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Diseases of Dieffenbachia Spp. Caused Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses and Nematodes: a Review

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Diseases of Dieffenbachia Spp. Caused Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses and Nematodes: a Review Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 549-557 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 549-557 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.066 Diseases of Dieffenbachia spp. Caused Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses and Nematodes: A Review Arghya Banerjee*, Mounika Katakam, Birendranath Panja, Jayanta Saha and Partha Sarathi Nath Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, -741252, W.B., India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Important ornamental houseplant genera, Dieffenbachia are attacked by different biotic and meso-biotic agents as recorded from different parts of Dieffenbachia, Diseases . the world including India. They are attacked by 5 fungal, 3 bacterial, 6 viral and 2 important nematode diseases. Relevant comprehensive compilations Article Info based on several research and literature findings of those diseases are made Accepted: to present the significant importance of each and every disease in respect of 07 September 2017 Available Online: various viewpoints such as geographical distribution of the disease, 10 November 2017 symptoms and its causal pathogen, epidemiology and management. Introduction Several species of Dieffenbachia are quality (Liu, 2007). They are affected by large economically important basically for their number of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, ornamental values, as most of them are viruses and nematodes. cultivated as potted or house plants for their attractive shiny foliar variegation, unique leaf All these diseases were reported from the shaped and floral structures. Besides the different parts of World including India. ornamental values, other important Researches on various aspects of those characteristic of this plant is its significance diseases are also being conducted worldwide as agri-horticultural economic enterprises due and considerable volume of research findings to demand in International and Domestic has been accumulated. Information on those markets. The genus Dieffenbachia (commonly aspects have been collected, compiled and known as dumb cane), native to tropical presented below. regions of Central and South America, consists of about 30 monocot species Diseases of Dieffenbachia contained in the family Araceae. It has the ability to remove the volatile organic Most important diseases of Dieffenbachia compounds from air to improve indoor air reported so far from different growing regions 549 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 549-557 of the World including India are described India. Phytophthora nicotianae and below: Phytophthora palmivora causing stem and root rot of Dieffenbachia picta was reported Fungal diseases for the first time by Palmucci et al., (2011) from Argentina and by Knauss (1974) from Phyllosticta leaf spot America. The disease was observed since 2007 on crops cultivated in warm provinces Symptom and in the outskirts of Buenos Aires city, Argentina, wherein large number of plants The pathogen basically produced leaf spot were lost in commercial greenhouses. The symptoms which were irregular, pale yellow same pathogen was reported to cause root rot with dark yellowish brown margin, measuring in commercial nursery of Dieffenbachia 25 - 60 mm in width (Chowdhury et al., maculata in the UK where the crop was 1982). grown intensively on sand beds (O’Neil and Pye, 2000). Causal organism Symptom There was an earlier record of this disease, caused by a fungus, Phyllosticta Symptoms as soaked lesions in the basal dieffenbachiae sp nov. Pycnidia produced by leaves began in four- to six-months old plants the pathogen were amphigenous, single or in causing plants to wilt due to basal stem and groups (3 or 4 together), scattered, somewhat root rot. Stem rot on Dieffenbachia picta, depressed, globose, 90 - 240µ in diameter, flat caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler with a single circular ostiole of 10 - 20µ in appeared as small, irregular, water-soaked diameter (Chowdhury et al., 1982). Pycnidial lesions on the main stem at the soil level wall was 15 - 20µ thick (1 - 4 cells), (Knauss, 1974) composed of partly thick and partly thin walled brownish cells, darker and thicker Causal organism around the pore, thin and hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. The pathogen was identified initially as Phytophthora nicotianae based on cultural Conidiogenous cells were cylindrical, characteristics, morphology of vegetative and measuring 8 - 12 x 2 - 2.5 µ. Pycnidiospores reproductive structures and on the analysis of were one-celled, ovoidal or globose with a sequence of the nuclear ribosomal internal truncate base when young, broadly rounded transcribed spacer (ITS) region by Palmucci apically, 8 - 14 x 5 - 8µ, surrounded by a thick et al., from Argentina (2011). Pathogenicity slime layer, containing short to long tests were carried out and Koch's postulates appendage (Chowdhury et al., 1982). were established by them. Root and stem rot Epidemiology Distribution Root and stem roton Dieffenbachia picta, caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler, Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica favoured by relatively high temperature (25- found on Dieffenbachia was reported by 28○C), high humidity and poor soil drainage Nema and Sharma (2000) as new record from (Knauss, 1974). 