OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 40 NO. 2 SPRING 1990

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership S15.00; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included 1992 President James G. Hovan. 16979 South Meadow ( In the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136. (216)238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. 1992 Vice President Larry Morris. 901 Evening Star SE, Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 1992 Treasurer Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Roai Back Issues Pleasantville, OH 43148. (614) 636-7855 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1992 Recording Sect. Nancy Morris, 901 Evening Star SE Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 1992 Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Colui Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home 1992 Immediate Past Pies. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann ( Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 190 Converse Dr., Plain Cil Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are TRUSTEES generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write 1992 David W. Kuhn. 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH to business office for prices and availability. 45662, (614) 354-1454 (work) 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave..Box 1. Seaman, OH ASO Chapters 45679, (513)386-2375 1992 Walter J. Speny, 6910 Rangeline Rd.. Mt. Vernon. OH 43050, Aboriginal Explorers Club (614)393-2314 President: Chuck Henderson. 1244 North Union. Salem, OH 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville. OH 43081, Blue Jacket Chapter (614)297-2641 (work). (614) 846-7640 (home) President: Jacque F. Stabler, 115 South Mill St.. DeGraff, OH 1994 Don Gehlbach. 3435 Sciotangy Drive. Columbus. OH 43221, Beau Fleuve Chapter (614)459-0808 President: John McKendry. 1020 Humbolt Pkwy. Buffalo, NY 1994 Stephen J. Parker. 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster. OH 43130, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter "642 President: Norman Park. 4495 West High Street. Mantua OH 1994 ^eclick, 35 West Rivergjlen Drive, Wothrington, OH Fort Salem Chapter President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road. Mt. Orab, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter Business Manager President: Mark Hersman. 608 Logan Road. Mansfield, OH rank Otto. 22( ist Powell Road. Westerville. OH 43081 146-7640 King Beaver Chapter President: Ronald Richman, Box 22 Clay Street, Eclinburg, R

Regional Collaborators Lake County Chapter President: Bill King. 9735 Ridqeviev David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Mark W. Long. Box 467. Wellston. OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Steven Kelley. Seaman. OH President: John Umue. Rt. 5, Box 5372 - Apt. 52. South Point, OH am I ell. 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewodd, OH Mound City Chapter j imi • Murphy, University libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Carmel "Bud" (ackett, 97 Musselmann Mill Rd., Columl OH 43210 Chillicothe. OH Gordon I t. 760 N. Maui : Bluffton ncl ana 46714 Painted Post Chapter ler. P.O. B i. Luckej 3H 43443 President Harry Blair. 613 Virginia Ave.. Midland. PA Di Ph : Sh er. M.an University. Cxford. OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Qi an Da R< -8561 Sharo a d Rayla id, OH 439 11 President: George Demuth, 4303 Nash Rd.. Wakeman. OH " i ii ka I I•• i " •'• i i • I ird Circle. Colony N<>rth Seneca Arrow Hunters Zanes • OH 13 01 President: Donald Weller. Jr.. 3232 S. State Rt. 53. Tiffin, OH

A arti es reviev ;, and lents regarding the Ohio Arc! n ilogist Six Rivers Chapter should be seiit to the i diti M Msmbersl ips, requests (or bai k issues. President: Walter J. Sperry. 6910 Rangeline: RoadRoad,, MounMountt VernonVernon,, OOHF Changes of address and tl ei inquiriei should be sent to the Busi­ Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Steve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr.. Lancaster, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Sugar Creek Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Gary L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., N.W., North SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Canton. OH TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE A Possible Hopewellian Pit Burial from North-Central Ohio It has been indeed a pleasure for me by Timothy J. Abel and Gene Edwards 4 to have served as your president for the The Indian Origin of Maple Sugar by Jim Bartiett 8 past two years. When I look around at one of our meetings I get goose bumps. An Analysis of Woodpecker Axe Engravings from The Spiro Mound Seeing people like Robert Converse, by John Baldwin 9 Frank and Martha Otto, Don Gehlbach, Hancock County Find byGaryTuttle 14 Alva McGraw, Buddy Haney, Raymond Vietzen, Norm McKnight. I think of the The Lemaster Cache by Dick Lemaster 15 people I have met like Dan Rosette, Ernie Decorative Fluorite Artifacts from The Mississippian Period and Dorthy Good, Mike Kish, Joe Redick, Charles Fulk, Ken Black, Ensil byD.R. Gehlbach 16 Chadwick, Lar Hothem, Steve Parker, Surface Finds from Ohio and West Virginia by James Deel 17 Gary Davis, Barb Motts, Mr. and Mrs. Bill A Richland County Fluted Point by Christine Mattone 17 King, Jim Hovan, Lester Tolliver, Larry and Nancy Morris, Donna and Billy Select Meuser Artifacts by Gary Weiner 18 Hillen, Kendel Sanders. All of our chapter Visiting the Ohio of Our Ancestors by Carl a Dunn 19 presidents and members that I met at A Darke County Dovetail byRonHeiman 22 state sponsored meetings. I can not re­ member all their names, but I shall never Early Archaic of the Upper Portage River Drainage by Jonathan E. Bowen 24 forget their faces. Some of these people I Trumbull County Pipe byAlanE. Gosneii 28 am sure you know, but I have had the pleasure of knowing them all. Many peo­ A Saddle-Shaped Prismoidal Bannerstone by Ned and Mark Shaw 29 ple like those I have mentioned make Beginners Luck by Ralph E. Bischak 30 this such a great organization. When you The Morris Boatstone by Larry L Morris 31 get out of line they will let you know it, but they will also give you any assistance Enigmatic Birdstone£>yPh////pfl. shriver 32 when you need it. The Warito Knife by Terry Avery 34 During my two years as your President A Survey of Thebes Points in Central Indiana our chapters have grown to seventeen by Upper White River Archaeological Society 37 strong and active chapters, two of which are outside the state of Ohio - one in Experiences and Reflections of an Indian Relic Collector by Don Bapst 38 Buffalo, NY. and in New Castle PA. We TWO Hopewell Gorgets by Ned and Mark Shaw 39 have established a joint A.S.O. - West Virginia Archaeological Society meeting. The Stone Red Ocher Cache by Donald L stone 40 This year's meeting held in Parkersburg, A Virginia Concretion Container by Wm Jack Hranicky 41 West Virginia, is the first A.S.O. meeting The Mound Signal Test by Sylvia Ball 42 held outside the state of Ohio. The King Beaver Chapter of New Castle, PA. is In Memoriam - Eugene C. Cline 42 also holding our very first chapter spon­ Donation Received 42 sored meeting outside the state of Ohio. Letter to Senator Metzenbaum 43 We have invited three other state archae­ ological organizations to consider joining In Memoriam -Cass Derda 43 with us and West Virginia for our 1991 Annual Converse Award 43 joint archaeological meeting. We have FRONT COVER: established the Meritorious Service Fluorite artifacts from the collection of Dr. Gehlbach. Top, northern Kentucky, lower left, Award for those people who have con­ southern Indiana, lower right, southern Illinois. See page 16. (Photograph by Michael Motts). tributed to our state organization or chapter above and beyond the call of "PRESIDENT'S'PAGE^" duty. I did not accomplish all that I set out to do while serving as your It is with extreme pleasure that I accept The road ahead will be long and at times President, but I leave with a feeling of the presidency of one of this country's difficult. It may be marked by new legisla­ satisfaction in knowing I did my best. largest and finest archaeological organiza­ tion and regulation. As your new president, tions. you can rest assured that I, along with the I would like to thank all the board First, I feel compelled to acknowledge the board of directors, will be committed to members and all the people who served extraordinary work that has been done in making decisions based on what's best for on various committees. Without their the past. Former presidents and boards of our organization. These decisions will be support none of this would have been directors, our fine editor, and the many oth­ formulated not on what's good or better, but possible. ers behind the scenes, their dedication and what is best. This will be our most important We have the best archaeological soci­ focus has been truly exceptional. Secondly, commitment to you, therefore, I must solicit ety, the best people, and I feel our board I want to thank all of the society's chapters, not only your help but support and input. of directors, and I have given you our their past and present officers for helping We have big plans, and big ideas for the best. Once again thank you for letting me keep this organization what it is today. I've future, but nothing is more important than long felt that the chapters were really the life today, because what we do today effects serve as your President for the past two blood of this organization. Our society is the future. Together, we can stand shoulder years. growing yearly, not only new members, but to shoulder, not only in the new year, but with new chapters, some out of state. This into the new decade. is a credit to everyone. Best Regards, Donald A. Casto James G. Hovan, President President

3 A POSSIBLE HOPEWELLIAN PIT BURIAL FROM NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO by Timothy J. Abel and Gene Edwards Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program University of Toledo

Abstract been surface collected by the junior au­ historic diet (Van Der Merwe 1982; A burial found eroding out of mud flats thor since 1970. At first, the site pro­ Bechtel 1986; Stothers and Bechtel at the Baker II site, in Sandusky County, duced little in terms of cultural material; 1987). The raw date obtained from the Ohio, produced a cache of artifacts in­ however, as wave action began to eat sample was 1590 ±110 years B.R (be­ cluding a diabase pick, a sandstone celt away at the bank it became increasingly fore present) (360 A.D.) (Beta-14758). A set in an engraved elk antler handle, an apparent that good things were to come. C12/C13 ratio was also obtained, -23.57 abrading stone, three corner-notched And they did. The site began to produce 0/00 (parts per mil units), which, on the points, a broken point tip, seven trape­ an abundance of Archaic time period (ca. Broida scale (Broida 1984), indicates a zoidal pendants, and an unfinished ban- 6000-600 B.C.) cultural material, namely 0% consumption of maize. The corrected nerstone. A radiocarbon date of the MacCorkle, Lake Erie Bifurcate, radiocarbon date, after the C13/C14 ad­ burial produced a date of 340 A.D. Brewerton, and Feeheley biface varieties justment, is 1610 ± 110 years B.P. (340 Although the temporal placement of the (Stothers and Abel 1988). Early Woodland A.D.) artifact cache is open to speculation, the Leimbach phase (ca. 600 B.C. - 1 A.D.) The above date of 340 A.D. is compa­ date suggests placement of the burial (Stothers 1986a) material, namely thick, rable to dates reported from other Esch into the Hopewellian Esch-phase (A.D. 1- crude ceramics, points, drills and stone Phase components, namely the Esch 500) of N. Central Ohio. tools, have also been recovered, as well Mounds and the Heckleman site, which as similar items from Middle Woodland lie to the east along the Huron River. Two The Middle Woodland time period in Esch Phase and Late Woodland (ca. 500- dates from Esch Mound I are 1949 ± 120 north-central Ohio was once an enigma. 1000 A.D.) contexts (cf. also Stothers and years B.P. (1 A.D.) (Beta-5664) and 1680 Until recently, it was characterized by the Abel 1988, n.d.). ± 90 years B.P. (270 A.D.) (Beta-5665). ill-defined cultural manifestations of the Recently, wave action on the site ex­ Each Mound II has produced two dates Hopewellian Esch phase (A.D. 1-500) and posed the remains of two semi-flexed in­ of 1230 ± 70 years B.P. (220 A.D.) (Beta- roughly contemporary, but non-Hope- dividuals, both lying on their right sides. 6762) (Bowen n.d.; pers. comm.) and wellian, Western Basin Middle Woodland Placed along the left arm of the individual 1360 ± 70 years B.P. (590 A.D.) (DIC-850) (100 B.C. - A.D. 500). Both were thought to on the right side of this double-grave, (Stothers, Pratt and Shane 1979:55). One represent co-existing, but ethnically differ­ were four polished slate pendants. Of date form the Heckleman site is 1120 ± ent cultural groups (Stothers, Pratt and these, one is a two-holed pendant, while 105 years B.P. (470 A.D.) (GX-1744) Shane 1979). However, data from a num­ the remaining three are of the one-holed (Stothers, Pratt and Shane 1979:55). ber of sites located in the past two years variety. All of the pendants exhibit bi-lat- The cultural placement of the Esch has added greatly to our understanding of eral drilling. Three projectiles were found Mound and Heckleman sites fall within this once enigmatic time period of north- in the same region, one of which resem­ the Hopewellian Esch Phase, dating be­ central Ohio. With new radiocarbon dates, bles those of the corner notched Jack's tween 1 A.D. and 500 A.D. Based upon it has been suggested that the Western Reef variety, and the other two of which the radiocarbon dates and the cultural Basin Middle Woodland in north-central resemble Late Archaic "Small Point" vari­ material recovered from the excavations Ohio is in reality no more than an early ex­ eties (cf. Spence and Fox 1986; Stothers of both, these conclusions are securely pression of the Late Woodland Western and Abel 1988, n.d.a.). Alongside the left based. Temporal placement of the double Basin (nee Younge) Tradition Riviere au arm were three clay/ochre balls, each burial feature at the Baker II site in the Vase phase (A.D. 500-1000) (Stothers about the size of a golf ball. Into one of same phase is suggested by the date 1986 Stothers n.d.; Yerkes 1988:326-327). these ochre balls, a notched scraper and and associated fractionation reading. It is now evident that the Esch phase rep­ pendant were pushed; a repeating (rit­ However some of the artifact styles rep­ resents the only Middle Woodland cultural ual?) phenomenon which also occurred resented in the burial cache seem remini- group which inhabited north-central Ohio, at the Gibraltar site, in southeastern scient of the Late Archaic/Early Woodland and is believed to be developmental from Michigan (Stothers 1982). Underneath time period, rather than the Middle the Leimbach phase populations of the the same individual, two more one-holed Woodland time period, making cultural same region (Stothers and Abel 1988; pendants were found, one of which is placement somewhat less certain. Giving Stothers 1986a). Furthermore, it has been stained with ochre. A bi-pointed diabase this burial a Middle Woodland Esch recently suggested that the Hopewellian pick was also found underneath the phase cultural and temporal placement "flavor" of the Esch Phase is a result of di­ pelvis. Underneath the individual on the suggests that Late Archaic artifact styles rect trade and contact with groups of the left side of the grave was a sandstone may have greater time depth than previ­ Scioto (or Ohio) Hopewell Tradition. This celt set into a carved elk antler handle, ously thought in the western Lake Erie distinction has been made in contrast to and an unfinished slate bannerstone. basin (Stothers and Abel 1988; cf. also groups inhabiting northwestern Ohio, who This elk antler exhibited two bear paw (?) Lovis and Robertson 1989). This sugges­ seem to be influenced more through west­ motifs carved on either side of the haft tion, further stated, supports the hypoth­ ern Goodall Focus Hopewell interaction element of the handle. In the grave fill esis of continuity between the Early (Stothers 1988). were an abrading stone, and one broken Woodland Leimbach phase in northcen- biface tip. Recent surveys and salvage expedi­ tral Ohio, and the subsequent Middle tions into the islands and inundated Samples of the human skeleton asso­ Woodland Esch phase of the same littoral shoreline areas of Sandusky Bay by the ciated with the pick and slate pendants region (Stothers 1988; Stothers and Abel authors have revealed yet another were sent to Beta Analytical, Inc. for ra­ n.d.). As suggested by Stothers et al. Hopewellian Esch Phase site. The Baker diocarbon dating and carbon isotope (Stothers and Graves 1985; Stothers and II site (UT-SA-93), located at the mouth of analysis, the latter of which can yield per­ Abel 1989, n.d.), the Middle Woodland Green Creek, on mud and sand flats, has centages of maize consumption in pre­ Esch phase represents the ancestral

