Lithic Analysis Bibliography & Glossary
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How to Identify Rocks and Minerals
How to Identify Rocks and Minerals fluorite calcite epidote quartz gypsum pyrite copper fluorite galena By Jan C. Rasmussen (Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian) 2012 Donations for reproduction from: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society www.janrasmussen.com ii NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. MINERALS: IGNEOUS ROCKS: 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 50 Apache Tear 3 Calcite 51 Basalt 4 Fluorite 52 Pumice 5 Apatite* 53 Perlite 6 Orthoclase (feldspar group) 54 Obsidian 7 Quartz 55 Tuff 8 Topaz* 56 Rhyolite 9 Corundum* 57 Granite 10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 60 Quartzite* 15 Barite 61 Schist 16 Galena (metallic) 62 Marble 17 Hematite 63 Slate* 18 Garnet 64 Gneiss 19 Magnetite 65 Metaconglomerate* 20 Serpentine 66 Phyllite 21 Malachite (green) (20) (Serpentinite)* 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: 25 Cuprite 26 Limonite (Goethite) 70 Sandstone 27 Pyrite (brassy) 71 Limestone 28 Peridot 72 Travertine (onyx) 29 Gold* 73 Conglomerate 30 Copper (refined) 74 Breccia 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 75 Shale 32 Sulfur 76 Silicified Wood 33 Quartz, var. rose (Quartz, var. chert) 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 77 Coal 35 Hornblende* 78 Diatomite 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite* 38 Sphalerite* *= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 39 Biotite* 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information 40 Dolomite* only. www.janrasmussen.com iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. -
Experimentation Preceding Innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay Layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): Emerging Technologies and Symbols
RESEARCH ARTICLE Experimentation preceding innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): emerging technologies and symbols. Guillaume Porraz1,2, John E. Parkington3, Patrick Schmidt4,5, Gérald Bereiziat6, Jean-Philip Brugal1, Laure Dayet7, Marina Igreja8, Christopher E. Miller9,10, Viola C. Schmid4,11, Chantal Tribolo12,, Aurore 4,2 13 1 Cite as: Porraz, G., Parkington, J. E., Val , Christine Verna , Pierre-Jean Texier Schmidt, P., Bereiziat, G., Brugal, J.- P., Dayet, L., Igreja, M., Miller, C. E., Schmid, V. C., Tribolo, C., Val, A., Verna, C., Texier, P.-J. (2020). 1 Experimentation preceding Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UMR 7269 Lampea, 5 rue du Château innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay de l’Horloge, F-13094 Aix-en-Provence, France layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter 2 University of the Witwatersrand, Evolutionary Studies Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa (South Africa): emerging 3 technologies and symbols. University of Cape Town, Department of Archaeology, Cape Town, South Africa EcoEvoRxiv, ch53r, ver. 3 peer- 4 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary reviewed and recommended by PCI Ecology, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany Archaeology. doi: 5 10.32942/osf.io/ch53r Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. 6 Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5199 PACEA, F-33615 Pessac, France Posted: 2020-12-17 7 CNRS-Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, UMR 5608 TRACES, F-31058 Toulouse, France 8 LARC DGPC, Ministry of Culture (Portugal) / ENVARCH Cibio-Inbio 9 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Institute for Archaeological Sciences & Senckenberg Recommender: Anne Delagnes Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Rümelinstr. -
FEBRUARY 2019 Co-Editors Linda Alderman ([email protected]) & Janice Freeman ([email protected])
Herbs Make Scents THE HERB SOCIETY OF AMERICA SOUTH TEXAS UNIT VOLUME XLII, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 2019 Co-Editors Linda Alderman ([email protected]) & Janice Freeman ([email protected]) February 2019 Calendar Feb 12, Tues. at 10 a.m. Day Meeting is at the home of Tamara Gruber. The program, “Salvia greggii – Hot Lips,” is presented by Cathy Livingston. Members should bring a dish to share. Guests should RSVP to Tamara at 713-665-0675 Feb 20, Wed. at 6:30 p.m. Evening Meeting is at the Cherie Flores Garden Pavilion in Hermann Park (1500 Hermann Drive, Houston, TX 77004). Hosts are Jenna Wallace, Mike Jensvold, and Virginia Camerlo. The program, “Molcajetes and Metates,” is presented by Jesus Medel, M.Ed., founder of Museo Guadalupe Aztlan. Bring your plate and napkin and a dish to share. March 2019 Calendar Mar 12, Tues. at 10 a.m. Day Meeting is at the home of Janice Stuff. The program, “Blue Blooming Salvias,” is presented by Janice Dana. Members should bring a dish to share. Guests should RSVP to Janice Stuff at [email protected] Mar 19, Tues. at 7 p.m. Board Meeting is at the home of Donna Yanowski Mar 20, Wed. at 6:30 p.m. Evening Meeting is at the Clubhouse in Hermann Park (6201 Hermann Park (Note: Change of Location) Drive, Houston, TX 77030). Parking Lot H. Hosts are Mary Sacilowski, Palma Sales. The program, “Healing Teas from the Wild Side,” is presented by Mark “Merriwether” Vorderbruggen, PhD, author of Foraging and creator of “Foraging Texas”. Bring your plate and napkin and a dish to share. -
FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 Alcove
THE CROW CANYON ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 alcove. A small auxiliary chamber in a wall, usually found in pit structures; they often adjoin the east wall of the main chamber and are substantially larger than apertures and niches. aperture. A generic term for a wall opening that cannot be defined more specifically. architectural petroglyph (not on bedrock). A petroglyph in a standing masonry wall.A piece of wall fall with a petroglyph on it should be sent in as an artifact if size permits. ashpit. A pit used primarily as a receptacle for ash removed from a hearth or firepit. In a pit structure, the ash pit is commonly oval or rectangular and is located south of the hearth or firepit. bedrock feature. A feature constructed into bedrock that does not fit any of the other feature types listed here. bell-shaped cist. A large pit whose greatest diameter is substantially larger than the diameter of its opening.A storage function is implied, but the feature may not contain any stored materials, in which case the shape of the pit is sufficient for assigning this feature type. bench surface. The surface of a wide ledge in a pit structure or kiva that usually extends around at least three-fourths of the circumference of the structure and is often divided by pilasters.The southern recess surface is also considered a bench surface segment; each bench surface segment must be recorded as a separate feature. bin: not further specified. An above-ground compartment formed by walling off a portion of a structure or courtyard other than a corner. -
The Use of Stone and Hunting of Reindeer
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER By Lena Holm O m University of Umeå ° Ai. ^ Department of Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 Distribution: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Lena Holm THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER A Study of Stone Tool Manufacture and Hunting of Large Mammals in the Central Scandes c. 6 000 - 1 BC. Akademisk avhandling, som för avläggande av filosofie doktors examen vid universitetet i Umeå kommer att offentligt för svaras i hörsal F, Humanisthuset, Umeå universitet, fredagen den 31 januari 1992 klockan 10.00. Abstract The thesis raises questions concerning prehistoric conditions in a high mountain region in central Scandinavia; it focuses on the human use of stone and on hunting principally of reindeer. An analysis of how the stone material was utilized and an approach to how large mammals were hunt ed result in a synthesis describing one interpretation of how the vast landscape of a region in the central Scandinavian high mountains was used. With this major aim as a base questions were posed concerning the human use of stone resources and possible changes in this use. Preconditions for the occurrence of large mammals as game animals and for hunting are also highlighted. A general perspective is the long time period over which possible changes in the use of stone and hunting of big game, encompassing the Late Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and to a certain extent the Early Iron Age. Considering the manufacture of flaked stone tools, debitage in the form of flakes from a dwelling, constitute the base where procurement and technology are essential. -
Prehistoric Grinding Tools As Metaphorical Traces of the Past Cecilia Lidström Holmberg
123 Prehistoric Grinding Tools as Metaphorical Traces of the Past Cecilia Lidström Holmberg The predominant interpretation of reciprocating grinding tools is generally couched in terms of low archaeological value, anonymity, simplicity, functionality and daily life of women. It is argued that biased opinions and a low form-variability have conspired to deny grinding tools all but superficial attention. Saddle-shaped grinding tools appear in the archaeological record in middle Sweden at the time of the Mesolithic — Neolithic transition. It is argued that Neolithic grinding tools are products of intentional design. Deliberate depositions in various ritual contexts reinforce the idea of grinding tools as prehistoric metaphors, with functional and symbolic meanings interlinked. Cecilia Lidström Hobnbert&, Department of Arcbaeology and Ancient Histo~; S:tEriks torg 5, Uppsala Universirv, SE-753 lO Uppsala, Swedett. THE OBSERVABLE, BUT INVISIBLE the past. Many grinding tools have probably GRINDING TOOLS not even been recognised as tools. The hand- Grinding tools of stone are common archaeo- ling of grinding and pounding tools found logical finds at nearly every prehistoric site. during excavations depends on the excavation The presence and recognition of these arte- policy, or rather on the excavators' sphere of facts have a long tradition within archaeology interest (see e.g. Kaliff 1997). (e.g. Bennet k Elton 1898;Hermelin 1912:67— As grinding tools of stone often are bulky 71; Miiller 1907:137,141; Rydbeck 1912:86- and heavy objects, they are rarely retained in 87). It is appropriate to acknowledge that large numbers (Hersch 1981:608).By tradi- previous generations of archaeologists to some tion, reciprocating grinding tools are archaeo- extent have raised questions related to the logically understood and treated as an anony- meaning and role of grinding tools, including mous category of objects. -
Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 Ka), South Africa
RESEARCH ARTICLE Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa Anne Delagnes1,2☯*, Patrick Schmidt3☯, Katja Douze1,2, Sarah Wurz2,4, Ludovic Bellot- Gurlet5, Nicholas J. Conard3, Klaus G. Nickel6, Karen L. van Niekerk4,2, Christopher S. Henshilwood2,4 a11111 1 PACEA, CNRSÐUniversity of Bordeaux, Pessac, France, 2 School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies and Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 3 Department of Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany, 4 Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 5 MONARIS, Sorbonne UniversiteÂs, UPMC Universite Paris 6, UMR 8233, Paris, France, 6 Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany OPEN ACCESS ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Delagnes A, Schmidt P, Douze K, Wurz S, * [email protected] Bellot-Gurlet L, Conard NJ, et al. (2016) Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa. PLoS ONE 11 Abstract (10): e0163874. doi:10.1371/journal. Heating stone to enhance its flaking qualities is among the multiple innovative adaptations pone.0163874 introduced by early modern human groups in southern Africa, in particular during the Middle Editor: Nuno Bicho, Universidade do Algarve, Stone Age Still Bay and Howiesons Poort traditions. Comparatively little is known about the PORTUGAL role and impact of this technology on early modern human behaviors and cultural expres- Received: December 19, 2015 sions, due, in part, to the lack of comprehensive studies of archaeological assemblages Accepted: September 15, 2016 documenting the heat treatment of stone. -
Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections
STATE OF MICHIGAN MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION A mineral is a rock substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and KEY TO ROCKS & MINERALS COLLECTIONS other distinct physical properties. A few of the minerals, such as gold and silver, occur as "free" elements, but by most minerals are chemical combinations of two or Harry O. Sorensen several elements just as plants and animals are Reprinted 1968 chemical combinations. Nearly all of the 90 or more Lansing, Michigan known elements are found in the earth's crust, but only 8 are present in proportions greater than one percent. In order of abundance the 8 most important elements Contents are: INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Percent composition Element Symbol MINERALS........................................................................ 1 of the earth’s crust ROCKS ............................................................................. 1 Oxygen O 46.46 IGNEOUS ROCKS ........................................................ 2 Silicon Si 27.61 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS............................................... 2 Aluminum Al 8.07 METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................................. 2 Iron Fe 5.06 IDENTIFICATION ............................................................. 2 Calcium Ca 3.64 COLOR AND STREAK.................................................. 2 Sodium Na 2.75 LUSTER......................................................................... 2 Potassium -
Museum of New Mexico
MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS: SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS AND ADAPTATIONS edited by Yvonne R. Oakes and Dorothy A. Zamora VOLUME 6. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS Yvonne R. Oakes Submitted by Timothy D. Maxwell Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 232 SANTA FE 1999 NEW MEXICO TABLE OF CONTENTS Figures............................................................................iii Tables............................................................................. iv VOLUME 6. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS ARCHITECTURAL VARIATION IN MOGOLLON STRUCTURES .......................... 1 Structural Variation through Time ................................................ 1 Communal Structures......................................................... 19 CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS ................ 27 Research Orientation .......................................................... 27 Methodology ................................................................ 27 Examination of Settlement Patterns .............................................. 29 Population Movements ........................................................ 35 Conclusions................................................................. 41 REGIONAL ABANDONMENT PROCESSES IN THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS ............ 43 Background for Studying Abandonment Processes .................................. 43 Causes of Regional Abandonment ............................................... 44 Abandonment Patterns in the Mogollon Highlands -