550 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 549-557 Management from D. picta [D. maculata] in Argentina. It was suggested that the appearance of G. For the control of disease, water stagnation cingulata on D. maculata was related to the should be avoided by regulating watering. introduction of cuttings from Poland (Kotova Drenching the soil with Bordeaux mixture and Gazel, 1994).The causal agent of leaf spot (1%) and spraying the plants with Bordeaux and stem rot symptoms of Dieffenbachia mixture or Difolatan (0.3%) were advised (c.f seguine was isolated and identified as Sohi, 1990). Formaldehyde and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. (Penz.) sacc. Glutaraldehyde-based products mixed with for the first time in Saudi Arabia (Shahwan, sand were particularly effective for 1992). Sohi (1990) mentioned the incidence controlling the disease (O’Neil and Pye, of anthracnose of Dieffenbachia caused by C. 2000). A good control of P. palmivora on gloeosporioides from India. greenhouse-grown Dieffenbachia picta was obtained with Pyroxychlor, applied as a soil Symptom drench to rooted or unrooted cuttings, or as a foliar spray to rooted cuttings, at 7.5-20 and Light to medium brown, circular to irregular 50-75 g/100 l, respectively (Knauss, 1974). In spots appeared with yellowish haloes and California, control of these fungi had been narrow dark brown margins. In many cases obtained by dipping 2 ft long sections of adjacent spots coalesced forming large hardened canes in hot water at 125˚F for 30 irregular patches. The affected portions minutes. The canes were then cooled and became thin and papery. At Allahabad, the placed in steamed sphagnum moss until roots pathogen caused irregular marginal and buds start. Soft canes or soft leafy shoots (sometimes also central) leaf spots, smoke- would not withstand the hot-water treatment grey with a rim of olive-ochre on (c.f. Pascal, 1978). Dieffenbachia amoena Hort. ex Gentil., the infected areas dropping out in 10-15 days. Several Dieffenbachia varieties e.g. Alex, Compact, Camilla and Marianne were found Causal organism susceptible to the infection caused by P. nicotianae whereas Tropic snow (D. amoena) The anthracnose disease of Dieffenbachia, was resistant (Palmucci et al., 2011). Dieffenbachia picta, was caused Colletotrichum capsici whereas Dieffenbachia Anthracnose sequine Schott var. variegata Linn. was attacked by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Distribution Penzig. Acervuli were numerous, black, dot- like, epiphyllous, erumpent, setose. Conidia Anthracnose of Dieffenbachia was reported were 1-celled, hyaline, 12 - 15µ x 3.3 - 5µ (c.f from different parts of the world. Anthracnose Sohi, 1990).Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was of Dieffenbachia amoena caused by the best medium for fungal growth (Shahwan, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was reported 1992).In culture and on leaves inoculated with for the first time in Italy (Lorenzini, 1983). conidia, perithecia of Glomerella cingulata Mirabolfathy (1989) identified the cause of developed in 15 - 20 days and inoculation leaf spots on Dieffenbachia amoena as with ascospores produced both perithecia and Glomerella cingulata from the greenhouses conidia, this being a new host record for both Tehran. Gally (1994) reported Glomerella perfect and imperfect states of the fungus (Lal cingulata as the causal agent of anthracnose and Tandon, 1965). 551 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 549-557 Management Host range Mancozeb was the best fungicide to inhibit Inoculation tests showed that the causal fungal growth in vitro (Shahwan, 1992). Of fungus was pathogenic to kalanchoe, tomato, the varieties tested (Mariana, Exotica, Nelly Spathiphyllum sp. and Vinca sp. (Horinouchi and Alex), Mariana and Exotica were et al., 1999). susceptible to this disease (Gally et al., 1994). Epidemiology Myrothecium leaf spot The effect of temperature on Myrothecium Distribution leaf spot was studied by Chase and Poole (1985). It was observed that temperature The disease was recorded earlier from USA changes as little as 2○F, such as commonly (Chase, 1990), Poland (Orlikowski and occurring from one end of a greenhouse to Wolski, 1998) and Japan (Horinouchi et al., other
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