4 base from which the Upper Mississippian n.d. The Late Prehistory of Northwestern Region. Unpublished manuscript on file, Sandusky Tradition arises (Stothers and Ohio. Ph.D. Dissertation in preparation, University of Toledo Laboratories of Pratt 1980; Stothers and Graves 1983, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Ethnoarchaeology. 1985; Stothers and Abel n.d.). Lovis, William A. and J. Robertson n.d. Filling the Gap: Baker I and the Green NOTE: Dozens of sites located on is­ 1989 Rethinking the Archaic Chronology of the Creek Phase in North-Central Ohio. lands and inundated shorelines of Saginaw Valley, Michigan. Midcontinental Manuscript in preparation. Sandusky Bay are being destroyed by dik­ Journal of Archaeology 14(2):226-260. n.d.a. The Williams Mortuary Complex: A ing and erosion each year. Mr. Edwards, Spence, Michael and William Fox Regional Late Archaic/Early Woodland out of a concern for the preservation of 1986 Southern Ontario Occupations. Early and Mortuary and Economic Center in prehistoric cultural data, has volunteered Woodland Archaeology, Kenneth Northwestern Ohio. Paper to be pre­ to salvage that material before it is lost to Farnsworth and Thomas Emerson sented at the Annual Symposium of the the waves. As Preservation Officer for that (eds):4-46. Kampsville Seminars in Ontario Archaeological Society, October area, Mr. Edwards has agreed to perma­ Archaeology No. 2. 28-29, 1989. Holiday Inn, London, nent curation at the University of Toledo Stothers, David M. Ontario. Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology. 1982 Summary Report of Archaeological Stothers, David M. and Susan K. Bechtel The carved deer antler axe handle was Research Investigations Undertaken in 1987 Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis: An Inter- recently stolen from the Laboratories of the Western Lake Erie Basin: Fall 1981- Regional Perspective. Archaeology of Ethnoarchaeology, along with many other Fall 1982. Special presentation to the Eastern North America 15(Fall): 137-154. items of historic importance (see Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Club, Stothers, David M, G. Michael Pratt, and Orrin Stothers and Abel 1989; Tallman and November, 1982. C. Shane, III Edwards n.d.; and Bechtel and Edwards 1986 The Western Basin Middle Woodland: 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland: 1989 for detailed information on these Fact or Fiction? Paper presented at the Non-Hopewellians in an Hopewellian items). Any information pertaining to this 1986 Midwest Archaeological Conference, World. Hopewell Archaeology: The or any of these irreplaceable objects Ohio State University, Columbus. Chillicothe Conference, David S. Brose would be greatly appreciated. 1986a Late Archaic and Early Woodland and N'omi Greber (eds.):47-58. Kent, Funds providing the radiocarbon date Settlement and Trade and Exchange Ohio: The Kent State University Press. were donated by Jonathan Bowen, on Systems in the Southwestern Lake Erie van der Merwe, Nickolass J. behalf of the Ohio Historical Society. Drainage Basin (ca. 2500 B.C. to 1 A.D.). 1982 Carbon Isotopes, Proto-Synthesis, and Ohio Journal of Science 86(2):31. Archaeology. American Scientist 70(6):596- References Cited 1988 Current Research. Archaeological 606. Bechtel, Susan Reflections-Newsletter of the Western Yerkes, Richard W. 1986Sfa£>/e Carbon Isotope Analysis: Lake Erie Archaeological Research 1988 The Woodland and Mississippian Archaeological Implications for the Society, T. Abel and D. Stothers (eds.). Traditions in the Prehistory of Prehistoric Populations of Western Lake 1(2):1-2. Midwestern North America. Journal of Erie. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel World Prehistory 2(3): 307-358. of Toledo. 1988 The Archaic and Early Woodland Culture Bowen, Jonathan History of the Western Lake Erie Drainage

5 Fig. 1 (Abel and Edwards) Map showing sites in north-central Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Abel and Edwards) Diagram of burial I at the Baker II Site.

-Slate one-holed pendant • Slate two holed pendant Arrowpoint Sandstone celt Clay/ red ochre balls (3,1 with scraper) Diabase pick Unfinished winged bannerstone Engraved elk antler

6 M

Fig. 3 (Abel and Edwards) Artifacts found with burial feature I and the Baker II site. Editor's Note: Much of this material is similar to that termed Intrusive Mound in southern Ohio. THE INDIAN ORIGIN OF MAPLE SUGAR by Jim Bartlett 6044 E. Rt. 36 Cable, Ohio 43009

It is somewhat hard to believe that the Maple sap is a clear liquid that aver­ a spile or spout that will direct the sap maple products that are purchased these ages two percent sugar.2 In late winter into a bucket, sap bag, or plastic tubing. days in gourmet food stores or from New when temperatures fluctuate above and In some Ohio counties syrup is being England mail order catalogues originated below freezing, the various species of made by producers using methods with the Indian tribes of the area around maple build up an internal pressure known for over 100 years, while others the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. through the production of carbon dioxide have invested in state of the art technol­ These high priced delicacies were once a in the sap. On sunny days after a night ogy. The producer using plastic tubing, a major foodstuff and item of barter for an with temperatures below freezing, the vacuum system to draw sap to the stor­ unknown period of time before the arrival sap pressure will build up and a flow will age tanks at the sugar house, and a re­ of the white man. occur at any point the bark of the tree is verse osmosis machine to concentrate Early French and English explorers and wounded. Early methods of collection by the sap using filters that separate water missionaries have given accounts of the the Indian were as simple as snapping off and sugar molecules, still has to boil the Indians collecting maple sap to use in the ends of twigs and collecting the sap sap down to get his syrup made. cooking meat, to make into syrup, and to in a bark or clay vessel. A higher volume Ohio usually ranks third or fourth in the thicken further into cakes of sugar.' of sap was attained by an extensive gash nation in production behind Vermont and Several legends have been passed down carved into the tree with a wood chip New York.3 Approximately 600 producers through the years about the discovery of used to deflect the sap into the collection made over 90,000 gallons of syrup in maple sap and the ability to concentrate vessel. Maple syrup is 66 percent sugar. Ohio in 1989. The maple syrup produc­ its sweetness by driving off the water Using two percent sap, at least 43 gal­ tion areas in Ohio run diagonally across through evaporation. The Indian's total lons of sap are needed to make one gal­ the state from northeast to southwest. dependence on his surroundings and his lon of syrup. The Indians used several Geauga county accounts for over one powers of observation led him to this methods to concentrate sap. When third of the state's production annually. abundant tree with the sweet water that maple sap freezes the ice contains much In the last 20 years many communities, flowed from wounds made by his axe or less sugar than the unfrozen sap. By dis­ park districts and schools have begun to where the twigs has been gnawed by a carding the ice on top of large troughs of feature maple syrup as a late winter ac­ hungry squirrel. It has been said that an sap and letting the sap freeze over again, tivity. These education programs plus the Indian woman, collecting and using sap a concentrated sap was obtained so less fact that younger producers are getting from a wounded maple in the family's sap was needed to evaporate into syrup. into the business will insure that maple cooking vessel, sweetened the stew and A gallon of syrup will boil down to about products will continue to be enjoyed. It is started a custom that has been passed eight pounds of maple sugar. important to remember that this food was on for many generations. Wooden vessels and cooking stones not only valuable to Ohio's early settlers, were used to evaporate the great quanti­ but is one of a long list of foods actually ties of water necessary to concentrate the introduced to the white man by America's sap to syrup consistency. It must have original inhabitants. been a tedious process to heat the stones in a fire, place them in the wooden trough, References and remove the cooled stones. It proba­ Nearing, Helen and Scott. bly wasn't until trade with the white man 1973 The Maple Sugar Book. Schocken Books. that great quantities of sugar were made. Wilts, CO., and Hills, Claude H. Cast iron and copper kettles made the 1976/Wap/e Sirup Producers Manual. boiling process much less of a chore, Agricultural Handbook 134, U.S.D.A. since heat could be applied directly to the Agicultural Research Service. vessel holding the sap. Passewitz, Gregory R. Maple sugar became as much of a 1989 "Ohio's Maple Syrup Industry." Ohio seasoning to the Indians as salt was to Woodlands Magazine. Fall. Ohio Forestry Fig. 1 (Bartlett) An Indian "evaporator". the white man. Enough sugar was made Association. and stored in bark containers to carry the tribe through a whole year. Maple sugar was mixed with a variety of other foods such as corn, meat, berries and animal fat. The onset of maple season was a time of celebration as well as hard work, for everyone knew that winter was surely on the wane. Making maple syrup is still a labor in­ tensive job even with 20th century tech­ nology. Yankee ingenuity has refined the process greatly from boiling in kettles un­ der an open sky, much like the Indians, to "sugar shacks", and finally to modern buildings housing evaporators fueled by Fig. 2 (Bartlett) Wooden buckets were used in wood, steam and fuel oil. A new tap hole Fig. 3 (Bartlett) A modern sugar house. the early 1900's. has to be drilled each year and fitted with

8 AN ANALYSIS OF WOODPECKER AXE ENGRAVINGS FROM THE SPIRO MOUND by John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan

In 1935 news paper headlines com­ drinking cups. Cups, yes, but steeped the only other woodpecker copper axe pared the finds coming out of the Spiro deep in ceremony and circumstance, blade axe from Spiro Mound in private Mound in Oklahoma as being compara­ with elaborate scrimshaw like engravings hands which has a flared bit. The point is ble to those found in the Egyptian tombs. on their polished surfaces. This is prehis­ that some of the woodpecker copper and Stone maces, and bushel baskets of toric art in its true sense. I compliment wood axes do have flared bits and the pearl beads of incalculable value were re­ the writers, but I will also point out two engraving Fig. 7 Baldwin is a representa­ ported as just part of the newsmedia mistakes I feel were made because they tion of the woodpecker axe. This infor­ hype about the "great temple" mound as did not have, or take, the opportunity to mation establishes Fig. 7-8 & 9 (Baldwin) it was first called. In truth, many world personally examine all the artifacts they as important links in this study. The class art form artifacts were being recov­ were writing about. woodpecker axes were engraved on the ered. These artifacts were selling as fast The focus of this presentation is on the Spiro conch shells. The artist engravers as buyers could be found. The Pocola Pileated Woodpecker Copper and Wood art is representative and at the same time Mining Company, a small group of de­ Axe and a group of "Craig C. Phase" en­ is interpretive or representational as seen pression times entrepreneurs, were in graved conch shell cups with double sin­ in Fig. 8 (Baldwin). In simple terms, we fact, legal land owners under lease and gle dancers that have a bird-head object recognize what we are looking at, al­ were digging the mound for financial (axe) stuck in their belt. The following text though it is not exactly drawn true to gain. In reality, none of the recovered suggests proof that this belt carried ob­ form. This may be one of the first forms treasures were selling for gold and silver ject is none other than the woodpecker of impressionistic art. prices, however, a steady stream of col­ axe. Our focus is now on illustration Fig. 10 lectors did appear on given days to pur­ My presentation begins by establishing thru 21 (Baldwin). These are conch shell chase what was being offered. This arti­ that the woodpecker form was stylized engravings classified as "Craig C. Phase cle is not written as a judgement on and that the belt carried bird-head art - Engraved Shell Cups," classified by whether this was right or wrong as hind­ forms are the Spiro artisan's interpreta­ quality of design. Note that all of the sight would serve no purpose. My goal is tion of the woodpecker axe. Fig. 4 & 5 dancers have bird head object sticking to take the positive and present thought (Baldwin) portrays exact illustration draw­ from their belts. Each of these drawings provoking information based on study ings from conch shell fragments and are tracings taken from Spiro conch and observation. Errors of the past there for concludes that the Spiro cre­ shells by the Peabody Museum re­ should not prevent us from learning as ators revered and had a large billed searchers. They state that, although they much as possible about the Spiro Mound woodpecker in mind. Fig. 6 (Baldwin) do not know what the belt protrusions builders through the artifacts that held Conch Shell engraving displays two are, they call them bird-head protrusions great meaning to their culture. This can dancers holding axe handles with bell and state they feel they are not the be accomplished through more compre­ shaped ends and attachment holes. woodpecker axes. First, when we study hensive and dedicated study of the These axe handles are the same shape these glimpses of Spiro Culture, observe artifacts which are available for our in­ as the woodpecker axe wood handles. that the bird-like protrusions appear to formed scrutiny. Note Fig. 3 (Baldwin) important link as it be on sticks (handles) in Fig. 15 & 20 There are very few comprehensive establishes an artifact shape in functional (Baldwin). When we study The Belt books done on the Spiro Mound. The human use. Fig. 8 (Baldwin) is a recog­ Birdheads in Fig. 13-14-15-16 & 17 two that tell the story best are; "The nized Spiro stylized version of the wood­ (Baldwin) there is major speculative inter­ Spiro Mound Collection in the Museum pecker design. Remember these designs pretation that these bird-like protrusions of the American Indian Heye as they come into play as our evidence are woodpecker Spiro effigies. This is Foundation," Burnett, Clements, 1945, unfolds. Fig. 7 is a conch shell fragment where Fig. 4-5-7 & 8 (Baldwin) come into and "The Spiro Mound, Missouri with an engraved portrait woodpecker prominent consideration as we compare Archaeologist," Henry W. Hamilton, 1952. (presumably the wood handled copper them, especially to the bird-head in Fig. Both contain many descriptive photos axe) with what appears to be a copper 13 (Baldwin) Fig. 10-11-12-18-19 & 21 and texts featuring many of the artifacts flared bit blade through the bird's mouth. (Baldwin) all portray bird-head belt pro­ excavated by the diggers. The most in- The Peabody writers stated that they trusions, which most certainly have the depth study (perhaps on any American could not associate this engraving with same meaning as the other more easily art form artifact) features the engraved the cache of wood and copper axes be­ identifiable examples. I contend that we shell from Spiro which focuses on the cause none of the copper axes had flared are looking at many different interpreta­ large engraved conch shells. This was bits on them. First, let me point out that tions of the same basic functional item; done by the Peabody Museum of the example photographed for presenta­ the copper blade Pileated Woodpecker Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard tion here, Fig.3 (Baldwin) has a straight Wood Handle axe. The differences por­ University, and is titled "Pre-Columbian copper blade. Many of the other copper tray possible differences in the actual Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound axe inserts also have straight blades, but carving of each axe or possibly different at Spiro Oklahoma," Phillips and Brown, NOT all. Several of the blades are flared personal preference adornment. I sug­ 1978. The study is well over 650 pages at their bit ends. The cache of wood han­ gest that each bird-head belt protrusion long in two large volumes. It is one of the dled axes are currently housed at the can be read or interpreted as having the few ultra-high collegiate level papers that Heye Foundation. Simple visual examina­ same meaning in each instance. treat prehistoric American artifacts as art tion reveals that some of the copper We should read this the same as if sev­ forms. The fabulous engraving on the blade bits are flared. Rick Yeager, car­ eral people were to write in long hand the white and pearlescent shell surfaces toonist, original creator of "Buck word "Archaeology." No two would be could not be labeled anything other than Rogers," current artist for "Grin and Bear written or look the same, however, we art. These artifacts are thought of as It" and artifact collector for 65 years has would be able to read each in the same

