OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 2G-J3 £ NO. 1 WINTER 1986

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

TERM Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 EXPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS David J Snyder. P O Box 388, Luckey, Ohio 43443 1986 President Don Gehlbach. 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Dr Phillip R Shriver. Miami University, Oxford. Ohio 45056 Ohio 43221 -Tele: Home 459-0808, Bus. 888-3572 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware. Ohm 1986 Vice President Scott Haskins, 2160 Fitzroy Dr., Apt A-6, Associate Editor. Martha P Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43224-Tele: Home 476-4843 Columbus. Ohio Jill Carskaddon, 960 Eastward Circle. Colony North 1986 Exec Sect. Martha Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, Zanosville. Ohio 43701 Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 846-7640, Bus. 466-1500 Ext. 256 1986 Treasurer Donald W. Foster, 54-E West Park St., Westerville, All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio ArchaeOlQQiit should hi; gent tO the Editor Memberships. reQUestl for back Ohio 43081-Tele: Home 891-7417 issues, changes of address, and other matter should be sent I" 1986 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal the business office Winchester, Ohio 43110-Tele: Home 837-4862 1986 Immediate Past President Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave., PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY OF AD­ Westerville, Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 882-4176, DRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL Bus 890-3000 Ext. 107 CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 1986 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr. Plain City, Ohio 43064-Tele: Home 873-5471, Bus. 873-4664 Editorial Office TRUSTEES 199 Converse Drive, Plain City. Ohio 43064 1986 Dana L Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd., 206, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340-Tele: Home 513-354-3951 BUS. MANAGER 1986 Michael W Schoenfeld, 524 Sycamore Dr., Pickerington, Joe Redick. 35 W Riverglen Dr . Ohio 43147-Tele: Home 837-7088 Worthington, Ohio 43085 1986 Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44907- Membership and Dues Tele: Home 419-756-8782 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable 1986 Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Hts., Newcomerstown, on the first of January as follows Regular membership $12 00: Ohio 43832-Tele: Home 498-7178, Bus. 498-7527 Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $13 00: Life member­ 1988 AlvaMcGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 - ship $300 00 Funds are used for publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit Tele: Home 773-4399 organization and has no paid officers or employees 1988 Ernest G Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City, Ohio 43123- The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription Tele: Home 875-6156 is included in the membership dues 1988 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, Ohio 43130- Back Issues Tele: Home 653-9477 1988 Frank Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, Ohio 43081 - Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Tele: Home 846-7640 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $ 5.00 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 Regional Collaborators Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse ... $10.00 David W Kuhn. 2642 Shawnee Rd . Portsmouth, Ohio Back issues —black and white —each $ 4.00 Charles H Stout. St . 91 Redbank Drive. Fairborn, Ohio Back issues —four full color plates —each $ 4.00 WilliaM.irK mW Tiell Long, 1343, Box5 467Lak.e Wellston Ave , Lakewood. Ohio . Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 Robert Jackman. Box 30, Wellsville. Ohio 43968 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to James L Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Noil Avenue Mall, time Write to business office for prices and availability Columbus, Ohio 43210

STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Converse, Chairman Martha Otto, Chairman Jeff Carskadden, Chairman Len Weidner Steve Fulli II Mike Schoenfeld Richard Patterson Jack Hooks John Winsch Jeff Brown FLOOR MANAGER'S Wayne Ml M tine Bob Hill James Murphy COMMITTEE Dana Bakei Joy Jones Don Casto, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Edith Campbell AUDITING COMMITTEE Jane WeirIm n Chairman SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dave United Don Fostoi Chairman Sharon Pulli ira COMMITTEE Craig CiOla Mike Wilson Robert Converse. Chairman Mike Schoenfeld Ken Saunders Jeff Carskadden EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Billy Hillen Martha Otto COMMITTEE TO STUDY Don Casto, Co-Chairman Greg Shipli y Scott Haskins BUDGETING Frank Otto. Co-Chanm,in Kim Ellis Wayne Mortine Don Foslei, Chairman Billy Hillen Scott Haskins RAFFLE COMMITTEE Jim Perry Jim Hahn James Greenlee Chi is Olenick. Chairman Eugenia Kish Steve Olenrch Jason Qreenlee Dawn Wilson Jim Gooding Jane Weidnei Jim Perry Warren Mears FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS (Joe Redick) Doug Hooks COMMITTEE Buddy Haney Scfltt Haskins Dana Baker. Co-Chairman EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE TO REVIEW Steve Puttera Steve Fuller, Co-Chairman COMMITTEE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Ri iberl Hill Chairman Robert Converse, Co-Chairman William King Chairman Don Bapsl Craig Ciola Don Gehlbach. Co-Chairman William Tiell Robert Converse jeit Fruth Tom Grubb Dan Rosette Ernie Good James! )i" iding Jim Hahn Virginia Moreiock Dorothy Good Martha Otto Paul Ford Mark Seeley Lar Hothem TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Column Squaw And Belt Axes 4 By A New Perspective 8 Don Gehlbach Two Clovis Points From McFaddin Beach, Texas 9 In May we will ask each of you as A Cuyahoga County Ohio Site 10 A.S.O. members to nominate a slate of Officers and Trustees to lead your soci­ Artifacts From The Enon Area, Clark County, Ohio 14 ety during the next two years (1986- A Clermont County Site 17 1988). With each new transition of A.S.O. A Stone Sculpture From Tuscarawas County, Ohio 18 leadership, your recommendation takes on greater importance. We have grown Northern Ohio Pendants 20 to be far and away the largest state The 70th Birthday Celebration For F. W. Putnam- society in the country and as such, we need strong aggressive leadership that "Father Of American Archaeology" (1909) 24 will help us stay on top. New ideas, new Artifacts Found By The Johnny Appleseed Chapter Members 26 programs are always the lifeblood of any A New York Birdstone 27 group like ours. Certainly, with the large numbers in our group, we should have A Dover Chert Blade 27 Officers and Trustees which will build Roller Pestle Varieties From Ohio 28 on our traditions, and accept responsi­ bility forguiding ourcontinuing program Hematite Plummets 30 of expansion. If you are one of the Glacial Kame Additions 31 people who would like to help us in any Mystery Of The Mortar: A Curious Artifact From Hardin County 32 capacity, as an Officer, Committee Mem­ ber (Committees are listed inside the A Slate Artifact Collection 33 front cover of our magazine), or Trustee A Fluted Ball Bannerstone From The Black Fork Of The Mohican 34 let one of the current Officers, Trustees or Bob Converse know. Bob is Chairman Jackson County Pentagonals 35 of our Elections Nominating Committee. A Fine Trophy Axe 37 Accept the challenge to be a guiding A Fort Ancient Potsherd From Wyandot County, Ohio 37 force in the most successful Archaeol­ ogical society in the country. Act today, A Lanceolate Point And An Unfinished Bannerstone 38 we need new blood and more members Glacial Kame Artifacts 38 active involvement in our society. Surface Finds From The Hardin Collection 39 A Tubular Bannerstone 39 A Productive Licking County Site 40 A Coshocton County Paleo Point 40 An Undrilled Adena Bi-Concave Gorget From Ottawa County's Catawba Island 41 Six Points From Williams County 42 Personal Field Finds 42 Four Artifacts From The Fix Collection 42 Castle Piatt Mac-A-Cheek Burglarized 43 Necrology (Ladow "Doc" Johnston 43

FRONT COVER BACK COVER

Boatstone of Ohio Pipestone, Scioto County, Ohio. Pentagonal Hopewell Pendant, Franklin Co., Ohio.

Two hole gorget of fossiliferous limestone, Glover's Cave, Christian Co., Ky

Bannerstone of Serpentine — Stark Co., Ohio.

Bannerstone of Ohio Pipestone — Coalville, Athens Co., Ohio.

Pick Bannerstone of brown and green chlorite, Seneca Co., Ohio. Squaw and Belt Axes By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Author's Note form to make the eye, and the ends of contrasted with 82 mm; and the height That there is need for a common this strap were hammered to make the of its eye is 42 mm in comparison with nomenclature in identifying Indian arti­ flare of the blade. A piece of steel was 40 mm for the axe shown here in Figures facts, both prehistoric and historic, is then inserted between them to serve as 1, 2, 3, and 4. So strikingly similar are abundantly evident in the study of one an edge, and the joints were welded by these two axes that I half-expected to of the must basic tools and weapons of heating and hammering. Grinding and find a "B" stamped on mine. Regrettably, the American Indian, the axe, hatchet, coarse filing removed the worst of the the only touchmark I can discern on the or tomahawk. With the coming of the roughness, and the axe head was com­ pitted reverse side of my axe is the European to North America, the stone pleted. It was a simple object that any number "8". (See Figure 2.) Though celts and warclubs of the prehistoric competent blacksmith could make in a Baker has not given the weight of "Speci­ Indian gave way to metal axes of many short time. The cost was low, and the men A," a similar though somewhat sizes, shapes, and names, used by both demand was so great that extremely larger iron trade axe in the Ohio Histori­ white men and red for a variety of pur­ good profits could be made on the furs cal Society's Collections (cited by Baker poses. Large axes with heads of 7 inches that these axes could command. ... a as "Specimen C") is listed as weighing 1 and more in length and 3 to 5 pounds or relative idea can be obtained from [the pound 11 ounces. The one pictured in more in weight were primarily designed French explorer] LaSalle's specifica­ this article weighs 1 pound 4 ounces. for use in felling trees and came to be tions of 1684 for axes to cost 7 or 8 sous (See also the squaw axes numbered called "felling axes." On the other hand, per pound and from figures of the 1750 s #102, #104, #184, #239, and #242 in smaller axes with heads of less than 6 and 60s, when axes of this pattern cost Robert Kuck, Tomahawks Illustrated, inches in length and fewer than 3 pounds the [English] trader 3 shillings each in 1977:52-55; #25, #28, and #31 in Peter­ in weight were designed for lighter, all- quantity." son, 1971:89andposM42;and#2-#10 purpose work in camp, field or forest. Of Three contrasting styles of squaw and in Leonard Brown, 1964: 90.) the smaller axes, those of French design, belt axes are illustrated in this article. The second and largest of the three without polls and with single-flaring All are made of iron. All three are part of axes described and illustrated in this blades, came to be called "squaw axes," this author's personal collection and all article (see Figures 6,7, and 8) is typical while those of later Anglo-American were at one time in the collection of of what Peterson calls an "Anglo-Ameri­ origin, with weighted polls and shorter Raymond J. Walsh of Hamilton, Ohio. can" belt axe, though Kuck also calls it a blades (for better balance), came to be The first (see Figures 1-4) is a classic rifleman's axe or bag axe. Peterson notes referred to as "belt axes." The French- French-style polless squaw axe with oval that axes of this type have been exca­ style "squaw axe" was usually the more eye and single-flaring blade fashioned vated at the site of the English colony of popular among Indians; the English-style from a wrapped piece of strap iron with Jamestown, thus evidencing that they "belt axe" was usually preferred by white a steel edge welded between its ends. were known and used in the English colonists. However, because, both styles Though its leading edge has been nicked colonies well before 1700, but he points were used by both races, the terms from use, its blade is still sharp. Traces out that it was not until the first or second "squaw axe" and "belt axe" were and of the original wooden haft are still decade of the 18th century before the are often used interchangeably. evident in the tightly welded eye. (See ****************************************** belt axe came into common usage. (See Figures 3 and 4.) Measuring 5% inches Peterson, 1971:20.) With a flat, weighted From the short shrift usually given in length, 2)4 inches in width at the blade, poll and shortened blade, it provided squaw and belt axes in most publications and 1 Ye inches in width at the constriction much better balance and more power in which have appeared to date concerning below the eye, its form and size are the swing than was possible with the historic contact axes or tomahawks, one strikingly similar to a squaw axe identi­ polless French-style squaw axe. The belt would conclude that they were of little fied by Stanley W. Baker as "Specimen axe shown here has a double-flaring consequence in trade between Euro­ A" (see Figure 5) of the Keifer Collection, blade and weighs 1 pound 11 ounces, peans and American Indians between which was at one time exhibited by Dr. though belt axes usually weigh less than the 16th and the 19th centuries and of Alva Salisbury in the Museum of the Old squaw axes. This particular one meas­ 16 even less consequence in the everyday Northwest Territory near Piqua. (See ures 4 /16 inches in length and was living patterns of those same Indians. Baker, 1979: 32.) Interestingly, the axe originally 3% inches in width at the bit or Yet given the considerable number identified as "Specimen A", found "up blade. However, the corner of the lead­ which have been found and the gener­ Loramie Creek across from Lockington," ing edge has been broken off. (See ally hard-used condition in which they apparently had been made by a black­ Figure 6.) A crack in the weld seam appear it would seem that they were in smith by the name of Thomas Burney, appears about half-way down the re­ fact significant mainstays as both tools who lived a number of years among the verse face. (See Figure 7.) Its eye is and weapons for both Indians and Euro­ Miami Indians and who by 1752 had keyhole in shape rather than the more peans. Indeed, Harold Peterson in his "probably moved his forge to Picka- characteristic tear drop (See Figure 8.) American Indian Tomahawks (1971: willany on the Great Miami River." A belt axe with double-flaring blade is 18-22) has observed that "of all the According to Baker, Thomas Burney left also described and pictured in Peterson tomahawks traded to the Indians, by far his touchmark in the form of the letter as #38, dating from mid-18th century the most common type was the simple "B" on a number of trade axes since and found in Connecticut. (1971: 90.) hatchet, or belt axe. This was the earliest found in the area near present Piqua, Third and smallest of the three axes type to reach the Indian, and it remained Ohio. (See Baker, 1979: 28-33.) Partic­ illustrated here is another Anglo-Ameri­ popular from the 16th through the 19th ularly interesting is the fact that the can belt axe of the type sold or traded for century. It is the one form found in every metric length of "Specimen A" of Bur- furs in the 18th and early 19th century part of the United States. . . . Normally ney's stamp and construction is 147 mm and used by both red men and white. these hatchets were made in two pieces: while that of the axe shown here is Weighing but 1 pound 3 ounces, this a strap or iron was wrapped around a 148 mm; the height of its bit is 76 mm as particular axe shows what appears to be