Wessex Article Master Page 29/11/2012 11:41 Page 51
McNabb and Beaumont _Wessex Article Master Page 29/11/2012 11:41 Page 51 Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78, 2011, pp. 51–71 Excavations in the Acheulean Levels at the Earlier Stone Age Site of Canteen Koppie, Northern Province, South Africa By JOHN MCNABB1 and PETER BEAUMONT2 The fluvial gravels of the river Vaal in South Africa have long been known as a source for Earlier Stone Age (ESA) artefacts. Most were discovered through the open cast mining for diamonds that has left very little in situ fluvial sediment remaining today. The site of Canteen Koppie is an internationally famous location with a reputation for prolific Acheulean artefacts, especially handaxes and the enigmatic prepared core and Levallois-like technology known as Victoria West. Our understanding of this site, and most other Vaal locations, is almost solely based on highly selected artefact collections. Here, we report on the first controlled excavations ever to be conducted at Canteen Koppie. The deposits are likely to date to the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and our excavations sample the full depth of the stratigraphic sequence. The lower units, first identified in these excavations, add a considerable time depth to the Acheulean occupation of the site, making this the longest chrono-stratigraphic sequence in South Africa to our knowledge. Given the current international interest in the origins of Levallois/prepared core technology (PCT), its occurrence in Unit 2b Upper, and its presence alongside Victoria West technology in Unit 2a has significant implications for debates on the role of Victoria West in the origins of PCT. -
"References" at End. 38- of 'Siliceous' by Nearly 60 Years
TERMINOLOGY OF H CHEMICAL SILICEOUS SEDIMEWS* W.A. Tarr "Chert. -- The origin of the word 'chert' has not been determined. The Oxford Dictionary suggests it was a local term that found its way into geological usage, 'Chirt' (now obsolete) appears to have been an early spelling of the word. In comparison with 'flint, ' chert' is a very recent word. 'Flint,' from very ancient times, was applied to the dark varieties of this siliceous material. Apparently, the lighter colored varities, now called 'chert,' were unrecognized as siliceous material; at any rate, no name describing the material has been found in the very early literature. The first specific use of the word 'chert' seems to have been in 1729 (i) when it was defined as a 'kind of flint, The French name for chert is com- monly given as silex corne (horn flint) or silex de la craie (flint of the chalk), but Cayeux states that the American term 'chert' corresponds to the French word silexite. He- uses chert to designate a related material occurring in siliceous beds (3). The German term for chert is Hornstein. 'Phtanite' (often misspelled Tptanitet) has been used as a synonym for chert. Cayeux uses the term synonymously as the equivalent for silexite, and 'hornstone' has also frequently been so used. So common was the use of the term 'hornstone' during the early part of the last century that there is little doubt that it was then the prevalent name for the material chert, as quotations given under the discussion of hornstone will show. But most common among the synonyms for 'chert' is 'flint,' and since 'flint' had other synonyms, 'chert' acquired many of them. -
JVR FEIR Appendix E Cultural Resources
APPENDIX E Cultural Resources Report Part 1 CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT for the JVR ENERGY PARK PROJECT, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Lead Agency: County of San Diego Planning and Development Services Contact: Donna Beddow 5510 Overland Ave, Suite 110 San Diego, California 92123 Prepared by: Matthew DeCarlo, MA, Jessica Colston, BA, and Micah Hale, Ph.D., RPA 605 Third Street Encinitas, California 92024 Approved by: _________________ Micah Hale, Ph.D., RPA Prepared for: Patrick Brown Director of Development BayWa R.E. Solar Projects, LLC 17901 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 1050 Irvine, California 92614 JUNE 2021 Printed on 30% post-consumer recycled material. National Archaeological Database (NADB) Information Authors: Matthew DeCarlo, MA, Jessica Colston, BA, and Micah J. Hale, PhD, RPA Firm: Dudek Project Proponent: BayWa R.E. Solar Projects, LLC 17901 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 1050 Irvine, California 92614 Report Date: July 2020 (Updated June 2021) Report Title: Cultural Resources Report for the JVR Energy Park Project, San Diego County, California Type of Study: Survey and Archaeological Evaluation New Sites: CA-SDI-22725, CA-SDI-22726, CA-SDI-22727, CA-SDI-22728, CA-SDI-22729, CA-SDI- 22730, CA-SDI-22731, CA-SDI-22732, CA-SDI-22733, P-37-038609, P-37-038610, P-37- 038611, P-37-038612, P-37-038613, P-37-038614, P-37-038615, P-37-038616, P-37- 038617, P-37-038618, P-37-038619, P-37-038620, P-37-038621, P-37-038622, P-37- 038623, P-37-038624, P-37-038625, P-37-038626, P-37-038627, P-37-038628, P-37- 038629, P-37-038630, P-37-038631, P-37-038632,