9 Fig. 1 (Baldwin) Conch shell number 280, clearly showing the engraved Woodpecker axe, with a drawing depicting the entire engraving. The conch shell pictured here is one of those rare American artifacts that, because of its art, allows us to look through a window in time and study prehistoric man as he appeared in formal regalia. Research and study has convinced this author that the bird-head club stuck in the back of his belt is the artisans interpretation of the Pileated Woodpecker Axe. Pictured on page 279 as Plate 280 in Volume II of "Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro Oklahoma," Phillips and Brown - 1978, their caption describes this shell engraving very handsomely. I quote: "INDIVIDUAL HOLDING A SERPENT STAFF IN ONE HAND, AN UNUSUAL CLUB LIKE FORM IN THE OTHER. PLATE 280 Whole cup in good condition, James H. Durham Collection SP-500, unpublished. Length 12 3/4 in. If one were looking for the quintessential Craig C human configuration, this would be a likely choice. Everything that has been said on that subject in the introductory pages of this volume is perfectly exemplified, if not exaggerated, in this monumental persona. At the same time the individuality of the artist is manifested by features occurring nowhere else in Craig C or any other phase. First, a compulsive fondness for three-line bands on wrists and knees, belt sashes, back apron, serpent staff, bird-head club, and hornlike element (cf. 281, 282) projecting from the right side of the torso. Three-line bands are not rare in Craig C, but not in such profusion. More interesting, and absolutely unique, is the clublike object held in the right hand in lieu of the usual serpent staff. It may be one in fact. Somewhat similar bird heads are attached to serpent staffs in cup 283. Its shortness could be attributed to lack of space. In any case, we hesitate to call it a bird-head club because there is one, of entirely different form, stuck into the back of the belt. The latter is also an unusual form. The question of terminology: bird-head attachment to belt (a term that we have been using for years) versus bird-head club, has already been discussed (vol. 1 p. 148). The problem of sacrificial implications, posed by the association of club and scalp attached to serpent staff, will be deferred."

way and recognize its meaning. I specu­ importantly, the Peabody recognizes and give us a chance to look into the past late the information presented here is states a bird-like club is stuck into the and view through interpretation what the strong enough and conclusive enough to back of the belt. I believe that the bird- prehistoric Spiroan saw and how he safely establish the belt protrusions as head club engraved on this conch shell is viewed the things which influenced his woodpecker axes; all bird-head belt pro­ indeed a Spiro artist's interpretation of life. How extraordinarily stimulating it is trusion engravings of functional equal the copper blade, wood handle Pileated to join two prehistoric art objects, one of meaning. Woodpecker axe. Actual photographs of which is a pictorial engraving of the other. The illustration Fig. 21 (Baldwin) por­ the conch shell displaying this engraving General agreement is that the shell object trays a Spiro dancer identified as holding are Fig. 1 & 2. (Baldwin) engraved on the man's chest is in fact a a feathered serpent staff in his left hand Effigies are not only one of the highest representation of the engraved conch and a serpent bird-head club in his right. representations of art, they give us an shell itself. Protruding from this figure's right side is opportunity to compare shape types and a crescent object of unknown form. Most formulate comparison opinions. Effigies

10 Fig. 2 (Baldwin) Six views of the Spiro shell engraving, Number 280 of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, study and book, "Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro Oklahoma," Phillips and Brown 1978.

11 Fig. 3 (Baldwin) Pictured is a wood handled copper blade axe recovered from the Spiro Mound in 1935 by Kimbal A. McKenzie of the Pocola Mining Company. This axe and approximately 28 other bird effigy wood handle axes with copper blades protruding through the open mouth beak were found wrapped in a woven mat container. Most of the handles had been purposely broken (ceremonially killed) prior to being placed interred. The cache contained more copper blades than wood handles. No satisfactory answer has been given why these bird-head effigy axes were created with the copper blade's longest portion and cutting end positioned coming from the back of the bird head. This carved effigy has been identified as the Pileated Woodpecker, due to the red stained wood, large shell cutout eye, long beak and tongue design, and head crest. A high number of conch shell engravings establish the woodpecker as a prominent Spiro design. The wood (believed to be Persimmon) was aided in its preservation in the dry tomb because of its association with copper salts. The copper blade on this axe is 9 and 1/2 inches long and the wood handle is 16 inches long. The cutting edge on this blade and another that I have personally examined exhibit blunt edges, indicating this artifact had a strictly ceremonial function. The thin, finely carved delicate wood handle would not endure sustained functional cutting blows. The end of the handle is bell shaped flared with an adornment hole carved in the end of the bell, similar to the stone monolithic axes. No two woodpecker heads were carved the same way indicating that more freedom of artistic impression was allowed on this Spiro artifact. No where else in the world have copper blade wood handle effigy axes of this type and style been found. This makes this artifact one of the rarest types known to American archaeology.

Two close up views, left and right side of the Pileated Woodpecker effigy. The right side view has the shell inlay eye. A shell eye insert is missing for the left side. Small wood wedges were used to tighten the copper blade in the wood handle where it passes through the carved bird head and open beak.

12 Fig. 4 thru 9 (Baldwin). Conch shell Spiroan engravings featuring the Fig. 10 thru 15 (Baldwin). Conch shell engravings featuring bird-head Pileated Woodpecker design and woodpecker axe. Drawings from protrusions from the belts, believed by the author to be rubbings taken by the Peabody Museum staff. Plate numbers identify representation of the woodpecker axe. Drawings from rubbings taken each engraved cup from the Peabody study. by the Peabody Museum staff. Plate numbers identify each engraved

Fig. 16 thru 21 (Baldwin). Conch shell engravings featuring bird-head Fig. 22 (Baldwin) Enlargement of the engraving on the Spiroan conch protrusions from the belts, believed by the author to be a shell which is the feature of this article. representation of the woodpecker ax Fig. 21 (Baldwin) is the illustration of the conch shell engraved cup pictured here. Drawings from rubbings taken by the Peabody Museum staff. Plate numbers identify each engraved cup from the Peabody study.

13 HANCOCK COUNTY FIND by Gary Turtle Findlay, Ohio

On the morning of March 14, 1989, my co-workers and I were driving from a job site. I had told them that it was unlikely that any artifacts could be found in that particular area. We were about 1/4 mile from a fossil beach ridge in an area cov­ ered with ancient lake bed soils that are common in northwest Ohio. However, I noticed a small object about 20 feet from the road and after going past it 150 feet I thought I saw a groove in it and started to back up. After stopping the truck, I stepped into the field and recovered the first three quarter groove axe I have found. In my opinion it was a highly un­ usual find and it won Best of Show at the March 1989 meeting of the ASO.

Fig. 1 (Tuttle) Three quarter groove axe found in Hancock County, Ohio.

14 THE LEMASTER CACHE by Dick Lemaster 200 Helen Rd. S.W. Pataskala, Ohio 43062

The site on which this cache was found is a flat area in southwestern Licking County. It is possible that in pre­ historic times a small stream ran through one section of the site. All preforms were found within a 25 foot circle, with the first group of 10 found on April 4, 1983. A total of 40 whole blades, 2 broken blades (that later matched) and 3 other fragments of blades have been found. An interesting fact about this particular cache is the four types of flint are repre­ sented - Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer (Coshocton), Delaware, and Indiana Green. Without the presence of any other arti­ facts in association with the cache of preforms, it is difficult to determine the exact culture. Similar caches have been associated with Paleo through Woodland cultures. However, most of the surface finds in the area have been from the Archaic period. f9f*9ftt

Fig. 1 (Lemaster) Cache of preforms from Licking County.

15 DECORATIVE FLUORITE ARTIFACTS FROM THE MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD by D.R. Gehlbach 2120 Sciotangy, Columbus, Ohio

Figure 1. (Gehlbach) Group of flourite artifacts consisting of ear fobs, beads and small effigies, all from the Ohio River basin sites, (photograph by Michael Motts).

Prehistoric people exploited a great vari­ in area village sites are beads of various bracelets or perhaps were attached to per­ ety of the mineral resources which oc­ sizes, ear ornaments, pendants and a num­ sonal clothing. curred locally near their homesteads. ber of small effigies including human sculp­ To learn more about the physical char­ Particularly useful were the family of hard- tures. The miniature human face depictions acteristics of the Mississippian people of stone materials which were formed into es­ are particularly interesting, featuring elabo­ the late prehistoric era, we have merely to sential tools for cultivation of crops critical rate hair motifs and facial detailing. analyze the small human effigy portrayals. to their continued survival. In rare instances, large, three dimen­ Most depict an angular face with a long, Unique and highly colorful minerals were sional human effigies were carved in the well accentuated nose, high cheek bones used in crafting decorative jewelry some­ round and deposited as ceremonial offer­ and slit eyes. The hair style is a built up times attached to wearing apparel. From ings, possibly as a symbol ancestor deifi­ swirl or is looped over the forehead. recovered evidence, we know that the pre- cation. Since the fluorite matrix is largely Curiously, in most examples, the mouth is Columbian people had great admiration for translucent, the material itself may have missing. things of beauty just as we do today. The had special meaning in their religious activ­ Taken as a whole, fluorite artifacts from late prehistoric people living near the Ohio ities. A number of bird and animal effigies the Mississippian period represent some of River Basin used a variety of exotic materi­ are drilled, apparently for suspension or the most artistically appealing of pre- als readily available including fluorspar (cal­ perhaps attachment to a necklace. Columbian artforms. Several years ago, cium fluoride). This highly colorful mineral Fluorite artifacts range in color from the author became fascinated with several was a favorite of the late Mississippian white to pink, yellow, different shades of Fluorite objects discovered with a late people living in northwest Kentucky, south­ red, lavender and purple. Many of the col­ Mississippian burial. As a result, a small west Indiana, and southern Illinois. The raw ors occur in combination and have a personal fluorite collection began to be as­ material was first mined and then shaped "waxy" appearance. As indicated, the sembled. Pictured are some of the results and carved into a variety of attractive, small small fluorite objects probably were incor­ of my efforts. Some of the choice pieces ornaments. Among the artifacts recovered porated in combination in necklaces, are shown on the cover of this magazine.

16 SURFACE FINDS FROM OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA by James Deel 932 Cole Ave. Akron, Ohio 44306 #^Afc

\ I tuuAdJt

•UHWMHUHMMMHMMII^H Fig. 1 (Deel) Artifacts surface collected from Coshocton County, Ohio, along the main river system. Fig. 2 (Deel) Artifacts collected in Coshocton and Knox Counties in the flood plains.

Fig. 3 (Deel) Artifacts surface collected along the Ohio River in Pleasants County, WV. The cannel coal pendant was found under a tomato plant in a driving rainstorm.

A RICHLAND COUNTY FLUTED POINT by Christine Mattone Rt. 1 Ross Rd. Mansfield, Ohio

This fluted point was found in Richland County, Ohio, in 1988. Points of damage show that the flint is black inside with layers of dirty orange and an outer of rust red. (Editor's note: This point is of striking color and of a material totally unknown to me.)

Fig. 1 (Mattone) Obverse and reverse of Richland County fluted point.

17 SELECT MEUSER ARTIFACTS by Gary Weiner 22 West Lynn Edgerton, Ohio 43517

Fig. 1 (Weiner) Six artifacts from the Meuser collection.

Pictured are six exceptional artifacts from The spineback gorget is pictured in Lower right are two effigy stones, the first the collection of the late Dr. Gordon Meuser. Ancient Ohioans (Vietzen). It was found in found near Hicksville, Defiance County. The The Meuser collection was sold at public Sandusky County, Ohio and has the Meuser second is from Darke County. auction after Dr. Meuser's death in 1971. catalogue number 688/5. Upper right is an effigy pipe of sandstone The slate sandal sole gorget is shown in Lower left is a snake head effigy also from - other pipes similar to this depict deers or Ohio Slate Types (Converse - 1978). It was Sandusky County, Ohio. possibly mythical animals. found in Brady Twp., Williams County, Ohio.