4 extremely heavy use and an inordinate References amount of battering, particularly of the Baker, Stanley W. poll. (See Figures 9,10, and 11.) It does 1979 "Evidence for Early Blacksmithing not reveal a steel edge as is found in the in the Ohio Valley and the Occur­ other two, nor does it evidence a weld. rences of B'-Stamped Trade Axes Instead, it is so badly battered and its near Piqua, Ohio" in Ohio Archaeol­ blade is so blunt that it appears to have ogist, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 28-33. been fashioned from iron only. Examin­ Brown, Leonard ing this particular specimen one is in­ 1964 Editor, "Metal Trade Axes" in Ohio clined to agree with Peterson (1971: Archaeologist, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 88-90. 18-19) that even the low cost of manufac­ Kuck, Robert ture of iron trade axes "was not enough 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Privately to satisfy the greedy, and shoddy prod­ published. New Knoxville, Ohio. ucts were frequently offered to the Long, Russell Indians by unscrupulous individuals. The 1980 Three Trade Tomahawks'" in Ohio usual form of chicanery consisted in Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. omitting the steel edge. This deception 22-23. was not readily noticeable, and would Peterson, Harold L. not be detected unless the buyer under­ 1971 American Indian Tomahawks. Mu­ stood the principles of axe manufacture, seum of the American Indians, Heye Foundation. New York. knew exactly what to look for, and what Shriver, Phillip R. tests to make. He would normally be 1982 "An Historic Contact Iron Trade Axe well away from the [trading] post before from the Huron Valley" in Ohio he discovered that his new hatchet Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 7. would not hold an edge, and even then 1985 "Historic Contact Hammer Poll he might not realize what the trouble Tomahawks'" in Ohio Archaeologist, was. This deception was the subject of a Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 4-6. complaint by the Five Nations of the Wachtel, H.C. Iroquois as early as 1701, when they 1956 Editor, "The Tomahawk" in Ohio protested to Robert Livingston, Secre­ Archaeologist, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. tary of Indian Affairs, thus: 131-133. Brother. We can not omitt to acquaint you of the deceit of the Fig. I (Shriver) French-style iron squaw trade Smiths who takes our money and axe with welded steel edge. instead of putting steal into our hatchetts, putts Iron, soe that as soon as we come into our country to use them they fall to pieces. This particular belt axe measures 4% inches in present height and has a bit or blade 2% inches wide. Its long tear drop eye (see Figure 11) flares to the rear rather than to the front and, because of the battering to which the poll has been subjected, has been somewhat flat­ tened. In appearance this axe is similar to a belt axe pictured in Kuck (1977: 83, #225) which also shows a long teardrop eye. Vertical ridging down the center of the blade and barely discernible (and unfortunately undecipherable) letters possible used as touchmarks are evident in Figure 10. In the dense woodlands of the Ohio country and eastern North America, squaw and belt axes we're obviously mainstays in the struggle for survival by both Indians and Europeans in the his­ toric contact period. Consequently, though hardly glamourous they deserve appreciation of their significance and understanding of their characteristics.

Acknowledgement To John Bowser and the Miami Uni­ versity Audio-Visual Service goes my Fig. 3 (Shriver) Method of manu­ thanks for fine work in photographing Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the axe in Fig. 1. facture of squaw axe by welding a the squaw and belt axes illustrated in Number "8", possibly a touchmark or part of a piece of steel to a strap of iron is this article. date, is barely discernible. shown in the fore end.

5 Fig. 5 (Shriver) Squaw trade axe with "B" touchmark stamped in its face. Found on Loramie Creek near Lockington, not far from Fig. 4 (Shriver) Heel end of the old Miami village of Pickawillany. Part of the Fig. 6 (Shriver) Anglo-American iron belt axe same axe. Note remnants of wood Kiefer Collection. Reproduced from article by with double-flaring blade. haft in the oval eye. Stanley W. Baker, in which it is identified as "Specimen A, " in Fall, 1979 issue of the Ohio A rchaeologist.

Fig. 8 (Shriver) Fore end of the Fig. 7 (Shriver) Reverse side of axe in Fig. 6 axe in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 showing Fig. 9 (Shriver) Belt axe of iron showing showing crack in the weld seam. keyhole-shaped eye. extensive wear.

6 Fig. 10 (Shriver) Reverse side of axe in Fig. 9 Fig. 11 (Shriver) Same axe, fore showing vertical center ridging and illegible end, showing badly battered poll letters, possibly touchmark. and distressed tear drop eye. A New Perspective By Dave Farrow 838 Fair Ave., N.E. New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663

Delaware chert is a raw material found recenttripto visitafriend in Springfield, Editor's footnote: Delaware chert is from south central Ohio northward to Ohio, has changed my perspective on formed in the rocks of the Devonian Lake Erie (see Editor's footnote). This Delaware chert. system. Both the Delaware and Colum­ type of stone was used extensively by Pictured in the accompanying photo­ bus formations of these rocks occur in a virtually every prehistoric group which graph are a number of points all of which wide band from ten to twenty five miles inhabited areas in which the flint occurs. are made from Delaware chert. The wide from southern Pickaway County It is a rather drab chert which displays workmanship on these pieces is excel­ northward to Lake Erie. Both the Marble little color variation with shades running lent and they merit a place in any fine Cliff quarries of Columbus and the quar­ from deep choclate brown to light gray. collection. All are from the collection of ries on Kelley's Island utilize this stone. Because of its lack of color or gloss, Robert Myers, of Springfield, Ohio, Flint occurs sporadically in these forma­ artifacts fashioned from Delaware chert whom I wish to thank for sharing his tions and was extensively employed by aren't considered to be highly desirous knowledge of Delaware chert and for prehistoric groups from Paleo to Fort by some collectors. Many of us from sharing his collection. Each piece is a Ancient times. eastern Ohio have been accustomed to personal field find except for the large the colorful Flint Ridge material found lanceolate in the center. in artifacts from our own area, but a

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Points from the collection of Robert Myers, Springfield. Ohio. All are made of Delaware chert and show a high degree of workmanship.

8 Two Clovis Points From McFaddin Beach, Texas By Russell J. Long 675 Alma Beaumont, Texas 77705

My major archaeological hunting In September, 1984, we had a surge wide. The flute on the other face is one ground down here in southeast Texas is tide one night from a storm out in the and three-eighths inches long and on the Gulf beach between Sabine Pass Gulf of Mexico. I was hunting the day eleven-sixteenths of an inch wide. A and High Island. Highway 87 parallels before and found no flint. The next day, narrow secondary flute was taken out of most of this beach. This stretch of beach after the surge, a former student, Mack the center of this flute. Lateral grinding is an interesting area and each tide Neal, came to the house and stirred me extends the length of the flutes. change gives one new hunting ground. out. I found a broken Woodland point, The point with the shattered tip has a Pleistocene vertebrate fossils are wash­ and then a short time later I saw the flute two inches long on both faces. ing up in addition to Indian material. The outline of the base of a Clovis point on Width of the flutes extends for one and present nearby offshore land was ex­ the sand. There was someone's footprint five-sixteenth inches down the sides. posed when water was tied up in the right beside it. I called Mack over and The bases of both points are ground and Wisconsin glacial ice. said, "You see that footprint"—"Sure, so retouched after fluting. High Island is a salt dome and has what?" —"Look here," and I lifted the Both of these points are beautifully many old live oak trees on it. Migrating point out of the sand. made and there is nothing delicate about birds make landfall here and salt marshes Although these two Clovis points were them. They are heavy points. It must away from the beach across Route 87 found more than twelve years apart, they have taken a real blow to shatter the have hawks and marsh birds. There are are made of the same bluish pearl nodu­ tip on such a strong point. also seashells on the beach. For more lar flint with brown inclusions. I have a We have one Carbon-14 date made details of this area see Long (1977). feeling they were made by the same on a pice of elephant tusk (mammoth or In April, 1972, a Lamar University chipper. mastodon) from the beach—11,100+ — student, Steven Briscoe, came to my The shattered tip on the one I found is 750 years B.P (before present). (Long, office and told me, "I found one of those an old break. I showed itto Mark Duncan, 1977). fossil points you've been talking about, a recent high school graduate and he I'll go to the car and get it." You can pointed out that whatever the spearpoint Bibliography imagine my surprise when he brought hit, it hit at a right angle, because the Long, Russell J., back the perfectfluted point shown here. shattering is on both faces. 1977 McFaddin Beach, The Patillo Hig- He said he and his girlfriend were walk­ The Briscoe point is three and one- gins Series of Natural History and ing on the beach along a strand row of quarter inches long and one and one- Anthropology, No. 1, Spindletop seaweed (sargassum) when he found it. Museum, Lamar University, Beau­ quarter inches greatest width. The flute mont, Texas, 77710. Even though he had no more courses on one face is one and three-eighths with me, he gave the piece for my inches long and three-fourths of an inch collection.

Fig. 1 (Long) Two fluted points from the Gulf coast of Texas.

9 A Cuyahoga County Ohio Site By Eugene E. Ochsner HC-72, Box 158 Johannesburg, Michigan 49751

In the early 1930s my archaeology located inside north edge of mound. celts, two and one-half and three inches mentor, Thomas Donkin of Cleveland Twelve inches deep with no artifacts in in length, and one slightly notched, oval Ohio, and I, made many exploratory trips association. cross-sectioned celt three and three- up and down the Cuyahoga River Valley. Burial #3 quarters inches long. All three celts were We particularly examined secondary Bundle burial of single adult, depth made from the same material, a fine­ terraces along the river and did consider­ twenty-four inches. Remains consisted grained igneous rock. Also with the able testing for possible sites on these. burial were six antler cylinders, three of two femurs, tibia, fibule and one-half As my mentor was well up in years at the cut canine jaws, one cut lower jaw of a of pelvic bone. Crane (?) effigy pipe time, actual testing fell to me, under his beawr, a bird bone flute or whistle, expert direction. One memorable trip made of hard stone containing mica fragments of what may have been a resulted in our spending several days flakes accompanied the burial. terrapin shell rattle, a raccoon penis on a site which had never been under Burial #4 bone, two triangular projectile points and cultivation and had never been exca­ Bundle burial of child with a few adult a double-pointed flint object. Located vated archaeologically. Apparently the bones. No artifacts accompanied the behind the individual was another cut site had only been used as a pasture; burial. lower jaw of a bear and a shaped, there was no ground disturbance in Burial #5 rounded, polished stone three inches in evidence and the site itself was covered Bundle burial of adult with a few bones diameter and one and one-half inches with a luxuriant growth of weeds and a of a child. Very fragmentary condition. thick with one side pecked into an appar­ liberal sprinkling of small crabapple No artifacts accompanied burial. ent grinding surface. trees. No surface signs of prehistoric Burial #6 occupation were in evidence. The site, A sandstone slab and pitted "nutstone" Features located on a secondary terrace, was over very few traces of bones. Flint knife Feature #7 bounded on one side by a ravine which in close proximity of burial. A postmold pattern of a structure made had contained a spring in prehistoric and Burial #7 of approximately four inch posts set on early historic times. The east side of the Fragmentary bones, nineteen inches two foot centers. No postmold evidence site dropped away to the Cuyahoga river. below surface of mound. Ceramic effigy could be found along the eastern (open) At the northeast apex of the site a well- pipe, globular shape, with what appears side of the structure. No trace of wattle defined trail extended along a ridge or daub (clay) was in evidence so it may to be a bear clasping the bowl accom­ down to the valley. Also at this point a be inferred the structure was originally panied the burial. (Pipe unavailable for low mound, with ditch, and a rock filled bark-covered. The lack of any charcoal pit were located. photograph, in the cpllection of Thomas in the postmolds would indicate the Donkin). The low mound was completely exca­ structure had not been burned. Burial #8 Feature #2 vated and yielded thirteen burials, to­ Fragmentary bones, nineteen inches gether with a postmold pattern indicating Opposite the east opening of the struc­ below the surface of mound. Globular a former three-sided structure and two ture was an oval-shaped burned area, fireplace locations. The dimensions of pipe, apparently fashioned from steatite four feet by three feet. A considerable the mound were twenty-six feet by or similar material, accompanied burial amount of ash and charcoal remained seventeen feet with a maximum height (Pifre unavailable for photograph, in but no burned rock or bone. Donkin collection). of thirty inches. The long dimension was Feature #3 oriented in an east-west direction. A Burial #9 A smaller burned area was located a few depression about six feet wide with a Badly disintegrated semi-flexed double maximum depth of two feet extended burial. Globular undecorated pipe fash­ feet northwest of Feature #1. As in around the south side of the mound. ioned from steatite, with burial. Feature #1, no burned rock or bone was This was apparently a borrow pit for Burial #70 in evidence in or around this feature. mound fill material. Traces of bones of child buried fourteen Feature #4 A depression between the mound and Twelve burials were scattered inches deep. Four elk teeth, one bear tooth and two sandstone mullers (grind­ trail to the river was completely exca­ throughout the mound fill without any vated and was found to contain only discernable plan, but were in the upper ers?) associated with burial. Burial #71 large rocks, no artifacts, human remains one-third of the fill. Burial thirteen was or charcoal. The dimensions of the exca­ Consisted of leg bones only, no artifacts. well accompanied with artifacts and was vated pit were forty inches in diameter located in the approximate center of Burial #12 by forty-eight inches deep. what had been a three-sided structure Fragmentary bones only, no artifacts. (Feature #1.) The postmold pattern was Burial #73 Discussion very distinct, the open side facing east The limits of the site were not tested, and with a large fireplace situated in Partially flexed burial of large male, forty- but based on observation, it probably front of the opening. one inches below surface of mound covers three acres. Some testing was (about twelve inches below original done where tree growth permitted and Burial Data ground surface). Burial located under two refuse pits were found and exca­ Burial #7 floor of what had been a three-sided vated. From these a limited number of An ossuary containing fragmentary re­ structure, six feet by eight feet in size. potsherds were recovered including mains of possibly four adults. No artifacts Legs of individual had been removed at enough of a restorable pot. The paste of in association with the burial. the knees and buried behind the torso. this grit tempered pot was black to Burial #2 Associated with the burial and located medium reddish brown. The body was Bundle burial of adult and child. Grave in front of the cranium were: two flat roughened by verticle strokes of a pad-

