions and practices in the nineteenth and twentieth century fields of archaeology and museology. To fill displays at the Chicago World’s Colombian Exposition of 1893, Warren K. Moorehead excavated mounds at the Hopewell Mound Group in Ohio from 1891 to 1892. Thousands of objects removed from the site were transported to Chicago, later becoming one of the founding collections for the Field Museum (FM). Objects from the Hopewell site were used as a representative specimen type collection for identification of other Hopewellian sites ii throughout the Eastern Woodlands of the United States. On April 6th, 1945, the Milwaukee Public Museum received 61 objects from the Hopewell site in an exchange with the FM. This thesis contains two components: a review of decisions made by varying constituents which affected and currently affect the objects and a descriptive analysis of the Hopewell collection at the MPM. First, the review focuses on the transition of these Hopewellian objects’ meaning over time though the decisions of Native peoples, archaeologists, and museum professionals. This begins with a history of the Hopewell site and archaeological practices associated with the site. Next, an object biography is presented, following the MPM Hopewell site collection artifacts journey from southern Ohio to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The final portion of the review discusses the transition of Hopewellian objects’ interpretation over time in museums and National Parks. The second component of this thesis, includes examination and photography of the physical objects, assessment of provenience information, and a comparison to the larger Hopewell collection at the FM. The goals of this thesis are to gather information and associate a largely unresearched collection at the MPM to an important archaeological site, connect to an expansive archaeological cultural horizon, and explore the related professional practices of the previous era. Data collected for this thesis will be provided to the MPM and submitted to the FM for potential incorporation into their “Ohio Hopewell” digital project. By including this information in the digital project, this small collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum will be linked to other Hopewellian objects now spread throughout the world, and as a result, will be more accessible for future research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................ii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................vi List of Tables ...................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 The Hopewell Cultural Horizon ...............................................................................1 A Brief History of the Hopewell Site Collection at the MPM .................................4 Archaeological Approaches .....................................................................................6 Museum Approaches ................................................................................................8 Theoretical Orientation .............................................................................................11 Project Description and Key Questions ....................................................................12 Methods ....................................................................................................................13 Expected Results and Significance ...........................................................................14 Thesis Organization ..................................................................................................15 Chapter 2: A Context for the Hopewell Site ....................................................................18 Hopewell Site Investigations ....................................................................................18 Atwater, Squier, Davis, and the Myth of the Mound Builder ...........................18 Moorehead and Beyond ....................................................................................24 Archaeological Practices ..........................................................................................29 Hopewellian Studies .........................................................................................30 Hopewell Interaction Sphere.............................................................................32 Hopewell Habitation and Subsistence ..............................................................34 Chapter 3: The Social Life of the Hopewell Site Collection ...........................................36 Birth and Ancient Beginnings ..................................................................................38 Historic Period and Excavation ................................................................................42 Life Post-Excavation: Nineteenth Century ...............................................................48 Life Post-Excavation: Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries ..................................60 Chapter 4: Material Analysis ...........................................................................................69 Analysis of Collection by Material Type .................................................................71 Lithics .................................................................................................................71 Metals .................................................................................................................75 Faunal .................................................................................................................78 Mica ....................................................................................................................82 Human Remains .................................................................................................83 iv EDX-Ray Fluorescence of Three Obsidian Artifacts ...............................................86 Discussion of Collection Analysis: Findings and What is Missing .........................90 Comparison to Other Field Museum Exchanges ......................................................93 Conclusion ................................................................................................................99 Chapter 5: Transformation of Interpretation ....................................................................101 Interpretations at Museums ......................................................................................102 Field Museum .....................................................................................................102 Milwaukee Public Museum ................................................................................109 Interpretations at National Parks ..............................................................................116
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atradition of Giants
    A TRADITION OF GIANTS The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Narrative and Commentary Ross Hamilton 1 1 Page Copyright © 2007 by Ross Hamilton: All rights reserved. No portion of this book, except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission of the publisher. For information contact Ross Hamilton, 4202 Sibley Avenue, Silverton, Ohio—45236 Cover art courtesy of the Library of Congress; book design by Ross Hamilton. Title of work: A Tradition of Giants Alternative title: The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Library of Congress registration number: TXu 1-608-346 Effective date of registration: November 19, 2007 Amendments and additions added 9-16-2012 2 2 Page The Great Peacemaker, Passaconeway Believed by some as perhaps the greatest Sachem who ever lived, Passaconeway was the last of the great kingly chiefs of old. He was a giant among men, physically and spiritually, believed to have stood at least seven feet in height. A powerful medicine man and chieftain of the Penacook tribe, Passaconeway was elected bashaba (emperor) of a confederation of tribes united to stem an aggressive Mohawk nation. In his twilight years this great man traveled in the Maine-New Hampshire-Massachusetts region where he was revered as the mouthpiece of the Great Spirit by both Native and European folk alike. Tradition stays that Passaconeway was a genius, gifted with magical or divine powers employed in his peacemaking efforts. His true power, however, lay in his ability to kindle the fire of peace and brotherly love in the hearts of all irrespective of race or tribal restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Investigations Into the King George
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22) Harry Gene Brignac Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brignac Jr, Harry Gene, "Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22)" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 2720. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2720 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE KING GEORGE ISLAND MOUNDS SITE (16LV22) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology By Harry Gene Brignac Jr. B.A. Louisiana State University, 2003 May, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for surrounding me with the people in my life who have guided and supported me in this and all of my endeavors. I have to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Rebecca Saunders for her professional guidance during this entire process, and for her inspiration and constant motivation for me to become the best archaeologist I can be.