18 VISITING THE OHIO OF OUR ANCESTORS by Carl B. Dunn 120 Crescent Court Bucyrus, Ohio

Stretching for miles in central and tertwined prairie grass root systems de­ made from wheat flour in the same man­ north central Ohio during the pioneer era veloped which resisted the incursion of ner as if it were a piece of cake because was the vegetative phenomenon known the pioneer's wooden ploughs. It was not her usual fare was corn bread or mush. as "The Plains". This vast panorama was until the invention and use of the steel She said the woods around Upper colored by a host of flowering native plow share that the prairies finally suc­ Sandusky were shaped in the round be­ grasses and reeds which grew profusely cumbed to the onslaught of agriculture. cause the Indians up to the time of their and competed with trees for growing More than 75,000 acres of native Ohio leaving the reservation in 1842 had a room. In the main, the grasses were suc­ grassland were turned into some of the practice of burning the prairie grass every cessful in limiting trees to small island­ Midwest's richest agricultural soil. fall. This statement appears to be corrob­ like stands which were isolated in the Among the native grasses to be found orated by the report of a Frenchman who, vastness of the lush prairie. Winds on the Marion Campus Prairie are: Big during the period 1787-1792, described a sweeping across the surface of the plains and little bluestem, wild rye, switch Shawnee practice of burning a thick for­ caused the blades and stalks of the veg­ grass, Indian grass, and prairie cord est of reeds on the Plains of the Scioto in etation to sway, ripple and billow in a grass. Forbs, broad-leaved, non-woody late fall to make the grass more tender manner resembling that of wind distur­ plants to be found in abundance are: two and abundant in the spring (Shriver: bance on a large body of water — in­ types each of goldenrod and sunflower, 1988). Another reason for such burning deed, it was a veritable seas of grasses. butterfly weed, New England aster, may have been to facilitate travel be­ Seldom do we have the opportunity to Canada tick trefoil, flowering spurge, bot­ cause the accumulation of vegetation on take a step into the past or view a scene tled gentian, round-headed bush clover, the plains was all but impenetrable ex­ which was familiar to our pioneer ances­ dense blazing star, wild bergamot, false cept for established trails. From my per­ tors and to the Indian inhabitants of his­ dragonhead, grey-headed coneflower, sonal observation of the Marion Campus toric and prehistoric times. This escape black-eyed susan, dock, whorled rosin- Prairie made in October, 1989 when plant into yesteryear becomes a reality through weed, germander and Ohio spiderwort. growth had attained its maximum height a visit to the unique six acre plot of re-es­ Royal catchfly and white false indigo are which in certain species was seven or tablished tall grass prairie on the campus also present and are currently on the eight feet, visibility for an unmounted of the Ohio State University's Branch at Ohio and Federal endangered Species man would be limited to the sky and Marion, Ohio. This developed plot is from registers (Allison: 1988). An article by what could be seen from a trail six inches remnants of the Sandusky Plains that Robert N. Converse concerning the or two feet in width. Again, standing in a once covered much of Marion, Crawford Darby Plains identified some other path on the campus prairie in the midst and Wyandot Counties. The Sandusky species of prairie grasses and forbs not of that sea of underbrush which was Plains were situated south and west of included in the Marion Campus Prairie higher than my head, I could appreciate the Sandusky River, bounded by the species listing (Converse: 1985). the apprehension of that previously cited Frenchman who escaped a prairie fire Tymochtee Creek on the west and the My interest in the prairie lands stems whose rapid approach threatened to en­ Olentangy River in the east. from the fact that my ancestors migrated gulf both his horse and himself (Shriver: The Marion Campus Prairie was from the Columbus, Ohio area in the 1988). started in 1977 by botany professor Larry early 1820's to an area situated on the Yoder with the assistance of students prairie near the present McCutchenville, The Plains with its myriad flowering and local volunteers who collected seeds Ohio, in what is now northern Wyandot plants must have been a riot of color dur­ from the nearby Claridon Prairie and County. The site was close to the north­ ing their blooming season with miles of other remnants of prairies over a three- ern boundary of the then existing blue, yellow, red, white and purple blos­ year period. In 1988 the Ohio Department Wyandot Indian Reservation which in­ soms — and an unmitigated hell for any­ of Natural Resources designated the re­ cluded the present city of Upper one who suffered allergic reaction to constructed prairie a Natural Landmark Sandusky. This Reservation included a pollen! thus officially recognizing its unique value water-powered mill erected by the United Among the artifacts which have been for historical and environmental educa­ States government on the Sandusky in the family for over one hundred fifty tion. The plot is continually being ex­ River approximately three miles north and years and passed on to me by my grand­ panded as additional prairie plant east of Upper Sandusky. The mill, known mother are those in the accompanying species are identified, located and intro­ as "Indian Mill", still stands as a tangible photograph (Figure 2) whose provenance duced into the campus prairie thus in­ memento to the memory of a treaty obli­ she identified simply as, "The Plains". I'm creasing the diversity of the habitat. gation which was faithfully upheld by our sure she believed this was the plains area With retreat of the last ice sheet from government. The Dunns were settled on in the vicinity of McCutchenville compris­ Ohio more than 10,000 years ago plant land sandwiched between the reservation ing part of the Sandusky Plains. However, life, including trees, migrated northward containing Upper Sandusky and a in reviewing the cultural affiliation of each filling in the glacier-dozed desert. When twenty-five square mile Wyandot artifact, the majority being Hopewell, I am Ohio's climate became more dry approxi­ Reservation known as Big Springs ap­ inclined to believe that the plains refer­ mately 6,000 years ago prairies ad­ proximately ten miles north and west enced should have been the Darby Plains vanced from the west and the deciduous (McKenzie/Prufer: 1967; Baker: 1978). It near Columbus, Ohio, which definitely forest retreated to the east. As the cli­ sounded like a wonderful place to be in would be Hopewell territory. The possibil­ mate cooled, becoming more moist, the the event of an uprising! ity of locating that much Hopewell mate­ forests returned. In consequence the My grandmother was born in 1864 in rial in northern Wyandot County would be once unbroken prairie became inter­ northern Wyandot County and was raised remote. spersed with clumps of trees. in a log cabin. She stated that when she Because of the delicacy of much of the Over the centuries a tough mat of in- was a child she viewed a slice of bread existing prairie flora, access to the

19 tl>m—pa-**

fete' •

Fig. 1 (Dunn) A panoramic view of the reconstructed six acre tract of the Sandusky Plains showing the prairie environment as it was known to the Indians and our pioneer forefathers. The recently developed prairie land is located on the Ohio State University's Brach Campus at Marion, Ohio. Photo was provided through the courtesy of Dr. Taber Allison, O.S.U. -Marion.

Campus Prairie is permitted by permission References 1985 Classic Hopewell, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. only. Tours can be arranged, or the infor­ Allison, Dr. Tabor 35 No. 4, p. 7 Columbus, Ohio. mational brochure about the prairie ob­ 1988 Nature Center and Prairie, Brochure, Ohio McKenzie, Douglas H. and Prufer, Olaf H. tained, by contacting Dr. Taber Allison, The State University at Marion, Ohio. 1967 Indian Skeletons From a Sinkhole Cavern in Ohio State University Marion Campus, Baker, Stan Wyandot County, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. Nature Center and Prairie, 1465 Mt. Vernon 1978 A Review of Contemporary Documentation 17, No. 4, pp. 129-138, Columbus, Ohio Avenue, Marion, Ohio 43302-5695, (Phone Regarding the Hog Creek Shawnee Shriver, R. 614-389-6786). I wish to acknowledge the Reservation Near Lima, Ohio, Ohio 1986 A Fluted Ball Bannerstone from the Black gracious assistance provided by Dr. Allison Archaeologist, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 21-28, Fork of the Mohican, Ohio Archaeologist, in supplying the information and photo of Columbus, Ohio. Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 34-35, Columbus, Ohio the Marion Campus Prairie and extend my Converse, Robert N. 1987 The Classic Hopewell, Ohio Archaeologist, appreciation to him and his staff. The arti­ 1966 Ohio Flint Types, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 6, Columbus, Ohio. facts were photographed by Douglas B. 13, No. 4, pp. 90; 119, Columbus, Ohio. 1988 Notes on the Ohio Shawnees 1787-1792, Dunn to whom I also wish to extend my ap­ 1966 Ohio Stone Tools, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 38, No. 2, preciation. 16, No. 4, pp. 90; 120-121, Columbus, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio. Wachtel, H. C. 1971 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeologist 1967 The Hardstones, Pendants and Gorgets, Society of Ohio, pp. 6; 42, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 153- 1985 The Darby Plains, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 157, Columbus, Ohio. 35, No. 3 p. 23; Columbus, Ohio.

20 3

D

Fig. 2 (Dunn) The following artifacts were Hopewell celt including square sides and Paleo Indian Piano complex (Converse: reported as having been found on the poll but due to the taper of the bit and 1966). Sandusky Plains near McCutchenville, poll battering it is believed to be a wood e) Three-quarter groove hammer weighing Wyandot County, Ohio early in the 19th working tool, i.e., a wide-bitted chisel 14.9 ounces, 2 inches long, 1 inch wide at century. However, because of their Hopewell (Converse: 1968). the poll, made from a medium shade derivation it is more probable their source is b) Classic Hopewell Point 3-1/4 inches long, brown granite (Converse: 1966). the Darby Plains, Franklin Co.: 2-1/2 inches wide made from Flint Ridge f) Cone, 1-7/8 inches in diameter, 1-13/16 a.) Celt-like tool made of a dense, black chalcedony (Converse: 1985; Shriver: inches high made from hematite with hardstone 7-1/16 inches long, 1-15/16 1987). what appears to be a tiny down-turned inches wide at the bit; tapering to 1-1/2 c) Heavy duty, massive tool, possibly mouth incised on its tip. AdenalHopewell inches at the poll, 11/16 inch thick with a Hopewell, 3-1/4 inches long, 2-1/2 inches culture (Converse: 1971). 30 degree tapered bit on the reverse. Poll wide, 3/4 inch thick, made from grey g) Fluted Ball Bannerstone, 3-1/2 inches shows considerable battering damage. Indiana Hornstone (Converse: 1966). long, 3 inches diameter with drilled hole There are ten tally marks on the right side d) Weak stemmed lanceolate, 4-13/16 5/8 inch tapering to 1/2 inch, made from a and eighteen tally marks on the left inches long, 1-1/2 inches wide with blade brownish-olive slate with black banding. commencing two inches from the bit and beveling due to resharpening and made Described as being an atlatl weight extending one inch on each side. This of a high-quality, mottled-brown unknown assigned to the Early Archaic (Shriver: item has all the characteristics of a flint. Believed to be a hafted knife of the 1986; Converse: 1971)

21 A DARKE COUNTY DOVETAIL by Ron Helman 2606 Broadway Sidney, Ohio 45365

The dovetail in the color plate was found March 12, 1989, southeast of Palestine, Darke County, Ohio. It was discovered by surface hunter Larry W. Landis and is 4-1/2 inches long and 1-3/4 inches wide.

22 A RARE STONE PESTLE

An outstanding bell pestle made of pink and white granite. Although thousands of such tools have been found in Ohio, rarely are they made of colorful stone. This example was found near Fort Recovery in Mercer County, Ohio. Collection of Ron Helman, Sidney, Ohio.

23 EARLY ARCHAIC OF THE UPPER PORTAGE RIVER DRAINAGE by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction from eight components in the study area found, have been recorded in the upper The upper Portage River drainage (Fig. (Table 2). About 75% have been manu­ Portage River study area. I) has been defined as the portions of the factured from east-central Ohio materials Portage River, Toussaint Creek, and all of including Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge, Kanawha/Stanly (6000-5000 B.C.) their tributaries which lie upstream from with the remainder having been made Eighteen Kanawha/Stanly (Converse the points at which they enter Ottawa from northwestern Ohio cherts, including 1970: 33; Justice 1987: 97-99) points County, Ohio from the west and south. CedarvilleGuelph, Delaware, Pipe Creek, (Fig. 3, b) have been recovered from 11 This approximately 1200 square kilome­ and Tenmile Creek. components in the study area (Table 6). ter tract occupies portions of Hancock, Slightly more than half are made of Sandusky, and Wood counties in north­ MacCorkle (6900-6500 B.C.) Upper Mercer or Flint Ridge materials, western Ohio. Although the downstream The upper Portage River drainage has with the remainder having been manufac­ boundary of the study area is about 35 yielded 31 MacCorkle (Converse 1970: tured from more local cherts, including km away from Lake Erie, during Early 31; Justice 1987) points (Fig. 2, c) from Pipe Creek. As is the case with Archaic times that body of water was lo­ 20 components (Table 3). About 95% MacCorkle points, all of the Pipe Creek cated approximately 100 km downstream have been manufactured from Upper chert specimens were recovered from the (Forsyth 1975: 45). Major landforms in Mercer materials, which appears to have sites which yielded the most specimens this very flat region include the Maumee been the nearly exclusive choice for the (Wood-226, Wood-261) that are located beach ridge/Defiance moraine at the production of this type throughout north­ on the Portage River mainstem. No com­ headwaters, and the Whittlesey beach western Ohio (Payne 1982). The small re­ ponent, however, yielded more than three ridge, which is located just downstream, mainder were made from more locally specimens. to the north. During the Early Archaic pe­ available cherts, including Pipe Creek. riod the study area probably supported Wood-366, the only site yielding as many Kirk Stemmed (7000-6000 B.C.) an oak/pine forest, with pine becoming as four specimens, is also the only one at A total of eight Kirk Stemmed more scarce through time (Webb and which Pipe Creek chert examples have (Converse 1970: 19; Justice 1987: 82-85) Bartlein 1988:8). been recovered. No larger components, points (Fig. 3, c) have been recovered A total of 243 prehistoric components such as Huron-Kamm on the Vermilion from seven components in the study area have been reported within the 1200 River which yielded 9 specimens, have (Table 7). 75% have been manufactured square kilometer upper Portage River been recorded in the upper Portage River from Upper Mercer or Flint Ridge materi­ drainage (Fig. 1). Data regarding these drainage. als, with unidentified cherts making up components have been placed in the the remainder. Ohio Archaeological Inventory and/or the St. Albans (6900-6500 B.C.) Ohio Historical Society county archaeo­ Eight St. Albans (Converse 1970: 32; Big Sandy (8000-6000 B.C.) logical files by several individuals includ­ Justice 1987: 90-91) points (Fig. 2, d) The upper Portage River drainage has ing Richard Carles, Frank Findlay, David have been recovered from as many com­ yielded seven Big Sandy (Justice 1987: Snyder (1989), and Lloyd Weddell, all ponents in the study area (Table 4). The 60-63) or Archaic Side Notched (Converse members of the Archaeological Society four specimens which were found on the 1970: 17) points (Fig. 3, d) from five com­ of Ohio. This paper is almost totally beach ridges or on the North Branch ponents (Table 8). Those recovered from based on data gathered by these four in­ Portage River have been manufactured beach ridges or the Portage River main- dividuals. The Early Archaic assemblage from Upper Mercer materials. The four stem are made of Upper Mercer or Flint consists of 173 bifaces. specimens recovered from the Portage Ridge materials. Those recovered from River mainstem, or from the heads of creeks in the Lake Plain have been manu­ Hi-Lo (8500-8000 B.C.) Sugar or Toussaint Creek tributaries have factured from Pipe Creek or unidentified Twelve Hi-Lo (Justice 1987: 44-46) or been made from more locally available cherts. In the upper Portage River area Big Transitional (Converse 1970: 14) points cherts, including Delaware and Pipe Sandy points are rare, but Archaic Bevels (Fig. 2, a) have been recovered from Creek. Although no components in the are abundant. In the Mohican River eight components in the study area area yielded more than a single speci­ drainage of north-central Ohio Archaic (Table 1). None have been recorded from men, four examples have been recovered Bevels are scarce, but Big Sandy points the Maumee beach ridge/Defiance from Seneca-I (Weller 1989), which is lo­ are very common. Perhaps these two moraine at the southern edge of the cated on the Sandusky River. types were regional functional equivalents. study area. All have been manufactured from materials available in northwestern LeCroy (6500-5800 B.C.) St. Charles (8000-6000 B.C.) Ohio, including Pipe Creek and Tenmile The upper Portage River drainage has Seven St. Charles (Justice 1987: Creek cherts. No large components such yielded 21 LeCroy (Justice 1987: 91-93) 57-58) or Dovetail (Converse 1970) points as Seneca-161 (Weller 1989), which is lo­ or Lake Erie Bifurcated (Converse 1970: (Fig. 3, e) have been recovered from six cated on the Sandusky River and has 30) points (Fig. 3, a) from 20 components components in the study area (Table 9). yielded about 10 specimens, have been (Table 5). About 75% were manufactured All have been manufactured from Flint reported in the upper Portage River from northwestern Ohio cherts, including Ridge flint, and all have been recovered drainage. Delaware and Pipe Creek. The remainder from the beach ridges. have been made from Upper Mercer of Kirk Corner Notched (7900-6900 B.C.) Flint Ridge materials. No large compo­ Archaic Bevel (8000-6000 B.C.) Fourteen Kirk Corner Notched nents such as Seneca-325 on the A total of 46 Archaic Bevels (Converse (Converse 1970: 36; Justice 1987: 71-72) Sandusky River (Weller 1989), at which 1970: 22; Justice 1987: 54-57) and one points (Fig. 2, b) have been recovered about a dozen specimens have been Stage 4 preform (Morrow 1988: 15) have