10 die or comb on the sides and slanting References The Indian Tribes of North down near the base to a smooth area Brose, David S. America, B.A.E. Bulletin about 6 cm in diameter at the base. 1985 Personal communication, May 21, #145 Page 48. Height 14.4 cm, outside diameter 1985. Whittlesey, Col. Charles 12.5 cm thickness at lip 3-5 mm and lip Greenman, Emerson F. 1871 Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga 1937 Two Prehistoric Villages Near Valley. Western Reserve Historical scalloped. Society, Cleveland. The purpose of Feature #4 is un­ Cleveland. Ohio Sate Arch. & Hist. Quarterly Vol. XLVI-4 Vietzen, Raymond C. known. Certainly, the rocks filling it had 1945 The Immortal Fries, Elyria. to be brought up from near the river as B.A.E. Bulletin #30 Vol. 2- Pgs. 932 to 934 the site itself is composed of several On Wenro. feet of sand overlying some gravel, but Morgan & Ellis no large stones. Based on potsherds Fairport Harbor Village Site, Ohio found, restored pot, burial associations State Arch. & Hist. Quarterly Vol. and similar sites in the area, it was first Lll Pge. 3. categorized as Erie Culture. More recent Swanton, J.R. studies cast doubt on this (Brose 1985). By comparison with cultural materials from sites in NE Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania, the inhabitants were pos­ sibly of non-lroquoian stock (Brose O HID 1985). There is some conjecture they may be Wenro (Swanton, 1953, Wenro- honon). Based on similar cultural ma­ terial recovered elsewhere in Ohio the occupation date of the site would be in the neighborhood of A.D. 1300 or 1400. Additional work has been done on the site by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History under the direction of Dr. David S. Brose and staff in 1985 and studies of material recovered from their excavation will undoubtedly affix a more correct designation of the inhabitants of the site as well as the time of occupancy. Due to adverse area public opinion extent at the time (1930s), (Greenman 1937) no attempt was made to remove, classify, or study, skeletal material from the site. This was regretable, especially in the case of Burial #13, the bones of which were in an excellent state of preservation. Field examination re­ vealed the individual had four extra wisdom teeth in addition to an impacted lower molar projecting at right angles from the jaw toward the tongue. This tooth was quite large, and as the rest of the teeth, was in excellent condition. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. David Brose and Staff for critical review and suggestions for the preparation of this report. All artifacts recovered from the site by the author have been donated to the Cleve­ land Museum of Natural History.

MOUND EXCAVATED IN THE EilELY 1930' BY. EUGENE E. OCHSNER

•> POSTnoi~o<, • Pe„T»„e. #/

Q. BvRlfit.S Fig. 1 (Ochsner) Map of site.

1 1 Fig. 2 (Ochsner) Burial #3 Cuyahoga County site, excavated by Eugene E. Ochsner in 1933 crane effigy pipe in situ.

Fig. 3 (Ochsner) Detail of crane effigy pipe burial #3 Cuyahoga County igneous rock with mica flakes.

12 J*-

Fig. 4 (Ochsner) Burial #9 Cuyahoga County site, excavated by Eugene E. Ochsner in 1933.

Fig. 5 (Ochsner) Burial #73 Cuya­ hoga County site, excavated by Eu­ gene E. Ochsner in 1933.

Fig. 6 (Ochsner) Restored ceramic pot, Cuya­ hoga County, Ohio. Excavated by Eugene E. Ochsner early 1930s.

13 Artifacts From The Enon Area, Clark County, Ohio By Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio

In March 1980, the author acquired a in Morris (1981b: 36, Figs. 6 and 8). are composed of Flint Ridge flint; 4 are collection of prehistoric artifacts from Figure 5 illustrates a small cylindrical composed of shiny dark black flint; and Mr. David Denney of Enon, Ohio. These pestle (on the left) and a slight flare, flat one is of translucent chalcedony. Nearly materials were collected by another poll variety of bell pestle (on the right). half of the points are broken or damaged individual years ago in the vicinity of The short cylindrical pestle is a rather which makes identification somewhat Enon, Ohio. Further details of this col­ rare type being almost perfectly cylindri­ difficult, especially if the base is broken lection regarding its exact source are cal in shape with a round cross-section. or missing. Of the points which can be unknown to the author. Whether it repre­ It is characterized by very minimal ex­ identified with some degree of certainty, sents materials from one site or a mixture pansion in diameter from poll to base; in at least 10 are Adena points (Figs. 8 and from several localities in the Enon area this case the diameter only increases by 9) similar to those illustrated by Con­ is not known. Unfortunately, it represents V4 inch in the total 3V2 inch length of the verse (1973: 56). The middle point in another example of artifacts collected pestle. The pestle on the right is similar, the lower row (Figure 8) possibly repre­ without records and important locality but differs in its flat poll, greater degree sents a Weak-shouldered stemmed point information being maintained with the of flare toward the base, and slightly of Early Woodland—Adena age. Archaic collection. ovate cross-section. Both of these speci­ points include three bifurcates and a This collection consists of both stone mens were illustrated in Morris (1981 b: weak stemmed point (in Figure 8) and tools and implements, as well as flint 36, Fig. 4). Two roller pestles also occur an expanded notch and tapered stem and chert points and blades. The variety in this collection, but are not illustrated bifurcate (in Figure 9). A drab buff chert of stone tools include the following: or described here. Converse (1973b: knife of Archaic to Late Woodland age three grooved hammerstones, twelve 12-14) interprets both conical and roller can be seen in Figure 8 and a possible pestles of different types, nine axes, a pestles to be Archaic in age. It would broken Hopewell point of grey Flint celt, and several assorted items. Several seem that all or most of the pestles in Ridge flint can be seen in Figure 9. years ago in the Ohio Archaeologist, the this collection represent Archaic age Figure 10'illustrates six chipped lithic author illustrated and described the nine tools. pieces which are interpreted to be pos­ axes from this collection (Morris: 1981, The grooved hammerstones in the sible broken drills (2), gravers (2), and 34-35, Figs. 1-3). These axes are inter­ collection are illustrated in Figure 6. scrapers (2). preted to be Archaic in age. The celt in They are quite similar in size, appear­ In summary, this collection is domi­ this collection (Fig. 1) is in excellent ance, and characteristics to those de­ nated by Archaic artifacts such as the condition and has a bit with angular scribed by Converse (1985:20). All have three-quarter grooved axes (6), grooved corners much like the Adena celts illus­ a flat poll on one end and are composed hammerstones (3), conical pestles (5), trated by Converse (1973b: 32); how­ of some type of hard crystalline rock. and roller pestles (2), as well as several ever, the body tapers gradually to a The right hammerstone in Figure 6 has varieties of Archaic points. Some of the smoothly rounded poll. This celt seems flat polls at each end and a % groove, artifacts range from Archaic to Adena more like Adena in its characteristics whereas both other specimens are full and latersuchastheball pestles (4) and than the tapered celts of Hopewell age grooved with a flat poll on only one end. full grooved axes (3). At least ten points illustrated by Converse (1973b: 36-37). All three range from 2J4-3 inches in appear to be definitely Adena types; A total of twelve different stone pes­ length and from 2-2)4 inches in width. several others are Early to Late Wood­ tles occur in the collection including four Grooved hammerstones were devel­ land. Thus, this collection illustrates bell pestles, five conical pestles, one oped by Archaic peoples and were used some of the varieties of implements cylindrical pestle, and two roller pestles. by later cultures as well (Converse: 1985, manufactured by the Archaic, Adena, Three classic bell pestles are illustrated 20). Three other possible stone tools and Woodland peoples who once inhab­ in Figure 2. The right pestle is the best are illustrated in Figure 7. These perhaps ited the Enon area of Clark County preserved, 4V2 inches tall, and shows a represent ungrooved hammerstones during prehistoric time. They obviously smooth rounded poll and regular flare at and range from a round, spherical variety made great use of the exotic cobbles of the base. The other two pestles repre­ (left) to an elongate oval type (center) to crystalline igneous and metamorphic sent wide flare, rounded poll-type bell a pear-shaped variety (right). All have a rock from the local glacial deposits as pestles (Morris: 1981b, 31, 36). Bell smooth surface; however, the elongate raw materials from which to manufacture pestles are interpreted to be Archaic oval stone of 5 inches length (Figure 7, the stone tools which they needed and or later in age (Converse: 1973b, 24). center) shows numerous pits and scars used. Three conical pestles are illustrated in on the surface which may reflect its use Figure 3. They range in height from as a hammer. Converse (1973: 17) illus­ References 4%-6y2 inches and the basal diamter trates several rounded, ungrooved ham­ Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological ranges from 2%-334 inches. The left merstones which appear similar to at Society of Ohio. 6th Printing, pestle in Figure 3 represents a conical least two of these. Columbus 1973b Ohio Stone Tools. Archaeological variety with a crude cone shape and A total of 54 points and chipped tools Society of Ohio. 3rd Printing. pointed poll (Morris: 1981b, 32). It is of flint and chert occur in this collection. Columbus. composed of pink granite gneiss show­ 1985 Grooved Hammerstones. Ohio A survey of the types of lithic materials Archaeologist 35 (1): 20. ing excellent foliation and is 5V2 inches comprising these artifacts revealed the Morris, Robert W tall. The club-shaped conical pestle in following: 26 (48%) are composed of 1981 Archaic Stone Axes from Enon, Clark County. Ohio. Ohio Archaeo­ the center is 6)4 inches tall. Figure 4 local tan to buff to brown flint and chert; logist 31 (1): 34-35. shows two additional conical pestles, 5 are composed of dark grey flint; 4 are 1981 b Variations in Shape and Composition both of which were previously illustrated composed of light grey flint; 14 (26%) of some Prehistoric Ohio Pestles. Ohio Archaeologist 31 (4): 31-36.

I 4 Fig. 1 (Morris) Celt. Note expanded bit tapering to smooth rounded Fig. 2 (Morris) Bell Pestles. Left and right, composed of granite. poll. Center, of basalt. The scale in this and other figures is in inches.

TM

Fig. 3 (Morris) Conical pestles. Left, composed of granite gneiss. Fig. 4 (Morris) Conical pestles. Left, a short stubby conical variety Center, of gabbro. Right, of quartzite. composed of pinkish syenite. Right, a perfect cone shaped, rounded poll variety of gabbro.

Fig. 5 (Morris) Left, a small cylindrical pestle composed of quartzite. Fig. 6 (Morris) Grooved hammerstones. From left to right the The flat polled pestle on the right is of felsite. composition is diorite, gabbro, and quartzite respectively.

15 Fig. 8 (Morris) A variety of points from the Enon area. Adena points are right three in bottom row and one in lower left corner. The middle Fig. 7 (Morris) Miscellaneous stone tools, possibly ungrooved hammer­ point, bottom row is a weak-shouldered stemmed point. Three A rchaic stones. Left is smooth, spherical stone of tan quartzite. The cylindrical bifurcates are shown in the right half of middle row. A weak stemmed tool in center is of reddish sandstone. The right pear-shaped stone is of point is second from left in middle row; a chert knife is at the left end of dolomite. All are extremely smooth. the middle row.

Fig. 9 (Morris) Additional points from the Enon area. Damaged Adena Fig. 10 (Morris) Left two in top row are possible broken drills. Right points are the left four in top row and left point in middle row. Top right two in top row are possible gravers. In bottom row are two broken corner is an expanded notch point; bottom row, second from left is a scrapers. The four light colored pieces are of Flint Ridge flint. taperedstem bifurcate. In lower left corner is a possible Hopewell point (broken). A Clermont County Site By Jacque F. Stahler DeGraff, Ohio

In 1941, I spent the summer in Cler- and tell them about the site where the These artifacts are typical of the ones montCounty, Ohio. My father was build­ artifacts in Fig. 1 were found. shown by Dr. Kent Vickery of the U niver- ing a bridge over Bullskin Creek on All the ground stone tools came from sity of Cincinnati at one of our meetings Route 52. During the course of construc­ the borrow area. The points, knives and several years ago. His site was located tion fill dirt was needed periodically and canine tooth bead also came from the along the same stream not far from this a borrow site was used which was along same excavation. The drill and three site. the creek just off the highway. While points were surface finds from an adjoin­ walking over the borrow area one even­ ing field. ing I found an arrowhead and after that, whenever the area was disturbed from ... . dirt removal, I would look for other artifacts. As the excavation continued more artifacts were found, but being an inexperienced young boy at the time, the significance of the find escaped me. A few years later I realized that this was 9f 9f a village or camp site since there were human bones uncovered as well as refuse pits and hearth areas with fire- cracked rocks around them. How many artifacts may be in the I 11 f i I roadway of Route 52 I have no idea. Someday, if that fill is removed, perhaps other construction workers may find relics and wonder where they came from. It would be satisfying to be there m ^J ^^ ^^ f • !r F

Fig. 1 (Stabler) Artifacts from site along Bullskin Creek, Clermont County, Ohio.