    [Show full text]
  • Newark Earthworks Center - Ohio State University and World Heritage - Ohio Executive Committee INDIANS and EARTHWORKS THROUGH the AGES “We Are All Related”
    Welcoming the Tribes Back to Their Ancestral Lands Marti L. Chaatsmith, Comanche/Choctaw Newark Earthworks Center - Ohio State University and World Heritage - Ohio Executive Committee INDIANS AND EARTHWORKS THROUGH THE AGES “We are all related” Mann 2009 “We are all related” Earthen architecture and mound building was evident throughout the eastern third of North America for millennia. Everyone who lived in the woodlands prior to Removal knew about earthworks, if they weren’t building them. The beautiful, enormous, geometric precision of the Hopewell earthworks were the culmination of the combined brilliance of cultures in the Eastern Woodlands across time and distance. Has this traditional indigenous knowledge persisted in the cultural traditions of contemporary American Indian cultures today? Mann 2009 Each dot represents Indigenous architecture and cultural sites, most built before 1491 Miamisburg Mound is the largest conical burial mound in the USA, built on top of a 100’ bluff, it had a circumference of 830’ People of the Adena Culture built it between 2,800 and 1,800 years ago. 6 Miamisburg, Ohio (Montgomery County) Picture: Copyright: Tom Law, Pangea-Productions. http://pangea-productions.net/ Items found in mounds and trade networks active 2,000 years ago. years 2,000 active networks trade and indicate vast travel Courtesy of CERHAS, Ancient Ohio Trail Inside the 50-acre Octagon at Sunrise 8 11/1/2018 Octagon Earthworks, Newark, OH Indigenous people planned, designed and built the Newark Earthworks (ca. 2000 BCE) to cover an area of 4 square miles (survey map created by Whittlesey, Squier, and Davis, 1837-47) Photo Courtesy of Dan Campbell 10 11/1/2018 Two professors recover tribal knowledge 2,000 years ago, Indigenous people developed specialized knowledge to construct the Octagon Earthworks to observe the complete moon cycle: 8 alignments over a period of 18 years and 219 days (18.6 years) “Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric Ohio” Ray Hively and Robert Horn, 1982 Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Motion for Leave to Supplement Replies to USEC and the NRC Staff by Geoffrey Sea
    I lOLH UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DOCKETED NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION USNRC August 17, 2005 (1:01pm) ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD OFFICE OF SECRETARY Before the Administrative Law Judges: RULEMAKINGS AND Lawrence G. McDade, Chairman ADJUDICATIONS STAFF Paul B. Abramson Richard E. Wardwell ) Filed August 17, 2005 In the Matter of ) ) USEC Inc. ) Docket No. 70-7004 (American Centrifuge Plant) ) -) Motion for Leave to Supplement Replies to USEC and the NRC Staff by Geoffrey Sea Petitioner Geoffrey Sea asks leave to supplement his replies to the Answers of USEC and NRC Staff, which were filed on March 23, 2005, and March 25, 2005, respectively. Original replies to the Answers were filed by the Petitioner on March 30, 2005, and April 1, 2005, respectively. The reason for supplementation is new information that is detailed in Petitioners Amended Contentions, being filed concurrently. This new information includes a declaration by three cultural resource experts who completed a visit to the GCEP Water Field site on August 5, 2005. The experts identified a man- made earthwork on the site, crossed by well-heads, just as Petitioner has claimed in prior filings. 7eIPLALTC-= <3 - 31.E The new information also includes two parts in a series of articles by Spencer Jakab about USEC's dismal economic prospects, the second published only yesterday, August 15, 2005. It also includes new statements by Bill Murphie, field office manager for DOE with jurisdiction over Piketon, about USEC's unwillingness to reimburse the government for improper expenses identified in a report by the DOE Office of Inspector General, and about the possibility that DOE may seek to recover these costs.