24 been recovered from 23 components in covered from small sandy knolls on small Morrow, Toby A. the study area (Table 10). Archaic Bevels creeks, well away from the mainstems of 1988 Thebes knives: experimental applications were probably manufactured for use as major streams. Fulton-122, from which 13 to archaeological data. 20th Century knives (Morrow 1988). The sample is Archaic Bevels have been recovered Lithics 1(1): 8-22. about evenly divided, both numerically (Bechtel 1988: 118) is located on a small Payne, James and spacially, between several raw mate­ creek on a Lake Warren beach ridge. Thus, 1982 The western basin Paleo-lndian and Early rials, including Attica from Indiana, it appears that Archaic Bevels are most Archaic sequences. Unpublished B.A. hon­ Bayport from Michigan, Delaware, Pipe commonly recovered on small creeks in ors thesis, Dept. of Sociology, Creek, and Tenmile Creek from north­ both the upper Portage and the Maumee Anthropology, and Social Work, The western Ohio, and Upper Mercer and River drainages. University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. Flint Ridge from east-central Ohio. Snyder, David About 60% of the Archaic Bevels found References 1989 Archaeological survey of the middle in the upper Portage River drainage area Bechtel, Susan K. Portage River drainage. Paper presented were recovered from three locations. 1988 The Thebes cluster: New erspective from at the annual meeting of the Ohio Richard Carles found 10 specimens on the northwest Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist Academy of Science, Parma. Maumee beach ridge at a cluster of com­ 34(4): 114-126. Webb, Thompson III, and Patrick J. Bartlein ponents (Hancock-30, 34, 36, 85, 91) which Converse, Robert N. 1988 Late Quaternary climatic change in eastern are located within a one kilometer radius. 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological North America. IN Late Pleistocene and Frank Findlay obtained six Archaic Bevels Society of Ohio, Columbus. early Holocene paleoecology and archae­ and a Stage 4 Bayport chert preform Forsyth, Jane L ology of the eastern Great Lakes region, (Morrow 1988: 15) from Sandusky-Findlay, 1975 The geologic setting of the Sandusky River ed. by R.S. Laub, N.G. Miller, and D.S. which is located at the head of a Sugar basin. IN Proceedings of the Sandusky Steadman. pp. 3-13. Bulletin of the Buffalo Creek tributary. Lloyd Weddell recovered 10 River basin symposium, ed. by D.B. Baker, Society of Natural Sciences 33. specimens from Wood-323, which is lo­ W.B. Jackson, and B.L. Prater, pp. 14-60. Weller, Donald Jr. cated at the head of a Toussaint Creek trib­ Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio. 1989 The Early Archaic of Seneca County, Ohio. utary. Justice, Noel D. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Robert Cufr of Fulton County, Ohio has 1987 Stone age spear and arrow points of the the Ohio Academy of Science, Parma. observed that, in the Swan Creek drainage mid-continental and eastern United States. area, most Archaic Bevels have been re­ Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

Table 1 Hi-Lo compon ents Table 2 Kirk Corner Not ched components

Whittlesey beach North Branch Portage Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Portage mainstem Hancock-21 (3) Wood-254 (1) Hancock-36 CD Sandusky-212 (D Hancock-75 (1) Toussaint Creek Hancock-37 (1) Wood-230 (D Portage mainstem Wood-215 (1) Hancock-38 (3) Wood-261 (D Sandusky-242 (1) Wood-237 (1) Hancock-147 (1) Wood-264 (1)

Wood-225 (2) head Sugar Creek tributary Whittlesey Deach head Toussaint Cr. tributary

Sandusky-Findlay (2) Hancock-29 (1) Wood-223 (1) Wood-351 CD head Sugar Cr tributary Sandusky-Find ay (1)

Table 1 (Bowen) Table 2 (Bowen)

Table 4 St. Albans components Table 3 MacCorkle components

Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Portage mainstem Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Portage mainstem Hancock-99 (1) Wood-225 CD Hancock-27 (2) Sandusky-213 CD Whittlesey beach Wood-264 CD Hancoek-36 (2) Wood-225 C3) Hancock-29 (1) hI'iid Sugar Cr. tributary Hancock-38 (2) Wood-226 (2) Wood-343 CD Sandusky-Fimdlay CI) Hancock-41 (1) Wood-228 CD North Branch Portage head Toussaint Cr. tributary Hancock-95 (1) Wood-230 C3) Wood-248 (1) Wood-323 (1) Hancock-Franks CI) Wood-270 (D Whittlesey beach Wood-366 C4) Hancock-29 (1) Wood-367 CD Table 4 (Bowen) North Branch Portage head Toussaint Cr. tributary Wood-248 (1) Wood-223 CD Wood-313 (1) Wood-323 CD head Sugar Creek tributary

Sanduskv-Fiqdjay CD Table 3 (Bowen)

25 Table 5 LeCroy components Table 6 K anawha /Stanly components

Maumee beach /Defiance moraine Portage mainstem Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Middle Branch Portage Hancock-27 CD Sandusky-211 CD Hancook-136 CD Wood-292 (1) Hancock-31 CD Sandusky-226 CD Whittlesey beach Toussaint Creek Hancock-36 CD Sandusky-240 CD Hancock-23 CD Wood-219 CD Hancock-38 CD Wood-225 CD Portage mainstem Wood-221 CD Hancock-133 CD Wood-230 CD Wood-226 (3) head Sugar Cr. tributary Hancock-135 CD Wood-261 CD Wood-230 CD Sandusky-Findlay CD Whittlesey b each Wood-264 CD Wood-261 (3) Hancock-21 CD Wood-269 CD Wood-269 (2) North Branch Portage Wood-270 CD Wood-366 CD Wood-366 CD Wood-247 CD Table 6 (Bowen) head Sugar C reek tributary Sandusky-Fin dlay C2) head Toussaint Creek tributary Wood-323 CD

Table 5 (Bowen)

Table 8 Big Sandy components

Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Toussaint Creek Hancock-88 (1) Wood-219 CD Hancock-132 (1) head Sugar Cr. tributary Whittlesey beach Sandusky-Findlay C2) Table 7 Kirk Stemmed components Hancock-24 (2)

Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Portage mainstem Hancock-38 (1) Sandusky-211 (1) Table 8 (Bowen) Whittlesey beach Sandusky-228 (1)

Hancock-29 (2) Wood-366 (1)

Toussaint Creek head Sugar Cr. tributary Wood-220 (1) Sandusky-Findl ay (1)

Table 7 (Bowen) Table 10 Arch aic Bevel compo nents

Maumee beach/De fiance moraine Portage mainstem Hancock-26 CD Sandusky-255 (1) Hancock-27 CD Wood-225 C2) Hancock-28 CD Wood-230 CD Hancock-30 C2) Wood-262 CD Table 9 St. Charles components Hancock-34 C2) Ninemile Creek

Hancock-36 C2) Sandusky-254 (1) Maumee beach/Defiance moraine Hancock-70 CD Toussaint Creek Hancock-27 CD Hancock-85 (3) Sandusky-237 CD Hancock-47 (1) Hancock-86 CD head Sugar Cr. tributary Hancock=141 CD Hancock-88 CD Sandusky-Findlay (8) Hancock-Franks (1) Hancock-91 CD head Toussaint Cr. tributary Hancock-Nusser (2) Hancock-Nusser CD Wood-323 (10) Whittlesey beach Whittlesey beac h Wood-Weddell CD Hancock-24 CD Hancock-23 CD Table 9 (Bowen) Hancock-71 CD North Branch Portage Wood-248 (3)

Table 10 (Bowen)

26 F/g. 7 (Boweri) Prehistoric components in the upper Portage River drainage.

/

'm-«w«« Wh/Dc^: c ^.«nrcTr; ^—

Fig. 3 (Bowen) a) LeCroy point (33SA211) Fig. 2 (Bowen) b) Kanawha/Stanly point (33W0225) a) Hi-Lo point (33SA242) c) Kirk Stemmed point (33SA228) b) Kirk Corner Notched point (33W0261) d) Big Sandy point (33HK88) c) MacCorkle point (33W0313) e) St. Charles point (33HK47) d) St. Albans point (33HK23) f) Archaic Bevel (33HK27)

27 TRUMBULL COUNTY PIPE by Alan E. Gosnell 975 Brucewood Dr., SE, Warren, Ohio 44484

An unbroken and nearly unscathed tube pipe, complete with engravings and tally marks, lying fully exposed upon a clod of orangish brown clay in a recently plowed field seems impossible since items like that cannot withstand the onslaught of to­ day's modern farming equipment. That is what I thought until October 22,1989. I found the limestone pipe while surface hunting in Trumbull County, Ohio. It is five and three-quarter inches long and one m and one-half inches thick at its widest part. It is engraved and has 23 tally marks 1 1 on the large end. The engravings include two X's a backward Y, two small clusters of angles lines, and a main drawing which 1 i ! i I i 1 i _ could be interpreted as the face of a hu­ Fig. 1 (Gosnell) Full length view of tubular pipe. man whose hair flows down and outwards from both sides of his face and who has a large feather extending to the right of his head. There is one small gouge about an inch long below the main engraving where it was apparently hit by the plow or a stone while being lifted by the plow. The con­ tents of the pipe were carefully washed out and examined. Other than the clay and some small chunks of stone (grit), several little pieces of a black material were found. These black particles might have been the remains of a plug made for the pipe from deer antler since a stone plug was not found in the pipe.

Fig. 3 (Gosnell) Closeup of engravings.

Fig. 2 (Gosnell) Bowl end of pipe showing tally marks. Fig. 4 (Gosnell) Closeup of X engravings.

28 A SADDLE-SHAPED PRISMOIDAL BANNERSTONE by Ned and Mark Shaw New Holland, Ohio

This prismoidal weight is made of com­ pact granite and was originally collected by N.L. Dun of Findlay, Ohio. It was drilled from each end and after close in­ spection it can be seen that seven dis­ tinct efforts were made to complete the drilling in this prehistoric work of art. This piece is in the collection of Ned and Mark Shaw of New Holland, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Shaw) Saddle shaped banner made of granite.

Fig. 2 (Shaw) End view of banner showing drilling.

29 BEGINNERS LUCK by Ralph E. Bischak Box 11 R.D. 1, Harkins Mill Road Rochester, PA 15074

Being from Beaver County, Pennsylva­ husbands probably ran past it too in their The color is gun metal gray with white nia, bordering on the Ohio State line, I have hurry to get to the best part of the field. "lightning streaks" and made of what I've been working "both sides of the fence" so My wife saw it completely exposed, at first determined to be Coshocton flint. to speak, belonging to both the thinking it to be just another of the many Why the Indian craftsman chose to use Pennsylvania and the Ohio Archaeological large soggy leaves that had blown into the Coshocton flint when he was sitting in the Societies and artifact hunting in both field from the adjoining woods. center of Flint Ridge, I guess we will never states for several years. Flint Ridge flint The point is a "Lost Lake" type Archaic know. has always intrigued me since we find so Bevel, deeply serrated and diagonally My personal thoughts are that the Indian many finished artifacts in Beaver County, notched with moderate basil grinding. craftsman possessed exceptional flint Pennsylvania made of Flint Ridge flint. knapping abilities and chose the higher Because of this, my family and I have Approximate dimensions: quality Coshocton flint when the occasion made yearly pilgrimages" to Flint Ridge Length: 41/4" arose for a truly exceptional artifact to be every March or April for the past several Width: 2" created. This was apparently one of those years. It has become sort of a "rite of Thickness: 1/4" artifacts. A work of art that has withstood spring" confirming that the long hard win­ thousands of years and hundreds of plow- ter is over and spring has finally arrived. ings and is still truly exceptional. Back in 1985, during one of our yearly family outings, my wife found something that has become the most prized piece of our collection. I had been to the ridge sev­ eral times before with groups of fellow hunters from Pennsylvania but this was only the second year that my wife and children decided to accompany me. The number of artifacts that my wife had found until that trip, could have been counted on one hand and still have a few fingers left over. We went to the ridge that year with another couple and were having excep­ tionally bad luck at both finding artifacts and obtaining permission to hunt. It was near dusk and we were just about to give up. (We had a three hour drive ahead of us to get home.) We decided to take one last scouting mission back a country road near Flint Ridge Park that we had never tried before and about a mile back that road we found a promising field which was plowed, disked, recently rained on, positioned on a high flat ledge near a small stream and has a burial mound in the adjoining woods. After obtaining permission, we began our search. While the two husbands were running to the field, trying to pull their boots on as they ran, the two wives were still sitting in the car, trying to decide whether or not they even wanted to get out of the nice warm car for one last futile attempt at finding something other than a bunch of pretty flint chips. But eventually, they finally did decide to get out and stretch their legs before the long drive home. It was over on the far side of the field when I heard both women start to yell. As I got closer, I saw this beautiful ser­ rated point covering the entire palm of my wives outstretched hand. It seems that the women were wandering through the field and halfheartedly scanning the ground and walked right past it. As it turns out, from the location the point was found, the Fig. 1 (Bischak) Archaic point found on Flint Ridge.

30 THE MORRIS BOATSTONE by Larry L. Morris 901 Evening Star S.E. East Canton, Ohio 44730

In the spring of 1973 my uncle, the late ported from numerous Adena sites as well Dragoo, Don W. Robert Morris, found a broken well-weath­ as the Tremper Mound, a Hopewell site. 1963. Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the Adena ered hard stone artifact while we were sur­ Webb and Baby have listed them as a diag­ Culture. Annals of The Carnegie Museum, face hunting a Coshocton County site. As nostic trait of the Adena culture and Ritchie Volume 37, Pittsburgh. we were relatively new to avocational ar­ has cited their appearance in New York as Guernsey, S. J., & Kidder, A. V. chaeology, the find was puzzling and sent 1921. Basket-maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. evidence of Adena influence there. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American us searching to identify it. Once it was They are made from a wide variety of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 8. identified as part of a boatstone, Bob was materials including flint, fossilized mam­ Ritchie, William A. determined to find the missing piece. Over malian tooth, sandstone, slate, barite, gran­ 1980. The Archaeology of New York State. Revised the following years whenever we were at ite, and copper as well as others. They Edition, Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, New York. the site, he would smile and tell me that he share the typical boat shape but may be Seeman, Mark was going to "pick up the missing piece" drilled, grooved or be excavated at the 1989. Conversation with author. and drift off to the area where he had made base for hafting purposes. This basal cavity Stephens, B. W. the find. In the spring of 1976 he once may have served as a reservoir for resin 1954. Boar Stones. The Best of 25 Years of the Central States Archaeological Journal. Central States again searched the area only to return smil­ (glue) or may have covered a protuberance ing with the missing piece in hand. Archaeological Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1954. on the shaft (Vietzen) possibly functioning Vietzen, Col. Raymond A. Upon arriving home, he refit the two like a mortise and tenon. 1976,1990. Conversations with author. pieces (Figures 1 & 2) and they were a per­ The author would like to thank Dave Webb, W. S. & Haag, W. G. fect match. The boatstone is made of gran­ Wigfield for helping with the optical mea­ 1939, March. The Chiggerville Site, Site 1, Ohio county, ite and measures 3.72" (94.5mm) long, surements, Dave Lehberger for his help Kentucky. The University of Kentucky, Lexington. 1.65" (41.9mm) wide, 1.50" (38.1mm) thick, with the photographs, and to the Robert Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, and its weight is 8.5 oz. (240.6 grams). The Morris family for the loan of the artifact. Vol. IV, No. 1. cavity is .54" (13.7mm) deep and it is un- Webb, William S. & Baby, Raymond S. 1973. The Adena People No. 2. The Ohio Historical drilled. The piece has a very symmetrical References appearance except for the cavity which Society, Columbus, Ohio. Converse, Robert N. Webb, Wm. S. & Haag, Wm. G. runs off parallel to its long axis. 1971. Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeological Society of 1947, November. The Fisher Site, Fayette County, When viewed with the aid of an optical Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Kentucky. The University of Kentucky, Lexington. comparator the difference between deck Department of Anthropology. angles A and B (Figure 3) is 30 minutes. Points C and D are both 3/4" radii (19.05mm) and E is a 1" radius (25.4mm). The difference in keel angles F and G is 1 degree. The cavity in the base is .097" (2.46mm) off the centerline of the short axis and only .005" (.127mm) off center on the long axis. The radii at the end-points H and I are 1 13/16" (46.038mm) and 1 1/2" (38.10mm) respectively. Boatstones are one type of a group of artifacts classed as atlatl weights. Their cul­ tural span corresponds with the use of the atlatl (Seeman) supporting this classifica­ tion. Kidder and Guernsey reported finding them at the White Dog Cave Site in Arizona still attached to an atlatl. Though by no means common, they are found on Archaic and Woodland sites. They have been re­ Fig. 3. (Morris) Places of measurement.