17 A Stone Sculpture From Tuscarawas County, Ohio By Richard Michael Gramly Sugarcreek Valley Chapter Archaeological Society of Ohio

Life-sized prehistoric stone sculptures The breast or body of the work is hutten sculpture and other similar are uncommon north of Mexico. Monu­ devoid of ornament, and the sculptor massive works were intended for the mental portrayals of the human form are may not have shaped it at all. same use as portable works of art. It is particularly rare, and any example Despite recent damage to the lower easier to believe that heavy sculptures should be regarded critically with a face, enough detail survives to show that served as grave markers or cenotaphs, heavy dose of skepticism. Thus it is the sculpture was done with consider­ perhaps as part of a stone curbing or important to place on record certain facts able grace and sensitivity. The high- fence of a burial mound. that are known about a large sandstone bridged nose, delicate nostrils and fleshy The custom of erecting stone-revetted sculpture, presumed to come from Tus­ lips are particularly noteworthy. burial mounds was practiced in north­ carawas County, northeastern Ohio. The eyes with their vacant, almost eastern Ohio, and especially in Tuscara­ The sculpture in question was brought haunting, stare recall the smaller human was County, during the Middle Woodland to my attention in 1984 by Edward Rich­ head effigy from Seip Mound [cf. Con­ period [cf. Whitman 1977 and Gramly ef ard and Richard Stambaugh, fellow verse 1971) and the remarkable copper al. 1985). Certainly the similarities in members of the Sugarcreek Valley head discovered by Shetrone in 1922 at style suggest an equivalent antiquity for Chapter. At the time the artifact was Mound 17 of the Hopewell Group {cf. the Seip, Mound 17 and Gnadenhutten owned and cared for by Jeff Rothacher Baker 1981). Like the Gnadenhutten sculptures. Given the heavy emphasis of Dover, Ohio. Mr. Rothacher was given sculpture, both these figures have prom­ of Hopewell culture upon funerary ob­ the sculpture in 1980 by Russell Gal- inent noses, open mouths, and simple, servances and construction, it should braith of Uhrichsville, Ohio, who had but well-defined, ears. Allthreeworks.it not be surprising one day to discover owned it since 1970. Around 1970 is possible to suggest, belong to a other monumental sculpture in the con­ Galbraith received it from the estate of common artistic style. Stated differently, text of human burials. his father-in-law, Harold Barthlow of the artists who created these works Gnadenhutten, Ohio. Barthlow himself observed the same conventions. came to own the sculpture when he Also reminiscent of the Gnadenhutten References purchased his home in 1950. The artifact sculpture is a more crude human head Baker, Stanley W. sat in the front yard of his property and rendered in sandstone. This artifact is 1981 The Copper Head from the Hope­ was part of the purchase. reported from Licking County (Gehlbach well Group. Ohio Archaeologist Whether the sculpture had been dis­ 1979). Although the eyes of the Licking 31(2): 15-17. covered on the Barthlow homestead one County sculpture are similar to the works Brown, Leonard H. mile outside the town center of Gnaden­ from Seip, Mound 17, and Gnaden­ 1965 A Sculptured Head. Ohio Archae­ ologist 15(4): 116. hutten or on another property nearby in hutten, the mouth is only a slit. Converse, Robert N. the Tuscarawas River valley cannot be Another sculpture, similar in concep­ 1971 A Seip Mound Effigy. Ohio Archae­ learned at this late date. A local origin tion to the Gnadenhutten specimen but ologist 21 (2): 26. for the carving is suggested since it is less finished, was described by Brown Gehlbach, D. R. made from a boulder of friable, brown- (1965) as a discovery made along the 1979 Two Ohio Effigy Types: A Proposed weathering sandstone identical to Tuscarawas River in Lafayette Township, Classification. Ohio Archaeologist Palaeozoic rocks of the neighborhood. Coshocton County. Brown remarked 29(4): 44-45. The weathered condition of the artifact upon its arched nose and flaring nostrils, Gramly, Richard M., Edward Richard and suggests considerable antiquity. The but it is impossible to judge other details Dave Lehberger with only a side-view illustration of this 1985 Excavations at the Yant Mound, incised details are heavily patinated and Stark County, Northeastern Ohio. cannot have been executed recently. sculpture in Brown's report. The rough Ohio Archaeologist 35(2): 13-16. Scratch marks and other modern acci­ aspect of the Lafayette carving and the Hicks, Kelly dental damage are light in color. ancient sculptor's utilization of natural 1973 Fort Ancient Effigies from Clark Another argument in favor of a local features of the rock in his composition County. Ohio Archaeologist 23(2):7. origin for the artifact is its large size are in keeping with the Gnadenhutten Hicks, Lawrence E. (maximum dimensions: 22.5 inches by sculpture. 1953 A Human Effigy Head from the Ohio 22 inches by 18 inches) and great Numerous other stone sculptures of Valley Area. Ohio Archaeologist weight, estimated to be 400-500 pounds. the human head, most of them small- 3(1): 22-27. Four strong men are needed to lift the sized, are on record from Ohio (e.g., L. Kelley, B. E. sculpture. Two men alone are able to Hicks 1953, Kelley 1967, K. Hicks 1973, 1967 The Stone Face. Ohio Archaeolo­ gist 17(1): 42-43. roll it, but not without damaging the and White 1980), but parallels between White, John R. surface. these works and the Gnadenhutten 1980 An Unusual Carved Stone Artifact The carving itself is a stylized human sculpture are not convincing. from Northeast Ohio. Ohio Archae­ head, perhaps a death mask. The carving For what purpose the Gnadenhutten ologist 30(2): 45. appears to have been adapted to a artifact and other human likenesses of Whitman, Janice Keister natural protuberance of the boulder. prehistoric Ohio were carved is open to 1977 Kohl Mound, A Hopewellian Mound Only a small amount of rock may have speculation. The miniature head from in Tuscarawas County. Ohio Archae­ been removed in order to create the Seip and the copper head from Mound ological 27(3): 4-8. bust. This conclusion is suggested by 17, both portable, could have been used the sculpture's left ear, which the carver in ceremonies and rituals by the living was unable to show well due to the short long before they were buried in ceme­ 'neck'' on this side of the sculpture. teries. It is unlikely that the Gnaden­

18 k nm Fig. 1 (Gramly) Cast of the Gnadenhutten sculpture on exhibit at the Fig. 2 (Gramly) Face of the Gnadenhutten sculpture. Only one nostril Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York. and the upper section of the high-bridged nose escaped modern damage.

Fig. 3 (Gramly) Right side of the head: -and Fig. 4 (Gramly) Arrows point to curved incision that outlines the upper line of lips. edge of the sculpture's left ear.

19 Northern Ohio Pendants By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Challenged by what he observed to in Portage and other northern Ohio these have nearly straight sides. Conse­ be "the great quantity of prehistoric counties, representative examples of quently, while they appear to me to be objects whose origin is probably to be which are shown here. Almost without bell-shaped, they may appear to others sought in a religious or esthetic feeling," exception they are of banded slate, but to be trapezoidal. Gerard Fowke at the turn of the century in shape and design they vary greatly. The pendant shown in Figure 4 is part divided what he perceived to be prehis­ Four are shown in Figure 1, all from of the author's personal collection. Portage County. The first, on the left, is a Found in Trumbull County, it is made of toric ceremonial or decorative stone 15 objects into two broad classifications, bell-shaped pendant of dark green and gray banded slate and measures 3 /,6 black banded slate, probably Adena, inches in length by 1% inches in width. gorgets and "all others." (1902:561-564) 9 Interestingly, he lumped single-holed as which measures 4 /,6 inches in length by The pendant in Figure 5 was found by well as two-holed objects in the classifi­ 2 inches in width. The second is a varia­ Earl Wendling near the Portage River in cation he called "gorgets," while he tion of a trapezoidal pendant (note the Ottawa County and is now part of the included such diverse artifacts as cres­ inward slope of the lower edges), with a collection of the Ottawa County Histori­ cents, tubes, picks, birdstones, boat- miniscule perforation drilled from both cal Society Museum in Port Clinton. Also stones, and engraved tablets in the sides. Possibly Adena, it is fashioned of made of gray banded slate, it has an category of "all others." Noting that black and gray banded slate, displays a extremely narrow top (only % inches in ancient Scandinavians wore "victory tiny flaw on a bottom corner, and meas­ width) and a much broader base (1% stones" suspended around their necks ures 3% inches in length by 1% inches inches in width). What gives it an un­ while modern Eskimo, Cree, and Black- in width. Third from the left is a pentag­ usually attractive appearance is its onal or shield-shaped pendant of dark considerable length in proportion to its foot hunters still wore ceremonial ob­ 6 green banded slate. Probably Hopewell, width, for it is 5 /,6 inches long. jects of stone or shell next to their skin, 7 hidden from view by garments, Fowke it is 4% inches long and 2 /,6 inches wide, Though Fowke's turn-of-the-century concluded that "to ascribe a purpose to drilled near the center and highly sym­ observations are anything but authorita­ any pattern, unless a similar one had metrical. The fourth is a classic trape­ tive today, I find myself in agreement been seen in actual service, would be as zoidal pendant, displaying excellent with him as far as these diverse pendants presumptuous and probably as falla­ workmanship in its near flawless sym­ of northern Ohio are concerned, that "to cious as the attempt by a person entirely metry and finish. Made of dark green, ascribe a purpose to any pattern . . . almost black, banded slate, its measure­ would be as presumptuous and probably unacquainted with modern secret socie­ n ties to explain the meaning of badges, ments are 4 /16 inches by 2 inches. It, as fallacious as the attempt by a person pins, epaulets, or regalia." too, has been drilled from both sides. entirely unacquainted with modern se­ In his Stone Ornaments Used by In­ The anchor pendant shown in Figure cret societies to explain the meaning of dians in the United States and Canada, 2 was fashioned from dark red slate. badges, pins, epaulets, or regalia." Warren K. Moorehead in 1917 continued Possibly Hopewell, it was found near Fowke's characterization of both one- the west branch of the Mahoning River Acknowledgements and two-holed objects as "gorgets" while in southern Portage County before the Appreciation goes to the audio-visual styling them as "primary ornaments" as creation of the West Branch Reservoir. services of Kent State and Miami Univer­ distinct from those of more complex Without the long upper portion charac­ sities for assistance in the photographing shape and form. However, he was willing teristic of most anchor pendants (though of the pendants shown here: Kent State to define as a subset of "gorgets" the its flaring, pointed bottom is prototypi­ in the instance of those in Figures 1 and single-holed objects he called pend­ cal), it measures only 3)4 inches by VA 2; Miami in the instance of those in ants." In turn, hefurtherclassified pend­ inches. Figures3and4.ToMelvinHernerof the ants as celt-shaped, rectangular, or oval- Figure 3 shows a pebble pendant of Historic Old Lyme Village goes apprecia­ circular. (1917: 46-55) polished red slate found near the tion for his help in enabling me to exa­ Refinements enabled by the re­ Seneca Caverns not far from Flat Rock mine the artifact collection in the Sey­ searches of many since the days of in Seneca County by the Reverend Roy mour House Museum, and to Elizabeth Fowke and Moorehead suggest that B. Leedy. Now displayed at the Historic Denney for her helpfulness in permitting single-holed objects of shell or stone Old Lyme Village, its dimensions are 1 V& me to examine and photograph the (particularly of slate) were probably worn inches by 1% inches. pendant shown in Figure 5. suspended from the neck by cord, The last two pendants (Figures 4 and string, or thong. Yet conclusive, indis­ 5) are representative of that not incon­ References putable evidence as to their use, their sequential group of artifacts that defy Converse, Robert N. efforts at definitive categorization and 1978 Oh/o Slate Types. The Archaeol­ function, still remains elusive. Robert ogical Society of Ohio Columbus. Converse has provided us with a con­ classification. At first glance each ap­ Fowke. Gerard venient and highly useful classification pears to be bell-shaped. Each has a 1902 Archaeological History ol Ohio. The Ohio State Archaeological and His­ of pendants by style and probable cul­ slightly convex base and top. Each has a torical Society. tural identification in his Ohio Slate perforation drilled from both faces, and Moorehead, Warren K 1917 Slone Ornaments Used by Indians Types, yet he affirms that "the positions each is symmetrical in design. Converse in the United Slates and Canada. of the pendants and gorgets discovered has noted (1972: 80) that the hole in The Andover Press. Andover, bell-shaped pendants is usually in the Massachusetts with burials are not consistent, thus Shriver, Phillip R. giving few clues to the use of these upper quarter, but that those with 1982 Pebble Pendants. Ohio Archae­ artifacts." (1978: 3, 70-85) rounded bases (which both of these ologist, Vol. 32. No. 4. p. 13. 1983 A Crawford County Engraved Out of an eighteen-year association have) "tend to have the hole in a lower Trapezoidal Pendant: Ohio Archae­ with Kent State University from the late position." But Converse has also noted ologist, Vol 33, No 4. p 32. 1984 A Scioto County Bottle-Shaped 1940s through the mid-1960s, I came in that bell-shaped pendants have sides Pendant." Ohio Archaeologist. Vol contact with a number of pendants found that are "somewhat incurvate." Both of 34. No. 2. p 17

20 .ir....,.i.,.,...R...,.i."...,.r...... i...i... Fig. I (Shriver) Four Portage County pendants. Left to right: bell-shaped; trapezoidal; pentagonal; Fig. 2 (Shriver) A Portage County anchor and trapezoidal. Photograph taken by Don Shook, Kent State University, in November, 1963. pendant. Photograph taken by Don Shook, Kent State University, November, 1963.

: I Ijlil i | M l< W >< If IM ! IIMMS 1| M M M (4H 11 M H| i. 111 > 111 15 16 I? 18 19 llo

>l.l. I.I. I, 1.1,1, I. 1,1, I, 1,1, i, I, i, I., Fig. 3 (Shriver) Polished red slate pebble pendant from Seneca County. Exhibited in the Fig. 4 (Shriver) Gray banded slate bell-shaped Fig. 5 (Shriver) Pendant of dark gray banded slate found by Earl Wendling near the Portage Seymour House Museum, Historic Old Lyme pendant from Trumbull County. Author's per­ River. Now part of the Ottawa County Historical Village. Photograph courtesy of Melvin Herner. sonal collection. Photograph reproduced by John Bowser, Miami University Audio-Visual Service. Society Museum Collection in Port Clinton. Reproduced by John Bowser, Miami University Photograph taken by the author, courtesy of Audio-Visuasl Service. Metric scale shown. Mrs. Elizabeth Denney, Museum Curator.

21 Adena expanded center gorget-Pickaway Co., Ohio; Ball Bannerstone-Greenville, Darke Co. Ohio; Ball Bannerstone - Pickaway Co., Ohio; Ball Bannerstone- Pickaway Co.. Ohio; Pick Bannerstone Villars Chapel, Clinton Co.. Ohio.

22 Dovetail in the collection of Norman McKnight. Ashville, Ohio. It is 4Vi inches long and was found near the town of Ashville in Pickaway County.