    [Show full text]
  • My Walk with the Ancients
    MY WALK WITH THE ANCIENTS By Vincent James Stanzione (This is a preliminary ‘Essay’ presented to the Newark Earthworks Center and the participants of the 2009 ‘Walk with the Ancients’ and Newark Earthworks Day 2009. This is not edited much so please read it lightly as if out walking barefoot. I just wanted to write something about ‘my’ experience and ‘our’ experience together on the Walk with the Ancients. I would also like to know what you would add to what I have written here of our experience walking the Great Hopewell Road. So in your own good time let us share our story and see if we can’t create something that tells of what we did together with our feet, legs, bodies, minds and spirits. I just want to say I wrote this in good will and hope my opinions can be seen as openings to a greater dialogue and not as the last word or anything close to something ridiculous like that! I hope my writing is helpful in promoting both exchange and change for a better life. Best of the best to all of you, Vinny Stanzione) The Great Hopewell Road Path of Pilgrimage Chillicothe to the Octagon Earthworks of the ‘Great Circle-Octagon Mound City’ October of 2009 Why I write I write in fulfillment of my social and cultural obligation to the people of the Newark Earthwork Center in Newark Ohio who invited me to participate in this year’s ‘2009 Walk with the Ancients.’ When I left Ohio I promised several people that I would write my reflections on our experience of walking together on the Great Hopewell Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Archaeologist Volume 43 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO. 2 SPRING 1993 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first TERM of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in the member­ 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East ship dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)653-6642 BACK ISSUES 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE. East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse .$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time.
    [Show full text]
  • State Parks and Early Woodland Cultures
    State Parks and Early Woodland Cultures Key Objectives State Parks Featured Students will understand some basic information related to the ■ Mounds State Park www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/2977.htm Adena, Hopewell and early Woodland Indians, and their connec- ■ Falls of the Ohio State Park www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/2984.htm tions to Mounds and Falls of the Ohio state parks. The students will gain insight into the connection between the Adena culture and the Hopewell tradition, and learn how archaeologists have studied artifacts and mounds to understand these cultures. Activity: Standards: Benchmarks: Assessment Tasks: Key Concepts: Mounds Students will research what was import- Artifacts Identify and compare the major early cultures ant to the Adena Indians. The students Tribes Researching SS.4.1.1 that existed in the region that became Indiana will then compile a list of items found in Adena the Past before contact with Europeans. the Adena mounds and compare them to Hopewell items that we use today. Mississippians Identify and describe historic Native American Use computers in a cooperative group groups that lived in Indiana before the time of to create timelines of major events from SS.4.1.2 early European exploration, including ways that the era of the Adena to the rise of the the groups adapted to and interacted with the Hopewell Indians. physical environment. Use computers in a cooperative group Create and interpret timelines that show rela- to create timelines of major events from SS.4.1.15 tionships among people, events and movements the era of the Adena to the rise of the in the history of Indiana.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cincinnati
    U UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 5/11/2009 I, Marianne R. Ballantyne , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts in Anthropology It is entitled: Miami Fort: An Ancient Hydraulic Structure Marianne Ballantyne Student Signature: This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Ken Tankersley Vern L. Scarborough Approval of the electronic document: I have reviewed the Thesis/Dissertation in its final electronic format and certify that it is an accurate copy of the document reviewed and approved by the committee. Committee Chair signature: Ken Tankersley Miami Fort: An Ancient Hydraulic Structure A thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies and Research of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology of the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences 2009 Marianne R. Ballantyne B.A., University of Toledo 2007 Committee: Kenneth B. Tankersley, Chair Vernon L. Scarborough ABSTRACT Miami Fort, located in southwestern Ohio, is a multicomponent hilltop earthwork approximately nine kilometers in length. Detailed geological analyses demonstrate that the earthwork was a complex gravity-fed hydraulic structure, which channeled spring waters and surface runoff to sites where indigenous plants and cultigens were grown in a highly fertile but drought prone loess soil. Drill core sampling, x-ray diffractometry, high-resolution magnetic susceptibility analysis, and radiocarbon dating demonstrate that the earthwork was built after the Holocene Climatic Optimum and before the Medieval Warming Period. The results of this study suggest that these and perhaps other southern Ohio hilltop earthworks are hydraulic structures rather than fortifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeologist Volume 41 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 41 NO. 4 FALL 1991 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 OH 43068, (614)861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 Immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time.
