Turkey, Domestic Norms, and Outside Turks: Kosovar Turks` Quandary with Post-Kemalist Norms
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TURKEY, DOMESTIC NORMS, AND OUTSIDE TURKS: KOSOVAR TURKS` QUANDARY WITH POST-KEMALIST NORMS A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 HÜSREV TABAK INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, EDUCATION, AND DEVELOPMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables...….………..…………………………………………………………………3 List of Abbreviations...………..……………………………………………………………………………4 Abstract……………………..………………………………………………………………………………...…5 Declaration…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Copyright Statement……………………………………………………………………………………….7 Acknowledgements……..…………………………………………………………………………………..8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………10 1.2. Foreign Policy to Bridge Domestic and International Localities…………………12 1.3. Why Outside Turks Policy: The empirical scrutiny……………………………………18 1.4. Research Questions and Realisation of the Research…………………………………20 1.5. Structure of the Thesis………………………………………………………………………….....22 CHAPTER 2. OVERSEAS IMPLICATIONS OF DOMESTIC NORMS 2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………23 2.2. The role of norms in foreign policy: defining norms means casting roles…….23 2.3. Domestic norms, norm change, and foreign policy……………………………………33 2.4. Norm-guided behaviours and foreign policy conduct………………………………..37 2.5. The Framework: Overseas Implications of Domestic Norms…………..…………42 2.5.1. The norm`s life cycle model...............................................................................43 2.5.2. Elaborated norm`s life cycle model for the analysis of domestic norms.................................................................45 2.6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………60 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………63 3.2. Philosophical and Paradigmatic Grounds of the Research…………………………64 3.3. Single-Case Study Research Strategy………………………………………………………..68 3.4. Data Processes and Analysis……………………………………………………………………70 3.4.1. Data Collection Procedures……………………………………………..…………70 3.4.2. Fieldwork, Sampling and Case Study Organization………………………74 3.4.3. Data Analysis Procedures…………………………………………………………..77 3.5. Ethical Considerations: Negotiations, Confidentiality, Consent………………….80 CHAPTER 4. OUTSIDE TURKS POLICY AND KOSOVAR TURKS 4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………83 4.2. Turkey’s Outside Turks Policy: Kemalist and Post-Kemalist Approaches…...83 4.2.1. Kemalist Approach to Outside Turks…………………………………………..84 4.2.2. Post-Kemalist Approach to Outside Turks………………………………..…94 4.3. The post-Kemalist Turn of Turkey………………………………………………………….107 2 4.4. Outside Turks Locality in Kosovo: Past and Present………………………………..117 4.5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………126 CHAPTER 5. EMERGENCE OF POST-KEMALIST NORMS 5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….128 5.2. Ottomania……………………………………………………………………………………………..134 5.3. De-ethnicized Nationhood……………………………………………………………………..141 5.4. Turkish Islam………………………………………………………………………………………..149 5.5. Islamic Internationalism………………………………………………………………………..155 5.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………161 CHAPTER 6. CASCADE OF POST-KEMALIST NORMS 6.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….164 6.2. Ottomania……………………………………………………………………………………………..171 6.3. De-ethnicized Nationhood……………………………………………………………………..183 6.4. Turkish Islam………………………………………………………………………………………..190 6.5. Islamic Internationalism………………………………………………………………………..199 6.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………206 CHAPTER 7. INTERNALISATION OF POST-KEMALIST NORMS 7.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….211 7.2. Ottomania……………………………………………………………………………………………..219 7.3. De-ethnicized Nationhood……………………………………………………………………..228 7.4. Turkish Islam………………………………………………………………………………………..241 7.5. Islamic Internationalism………………………………………………………………………..249 7.6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………256 CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSION 8.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….