23 The 70th Birthday Celebration For F. W. Putnam— "Father of American Archaeology" (1909) By Ralph W. Dexter Kent State University

As anthropologist Frederic Ward whom Putnam had encouraged and sup­ hardly turn to one of the great centers of Putnam approached his 70th year, his ported in their scientific careers. anthropological research without finding friends planned a birthday celebration Prof. C. H. Toy of Harvard University that its very existence, or at least much and the publication of a volume of scien­ presided at the dinner meeting. Follow­ of its work, is due to your inspiring tific papers to be contributed by former ing his remarks, Franz Boas read a list of personality." students and associates. Franz Boas of learned societies which had sent greet­ In presenting the Memorial Volume, Columbia University, who initiated the ings to Putnam and then presented him Boas said to Putnam, "By creating and Festschrift, along with F. W. Hodge with the Putnam Anniversary Volume fostering public interest in science, by served as editors for the Putnam Memo­ (Festschrift) which Boas had organized. organizing the work of societies and rial Volume.1 Boas sought aid from Dr. C. S. Minot of Harvard University institutions and by your own contribu­ Henry F. Osborn, President of the Amer­ spoke of Putnam as a zoologist; Dr. W. J. tions to knowledge, you have liberally ican Museum of Natural History, writing McGee of the Smithsonian Institution contributed to the development of 16 Nov. 1908, "On the 16 of April of next spoke of him as an anthropologist and of scientific activity in our country. Your year Professor F. W. Putnam is going to his service to the American Association achievements will stand as a lasting celebrate the seventieth anniversary of for the Advancement of Science, fol­ memorial of your own worth. It has been his birth. His friends are planning to lowed by Dr. Dixon who elaborated the wish of your friends to bear testi­ publish a volume of scientific papers on further on those themes. Others joined mony to the power and gentle charm of this occasion. I am sure Professor Put­ in with a few words of praise and appre­ your personality that have made you our nam would appreciate it very much if ciation including remarks from President leader." the friends with whom he collaborated Charles W. Eliot and President-elect A. Twenty-five anthropologists including while he was in charge of the Anthro­ Lawrence Lowell of Harvard University. nearly all of the leading authorities of pological Department in the American Only 41 persons were able to attend the day contributed to the volume. Museum of Natural History were repre­ the dinner, but there were representa­ Included were two women, Alice C. sented among the contributors to the tives from nearly all of the institutions Fletcher, and Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, even volume. We are desirous of raising a with which Putnam had been associated. though they were not invited to the total amount of $2500 in order to make In addition, greetings, congratulations, dinner. Mrs. Nuttall was far away in the volume a dignified and valuable and resolutions were sent by many Mexico and sent her greetings, but Miss contribution to science. I should be very friends and 34 professional societies Fletcher had expected to attend. She glad if you would feel inclined to co­ including national scientific organiza­ thought she had been left out because operate with us in this undertaking." tions and societies for anthropology and of her dispute then raging with Boas President Osborn replied, 18 Dec, natural history in the United States, and C. P. Bowditch over the School of "You will be pleased to hear that after South America, England, France, American Archaeology. Possibly this was consideration of the Putnam Memorial Sweden, Germany, and Italy. the real reason, but the explanation Volume at two meetings of the Executive Some of the pertinent remarks made given was that the dinner was limited to Committee, it was decided to appropri­ at the dinner were as follows:3 President men which unfortunately excluded only ate $250 from the Museum funds for Eliot traced Putnam's difficulties in Miss Fletcher and Putnam's secretary, this purpose. At the same time I desire establishing anthropology at Harvard Frances H. Mead, who had prepared to express to Professor Putnam, through and his solution to those problems with Putnam's bibliography for the Memorial you, my warm appreciation of the tre­ gratifying results. He was compared to Volume. After 30 years of working with mendous impulse which he gave to Asa Gray who had similarly introduced Putnam and contributing to the anni­ anthropology during his connection with botany to the Harvard campus. Pres. versary volume, Miss Fletcher naturally the Museum."2 Similar contacts were Eliot anticipated a bright future for felt deeply hurt regardless of the ex­ made with many of the leading anthro­ anthropology at Harvard. Dr. McGee planation. She wrote to Putnam 24 May pologists of the day. A dinner was acknowledged Putnam's long service to 1909, "I'm glad I know why I was left out planned to be held at the Hotel Somerset the American Association for the of the dinner. I forgot I was a woman. I in Boston on 17 April 1909, the day after Advancement of Science stating that, only remembered I was a friend and 5 Putnam reached the age of 70. This was "throughout the entire formative period student." intended to be surprise, but inadver­ of the A.A.A.S., Prof. Putnam was perma­ Many of those invited to the dinner tently, Prof. J. C. Merriam at the Univer­ nent Secretary, practically the sole con­ sent words of praise to Dr. Dixon, who sity of California sent his regrets at not tinuous officer of the Association, and had extended the invitations, and many being able to attend directly to Putnam his efforts in its behalf were ceaseless others sent congratulations and praise who then learned of the plans. Invitations and constantly successful."4 directly to Putnam at a later date. Perti­ had been broadcast widely under the Dr. Franz Boas reminisced, "When we nent excerpts from some of these 6 direction of Dr. Roland B. Dixon, Pea- look back upon the growth of our science follow. William P. Sedgwick of the body Museum of American Archaeology during the last 40 years, three names Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ethnology. Unfortunately a great stand out prominently among American wrote 23 March 1909, "Prof. Putnam well many of Putnam's closest friends and anthropologists . . . your own, that of deserves all the honors which may associates still living were of such an John Wesley Powell, and that of Daniel come to him, not only as a Pioneer in age or were at such distances that they Garrison Brinton. We ower to you the American Archaeology, but as one who could not attend the event. Also, the developement of steady,.painstaking for many years stood bravely at the helm dinner was limited to men, which deeply methods of field research and of care in of the A.A.A.S., and as one of his con­ hurt several women anthropologists the accumulation of data . . . We can freres in the field of science I would

24 gladly pay tribute to his lifelong devotion owes a great deal to men of large ideas, lasting debt. Your efforts have made to the great cause of science in general large conceptions and broad plans, like America to take rank with Europe on and general biology in particular." yourself, who are able to find the imagi­ these lines.", while the Duke of Loubat George F. Dow, Secretary of the Board nation of great patrons of science." From wrote from Paris on 10 March 1910,"... of Directors, Essex Institute in Salem, Cambridge, England, Alfred C. Haddon it is known, the world over, that it is sent official recognition 8 April 1909 sent greetings from the British anthro­ owing to your perserverance and energy stating that ". . . the Institute takes pologists with acknowledgment that, that these studies have, at last, taken a pleasure in recalling the fact that it was "You are the Father of American Anthro­ strong foot hold in the United States." at Salem, and under the auspices of this pology' . . . one might almost say its Putnam's former Colleague E. S. Morse institution, that your early love for Nature grandfather' and your children rise up at the Peabody Academy of Science, was fostered and cultivated and the to call you blessed. The work you have Salem, Mass. explained, "It is a monu­ scientific world at large has reaped the done personally and through your stu­ ment to your devotion to museum work, harvest that was sown under its tutelage. dents is greatly appreciated by your exploration, and study and the inspira­ The Essex Institute honors her son at British colleagues." tion your devotion has been to others.", this time of ripened achievement, and in Some of these messages were read at and David Starr Jordan, President of turn is honored through him." Arthur W. the banquet. The event was closed with Stanford University and a former student Goodspeed, secretary of the American remarks from Putnam himself who re­ of Putnam at Agassiz's Penikese summer Philosophical Society, did likewise on called his early days with his teacher school wrote, "It is worth while to teach the same day, sending a citation read­ Louis Agassiz at Harvard University and a half a century to have such a body of ing—"Your distinguished eminence in the pleasure of seeing his own students students as you have. I think perhaps, as Archaeology, Ethnology, and Natural take their places in scientific careers. you taught me a little Ichthyology a long History, recognized as it is in many The day following the celebration, while ago, you can put me down as countries, makes it peculiarly fitting that Charles P. Bowditch sent Putnam a note another one, glad to contribute my good our Society, of which you have been so which was only too true and unfortun­ words and thoughts, if I do not in actual long an honored member, should join ately has continued to be true to the publication." Prof. C. V. Hartman, anthro­ with other learned societies in offering present day. The note read, "What was pologist in Stockholm sent a message on this occasion its congratulations." said by such men as spoke was meant. I 26 Sept. 1910 stating, ". . . the book Putnam's successor as permanent only wish it had not taken so long for stands as an imperishable monument of secretary of the American Association some of them to find it out." Following the testified appreciation of your own for the Advancement of Science, Dr. L. his birthday celebration, Putnam wrote masterful achievements in the founda­ O. Howard, praised his predecessor,"... to Boas on 23 April "To you, I know, is tion-laying of New World anthropology." for 25 years he held the reins of the due more than to any other single indi­ Putnam gave due recognition to long A.A.A.S. and, by his indefatigable work vidual the conception and success of years of devoted service to him and to and his great, good judgement and the great ovation . . . Above all to know anthropolgy by his secretary, Miss breadth of scientific knowledge, practi­ that through my long life of work I have Frances Mead. He wrote to her 10 Feb­ cally made the Association the strong reached the age of 70 surrounded with ruary 1910, "I must tell you how pleased element in the organization of American friends and without an enemy is indeed I am with the full bibliography in my science that it proved to be." Putnam's a happiness that I can heartily wish may beautiful anniversary volume. Your work 7 lifelong friend and former colleague E. come to all who have so honored me." has made the volume of special value to S. Morse, at the Peabody Academy of Putnam explained to Mrs. Phoebe me, and only you could have made such Science in Salem, wrote to Dr. R. B. Hearst of Berkeley, California, 16 Sep­ a thorough list of all my little papers. I Dixon that, "If I were to sum up the merits tember 1909, "I hope now to carry on owe much to you in this bringing to­ of Putnam's work it would present an and publish my researches, which in the gether the evidence of my diversified uninterrupted lifelong devotion given to past have been made secondary to the endeavors to do my part in science so the encouragement of scientific re­ many administrative duties devolving far as has been given to me. I thank you search in this country, especially in upon me." Throughout his long career sincerely for all the time and labor you ethnology and archaeology. In establish­ Putnam's own studies suffered because gave to the work and for making it so ing a new standard in the method of of his preoccupation with multitudinous perfect. There are few men blessed with 8 examining the prehistoric mounds of the administrative duties. such a faithful assistant as you have been west, and in his grit and persistence in When the memorial volume was dis­ to me in my labors for so many years, carrying out his ideals, notably in his tributed to the subscribers, Alfred L. and there is no one on whom I have Columbian Fair experience in Chicago, Kroeber at the University of California, relied for help in many ways as I have he showed the same devotion. H is early Berkeley, sent his praise to Putnam, relied upon you all these years." Miss work in zoology and his long association writing, "It is certainly asplendid memo­ Mead though grossly underpaid and who with Louis Agassiz gave him a training in rial and one that must make you feel often depended on Putnam to furnish collecting and observing which aided proud. Even the get-up and outward her salary from his own pocket, re­ him in his work as Director of various appearance are far superior to anything mained loyal to him and devoted a great museums in the country. His kindly and similar that I know of, and I regard the share of her life in the interests of Put­ democratic ways with his students and contents as the most valuable that have nam's career. Beyond the call of duty assistants has endeared him to a group ever been gathered in a publication of she was ever ready to lend assistance of loyal workers in a field with which his this sort." Seton H. Thompson wrote and to lift as much of the burden from name will always be associated." Henry fromTopeka, Kansas, 3 Feb. 1910, "You Putnam's shoulders as one person could Fairfield Osborn expressed appreciation brought the science out of chaos and possibly do. Putnam's success was in no for the American Museum of Natural obscurity, into order and prominent in­ small measure due to the devoted serv­ History informing Putnam that,". . . we fluence. To your labors anthropology is ices of Miss Frances Mead. are, by no means unmindful of or un­ largely indebted for the recognition it is Because of his pioneering work, Put­ grateful for the splendid stimulus which receiving today and this great volume is nam was widely known by many con­ you gave to our Department of Anthro­ an assurance of the appreciation that temporary anthropologists as the pology ... a stimulus which inspired Mr. your friends have of that fact." Alice C. "Father of American Archaeology." He Jesup to some of his most munificent Fletcher wrote 21 Feb. 1910, "Anthro­ founded or developed museums at gifts and wiser undertakings. Science pology and Archaeology owe you a Salem and Cambridge, Mass., Chicago,

25 New York, and Berkeley. On his 70th Footnotes Essex Institute Historical Collections birthday he was accorded the honor he 118(1982): 106-118. 5. See Ralph W. Dexter, "Guess Who's Not deserved. 1. Franz Boas (chm. ed. com.). Putnam Anni­ versary Volume. Anthropological Essays Coming To Dinner: Frederic Ward Putnam Acknowledgement is made to the de­ Presented to Frederic Ward Putnam in and the Support of Women in Anthro­ scendants of F. W. Putnam for permission Honor of his 70th Birthday, April 16, 1909, pology," History of Antropology Newsletter to quote from his personal papers and by his Friends and Associates. (New York: 5(1978): 5-6. correspondence, to the American Mu­ G. A. Stechert and Co. Pub., 1909), 627 pp. 6. Quotations from letters, unless otherwise seum of Natural History for permission 2. Franz Boas to Henry F. Osborn (16 Nov. stated, are in Putnam's scrapbook entitled, to quote from the H. F. Osborn papers in 1908) and Henry F. Osborn to Franz Boas "F. W. Putnam, 70th Anniversary" in library its archives, and to the American Philo­ (18 Dec. 1908), Archives, American Mu­ of R. W. Dexter. sophical Society, Philadelphia, for per­ seum of Natural History, New York. 7. F. W. Putnam to Franz Boas, 23 April 1909, Archives, American Philosophical Society, mission to quote from the Franz Boas 3. See Alfred M. Tozzer, "The Putnam An­ niversary," American Anthropologist Philadelphia. papers of that institution. 11(1909): 285-288. 8. See Ralph W. Dexter, "Frederic Ward Put­ 4. See Ralph W. Dexter, "F. W. Putnam as nam and the Development of Museums of Secretary of the American Association for Natural History and Anthropology in the the Advancement of Science (1873-1898)," United States, "Curator 9(1966): 151-155.