    [Show full text]
  • FREE Trial Issue (PDF)
    ANCIENTANCIENTANCIENT AMERICANAMERICANAMERICAN© ArchaeologyArchaeology ofof thethe AmericasAmericas BeforeBefore ColumbusColumbus A Mysterious Discovery Beneath the Serpent’s Head Burrows Cave Marble Stone isIs RecentlyRecently Carved Copper Ingots Manufactured in Louisiana Stonehenge Compared to the Earthworks of the Ohio Burial Mounds of the Upper Mississippi Glozel Tablets Reviewed DDwwaarrffiissmm Ancient Waterways Revealed on Burrows Cave iinn AAnncciieenntt Mapstone MMeessooAAmmeerriiccaa VVooll..uummee 1144 •• IIssssuuee NNuummbbeerr 8899 •• $$77..9955 1993-94 Ancient American Six Issues in Original Format Now Available: 1 thru 6 • AA#1. Petroglyphs of Gorham • AA#2. Burrows Cave: Fraud or Find of the Century • AA#3. Stones of Atlantis • AA#4. Face of Asia • AA#5. Archives of the Past: Stone, Clay, Copper • AA#6. Vikings Any 2 for $30.00 + 2.50 $19.95 ea. plus 2.50 post Windows and MacIntosh Two or more $15.00 ea. 1994-95 Ancient American Six Issues in Original Format Now Available: 7 thru 12 • AA#7. Ruins of Comalcalco • AA#8. Ancient Egyptians Sail to America • AA#9. Inca Stone • AA#10. Treasure of the Moche Lords • AA#11. The Kiva: Gateway for Man • AA#12. Ancient Travelers to the Americas All 3 for $45.00 + 3.00 $19.95 ea. plus 2.50 post Two or more $15.00 ea. Windows and MacIntosh Mystic Symbol Mark of the Michigan Mound Builders The largest archaeological tragedy in the history of the USA. Starting in the 1840’s, over 10,000 artifacts removed from the earth by pioneers clearing the land in Michigan. Stone, Clay and Copper tablets with a multitude of everyday objects, tools and weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers
    The College of Wooster Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2020 Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers Kevin Andrew Rolph The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Recommended Citation Rolph, Kevin Andrew, "Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers" (2020). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 9005. This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The College of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2020 Kevin Andrew Rolph Tools of the Trade: An Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Investigation of Late Fort Ancient Bifacial Endscrapers By Kevin A. Rolph A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of Independent Study In Archaeology at The College of Wooster Archaeology 451 Dr. Olivia Navarro- Farr March 23, 2020 Abstract The arrival of Europeans to the New World forever changed the social and economic landscapes of Native Peoples who occupied the continents. Colonial institutions profited off the land and those who occupied it. One institution that exemplified this was the Fur Trade. Throughout the North and Northeast colonies, European nations acquired furs from a variety of mammals to meet the trans-Atlantic demand. To maximize profits in the New World many European colonizers turned to Native peoples to aid in their economic endeavors. Native Americans employed trade routes and knowledge of the land to their advantage in the new economic landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Glenford Stone “Fort” and Other Stone Constructions in Ohio and Beyond
    GLENfoRD STONE “FORT” AND OTHER STONE CONSTRUCTIONS IN OHIO AND BEYOND Norman Muller When we think of the ancient history of Ohio, the tant study of aboriginal stone wall sites in Georgia and Mound Builders come to mind, particularly the spec- neighboring states, listed six stone wall sites in Ohio, tacular geometric earthen mounds that the Hopewell four of which were built with a mixture of earth and Indians constructed two thousand years ago in and stone. They were: Butler County site near the Great around the town of Newark. Except for the Great Miami River, Miami County site on the left bank of Circle and the Octagon, the latter of which is part of the Great Miami River, Fort Hill, and the Spruce Hill a municipal golf course and was preserved because of Works. Two other sites did not make Smith’s list: the it, nearly all of the other features within Newark and Stone Fort on Flint Ridge, and the Pollock Site. First, beyond were obliterated in the nineteenth century for though, let us look at Spruce Hill Works and Fort Hill agricultural purposes. Less well known are those struc- in a bit more detail: tures and walls built completely of stone or a composite Spruce Hill Works in Ross County (Figure 1) is a of earth and stone. Glenford “Fort” was constructed en- large 140-acre hilltop with a two-and-a-quarter mile long tirely of stone, and it is the main subject of this paper. stone wall around the perimeter, which was originally But we find other structures in Ohio also built of stone, some wholly and others partly.
    [Show full text]