Fig. 1 (Morris) Side view of boatstone. Fig. 2 (Morris) Bottom view of boatstone.

31 ENIGMATIC BIRDSTONE by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

If there is one word that best describes than anything else, yet scarcely any two picked up near Fort Ancient in south­ the reaction of most archaeologists to of them are alike." (Quoted in western Ohio." Out of a collection in the birdstone, it is the word "enigmatic." Moorehead, 1917: 88.) Though general Warren County has come the birdstone For this artifact of Late Archaic time, classes or categories of birdstones pictured here in Figures 1 and 2. Now found most frequently in or near Glacial clearly emerge in examining large num­ part of the author' s personal collection, Kame or Red Ocher sites, is truly baffling bers of them (see Townsend, 1957; it is unfortunately lacking in specific to those who attempt to define or explain Moorehead, 1917; Converse, 1978; Parks provenance. A bar-type birdstone of its purpose. E.G. Squier and E.H. Davis 1975), it is very apparent that Wilson's black slate, with protruding tail, long nearly a century and a half ago, noting comments are on target: "scarcely any head, and pointed beak, it is 4 1/4 inches the "marks of wear from suspension or two of them are alike." long, 7/8 inch wide, and 1 1/2 inches use" in the "holes perforated diagonally Moorehead observed (1917: 82) that high at the tail. Its base is flat and drilled at their lower corners," concluded that they "are found long and slender, short at each end with L-shaped perforations. the birdstone must have served as an in­ and thick, almost as low as the bar However, with head and neck nearly on signia or badge of distinction. "Regal au­ amulet, and also so high that they may the same plane as the back, it is quite thority," they wrote, "is still indicated by merge into other effigies." Some are pop- unlike most of the birdstones this writer rich baubles of gold and gems. It matters eyed. Others have "natural" eyes, care­ has seen, though it has some resem­ little whether the index of royalty be a fully depicted in the shaping of the neck blance to a number illustrated elsewhere. sceptre, or a simple carved and polished and head to highlight natural features in (See for example Moorehead, 1917: stone, so that it is sanctioned with gen­ the stone being worked, usually banded Figures 62, 65, 76; Tiell, 1975: 4; Parks, eral recognition." (See Squier and Davis, slate, slate, shale, or porphyry, though 1975: 26, 27, and 28; Walston, 1974: 23; 1848:239-240.) occasionally even sandstone, granite, Simper, 1985: 24; Townsend, 1957: 348- 349, 516-517, particularly Plate 264 D.) Charles Whittlesey thought they were gneiss, or pipestone. Some have incised amulets worn by pregnant women, ap­ mouths. (See Tiell, 1975: 20-21. ) Some Yet Thomas Wilson was right. parently to assure a safe delivery. Others bear tally marks . None show wings . "Scarcely any two of them are [really] believed they were ornaments to be fixed None show feet or talons . (See Fincham, alike." That is what helps to make the on the prows of canoes. Some, noting 1979: 14-15.) Cameron Parks, in his arti­ birdstones such enigmas. And, maybe, that conjurors or medicine-men among cle (1975: 23-28) on "The Religion of the just maybe, Squier and Davis were also some groups of Indians in Virginia "wore Birdstone People," conjectured that as right. The great interest that has been a small black bird above one of their ears many as 2,000 birdstones had been shown in them in recent years may have as a mark of office," thought they de­ found but never more than one per vil­ been reflected in the Late Archaic period, noted similar use among the Indians of lage. Said Parks, "the birdstone was very when they just might have been dis­ Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. Still others highly valued by its sponsors. This hy­ played as insignia or badges of distinc­ thought they were used "in playing a pothesis is based on the fact that a bro­ tion. game," or as "totems of tribes or clans," ken bird was often reworked or salvaged or that they might have had connection for continued use. Some show efforts at Acknowledgements in some way "with the hunt for water­ repair, to join the broken parts to­ Appreciation is gratefully expressed to fowl." (See Moorehead, 1917: 81-92.) gether....Some show redrilling grooves to the Miami University Audio Visual Service Whatever their purpose (and the defini­ replace the broken bridge at the holes. for the photographs used in this article. tive answer to that question is still a mys­ Some that have lost the head through tery), as objects of great interest among breakage are worked into a headless References collectors of prehistoric artifacts they stone. Some have lost the tail and are still (The abbreviation "OA" used below refers to have always had a peculiar fascination made usable." the Ohio Archaeologist.) shared by few other types of relics. If the Robert N. Converse has written (1978: Baldwin, John articles in the Ohio Archaeologist are at 30) that "birdstones take a variety of 1980 "Birdstones, Prehistoric Art." OA 30(2): 42. Becker, Joseph all indicative of that interest, and I believe forms but most share the elements of a 1961 "Banded Slate Birdstone." OA 11(2): 47. they are, the birdstone has been the cen­ bar-like body, protruding tail, and head Britt, Claude, Jr. tral feature of an uncommon number of with pointed beak. The bottom is flat­ 1974 "Artifacts from the Sandusky River Area." them. In going back over the issues of tened and drilled at each end of the base OA 24(1): 23. the Ohio Archaeologist from 1956 to the by intersecting conical holes leaving a 1974 "Three Birdstones From the Same Huron present, I have come across more than somewhat L shaped perforation. The County Farm." OA 24(1): 21. 60 articles in which a birdstone or bird- head is usually long and flat on the un­ Caldwell, J. Clemans stones have been featured. (See the list derside. Eyes may be upward and may 1988 "Birdstones." OA 38(3): front and back of references at the close of this article.) be flared. A dorsal ridge is normally pre­ covers. In many others they have been cited sent and bisects the piece from head to 1988 "Three birdstones from the Caldwell Collection." and/or illustrated as parts of comprehen­ tail. The birdstone is one of the few effigy OA 38(4): 23. sive collections. Again and again they forms made of slate." Converse has also Casto, Don have been featured on the front covers of observed that the typical birdstone is 1984 "A Salvaged Birdstone." OA 34(4): 27. issues of the magazine. "about 4 inches in length." Converse, Robert N. Writing in the Smithsonian Institution Though the primary birdstone area of 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeological Report for 1886, Dr. Thomas Wilson Ohio encompasses the Glacial Kame Society of Ohio. Pages 26-31. commented that "the United States area of the west and northwest and 1979 "A Coshocton County Birdstone." OA 29(4): 26. National Museum possesses many of shades into eastern Indiana and southern these specimens [of birdstones]. While Michigan, Moorehead (1917: 81-82) has 1981 "A Boxheaded Birdstone." OA 29 (4): 25. noted that "quite a number have been 1982 "The McLeod Birdstone." OA32(4): 12. they bear a greater resemblance to birds 1989 "An Engraved Birdtone from the Kenneth

32 Black Collection." OA 39(3): 22. 1985 "A Long and Thin Birdstone." OA 35(2): 24. 1989 "Birdstones." OA 39(2): 36. n.d. The Glacial Kame Indians. The 1989 "The Bridgewater Birdstone." OA 39(4): 35. Townsend, Earl C, Jr. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Pages 60- Speck, Sam 1957 Birdstones of the North American Indian. 65; 94; 125, 129. 1989 "A Porphyry Popeyed Birdstone and a Privately printed, Indianapolis. Illustrates Crawford, Betty J. Gneiss Bust Birdstone." OA 29(4): front nearly 700 birdstones from Ohio, Indiana, 1964 "Birdstones from Huron County." OA 14(3): 91. cover. and Michigan. Cunningham, Wilbur M. Spriggs, Tim Upton, Shirley 1958 "Glacial Kame Artifacts from Michigan and 1985 "A Scioto County Birdstone." OA 35(2): 12. 1979 "A 1974 Birdstone Find." OA 29(3): 19. Ohio." OA 8(4): 133-136. Squier, E.G. and E.H. Davis Valerius, Edward L. 1963 "Porphyry Pop-Eye Bird." OA 13(1): 21. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 1962 "Two Gray Banded Slate Birdstones." OA Dunn, Carl B. Valley. The Smithsonian Institution, 12(3-4): 89. 1989 "Cylindrical Eye Birdstone Salvage." OA Washington. Wachtel, H.C. 39(3): 5. Stothers, David 1956 "Variety." OA 6(4): 146-147. 1989 "New Washington Birdstone." OA 39(2): 4-5. 1978 "Birdstones from the Williams Site, Wood Walston, Earl Evans, Ron County, Ohio." OA 28(4): front cover. 1965 "A Porphyry Birdstone." OA 15(4): 138-139. 1986 "Two Birdstones from Ohio." OA 36 (4): 17. Tiell, William W. 1974 "Artifacts from the Sandusky River Area." Fincham, Glenval 1975 "The Incised Mouth Birdstone." OA 25(3): OA 24(1): 23. 1979 "A Novel Explanation of the Origin and 20-21. Shows 16 profile drawings and 9 ac­ Young, Ernest W. Development of the Birdstone." OA 29(4): tual photographs. 1959 "A Birdstone with a Mound Burial." OA 9(3): 14-15. 1975 "The Natural Eye Birdstone." OA 25(4): 4-5. 89-90. Fletcher, Perry 1976 "A Salvaged Brown Slate Birdstone From Zuber, Garret 1987 "Slate Finds From Northwest Ohio." OA Ottawa County, Ohio. OA 26(2): 16. 1975 "A Glacial Kame Birdstone from Defiance 37(3): 44. 1977 "The Hall Birdstone." OA 27(3): 14-15. County." OA 25(3): 22. Fuller, Steve 1975 "An Interesting Birdstone." OA25(4): 14. 1978 "Birdstones from the Parks Collection." OA 28(4): 16-17. Pictures 18 of them. 1978 "Six Outstanding Birdstones." OA 28(1): front cover. 1979 "Banded Slate Birdstones." OA 29(1): front cover. 1983 "A Portage County Birdstone." OA 33(2): 26. Green, Joe 1980 "A Hancock County Birdstone." OA 30(2): 7. Grimm, Elmer 1964 "Bird Comes Home to Roost: After Fifty-Two Years." OA 14(1): 4. 1977 "Part of the Grimm Collection." OA 27(1): 8. Hovan, Jim 1983 "An Unusual Ohio Birdstone." OA 33(4): 9. Johnson, Dick 1972 "Glacial Kame Birdstones and a Tubular Pipe." OA 22(4): 19. Johnston, James R. 1964 "A New Birdstone Find." OA 14(2): 41. LeVan, Ed Jr. 1984 "An Indiana Birdstone." OA 34(3): 30. Maslowski, Hobert 1985 "A Bust-Type Birdstone from Kentucky." OA 35(2): 18. Fig. 1 (Shriver) Birdstone of black slate acquired by the author in dispersal of the Joseph E. Meyer McKendry, John C. Collection in 1988. It measures 4-1/4 inches in length. 1986 "A New York Birdstone." OA36(1): 27. 1988 "A New York Birdstone." OA 38(1): 20-21. 1989 "New York Birdstone." OA 39(2): 48. Mertz, M.R. 1959 "Two Birdstones." OA 9(2): 42-43. Milum, Jim 1988 "Both Halves of a Birdstone." OA 38(3): 14. Moorehead, Warren K. 1917 Stone Ornaments of the American Indian. The Andover Press, Andover, Massachusetts. Murphy, James L 1979 "A Birdstone from Wayne County, Ohio." OA 29(1): 8. Olson, Ralph 1983 "Birdstones from the Collection of Ralph Olson." OA 33(3): 14. Parks, Cameron 1975 "The Religion of the Birdstone People." OA 25(3): 23-28. Piatt, William 1978 "Birdstones from the William Piatt Collection." OA 28(3): 31. Shriver, Phillip R. 1982 "Glacial Kame Bar-Type Birdstones in the William M. Jacka Collection." OA 32(3): 30. Simper, Ken Fig. 2 (Shriver) Different view of the same birdstone showing L-shaped perforations at the base.