Artifacts Found By The Johnny Appleseed Chapter Members

By Dick Parrish Box 464 Shelby, Ohio

I have always enjoyed walking the fields in search of Indian artifacts. The rewards are of course many, and person­ ally I relish the time spent with my two daughters, Katie and Molly, ages seven and eight. Not only are these educa­ tional outings for them, but it provides a chance for them to get to know their father, and a chance for me to get to know them. It is in every way quality time. There are other obvious benefits such as exercise and a chance to enjoy the out-of-doors. However, one of the most exciting aspects of surface hunting is the fact that perhaps an individual will turn up a really excellent and significant piece. Granted, this does not happen often, but it does happen. The point is this; there are many fine pieces, in some cases of museum quality, still to be found. The enclosed photographs prove the point since all of these were found by members of the Johnny Appleseed Chapter of the Society. All are surface finds within the last year.

26 A New York Birdstone By J. C. McKendry 68 Washington Hwy. Buffalo, N.Y 14226

The birdstone in Figure 1 was recently acquired in a collection of the late Nor­ man A. Burch of Dansville, N.Y. south of Rochester. Mr. Burch started the collec­ tion in 1934 while laying railroad track along the Genessee River Valley. He cataloged the birdstone as having come from Chenango County, N.Y.

Fig. 1 (McKendry) Birdstone from New York displayed at the November meeting.

A Dover Chert Blade By J. C. McKendry 68 Washington Hwy. Buffalo, N.Y. 14226

The blade in Figure 1 was found in crew and Dr. Mike Gramly. It has been manufacturing site. April, 1985, near Dover, Tennessee retouched after being utilized and it is The blade was awarded the best field while I was hiking on a bluff after a days made of Dover Chert. It was found find (chert) at the Nov. 1985 Ohio Arch. dig with the Buffalo Museum of Science among blanks and broken blades in a Soc. meeting.

I 2 3 4 |^

Fig. 1 (McKendry) Dover chert blade.

27 Roller Pestle Varieties From Ohio By Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio

This paper illustrates and describes slightly in relief due to their increased a similar conclusion and also feels that some of the variation in roller pestles hardness and greater resistance to mortars and flat grinding surfaces could from the authors collection. Nine pestles weathering. The other elongate pestles have been fashioned into local boulders are illustrated; six of which are from Clark seem to be composed of either fine of bedrock layers which were immov­ County and three from Fayette County, textured igneous rock or fine sandstone, able or non-portable. Ohio. Seven of these pestles are defi­ except for the upper specimen (Fig. 4) It is very interesting that the elongate nitely elongate roller types with rounded which is a very hard, tan quartzite. cylindrical and squared configuration to tapering ends (polls) and range from These elongate roller pestles are inter­ pestles illustrated by Fogelman (1984) those with a well rounded, circular cross- preted by Converse (1973:14) to be represent the most common pestle types section to others with an ovate to slightly Archaic in age, as well as being a rather in Pennsylvania, whereas he states the flattened cross-section. These seven scarce and uncommon type of stone classic bell pestle is very rare in that pestles (Figs. 1, 3, 4) range from 8 to artifact in Ohio. The pestles illustrated state. This situation seems directly oppo­ 12)4 inches in length (average 9.7 in this paper compare favorably with the site to Ohio where numerous varieties inches) and have a greatest width of 1% size, shape, and description presented of bell and conical pestles occur in to 3 inches (average of 2.4 inches). by Converse. If roller pestles are indeed abundance and represent the dominant Several of these pestles (upper speci­ rather rare in Ohio, as Converse sug­ pestle types. And, as Converse (1973) men, Figs. 1, 3, 4) are quite symmetrical gests, this fact contrasts markedly with states, in Ohio the elongate roller pestles and either maintain a constant diameter the pestle varieties representative of are quite rare. In summary, I agree that with uniformly rounded ends or taper Pennsylvania. In his Booklet No. 42 on those elongate roller pestles which have gradually toward rounded or slightly Pestles and Mortars, Fogelman (1984) an ovate to flattened or rectangular form pointed ends (polls). Collins (1979:17) illustrates about thirty different elongate were probably slid or pushed along a illustrates a similar form of roller pestle or roller pestles from various Pennsyl­ flat stone or wood surface to crush or from Miami County, Ohio. The two long­ vania counties, many of which are ex­ grind seeds, nuts, and other edible ma­ est pestles are quite smooth and pol­ tremely similar to those figured in this terials during food preparation. How­ ished (middle, Fig. 1; lower, Fig. 4), but paper. He refers to the majority of these ever, the cylindrical roller pestles might are somewhat irregular in shape and pestles as the "long cylindrical" variety have been used either in a "rolling" have an oval to slightly flattened cross- as compared to an elongate variety with fashion like a rolling pin on a flat surface section. For example, the elongate pes­ a "squared configuration" having one to or as a crushing or grinding implement tle (lower, Fig. 4) tapers to a rounded four flattened sides. Both Fogelman in a mortar, much like the cylindrical point at one end while the other poll is (1984) and Converse (1973:14) con­ pestles illustrated and discussed by smooth and blunt. Two other pestles clude that those pestles with flattened Miles (1963:46-47). If these elongate (lower, Figs. 1, 3) are shorter, stubby sides or a somewhat rectangular cross- cylindrical pestles were used with mor­ varieties with surface irregularities. The section were slid or pushed on a flat tars, then the name "roller pestle" is lower pestle (Fig. 3) is wider at one end surface rather than being rolled. In his somewhat misleading since it might than the other. classic work, Indian and Eskimo Artifacts suggest a rolling style use of the pestle of North America (1963:44-49), Miles on a flat surface. In actuality, roller Lithically, these pestles have been illustrates numerous pestles, mortars, pestles may have been used more com­ fashioned from a variety of rock types, manos, and metates, mainly from Cali­ monly in conjunction with a mortar than some of which are quite interesting. Two fornia and the West Coast. He defines as a rolling implement on a flat surface. are composed of crystalline metamor- the Spanish term mano as the hand Two shorter, cylindrical pestles are phic rock varieties which illustrate the stone which was rubbed, ground, slid, distinctive structural property known as illustrated (Fig. 5) which may have func­ or rolled against the metate or flat stone tioned either as smaller pestles for use foliation. Foliation is the parallel align­ on which the grinding was done. Several ment of many of the mineral crystals in with a mortar or against a flat surface. of Miles figured specimens are quite Miles (1963:46-47) illustrates some the rock so as to give the rock layered, similar to these cylindrical roller pestles; banded, or lineated appearance. The short, 4 to 5 inch pestles which look however, many are more smoothly pol­ very similar. The pestles in Figure 5 are upper pestle (Fig. 1) is composed of ished and have one or two raised rings hornblende schist and shows excellent 5 to 5)4 inches in length and from 1 % to around their periphery. Miles (1963:44) 2Yt inches wide. These smooth cylindri­ foliation running nearly parallel to the suggests that most of these cylindrical axis of the pestle. A closer look at the cal tools could also have functioned as pestles were used in mortars of stone or hammerstones and the upper specimen surface of this pestle (Fig. 2) shows the wood and the Eastern Indians especially dark crystals of the mineral hornblende (Fig. 5) has numerous surface scars and made use of wood for mortars. If prehis­ pockmarks battered into its surface. In and the white to light colored crystals of toric Indians in the East and Midwest two other common silicate minerals, his analysis of the Archaic Stony Brook did make extensive use of log sections Site on Long Island, New York, Ritchie feldspar and quartz. The upper pestle and wood for mortars, the decomposi­ (Fig. 3) is composed of muscovite (mica) (1965:35,122-123) presents an elongate tion of this material through time might cylindrical cobble of sandstone, very schist having a finely crystalline texture. explain the scarcity of mortars relative The light oblique bands toward either similar in size and form to those in Figure to the greater abundance of pestles 5, which he interprets as a hammerstone. end are thin quartz veins which cut found today. Fogelman (1984) reaches through the mica schist and stand out

28 References Collins, David R. 1979 Archaeology of Clark County, The Clark County Historical Society, 2nd Printing. Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, Archaeological Society of Ohio, 3rd Printing, Columbus. Fogelman, Gary L. 1984 Pestles and Mortars, Booklet No. 42, The Pennsylvania Artifact Ser­ ies, Turbotville, PA. Miles, Charles 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North America, Bonanza Books, New York Ritchie, William A. 1965 "The Stony Brook Site and its rela­ tion to Archaic and Transitional Cul­ tures on Long Island" in New York State Museum and Science Service Fig. 1 (Morris) Roller pestles from Clark County, Bulletin 372. Ohio. Top, hornblende schist from Tremont City area. Middle, South Charleston area. Bottom, Enon area.

Fig. 2 (Morris) Close-up of pestle (top, Fig. 1) Fig. 3 (Morris) Roller pestles from Clark County, composed of hornblende schist. Note the folia­ Ohio. Top, muscovite (mica) schist from Enon tion in the rock; the dark mineral crystals are area. Bottom, George Rogers Clark Park area. hornblende, the light colored crystals are feld­ spar and quartz.

Fig. 4 (Morris) Roller pestles from Fayette Fig. 5 (Morris) Short cylindrical varieties. Top, County, Ohio. Top, cylindrical variety of tan red sandstone from Enon area, Clark County. quartzite. Bottom, irregular flattened ovate Bottom, brown quartzite from Fayette County. variety.

29 Hematite Plummets By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Terry A. Barnhart has reminded us that the larger or the smaller end. . . . The they fulfill some other function for the some of "the finest artifacts of Ohio's designation of plummet' is applied to primitive craftsmen who fashioned prehistoric peoples are relegated to the them merely from their resemblance to them? The questions and observations bins and shelves of the British Museum the plumbob' used by carpenters and posed by Squier and Davis nearly a . . . These treasures are the archaeol­ brick-layers. It is about as far from de­ century and a half ago are still without ogical collection of Ephraim George scribing their use as any name could be, definitive answers. Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. Un­ if for no other reason than that their earthed during their pioneering . . . owners never had anything to plumb.'" Acknowledgements explorations in Ohio from 1845 to 1847, (See Fowke, 1902: 556-559.) My appreciation goes to the Miami the Squier-Davis artifacts . . . were the Though affirming that plummets, or University Audio-Visual Service for as­ largest and single most significant cabi­ "plummet-shaped stones," as he pre­ sistance with the photographing of the net' of nineteenth-century American ferred to call them, were possibly used objects illustrated in this article. archaeology." In 1848 many of these as fish-line or fish-net sinkers by Indians artifacts were illustrated in Ancient along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Monuments of the Mississippi Valley by coasts, Warren K. Moorehead in 1917 Squier and Davis, significantly the first commented that "they are fairly common throughout the Ohio Valley but they do publication of the now world-famed References Smithsonian Institution. (See Barnhart, not constitute a predominant type in that 1985:2-16.) region. In Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Anderson, Denver R. 1984 "A Fairfield County Plummet" in Interestingly, included in the Squier- Ohio many of them are made of hematite and highly polished. This would preclude Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 34, No. 3, Davis collection were the two objects p. 29. use as ordinary net and line-sinkers. No illustrated in Figure 1, half-size in this Atkinson, Ed. W., editor representation, which were described Indian would laboriously fashion a net- 1959 "Notes & Personals" in OhioArchae- by them as "pendants" with this notation: sinker out of a hematite nodule, and then ologist, Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 110, showing "These ornaments are of frequent occur­ polish the object. Moreover, the grooves ten grooved stones found in Oregon rence in the vicinity of the ancient works, on most of the hematite plummets are on the Pacific coast which appear though seldom found, if indeed found at too narrow and shallow for the attach­ to be net-sinkers. Barnhart, Terry A. all, in the ancient mounds themselves. ment of any save the most slender cords." (See Moorehead, 1917: 157.) 1985 "An American Menagerie: The Cabi­ [In his Ohio Slate Types, Robert N. net of Squier and Davis" in Timeline, Converse has noted (1978:102) that the I have seen plummets of such eye­ Vol.2, No. 6, pp. 2-16. plummet is Archaic in time period and catching beauty, high polish, and deep Carroll, George, editor thus pre-Adena and Hopewell.] They for grooves that I have been persuaded that 1966 "Hamilton County Surface Finds" the most part resemble the plumbs of they must have been suspended from in Oho Archaeologist, Vol. 16, No. the architect... Hematite seems to have the neck by cord or thong and worn as 3, p. 96 Shows a double conoidal been a favorite material for these orna­ amulets or pendants (the conclusion of hematite plummet with groove at ments. . . . These articles were all evi­ Squier and Davis in 1848), and indeed I mid-section. dently designed for suspension. It has have written earlier about just such a Converse. Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeologi­ been suggested that they were used as one in my own collection. (See Shriver, cal Society of Ohio. Columbus. 1985: 17.) Two others also now in my ear ornaments; their weight, however, Converse, Robert N. and Ernest Good seems too considerable for such a pur­ collection, both of hematite and not 1974 "The Stringtown Site and String- pose. (See Squier and Davis, 1848:235.) dissimilar from the two in the Squier and town Points" in Ohio Archaeologist, Both of the Squier and Davis plummets Davis Collection illustrated in Figure 1, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 25, 29. Describes shown in Figure 1 were of hematite, the both also highly polished, deeply and pictures two hematite plum­ tear drop-shaped one on the left de­ grooved, and brownish-black in color, mets from Franklin County. scribed as dark brown and highly pol­ are simply not all that eye-catching or Fowke, Gerard ished; the one on the right as double appealing. The shape of one of them is 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio: The Mound Builders and Later Indians. conoidal and grooved around the typical of what Converse has referred to The Ohio Archaeological and His­ as an "elongated egg." (1978: 102.) middle. torical Society. Columbus. Though Squier and Davis in mid- Grooved about a third of the way down Moorehead, Warren K. from its blunter end, it measures 1% nineteenth century had referred to 13 1917 Stone Ornaments Used by the these objects as pendants, by the turn inches in length by /16 of an inch in Indians in the United States and of the century their plumb-shape had width. (See Figure 2.) The other is very Canada. The Andover Press. And­ prompted the more commonly accepted nearly double conoidal with a wide and over, Massachusetts. reference to them as "plummets." It was deep groove around its mid-section in Shriver, Phillip R. 1985 "The Plummet as Amulet" in Ohio Gerard Fowke in 1902 who observed the manner of the Squier and Davis Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, p. 17. that "the specimens known as plummets specimen on the right in Figure 1. It 9 Squier, Ephraim George and Edwin Hamilton vary considerable in form, size, and measures 1 /16 inches in length by 1 inch in width. (See Figure 3.) Both were at Davis degree of finish. The general shape is 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ ovoid, sometimes quite slender, some­ one time part of the Raymond J. Walsh sippi Valley, Comprising the Results times almost round; the ends may be Collection here in Butler County. of Extensive Original Surveys and either blunt or pointed. They may be Were these two hematite plummets Explorations. Smithsonian Institu­ grooved near the middle or near either worn as amulets or pendants? Or did tion. Washington.