…260 8.2. Post-Kemalist Foreign Policy and Kosovar Turks……………………………………261 8.3. Norms and Foreign Policy Analysis………………………………………………………..272 8.4. Future Research……………………………………………………………………………………279 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………….281 APPENDIXES………………………………………………………………………………………………313 Total Word Count = 87,639 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: The norms’ life cycle model……………………………………………………………..43 Figure 2: A Foreign policy framework for analysing overseas implications of domestic norms……......................................................................................................62 Table 5.1.: Teachings of the post-Kemailst norms concerning Outside………….163 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADD- Kemalist Thought Association AKEA- Association for Culture, Education and School BALTAM- Balkans Strategic Research Centre CHP- Republican People Party D-8- Developing 8 DIYANET - Presidency for Religious Affairs DM- Diplomatic mission member respondents EULEX- European Union Rule of Law Mission FPA - Foreign Policy Analysis HDP- Kurdish Peoples` Democratic Party HÜDA-PAR- Kurdish Free Cause Party IHH- Humanitarian Relief Foundation IP - International Politics IR - International Relations JDP - Justice and Development Party KDTP- Democratic Turkish Party of Kosovo KFOR- Kosovo Force KKTC- Turkish Republic of North Cyprus LE - Local elite respondents MABED- Mamusha Research, Science and Education Association MHP- Nationalist Movement Party NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO- Non-Governmental Organization OIC- Organization of Islamic Cooperation PKK- Kurdistan Workers' Party PM- Prime Minister SVN- Scoping visit notes TC- Republic of Turkey TDK- Turkish Language Council in Turkey TDP- Turkish Democratic Party TIKA - Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency, TRT- Turkish Radio and Television Corporation TÜMED- Turkey Alumni Association UNMIK- United Nations interim administration WP- Welfare Party YTB - Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities 5 The University of Manchester Hüsrev Tabak Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities Turkey, Domestic Norms, and Outside Turks: Kosovar Turks` Quandary with post-Kemalist Norms March 2015 ABSTRACT This thesis is about foreign policy analysis and what it could learn from an examination of Turkey`s Outside Turks policy. More specifically, the thesis explores the implications of the post-Kemalist changes in Turkey on Outside Turks communities in the case of Kosovar Turks and offers a norm-based analysis of the constitutive relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy formation and conduct. Throughout the thesis, accordingly, the domestic norms guiding the way Turkey approaches Outside Turks, the conduct of domestic norms-guided Outside Turks policy and, finally, the implications of such policy for the Kosovar Turks are explored. Based on this, the study establishes firstly that the traditional policy of transforming the religiously defined Turkish speaking Muslim communities in the surrounding countries to nationally thinking and acting ethnic Turkish communities has changed after 1980s, but particularly during the Justice and Development Party rule. The aspiration shifted towards imagining Outside Turks in cultural and religious lines, other than in purely ethnic sense. Thus invoking and safeguarding the practice of Muslim identity, history and culture became a priority concern in the Outside Turks policy agenda. The thesis secondly establishes that this shift in approach has been generated by four post-Kemalist norms, namely Ottomania, de-ethnicized nationhood, Turkish Islam, and Islamic Internationalism. These post-Kemalist norms have manifested themselves as practices of transforming the ethnically mobilized and behaving Turkish community in Kosovo as religiously and historico-culturally thinking and acting community. The thesis thirdly establishes that the post-Kemalist approach to the Outside Turkish community in Kosovo has been constitutive for the community. Accordingly, Turkey’s anti-nationalist practices and activities of restoring inter-ethnic relations in Ottoman lines have partly relieved the relations between Turks and Albanians, facilitated the transcending of ethnicity as a bases for organizing relations, and increased the scope for collaboration between Muslim communities in the country. However, such post-Kemalist policies could not deconstruct the dominant nationalist framings, it has rather been counter- productive. Therefore, due to the post-Kemalist approach, the ethnic Turkish identity has been sharpened, Ottomans have been further ethnicized as a Turkish emperorship, the nationalism gained a reactionary character, and people now believe that their ethnic survival is jeopardized by Turkey’s anti-nationalism or ‘anti-Turkism’ as the community calls it. This in return has led the community to further embrace Kemalist frames and discourses to resist Turkey’s post-Kemalist approach and norms. The thesis, consequently, introduced a norm-based foreign policy analysis model for examining the overseas implications and influences of domestic norms and norm changes. 6 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Hüsrev Tabak March, 2015 7 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in