33 THE WARITO KNIFE by Terry Avery 113 Powell St. Hendersonville, Tenn. 37075

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ing or a convenience in portability or-both, heat treated creates a beautiful swirled The WARITO KNIFE is a medium to may simply have been the desired result and banded pattern with alternating com­ large corner-notched knife form with a of perfection in blade form.) A combina­ binations of dark brown to red/burgundy short, broad, expanded stem. The basal tion of indirect percussion and secondary speckled pinstripes on a cream to light edge, which is usually straight, is beveled flaking was probably used to create and gray background. Materials which have and unground. then round out the notches and angle the been identified from non-local sources in­ bevel along the basal edge. clude possible Missiouri and Illinois flints MEASUREMENTS NOTE: The oblique-transverse style of (which is not unlikely when one considers Measurements of 10 cotypes from the flaking, which is diagnostic of the Elk River the reported area of greatest concentra­ Central Basin of Middle Tennessee from form, has been noted on several large tion of this point is approximately only 150 which measurements and traits were (185 mm length, 60 mm width), broad, un- to 200 miles up river from the confluence taken as follows: resharpened examples which were found of the Cumberland, Ohio, and Tennessee Max. Min Ave. in a deposit ceremonially killed; thus pre­ Rivers.) Length: 167mm 72mm 114mm cluding this style of flaking as being solely Shoulder width: 44mm 30mm 37mm the result of the resharpening process. DISTRIBUTION Stem width/ Reportedly found throughout the basal edge: 35mm 20mm 25mm MATERIALS Tennessee and Cumberland River Stem length: 12mm 7mm 9mm From outcroppings in the Middle drainage areas in Northern-Middle and Notch width: 13mm 6mm 8mm Tennessee, Southern Kentucky, and Western Tennessee and Northern Notch depth: 10mm 5mm 8mm Northern Alabama areas, all grades and Alabama with an especially high concen­ FORM shades of the quartz/chalcedony, flint, and tration being reported from the Central The cross section of the blade is chert family commonly found in the re­ Basin, Western Highland Rim and West flattened or rarely planoconvex. The ported area of distribution were utilized in Tennessee Uplands of these two rivers. shoulders are inversely tapered to promi­ making this point. Many cherts in the nently barbed. In outline the blade varies coarser to medium grades were heat AGE AND COMMENTS from parallel to excurvate (with the excur- treated to maximize chippability as well as Two firm C-14 dates of 4880 and 5020 vate examples being widest at approxi­ probable aesthetic appeal. In the + or -100 years have been established for mately midsection) culminating in a broad Mississippian Formation, many examples six of the ten cotypes which would put to broadly/pointed distal end. The notches are made of Dover chert ranging in texture this point at the end of the middle and the (which appear to be formed by the re­ and color from a grainy tan to dark brown beginning of the late Archaic period in moval of a hertzian cone) enter diagonally with lighter and darker streaks to the Middle Tennessee and surrounding areas. from the basal corner. They are about as glossier and finer grades of Fort Payne The WARITO KNIFE belongs in the cere­ deep as they are wide and create some­ chert in all shades of tan, gray, to dark monial class of the Benton cluster of what of an open "U" or semi-circular ap­ brown and blue with white to light blue- knife/point forms and is often found in di­ pearance. The stem is short relative to gray mottling. Heat treating brought out rect association with these and other cul­ blade length and expanding. The corners the iron in Fort Payne chert rendering it turally as well as typologically related of the basal edge are usually pointed or many shades of pink, red, and orange; forms; i.e. Benton, Benton Broad Base, may occasionally be slightly rounded. The ranging from pastel to glossy while main­ Elk River, Buzzard Roost, Sykes, and often basal edge, which is usually straight or taining the mottled pattern inherent in the in contiguous association with other ac- sometimes very slightly concave or con­ parent material. In the St. Genivieve for­ culturated points with distinct side vex, is beveled and very rarely if ever mation, Wyandotte, also commonly re­ notches, i.e. Big Sandy, Godar, Hemphill, ground. It is interesting to note that al­ ferred to as Indiana Hornstone, Kentucky etc., and is often found in red ochre de­ though grinding of the base does not ap­ nodular or bull's eye flint, was also exten­ posits. (NOTE: The author knows of as pear to be a diagnostic feature of the sively utilized as well as what is locally many as thirty of these two point types WARITO KNIFE, the basal edge of many known as Buffalo River chert, which when which were found erroding from a single side-notch forms (i.e. Big Sandy, Godar, Hemphill, etc.) which have been found in contiguous association with it are often heavily ground. NOTE: The preform or un- MEASUREMENTS OF 10 COTYPES IN MILLIMETERS notched knife form often found in con­ junction with the WARITO KNIFE repre­ 10 sents the same basic overall shape, prior COTYPE EXAMPLE # to notching, many times including bevel­ ing of the basal edge. LENGTH 111 100 123 167 12/ 11/ 102 10b 115 /2 SHOULDER WIDTH 35 44 37 44 35 36 34 34 32 32 FLAKING STEM W/BASAL EDGE 21 34 24 30 24 20 25 25 22 23 Resolved and well-directed shallow STEM LENGTH 8 13 10 9 9 8 9 10 8 8 primary percussion flaking was used to NOTCH WIDTH LEFT 8 8 9 11 6 7 / / 7 / shape and thin the biface with fine pres­ RIGHT 6 10 10 13 7 7 7 7 / / sure retouch applied along the blade NOTCH DEPTH LEFT 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 edges creating a smooth and continuous RIGHT 6 10 9 8 8 8 6 7 6 6 outline. (On two examples, the blade edges were ground, for the most part, NOTE: On number 4, the greatest width at midsection is 55mm. The greatest from shoulder to tip. This feature, which thickness of number 4 is 7.5mm. The greatest thickness of number 7 is 3.5mm. may have been preliminary to resharpen-

34 deposit.) The name WARITO is derived About the author References from the reported Shawnee Indian name Terry Avery has a proud Indian heritage. Bierer. Bert W. Indians and Artifacts of the Southeast. 1783 Aboriginal Map of Tennessee, 1980. p 339. for the Cumberland River. According to a His great grandfather, Earl Valentine, was Cambron and Hulse. Handbook of Alabama Archaeology. Part I military reservation map of North Carolina a full-blooded Potawatomie Indian who Point Types. Provisional Type 2 (Cambron and Waters). 1964. circa 1783, WARITO, meaning "muddy was born in 1870 on the fifty square mile Central States Archaeological Journal. Vol 17, Number 3. 1970. water", was used to name the point after reservation established near Schoolcraft, p136. the area in which the greatest concentra­ Michigan in 1850. The log house in which Journal of Alabama Archaeology. University of Alabama. Vol VIII, 1 and 2. June and December 1962. tion of examples were found. The WAR­ Earl Valentine was born was the only Justice, Noel D. Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points. 1987. ITO KNIFE possibly served as a status or house on the reservation and the two Lewis, T.M.N, and Madeline Kneberg Lewis. Eva An Archaic Site. University of Tennessee. 1961. trade/money item not unlike the Turkey story structure is still standing. The Lindstrom and Stevenson. Tennessee Anthropologist. Vol XII, No Tail tradition an could possibly represent a Potawamies were of Algonquin stock and 1, Spring. 1987. p 18. Parker, Malcolm. The Owl Creek People 3660 B.C. The Hart transition from corner notching to their chief at the time the reservation was Site At Nashville Tennessee. 1972-74. stemmed hafting in the late Archaic period formed was Pokagon who is a direct an­ Perino, G. Selected Preforms, Points And Knives of The North in the Middle Southeast, i.e. Pickwick, cestor of Terry Avery. American Indian. Vol 1. 1985. Tully, Lawrence N. Flint Blades And Projectile Points Of The Ledbetter, etc. With the WARITO often North Amencan Indian. 1986. p 167. found in deposits consisting of distinct Waldorf, D. C. Story In Stone. 1987. Webb, William S. Indian Knoll. University of Tennessee Press. side notch forms, this could represent rea­ 1974. sonable evidence of acculturation taking Webb, William S. and David L. DeJarnette. An Archaeological Survey Of The Pickwick Basin. Smithsonian Institution place among the middle to late Archaic Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 129.1942. Burial people of the Tennessee and Cumberland 88 Site. Ct 27, Plate 291. River valleys.

Fig. 1 (Avery) Cache of blades found in Davidson County, Tennessee, on the Cumberland River. The two points on the right were stuck together in the clay. The two largest pieces were buried base down in a vertical position and the bulldozer scraped the top one.

35 Fig. 2 (Avery) Warito Knife and preform. Both were found in contiguous association. Preform is 7 1/4 inches long.

Fig. 3 (Avery) Various examples of Warito Knives from the Tennessee area.

36 A SURVEY OF THEBES POINTS IN CENTRAL INDIANA by Upper White River Archaeological Society

This survey was conducted by The and Attica constitute the major chert types Acknowledgements Upper White River Archaeological Society used (76%). Foreign cherts were used in The members of the UWRAS would like (UWRAS), a group of amateur archaeolo­ (8%) of examples studied: Flint Ridge and to thank Randy Gaw for writing this paper gists based in Muncie, Indiana. The goals Upper Mercer (Ohio), and Burlington and Donald R. Cochran, Director of the of the group are the preservation of ar­ (Illinois). Most of the Thebes points exam­ Ball State University Archaeology chaeological resources and information. ined (91 %) were manufactured from Laboratory for his guidance throughout The purpose of our research was to iden­ medium to low quality materials which this project. tify the distribution of Thebes points, raw outcrop locally. High quality cherts are References Cited material usage, and to compare our re­ represented by 12 points or 9% of the to­ Cantin, Mark sults with previous information on Thebes tal: Upper Mercer (n=5), Flint Ridge (n=3), 1989 Diachronic Model of Hafted Biface Chert points. Burlington (n=3), and Wyandotte (n=1). We Usage In Southwestern Indiana. Journal Thebes points are diagnostic of the also noted in our survey 22 points or 15% of the Steward Anthropological Society, Early Archaic period dating from 8,000 to of those studied had been heat treated, 18(2):37-71. 6,000 B.C. (Justice 1987:54-55). Previous and 8 points or 06% had evidence of im­ Justice, Noel D. research of the Thebes cluster indicates pact fractures. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the three points. First, raw material usage We found the highest frequency of Midcontinental and Eastern United seems to have centered around exotic Thebes points were located along the States. Indiana University Press, chert sources. Cantin (1989) has noted a White River drainage. However, this is Bloomington and Indianapolis. tendency of selecting high-quality cherts probably a result of collector activity in the Morrow, Toby in Early Archaic biface technology in area. Our research seems to compare fa­ 1989 Twin Ditch: Early Archaic Settlement and southwestern Indiana. Sixtyfive percent of vorably with previous studies on function, Technology In the Lower Illinois Valley. Cantin's examples were manufactured and settlement pattern interpretation. Center for American Archaeology, from foreign cherts. Local cherts were However, raw material usage seems to Kampsville, Illinois. used in 21 % of the artifacts examined have centered around the use of local Schneider, Allan F. (Cantin 1989). Second, the absence of im­ cherts, which are also medium to low 1966 Physiography In Natural Features of pact fractures on Thebes points indicates quality, and not exotic or high quality Indiana, edited by A.L. Lindsey, pp. 40-56. they were used as knives and not projec­ sources. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. tile points (Morrow 1989). Finally, settle­ ment pattern interpretation indicates Early Archaic man probably centered around seasonally shifted camps, and hunting and chert procurement was completed by certain groups (Morrow 1989). Our research was based on the analysis of points from the personal collections of members of the UWRAS (n=114) and from the collection of the Ball State University Archaeology Laboratory (n=26). The only points used in the survey were ones in which the following information could be obtained; identification as Thebes points, county province, and identification of raw materials used during manufacture. Donald R. Cochran, Director of the Ball State Archaeology Laboratory, verified point and chert types. A total of 142 points from 17 counties in central Indiana were used in the study. Figiire 1: Locations of chert rcea associated with Thebes K-ints. The area of study is located in the Tipton till plain of Indiana, and is in the region Distribution of Thebes ftiints by Raw Material and County _ which was glaciated during the last Ice R L>1 M 11 Iti Ha Hu J Bl G Wy frfe A Mi Ti Hb Al G» fi Age. The region consists of gently rolling Uun*l 10 15 16 E 1 1 4 53 plains, and has four major river drainages; Liston Creek 2 6 6 1 1 2 2 i 1 1 2J Attica Mississinewa, Salamonie, Wabash, and 3 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 If Upper Mercer 2 3 1 6 White (Schneider 1966). Bayport 1 1 2 4

The majority of the Thebes points (70%) Flint Ridge 2 1 3 were from east central Indiana along the Holland 1 1 1 3 Upper White River drainage; this area rep­ Fossl1iferous 2 1 i resents the focus of collecting of UWRAS BucUngtcn 2 1 S Glacial 1 1 members. For raw material interpretation 1 J Wyandotte 1 | 18 points were subtracted form the total Pluitmei 1 1 because they were made from unknown Laurel/Listen Creuk 1 1 2 - sources. The majority of points studied Unknown -I 11 3 iti (92%) were manufactured from local chert Totals 18 43 39 B 1 3 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 2 1 2 9 4 142 sources (Figure 1). Laurel, Liston Creek,

37 EXPERIENCES AND REFLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN RELIC COLLECTOR by Don Bapst Columbus, Ohio

I am writing in response to Senate Bill sought to locate, preserve, cherish, and As a collector, I have been made to feel 1980 since it is very misleading in regard collect these original art forms. Thus somewhat like a criminal. In reality, I have to the modern relic collector. Have you emerged a handful of knowledgeable men always believed I was pursuing a very ever found an arrowhead? Certainly many who formed the Ohio Indian Relic worthwhile endeavor. Being a high school of us have and have sensed an awareness Collectors Society in 1941. This organiza­ teacher, I have even developed an archae­ of man's being from the distant past and tion was the predecessor of the present ology class at my school with emphasis perhaps have reflected on man's present Ohio Archaeological Society. From the as­ on appreciation of and preservation of the status and his destiny for the future. semblage of "curiosities" that these men past. At the tender age of five, I found an ar­ has amassed, they were able to begin the The prehistoric artifacts I presently own rowhead or "dart" as they were affection­ classification of various types of artifacts. represent a prodigious amount of time ately called by early Ohio Indian relic col­ The term "ceremonial" was coined to spent collecting over the years. But most lectors. Thus started a lifetime of cover those artifacts of unknown usage. I of all, they represent the confidence of collecting. Collecting relics was always have through the years asked various older collectors, with whom I developed considered a wholesome activity, even by modern Indians what possible uses they deep friendships, to place some of their the Boy Scouts. As the years pass, fewer might have had, only to be told they had most valued possessions in someone's and fewer relics are found and major finds never seen anything like them and had no care who would appreciate and care for are considered rare. Many a collector idea. them as they had. finds with dismay fragments of what has The collector has been the curator and With all of the fraudulent copies of origi­ once been a fine artifact. Modern farm im­ preserver of these prehistoric lithic art nal prehistoric artifacts being circulated plements have taken their toll. forms. Many of the older collectors were today, I wonder if the modern-day Indian However, not all was lost. Throughout my personal friends and were very fine could differentiate between the genuine the countryside early Ohio farmers were people. They not only preserved these art artifacts and the fakes. slowly plowing with horses and were pick­ forms, but were instrumental in saving In summary, the vast majority of arti­ ing up various types of unbroken, odd many mounds and earthworks. The impe­ facts that are bought, sold, or traded stones as curiosities. Many were de­ tus to preserve many of our state parks among collectors are surface finds as op­ posited in barns, on mantles, or placed in with prehistoric remains (Serpent Mound, posed to artifacts unearthed with burials. some out-of-the-way drawer. Many were For Ancient, etc.) was fully supported by Most burial goods have been destroyed at incised by a pocketknife with the finder's collectors. I am greatly disturbed by the an alarming rate through modern con­ name or date of discovery. Thus, many news stories which represent collectors as struction. fine artifacts were preserved throughout pot hunters who dig skulls for their coffee I hope I have presented another side to the states as mementoes of early rural tables (article in Columbus Dispatch) or for the misleading press stories and any influ­ agrarian expansion. resale. I have never known a collector to ence they may have had on any pending Around and prior to the turn of the cen­ do any such atrocity. What is disturbing to legislation concerning the collecting of tury, a few men scattered throughout the those of us who collect is that many prehistoric Indian artifacts. state developed an appreciation for pre­ mounds are destroyed by building and historic Indian relics and it is they who construction in the name of progress.