30 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Hematite plummets illustrated in Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 235. Tear drop shape on the left; double conoidal on the right.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Egg-shaped hematite plummet Fig. 3 (Shriver) Double conoidal hematite in the author's collection. plummet in the author's collection.

Glacial Kame Additions By Gary Weiner Edgerton, Ohio

The slate artifacts shown in Fig. 1 and 2 are recent additions to my collection.

Fig. 1 (Weiner) Four birdstones, from top to bottom: St. Joseph County, Mich, ex-Warner collection. Preble County, Ohio. ex-Diller Collec­ tion. Morrow County, Ohio. ex-Vietzen, Young, Fig. 2 (Weiner) Glacial Kame gorgets, left to right: Two hole gorget has three stick figures Parks collections. Williams County, Ohio. Made engraved on the obverse. Southern Michigan, sandal sole shaped. ex-Hammerman collection. of red slate and tally-marked. ex-Parks coll. Licking County. Ohio. ex-Sarnovsky collection. Marshall County, Indiana. ex-Parks collection.

31 Mystery Of The Mortar: A Curious Artifact From Hardin County By Charles M. Jacobs Curator-Director The Sullivan-Johnson Museum of Hardin County Kenton, Ohio 43326

Mortars are among the best-known region as early as 1750. The stone's examples of Ohio stone tools. Gerald discovered position, on a hillock of the Fowke, author of The Archaeological Carl Casper Farm (in 1948), west of History of Ohio, reported in the early Kenton, suggests its use as a grave twentieth century that the concave arti­ marker. Thus, this recycled Indian arti­ facts were common, common to nearly fact might have dual significance as a all cultures and excavation sites. How­ funerary device! ever, Robert Converse, writing over half A carved "X" lends further mystery to a century later, observed "even though the mortar-gravestone. Is it "X" signi­ they were used over an enormous span fying "Christ" (the Greek transliteration) of time they are extremely scarce." or "X"for unknown"? A granitic glacial boulder with a platter- The boulder now sits convex side up shaped depression in the Sullivan- (its original function obscured), a fixture Johnson Museum of Hardin County of a pioneer display, a remnant of history (Kenton) has the typical characteristics which has casually escaped the ship­ of a mortar. Its hollow speaks of the long wrecks of time. breaking, mashing, and grinding of acorns, berries, grain, roots, and/or dried Bibliography meat. The stone, although quite hefty Converse, Robert N. (weighing in at approximately fifty 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. Columbus: The pounds and measuring some sixteen Archaeological Society of Ohio. inches in diameter) is definitely portable Fowke, Gerald and qualifies as a "picnic and barbeque" 1908 Archaeological History of Ohio. utensil. Like others of its kind, it might Columbus: Fred J. Heer. have also served as a "grave good," MacLean, J. P. 1879 The Mound Builders. Cincinnati: placed in an aboriginal cemetery. Robert, Clarke, and Company. What sets this mortar apart from the Miles, Charles others is its convex bottom. Inscribed 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North y "1780," the stone might very well be the America. New York: American Leg­ earliest evidence of the white presence acy Press. 1883 The History of Hardin County, Ohio. / l in Hardin County. It is suspected that Fig. 3 (Jacobs) Concave side of mortar from French Catholic missionaries and trad­ Chicago: Warner, Beers, & Co. Hardin County, Ohio. ers were traversing the Scioto Marsh

Fig. I (Jacobs) Mortar displaying date of 1780. Fig. 2 (Jacobs) Inscription of cross or "X".

32 A Slate Artifact Collection By Gary Weiner Edgerton, Ohio In the accompanying photograph are some of the select slate pieces from my collection.

Fig. 1 (Weiner) Bell shaped pendant, Allen County, Ohio; Boat shaped gorget, Richland County, Ohio; Notched winged bannerstone, Eaton County, Michigan; Bi-concave Adena gorget, Williams County, Ohio; Pick bannerstone, Delaware County, Indiana; Birdstones from top to bottom: Sandusky County, Ohio; Tallied on neck. Branch County, Michigan; Kenosha County, Wisconsin; Wood County, Ohio; Putnam County, Ohio; Seneca County, Ohio; Bar amulet, red slate, Ohio; Bar amulet, Williams County, Ohio; Winged bannerstone, Kent County, Michigan; Glacial Kame sandal sole gorget, Steuben County, Indiana; Rectangular gorget, DeKalb County, Indiana. Collections from which these pieces came are: Parks, Wachtel, Nihart. Walls, Wills, Boudeman, Gunn, Fuller, Stephens, Maple, Kramer, Zuber, Keller and Simper.

33 A Fluted Ball Bannerstone From The Black Fork Of The Mohican By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

One of the many pluses of nearly forty ana as well as southern Michigan, north­ before those which are fluted." I would years of teaching the pre-history and ern Kentucky, and eastern Illinois. argue that the converse is more likely history of Ohio has been contact with Focusing on Ohio alone in his highly true. My conjecture is that those with students who either personally have useful Ohio Slate Types, Robert N. fluted base, such as the one shown in found Indian artifacts or whose family or Converse has provided statewide distri­ this article (See Fig. 3), were lashed by friends have found them, often on family bution maps for the several types of thongs in figure-8 fashion to atlatls or farms, artifacts about which they would bannerstones, noting counties of origin throwing sticks (in effect, artificial exten­ like more information. Scarcely a se­ of those in the major collections he has sions of the human arm designed to mester goes by without a cigar box or studied. Interestingly, of the 23 Ohio ball provide far greater force in the throw of glass-enclosed frame of "Indian stones" bannerstones he has mapped, none a spear) that were still in the original arriving in class or in my office in the were from Ashland County though 2 rounded shape of the tree branch from custody of a curious student whose were cited as coming from Richland which they had been made. On the other interest has been aroused by realization County immediately to the west of Ash­ hand, those with a flat base apparently that Amerindians of many diverse cul­ land. Significantly, the ball bannerstone were lashed to the flat side of a split and tures, languages, and traditions inhab­ appears to be a northern Ohio phenome­ smoothed longitudinal mid-section of a ited for thousands of years the same non, with 18 of the 23 coming from the branch. Primitive men must certainly Ohio lands that those of us of European area north of present-day Columbus and have progressed from a throwing stick descent have called home for less than Route 70. (See Converse, 1978; 14.) that was little more than a small branch two centuries. Even the tubular bannerstone, which of a tree to one that was lighter, stronger, A case in point occurred this past fall Converse considers to be an elongated and springier shaped from the center, when the beautiful bannerstone high­ version of the ball bannerstone, seems longitudinal section of a larger branch. lighted in this article (see Figs. 1, 2, and to be more characteristic of northern The bannerstones, or atlatl weights, 3) was brought to me by a Miami student, than southern Ohio. Of the 21 tubulars were added to assure even greater force Brian S. Stoner, and his wife. It had been he has mapped (see Converse, 1978: or kinetic energy in the throw. If there is found in 1913 by Mrs. Stoner's grand­ 16), 14 have origin north of Columbus merit to this conjecture, and I believe father, Howard L. Sprang, who, only and Route 70. Of these, one was found there is, then the ball bannerstones with twelve years old at that time, had been in Ashland County while 2 others were fluted bases may well have been Early helping to clear out tree stumps from found in neighboring Richland County. Archaic while those with flat bases were what had been a wood lot on his family's Thougn gradations between the two probably from a later period. Ashland County farm. The ground had types are known, as Converse has been plowed after the stumps had been pointed out, the artifact found by Howard Acknowledgements pulled out, and young Sprang was pick­ Sprang and featured in this article is Gratitude must be expressed to Mr. ing up rocks and stones when he found most definitely a ball rather than tubular Howard L. Sprang and to Mr. and Mrs. the artifact that has been a prized family bannerstone. Fashioned from dark Brian S. Stoner for bringing this partic­ possession ever since and that remained green banded slate, it is nearly spherical ular ball bannerstone to my attention unidentified until this time. in shape, being 2V16 inches in length and for permitting me to have it photo­ The coordinates of the site where it along the axis of its perforation and graphed for this article. And, apprecia­ was found are 40°40'1" north latitude fluted base and VA inches in width at tion must also be expressed to Mr. John mid-section. (See Fig. 1.) In height it is and 82°18'55". The location is Y2 mile 9 H. Bowser of the Miami University north of the Black Fork of the Mohican 1 /i6 inches, while the diameter of its Audio-Visual Service for the quality of remarkably smooth perforation is 7/i River, about % mile west of Honey Creek, 6 photography represented in the pictures inch. (See Fig. 2.) Still a prized posses­ a small Tributary of the Black Fork. which ensued. Since the time the ball bannerstone was sion of Mr. Sprang nearly three quarters discovered, the Black Fork has been of a century after its discovery, it was dammed up to form Pleasant Hill Lake, fire-cracked in a house fire in recent References years and since repaired. (See Fig. 3.) one of the principal reservoirs of the Converse, Robert N. Muskingum Conservance District. The Interestingly, one of the fluted ball 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological place where it was found is on high bannerstones featured in Knoblock's Society of Ohio. Columbus. ground,about 120 feet above the Black book, part of his personal collection, was Knoblock, Byron W. Fork. The site is some 100 yards west of also found (in 1879) in Ashland County. 1939 Banner-Stones of the North Ameri­ present Route 95 and 500 yards north­ Pictured as number 8 in Plate 253 on can Indian. Privately published by east of the present edge of the village of page 544, it too was made from dark the author. LaGrange, Illinois. Perrysville. The old road, along which green banded slate and is of a size (2)4 Shriver, Phillip R. inches by 2% inches) quite similar to the 1985 "An Unfinished Ottawa County Ar­ the farm was located, ran somewhat chaic Tubular Bannerstone "in Ohio south of the present Route 95. one shown here. Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. In his book Banner-Stones of the Archaic in cultural horizon, ball ban­ 30-31. North American Indians, Byron W. Knob- nerstones have been found with either lock has presented a useful series of flat or fluted bases. Knoblock argues maps showing the locations in North (1939: 539) that "occasionally one can America where the various types of observe ball-shaped specimens which bannerstones have been found. In a have no flutes, while others show but a distribution map which appears on page slight indication of a small flattened 169, what Knoblock terms the "Heart plane. From these variations one may Area" of "Fluted Ball Type No. 30" is form an opinion that the design of the shown as including all of Ohio and Indi­ patterns without flutes were created

34 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Fluted ball bannerstone found Fig. 3 (Shriver) Fluted base of the same banner­ Fig. 2 (Shriver) Side view of the same banner­ in 1913 by Howard L. Sprang on an Ashland stone. Note fire-crack which has since been stone. County farm near the Black Fork of the Mohican repaired. River. Note the unusually fine symmetry in the lines of the dark green banded slate.

Jackson County Pentagonals By Mark W. Long Wellston, Ohio

The pentagonal flint types of Ohio are scouting out a logging trail on "Hoy- from this locally mined flint, and a quick amont the most unique and eye-catching house Ridge" located in section 27 of inspection revealed high quality work­ projectile points to be found. They were Milton Township, and had stopped at manship and a point that was still needle apparently manufactured and used dur­ the site of an old Indian burial mound. sharp. ing the late archaic time period and on Earlier I had noticed an interesting rock- Anxious to show off my discovery I into the early Woodland period. Al­ shelter located along the ridge to the returned to the ridge and flaunted the though the material, style, and workman­ north of us, and wanted to take a closer spear to my friend who had made the ship of these artifacts may vary from look at it. Since this involved crossing a mistake of staying behind. After a one regional area to the next, the way large hollow and climbing back up the lengthy discussion we decided to return that the blade edges abruptly change other ridge my friend chose to remain to the gully and look the whole area their angle of taper about midway the behind at the mound while I set out for over more closely. Walking 10 or 15 feet length of the point, gives it a distinctive the rockshelter by myself. The large on down the wash past the initial dis­ pentagram silouette (thus the name hollow that I had to cross has a small covery site I immediately spied another pentagonal), and makes it a readily iden­ stream running its length which is known smaller pentagonal point just laying out tifiable flint type. There is very little locally as "Flint Run". This stream flows flat. This second pentagonal was one information available concerning the to the east and empties into Little Rac­ and fifteen sixteenths inches long and prehistoric people that made the pentag­ coon Creek. After descending Hoy- made out of a glossy tan chert. With the onals, and the projectiles themselves house Ridge I started walking down a second discovery came much excite­ are fairly scarce. Because the points gully that cut through a gently sloping ment and a determination to thoroughly usually occur as a random surface find flat area of land before draining into Flint search the entire gully network and the at sites representing various other cul­ Run. The gully was almost directly op­ exposed soil on the surrounding flat. tures too, it is difficult to associate them posite the rockshelter that I was trying Our efforts only turned up a broken tail with other site material which could yield to reach, and located very close to the section from what appeared to be some clues about their originators. boundary line that divides sections 27 another pentagonal. Disappointed that When dealing with obscure artifacts and 28 of Milton Township. About 50 nothing more of any importance could of this nature it may prove valuable to feet before reaching Flint Run some­ be found, we headed for home. record any discovery pertaining to them thing embedded in the sandy bottom of It was almost two months later when if for no other reason than to help show the gully caught my eye. I reached down my friend who had been with me that the distribution pattern and frequency to pull the object free and was very day stopped by the house to give me a of occurrence. I would therefore like to shocked to find myself holding a beauti­ present. He had recently returned to relate just such a discovery that I feel ful pentagonal spear point that was three the "Flint Run" site, and had found yet a should be added to the existing recorded and three quarters inches long and made third complete pentagonal. Made out of information pertaining to pentagonal of a speckled slate gray flint. There is a a dull tan and brown chert, it was one points. similar looking flint which outcrops in and eleven sixteenths inches long and During the summer of 1972 a friend this area (thus the name Flint Run), and showed excellent workmanship. Appar­ and myself were out tramping in the the prehistoric Indians had several flint ently it had washed out during the inter­ woods of Jackson County about 4 miles quarries along these ridges. It may be mittent time since the first discoveries. that the pentagonal spear was made southeast of Wellston, Ohio. We were With renewed interest I returned to

35 the site and actually tried to speed up seems to be that they were associated where nearby. The three pentagonals the actions of nature. With a pick and with a burial. I have been told that several from the gully site, if indeed they have mattock I cleaved in the walls of the other pentagonal points have been been washed out of a burial, would be gully at selected areas hoping that after found in the basic vicinity of "Flint Run" evidence that these unique prehistoric a couple of good rains something new in recent years. If this is the case, then it people practiced the custom of placing might come t light. After a month had would also seem likely that the Indians projectile points along-side the remains gone by I checked over my handiwork, who made all of these points lived some­ of their dead. but there was nothing that even resem­ bled an artifact to be seen. Without knowing exactly where the pentagonals had originated from, there was just too much area to dig up. The surrounding land had been logged out over a year before my discovery had been made, and erosion in this area could have washed out the points from far above the actual place where they were found. After allowing over one year to go by I returned to that place one more time. I not only couldn't find any artifacts, but by then the area was starting to be overgrown with brush. To my knowledge the "gully" has never yielded anymore pentagonals. Evidence, indicated that the small flat of land which the gully cut through was not an occupied site. No other artifacts were discovered and there was no trace of camp debris. Only three explanations readily come to mind that would explain how the pentagonal points got washed out and deposited in the gully: The prehistoric Indians either lost them, cached them, or interred them with a burial. Because these points are of high quality workmanship and not similar in Fig. 1 (Long) The large pentagonal point in the center was the first discovery from the "Flint Run" style or size, the most likely possibility site. The point on the right was the second find, and point on the left was the third find a month later.