LICKING COUNTY TO CELEBRATE HERITAGE WITH BUCKEYE FLINT FESTIVAL

NEWARK - The Buckeye Flint Exhibitors from across the nation are in­ mounds through various educational pro­ Foundation has announced that an excit­ vited to display their collections of flint, in­ grams given by experts in Ohio's Indian ing new event is slated for Newark, Ohio. cluding tools used by the Indians. history. Musical performances, rides, Licking County will host the "Buckeye Flint "This event was created to enhance our games, food, art and craft exhibits and a Festival" on September 28th and 29th on understanding of Licking County's Indian parade will complete the two-day festival. the square in Downtown Newark. heritage, which dates back to the Paleo Those interested in exhibiting at the The Buckeye Flint Festival is a celebra­ Indians, some 12,000 years ago," said Buckeye Flint Festival may contact the tion of Ohio's gemstone, flint. This semi­ Lewis Claggett, spokesman for the Buckeye Flint Foundation by calling (614) precious stone occurs in its finest form in Buckeye Flint Foundation. 345-1282. Indian artifact collectors may the Flint Ridge area. Festival goers will have the opportunity show their flint free of charge. to learn about Licking County Indian

38 TWO HOPEWELL GORGETS by Ned and Mark Shaw New Holland, Ohio

Pictured are two distinctive types of rounded and the ends fla upward and out­ Collection of Ned and Mark Shaw, New Hopewell gorgets. The gorget at top is ward. Two perforations were started on Holland, Ohio. made of black slate and is very thin. It is the bottom but never completed due to drilled from both sides and is 5-3/4 inches the hardness of the stone. It is 3-1/4 Reference: long and is from Richland Co. Ohio. The inches long and is from Jackson Co. Ohio. Converse, Robert N. gorget at bottom is made of red hardstone Expanded center Hopewell gorgets are 1978 Ohio State Types, Published by the and is flat on the bottom. The top is among the rarest of all gorget types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Shaw) Two Hopewell gorgets, Richland County and Jackson County, Ohio.

39 THE STONE RED OCHER CACHE by Donald L. Stone Rt. 2, Box 238 W, Caoedonia, Mississippi 39740

In the spring of 1989,1 was surface hunt­ ing along the banks of the Tombigbee River in south Lowndes County, Mississippi. I no­ ticed a long edge of a flint artifact eroding from the river bank about ten feet above the water and about two feet below the surface of the floodplain. The soil above the flint was darker and when I loosened it I saw another point above it. I removed the entire deposit since it would be soon lost to erosion and discovered a cache of ten arti­ facts (Fig. 1). The cache consists of seven blades, a spear point and two tablets. The blades are from 4 in. to 5 in. in length and may be of Indiana hornstone, a gray nodular flint from Harrison County, Indiana. In personal communication with Robert Converse, it was speculated that this may be a cache of the Red Ocher people. Red Ocher pre­ dominates along the lower edge of Lake Michigan but caches of Red Ocher ob­ jects have been found over a large part of the eastern United States. The tablets are both undrilled. The larger is 5 in. by 2 1/2 in. and is made of a compact black stone. The smaller one is 5 1/4 in. by 1 1/8 in. and is made of a red hardstone. The spear point is 7 in. long Fig. 1 (Stone) Cache of eight flint pieces and two tablets from Lowndes County, Mississippi. and, like the blades, may have been pur­ posely fashioned for burial inclusion only. All pieces in the cache were oriented east and west. Surface finds from the same area are shown in Fig . 2 They consist of Dalton- like examples to those from later periods.

Fig. 2 (Stone) Surface found points from same area.

40 AN EDITORIAL

Recently legislation was introduced into kind that can separate one race from an­ practitioners say they are - in other words the Ohio Legislature which may have far other, almost anyone can claim to be of you can practice any sort of religion you reaching effect on non-professional ar­ Indian descent. Genealogy is not the most please. But the framers also knew that chaeology, collecting and the Archaeolog­ exact of all sciences but is often used to freedom of religion meant freedom from ical Society of Ohio. Senate Bill #244 "prove" such things as royal blood, inheri­ religion - the right of Americans not to deals with historic and prehistoric preser­ tance, property rights, parenthood, denial have a religion or its beliefs forced upon vation and is summarized in the Spring of parenthood, right to belong to the DAR them is as inherent as the free practice of 1989 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist, or having a famous ancestor. Mark Twain religion. Thus, when a legislature gets into Volume 33, No. 2. The part of the bill noted in the late 1800's that Hawaiian the business of enacting laws which even which directly concerns archaeology has families were matrilineal (following de­ mention religious ceremonies or sacred to do with prehistoric skeletal remains. scent through their mother) because objects, they are doing what the founders Although our Society was totally excluded "there never was any doubt about who of this country clearly told them not to do. from any participation in the formulation your mother was". In fact, many Ohioans There are three distinct groups most af­ of the bill, we felt the prehistoric remains with Indian ancestry deeply resent having fected and interested in laws regarding ar­ section of the bill was fair since it pro­ their heritage flaunted about before the chaeology - the professional archaeolo­ vided for a member of the ASO to be in­ Ohio legislature by people who weren't gists, those claiming to represent the cluded on a proposed board to review the even born in Ohio, are not Ohio residents, Indians, and the Archaeological Society of finds of skeletal remains. Our board of di­ or who don't even have Indian ancestors Ohio. By any sort of measurement, the rectors went on record in support of the other than some vague claim to an largest of these groups is the ASO. In fact, bill even though it seemed unusual that "Indian great-grandmother" which inci­ it is probable that we outnumber the other our organization was not considered in its dentally would make a person 1/8 indian groups ten to one. Yet our Society was preparation by the Ohio Historic but 7/8 something else. Regardless of ge­ not even consulted when the bill was for­ Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical nealogical claims, there is absolutely no mulated, we did not even see it until it Society. living person who can claim even remote was in its final form. In the proposed origi­ Before the bill was read in the Ways descent from prehistoric inhabitants of nal bill a state board to review archaeo­ and Means Committee, however, the Ohio. logical discoveries was to be made up of skeletal remains portion of the bill was Nearly all such legislation mentions "sa­ members representing various interested withdrawn by Senator Ray (R-Akron) after cred objects" which, it is assumed, would groups and would have included one he was pressured by groups professing to have to be defined to make the law work. member from the ASO. Ironically, the lat­ represent Ohioans of Indian descent. Thus, the Ohio Legislature is getting itself est proposals have eliminated even this Subsequent meetings between Senator in the middle of a religious controversy. token representation. Rhetoric at one of Ray and these groups broke down and The lawmakers would have to describe the meetings between the Preservation ended in an acrimonious debate about sacred or religious objects and it would Office and the Indians characterized the who were the "real" Indians and who was be interesting to know who would provide ASO as a bunch of pothunters and loot­ going to represent them. them with the expertise to do so. Aside ers, thus we can only assume that the At the present time a series of meetings from the constitutional questions regard­ non-professionals and collectors have being held between the groups suppos­ ing the ownership and property rights of been singled out to take the blame for all edly representing the Indians and the the owners on whose land such finds are the shortcoming of the professionals and Ohio Preservation Office has tried to made, the Ohio legislators seem poised to the Indians. reach a consensus for a more stringent tread on ground where the framers of the I urge all our members, their friends and bill regarding skeletal remains and prehis­ constitution feared to venture. The found­ families to, deluge the Ohio Legislature with toric artifacts. Much of the rhetoric con­ ing fathers, in their 1791 wisdom, made letters and phone calls to defeat any legis­ cerns the "sacred objects," not defined but their prohibition on religious laws the very lation which does not include at least three presumably meaning prehistoric artifacts first words of the Bill of Rights - representatives from the Archaeological which should be returned to the "real "Congress shall make no laws respecting Society of Ohio on its board. Indians", whoever that may be. an establishment of religion". It is ax­ Robert N. Converse Since there is no genetic test of any iomatic that religious beliefs are what their Editor

41 THE MOUND SIGNAL TEST by Sylvia Ball The Archaeological Conservancy Eastern Regional Office 7402 Charrington Court, Indianapolis, Indiana 46254

On a brilliant sunny day in late March, Originally the test was to be at night, to cially because of trees on the mounds that twenty volunteers gathered on top of three see if road flares would be visible between could block the reflection. The test began Adena mounds in southwest Ohio, to test mounds. However, there was concern at noon, with the sun high in the sky. the theory that these mounds could have about the amount of light pollution in the Compasses were ready, field glasses were been used for signal towers as well as for valley, especially in Miamisburg with the in hand and the radio operators began burial purposes. well-lit E.G. & G. Mound Laboratory right their communication. Mirrors were jock­ The three mounds included in the signal next to the mound park. So, the test was eyed into position, trying to catch the sun test were the Miamisburg Mound, the changed to a daytime event, using large at just the right angle. Great Mound in Butler County and the mirrors to reflect the light of the sun from There was a great deal of excitement Kinder Mound in Warren County. The mound to mound. when the bright flashes of light were seen greatest distance involved was 13 miles, Mirrors measuring 36 by 42 inches were coming from the other mounds. The radio between the Miamisburg and Great donated for the test, and the Mound communication sent word of success from Mounds. Amateur Radio Association in the mound to mound. The signals worked The signal test was organized and coor­ Miamisburg area volunteered to provide beautifully in all directions, and the volun­ dinated by The Archaeological radio communication between the teers congregated in the Miamisburg Park Conservancy, out of its Eastern Regional mounds. Several people who live in the after the event to share the excitement Office in Indianapolis. The Conservancy vicinity of the mounds offered to help in with each other. acquired the Great Mound in 1989 and the test, along with some members of CO- The success of the test proved that the was interested in its relationship to other VAS, the Central Ohio Valley mounds could have been used for sig­ remaining Adena mounds that were also Archaeological Society. nalling. Whether or not they were is some­ constructed on high places in the Miami There was concern about whether or thing we'll never know for certain. River valley. not the mirror method would work, espe­

(31*1 jHemortam Eugene C. Cline - June 16,1925 - April 3,1990

It was with a great deal of sadness that and try to give them some knowledge of got us all started and when he went, we we heard of the death of Gene Cline. He what he had learned over the years. went. will be remembered by our members as Gene also liked to talk to his older friends Dean taught me alot about archaeol­ the genial exhibitor of his outstanding and hear what they were into. He had ogy and I will miss him tremendously, as collection at many Society meetings. He many friends in the society but, he al­ I'm sure all his friends and family will. was a personal friend and one of our ways talked about going up and seeing I guess God needed someone to tell long-time members. His loss will not be Frank and Martha. I guess they were his him some funny stories and have a good soon forgotten. The following obituary favorites. time, because that's what Dean really was submitted by his son-in-law. I hunted the fields with him for hours. knew how to do. It is with great sorrow and regret to an­ As a matter of fact, when we would plan George W. Armann nounce the passing of Eugene C. Cline of our vacation every year, it would have to New Matamoras, Ohio. Known to his include a place to hunt relics. friends and family as Deana, Dean, Gene I'll never forget the first time I went with and Pop Pop. him in one of his favorite fields. Dean, Married Virginia M. Bradfield, (Ginny), Ginny, Marie and Myself all out on a March 15, 1946. Had 1 son, Warren and beautiful May evening; walking "the 3 daughters Cassie, Marie and Myra. field." Finally Marie found a beautiful Flint Dearly loved 5 grandchildren; Lydia, Ridge Adena Spear. We were all tickled Cassandra, Isaac, George E. and Megan. pink. On the next row back, Dean found Also, 3 sons in law; Charles Strecker, Tim a black knife. I turned in my row and Holpp and George Armann. went back to see it. When I turned Dean loved going arrowhead hunting around I found a perfect, granite celt. and going to the Archaeology Meetings. Everyone was elated to say the least. The It was something he had done since rest of the hunt wasn't quite so eventful, "Boy Scouts", when his Great so when we got back to the car Dean Grandfather, Rev. Luther Timberlake gave said, "You guys aren't coming anymore! I him his 1st artifact. (Flint Ridge Dove) he bring all the amateurs and they find all always loved to talk to young beginners the good stuff!" Well needless to say this

DONATION RECEIVED A donation of $500.00 has been made to the Archaeological Society of Ohio by the now disbanded Artifacts Society. Primarily through the efforts of Marvin Seeley and Gary Mumaw, the final distribution of money was made to our Society in order to clear their books and to further archaeology in Ohio and surrounding states. This fine gesture is greatly appreciated.

42 LETTER TO SENATOR METZENBAUM 2446 Chambers Avenue Columbus, OH 43223 Junel, 1990

Senator Howard Metzenbaum 200 N. High Street Columbus, OH 43215

Dear Senator Metzenbaum:

I am writing to urge you to vote against passage of Senate Bill 1980 which would prohibit the ownership, sale, or trade of Indian artifacts.

The great majority of artifacts found in modern collections were surface finds, as opposed to artifacts unearthed with burials. These surface finds would have been destroyed for all time if they had not been collected and preserved by Indian relic collectors. Indian burials have been and are being destroyed by building and construction in this state and not by relic collectors.

As a high school teacher of archaeology, I have always stressed an appreciation for and the preservation of these Indian art forms. In recent newspaper articles, however, we collectors have been made to feel like criminals when in reality, we have spent much time and effort, in saving these artifacts for future generations to appreciate. The articles have been misleading and have not painted an accurate picture of the modern collector.

The more than 2,500 members of the Ohio Archaeological Society feel strongly about this issue and urge you to vote against the pending legislation.

Sincerely yours,

Donald Bapst

<3Jtt ffizmavimn Cass Derda - Newark, Ohio It is with great regret that I inform you West Virginia and moved to Lakehurst his many friends and,fellow collectors. of the passing of a good friend and fellow New Jersey, after World War II, where he He was a perfect gentleman and his hon­ collector, Cass Derda. I first met Cass in raised four daughters. He moved to Ohio esty and integrity held him in the highest 1967 and spent many hours with him in 1962 and became interested in collect­ regard. hunting for relics. Cass passed away ing relics. His passing will be a great per­ Jim Hahn March 29, 1990. He was born in Lowell, sonal loss and he will be remembered by Newark, Ohio

ANNUAL CONVERSE AWARD The Annual Robert N. Converse Award at the annual meeting in Columbus. Dr. and one hundred dollars. Our congratula- for contributions to Ohio archaeology Shriver's many articles and papers on tions to Dr. Shriver and many thanks for was presented to Dr. Philip Shriver, early Ohio history and prehistory earned his exemplary work. Professor Emeritus of Miami University, him the award which consists of a plaque

BACK COVER This 7 3/4 inch Adena was found near the SMALL RISE IN HIS BACK YARD which few pieces of pottery and a small broken Hocking/Perry County line east of Logan, contained an old spring house found the point Adena point. Collection of John Spires, Ohio. A local resident who was bulldozing a after the dirt was spread. Also found were a Lancaster, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

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