36 A Fine Trophy Axe By Dave Farrow 838 Fair Ave., N.E. New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663

In early summer of 1969, an area was County—perhaps even one of the farmer, Mr. Walter Calendine of Dover, best in the state. This outstanding axe is Ohio, was baling his first crop of hay for fashioned from green, black and yellow the year. Forced to quit his baling opera­ speckled granite, with the entire surface tion because of rain, he parked his being highly polished. The axe has large tractor in a nearby shelter and started projections bordering the groove giving walking toward home. In a recently it an alate shape. This axe is a fine excavated drainage ditch near his house example of the artistic achievement he made the discovery of a lifetime—a attained by craftsmen among Ohio's magnificent trophy axe (Fig. 1). Acquired prehistoric population. a few years later by Mr. John Kohr, a Acknowledgement and thanks go to local collector, this axe is one of the John Kohr for making this beautiful finest of its type ever found in Tuscara­ artifact available for publication.

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Speckled granite trophy axe in the collection of John Lohr. Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

A Fort Ancient Potsherd From Wyandot County, Ohio By Jonathan Bowen 403 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Fort Ancient ceramics occur in minor numbers at sites dating to about A.D. 1100-1300 in northern Ohio. These pot­ sherds, which are virtually all of the Baum/Anderson variety, reflect trade with the middle Scioto and Miami drain­ ages of southern Ohio. The Anderson Fort Ancient neck sherd shown in Fig. 1 was recovered from the surface of the Gibbon site, located on the Sandusky River bottomland near the mouth of Tymochtee Creek in Tymoch- tee Township, Wyandot County, Ohio. It was recovered in July 1985 during con­ struction activities, and may be from a horizon buried by river silt. The sherd is now in the collections of the Wyandot County Museum in Upper Sandusky.

Fig. 1 (Bowen) Anderson Fort Ancient potsherd from the Gibbon site, Wyandot County, Ohio. Cm

37 A Lanceolate Point And An Unfinished Bannerstone By Ron Evans 104 Sunrise East Kenton, Ohio 43326

While hunting in May of 1985, in Har­ On the same day in another field in din County, Ohio, I found the lanceolate Hardin County, I found the unfinished point shown in Fig. 1. At first it appeared bannerstone shown in Fig. 2. It is made to be a broken knife but after cleaning it of banded slate and appears to have proved to be a four inch lanceolate. It is been broken in process of manufacture made of Upper Mercer flint and has a and may have been the reason it was streak of white quartz diagonally across unfinished and discarded. At one edge its center. It was awarded first prize for the opening has been made to form one the best field find at the Tiffin meeting in end of a notched ovate. The opening on September. The field from which it came the opposite end was never started. has yielded other Paleo material and Peck marks can be seen over most of early Adena pieces. the surface.

Fig. 2 (Evans) Unfinished notched ovate from Hardin County, 4Vt Fig. 1 (Evans) Four inch lanceolate point from inches wide. Hardin County, Ohio.

may be part of an awl or perforator, was Information on similar finds by other Glacial Kame Artifacts found. members would be appreciated. By Ron Evans 104 Sunrise East Kenton, Ohio 43326

While hunting a site in Logan County in June of 1985, I noticed a groundhog hole along the creek bank adjacent to the site. Quite often groundhogs will unearth evidence of occupation, and in the dirt thrown out around the hole I found a polished bone tool. The ends had apparently been gnawed or chewed on by some animal — probably the groundhog —but I realized that there may be more evidence under the ground. I returned to the site in October and began to dig. Around four feet under the surface I unearthed a scallop shell shown in Fig. 1. It had four holes drilled symmetrically in the center. Further on I discovered another shell smaller than the first. At about the end of the ground­ hog tunnel a small piece of bone, which Fig. 1 (Evans) Four Glacial Kame artifacts from a site in Logan County, Ohio. Shell is 3V2 inches wide.

38 Surface Finds From The Harden Collection By Jack I. Rosenfeld The artifacts shown in Figures 1 recently started collecting. They were 4704 Glengate Dr. through 5 are all surface finds made by all found in Licking County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio 43232 Mike and Kathleen Harden who only just

Fig. 4 (Rosenfeld) Various points of Upper Mercer flint. Fig. 5 (Rosenfeld) Various points of Flint Ridge flint.

A Tubular Bannerstone By Don Casto Lancaster, Ohio

This tubular bannerstone was found in Fairfield County, Ohio. It is made of black and green banded slate and is 3% inches long.

Fig. 1 (Casto) Two views of tubular bannerstone.

39 A Productive Licking County Site By Jack I. Rosenfeld 4704 Glengate Dr. Columbus, Ohio 43232

The artifacts shown in the accompany­ In Fig. 2 are two points. On the left is a ing photographs were found from De­ Vosburg type made of typical Upper cember 1984, to May 1985, on a site Mercer material. It is fairly thin with located on a hill overlooking what may pronounced shoulders with basal grind­ have been a marsh in prehistoric times. ing and fine workmanship and symmetry. It is located in Licking County, Ohio. On the left is bifurcated point of Flint The site has an interesting inventory, Ridge material. In Fig. 3 is a small drill or including many of the basic tools- perforator. points, knives and scrapers (Fig. 1).The A great deal of time has been spent site has produced more hafted scrapers hunting this site but preserving prehis­ than I have found on other sites, (bottom toric material makes it worth while. row, Fig. 1).

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) A bifurcated point and a finely made Vosburg point.

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Knives and blades of various material. A variety of points in the middle row. Fig. 3 (Rosenfeld) Drill, PA inches long Bottom are a birdpoint. drill, and hafted scrapers.

A Coshocton County Paleo Point By Sig & Bette Olenzak Massillon, Ohio

This fine multi-fluted paleo point was found June 4, 1985, in Coshocton, County, Ohio, by my wife and I as we were surface hunting in a corn field. It lay fully exposed in a corn row between us. It is made from a grey Flint Ridge material and it measures 1 Yt x 4 inches.

Fig. 1 (Olenzak) Fluted point of Flint Ridge flint from Coshocton County, Ohio.

4(1 An Undrilled Adena Bi-Concave Gorget From Ottawa County's Catawba Island By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Why some gorgets and pendants are Acknowledgements References undrilled while most are drilled has long To Mrs. Elizabeth Denney of the Ot­ Converse, Robert N. been a puzzle to me. Drilling suggests tawa County Historical Society Museum 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeolo­ intent to secure the object with a thong in Port Clinton goes my appreciation for gical Society of Ohio. Columbus. that it can be worn; the absence of Shriver, Phillip R. her kind assistance in enabling me to 1984 A Sandusky County Adena Un­ drilling suggests intent to keep or carry study and to photograph the undrilled the object in a pouch. Because so many drilled Bi-Concave Banded Slate bi-concave gorget here described and Gorget" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. otherwise completed gorgets and pend­ illustrated. ants are undrilled (though their numbers 34, No. 4, p. 16. are far fewer than the drilled ones), I am inclined to reject the oft-heard comment that the undrilled ones have simply never been finished. Indeed, some of the undrilled ones are in such an ad­ vanced state of wear and use that it would seem prepostorous to believe their primitive owners had intended to perforate them but had never found time. For more than thirty years I have had in my personal collection an undrilled bi-concave black and gray banded slate gorget from Sandusky County. An article about it appeared in the fall 1984 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. At the close of that article I commented that it was to that time the only undrilled bi-concave banded slate gorget I had seen. Since then I have come across another one, interestingly from the lakeshore county immediately to the north of Sandusky, namely, Ottawa. In the Ottawa County Historical Soci­ ety Museum in Port Clinton is a collec­ tion of prehistoric materials contributed by Mrs. A. R. Windsor of East Road on Catawba Island, not far from Catawba Point. In it isa very thin, well-made, blue- gray banded slate undrilled bi-concave gorget which measures 3K inches in heighth, by 2)4 inches in width at top and bottom, by 1% inches in width at its constricted mid-section. (See Figure 1.) Of this gorget type, Robert Converse has observed that similar specimens "have been found in numerous Adena mounds in the Ohio area and are in­ cluded in the Adena trait list although they are not common. Bi-concave gor­ gets are normally extremely well made, exhibiting fine workmanship and a high degree of symmetry. The ends are rounded and the sides concave. The corners where the ends and sides meet are nearly always angular and seldom rounded." (See Converse, 1978: 46.) Significantly, the distribution map based on collections which he had examined iliillii|ilii|illi|luiil!il|iiil|illi|illi|iiii|Hij|iiit|lill|ilit|iiiUi indicates northwestern Ohio, the area of origin of this particular gorget, as the area of particular prevalence of this ) it \7 n u IS 1h 17 \n 1- gorget type. Fig. 1 (Shriver) The undrilled Adena bi-concave gorget of blue-gray banded slate from Catawba Island in Ottawa County. Metric scale is shown.

41 Six Points From Williams County

By Gary Weiner Edgerton, Ohio

Shown in Fig. 1 are six points which were found on the Miller farm east of Edgerton, Williams County, Ohio. The point in the center, top row, is a rare basal notched type. It is made of Upper Mercer flint with quartz inclusions.

Fig. 1 (Weiner) Two axes from the Fix collection, Fig. 2 (Weiner) Two panel bannerstones from Williams County, Ohio. the Fix collection showing obverse and reverse.

Personal Field Finds By Gary Weiner Edgerton, Ohio

The fine lanceolate point was found along the Elkhart River near Wawaka, Indiana in 1983. It has basal and side grinding and is nearly 4 inches long. The full grooved axe was found along the St. Joseph River near Edgerton in May of 1984. This small site has pro­ duced other artifacts including pottery and is a multi-component site. The knife was found in March, 1984, in Allen County, Indiana. It has a squared base which may have been set in wood or bone. The base is ground smooth. The site from which it came has also produced about thirty five points, two Fig. 1 (Weiner) Six points from Williams matched bebels and several large Adena County, Ohio. points.

Four Artifacts From The Fix Collection By Gary Weiner Edgerton, Ohio

Pictured are two fine three-quarter grooved axes purchased when the es­ tate of Walter Fix was sold in September, 1985. Mr. Fix was a fur buyer for forty years and lived five miles northeast of Edgerton. The large axe was found on the Taylor farm one mile north of the Fix farm along the St. Joseph River. The smaller axe is green granite and was found by Benn Bigger and has the Fix label #1 on it. Also shown are two panel banner­ stones from the Fix collection. Both are made of banded slate and show the unusual drilling technique found in such artifacts. Fig. 1 (Weiner) Artifacts found in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana. Castle Piatt Mac-A-Cheek Burglarized On November 24th, 1985, the Piatt Castle Mac-A-Cheek was broken into and robbed of a number of artifacts. Anyone having information concerning the artifacts listed below should contact Mr. Timothy Brown at 513-465-2821.

Missing Items, Collection Case; Castle Piatt Mac-A-Cheek

Front Side Front Side

1.) 9-pound Stone Axe head; 2.) Large "blade scraper"; indian artifact, polished indian artifact, chipped gray stone approx. 10 inches long. white stone approx. 5-5Y2" long.

3.) Large "Axe Blade"; Side Front Side indian artifact, gray 4.) Small stone axe heads; chipped stone, approx. indian artifact, polished 10-12 inches long. gray stone approx. 5-6 inches long at least two are missing.

5.) Commemorative coin; one side of coin depicts William Henry Harrison- diameter roughly 1J4 inches obverse side; inscriptions unknown hole in the top; formerly a medallion.

6.) Assorted Indian Arrow heads. j *J^ General, overall Number, variety unknown. i »r/ appearance Size range: % inch to 2 inches.

7.) Several (4 to 6) "Bannerstones"; Diagonal Front Side Indian "ceremonial stones", gray in color approx. 4 inches long with holes drilled through the center.

8.) Petrified wood; several pieces.

NECROLOGY

LADOW "DOC" JOHNSTON

September 9, 1903-September 22, 1985

One of our Originals

Doc Johnston was one of the original founders of the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society in March, 1942. He began collecting relics when many types were yet to be classified. Doc and the other old timers helped to develop a love of the unusual apogean lithic art forms. With his keen mind came a better understanding of these pre-historic stone age artifacts, with special emphasis on the birdstone. Doc also contributed many articles to our archaeological journal. He was always willing to share his talents; and because of his organizational skills, our society had its embryonic beginning. Doc will be greatly missed by those who knew him. His generosity, knowledge, and entertaining nature were truly attributes. He was original as a personality and one of our originals. Farewell, Doc. Don Bapst

43