DOCSLIB.ORG

Reka SAVA DOLINKA in BELCA ČN Tabre in MČN Belca (Stalni Letni Monitoring Od Leta 2001)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reka SAVA DOLINKA in BELCA ČN Tabre in MČN Belca (Stalni Letni Monitoring Od Leta 2001) LABORATORY OF PLANT CYTOGENETICS Use of Allium M test for purpose of establishing quality of waters; since 1998 LABORATORIJ ZA RASTLINSKO APLIKATIVNO CITOGENETIKO Testna rastlina: navadna čebula (Allium cepa L.) Splošna strupenost (dolžina korenin) in genotoksičnost (indukcija kromosomskih poškodb) Reka SAVA DOLINKA in BELCA ČN Tabre in MČN Belca (stalni letni monitoring od leta 2001) Naročnik: Občina Kranjska Gora Kolodvorska 1b, SI – 4280 Kranjska Gora April 2015 Testno poročilo z rezultati raziskav obsega 9 strani, 2 preglednici in 4 fotografije 1 LABORATORY OF PLANT CYTOGENETICS Use of Allium M test for purpose of establishing quality of waters; since 1998 PROTOKOL METODE ALLIUM METAFAZNI GENOTOKSIČNI TEST ZA TESTIRANJE OKOLJSKIH VZORCEV, KEMIKALIJ IN PITNE VODE Peter Firbas, univ. dipl. biol., Zasebni raziskovalec, Laboratorij za rastlinsko citogenetiko E-pošta: [email protected] 1. Uvod ALLIUM metafazni test je test za ugotavljanje splošne celične strupenosti (citotoksičnosti) in ravni genotoksičnosti v vodnih, kopenskih in zračnih ekosistemih, kjer dokazujemo potencialne genotoksične snovi. Test je kratkotrajen in pokaže usklajen in celokupen učinek onesnaževanja in medsebojno delovanje med testno rastlino (Allium cepa L.) in potencialnimi genotoksiki, nato se še rezultati statistično ovrednotijo. Rezultate raziskav s statistično kalkulacijo prikazuje Fisher’s Exact Test. V 2x2 frekvenčnih tabelah dvosmerna p-vrednost determinira statistično značilnost ali neznačilnost dveh kategoričnih vzorcev. Biološki test ALLIUM ali čebulni test razkriva celosten vpliv na rast in razvoj živih celic ali organizmov ter zaznava prisotnost škodljivih snovi v koncentracijah, ki so bistveno nižje od 1 ppb (part per billion – en del snovi na eno milijardo raztopine ali 1 µg na liter ali kilogram). Od približno 700 prepoznavnih snovi, ki se lahko znajdejo na primer v pitni vodi, jih z običajnimi fizikalno-kemijskimi analizami nadzorujemo le okrog 10 odstotkov (Vir: EU Chemical Bureau, Natural Resources Defence Council: Think before you drink). »Višje« rastline so odlični genski modeli za odkrivanje citotoksičnih in/ali mutagenih v okolju; in se pogosto uporabljajo za biomonitoring (oz. spremljanje kakovosti okolja, predvsem vodnih vzorcev) v različnih ekosistemih (Leme in Marin-Morales, 2009). Med rastlinami ima vodilno mesto navadna čebula (Allium cepa L.), ki je indikatorska testna rastlina za oceno motenih procesov v celični delitvi (mitozi), kar na makroskopski raveni zavira rast korenin; na mikroskopski raveni pa povzroča številčne in strukture poškodbe kromosomov (Firbas 2011; Firbas in Amon, 2013, 2014). Meristemske celice koreninskih vršičkov vsebujejo reduktazne encime (MFO – mixed function oxidase), ki pretvorijo promutagene snovi v mutagene, kar tudi zasledimo v živalskih organizmih in tako omogočajo spremljanje pretvorb genotoksičnih snovi in njihovih metabolitov v drugimi bioloških testnih sistemih. Mednarodni program rastlinskih bioloških testov (IPPB – International Program on Plant Bioassays) je čebulni (Allium) test sprejel za biomonitoring in testiranje okoljskih vzorcev (z morebitnimi onesnaževalci). 2. Material in metode Test se izvaja po: Al-Sabti 1989, Firbas 2004, 2011; Kumar in Panneerselvam (2007); Ragunathan in Panneerselvam (2007); Panneerselvam in sod. (2012). Citogenetske raziskave potekajo na raziskovalnem mikroskopu znamke OLYMPUS – BX 41 Japonska) s samodejnim foto sistemom PM 10 SP, pri povečavi 400X in 1000X na Leica formatu 24 mm X 36 mm). Parametri ALLIUM metafaznega testa podajajo: splošno strupenost in raven genotoksičnosti SPLOŠNA STRUPENOST (Slika 1, 2) podaja dolžino korenin testnih rastlin mlade čebule (Allium cepa L.); je obratno sorazmerni z dolžino korenin testnih rastlin. Daljše kot so korenine manjša je splošna toksičnost in krajše kot so korenine testnih rastlin večja je splošna strupenost (toksičnost). 2 ZASEBNI LABORATORIJ ZA RASTLINSKO CITOGENETIKO Uporaba Allium metode za določanje kakovosti okolja in ocene tveganja Slika 1 – Inhibicijsko stimulacijski test mlade Slika 2 – Inhibicijsko stimulacijski test mlade čebule A. cepa L. gojen 72 ur v 1 ppm 1 (mg/l) oz. čebule A. cepa L. gojen 72 ur v 1 ppb (1µg/l) oz. 1 ppm (part per milion) MMS 1ppb (part per bilion) MMS. RAVEN GENOTOKSIČNOSTI (Slika 3 in 4) podaja poškodbe kromosomov v celicah koreninskih vršičkov testnih rastlin mlade čebule (Allium cepa L.); je odstotkovno razmerje med vsemi metafaznimi celicami in s celicami s poškodbami kromosomov (Al-Sabti 1985, 1989; Firbas 2004; 2006). Identificira se 200 ali več metafaznih celic. Pri visoki ravni genotoksičnosti pa manj. Rezultati se podajajo v odstotnih točkah (Odst. t.). Celica se šteje za poškodovano, če je v kromosomski garnituri poškodovan vsaj en kromosom. STATISTIČNA KALKULACIJA: Fisher’s Exact Test. V 2x2 frekvenčnih tabelah dvosmerna p-vrednost determinira statistično značilnost ali neznačilnost dveh kategoričnih vzorcev. 2. 1. Kontrola ALLIUM metafaznega testa in inhibicija rasti korenin Ugotovitev, da test ALLIUM sploh deluje, potekata vzporedno ob raziskanem vzorcu še dva testa, ki nam zagotavljata: kakšna je sama odzivnost testa ALLIUM in to, ali test ALLIUM sploh deluje (Slika 1 in 2). Negativna kontrola pokaže, kolikšna je stopnja strupenosti pri ne izpostavljenih čebulah in hkrati kontrola, da test sploh deluje. Pozitivna kontrola pa se uporablja z znano kemično snovjo, ki v večji meri povzroča stopnjo strupenosti in je potrebna za kontrolo odzivnosti testa. Za pozitivno kontrolo se je uporabljala koncentracija 10 mg/L ali 10 ppm metil metansulfonat 66- 27-3 200-625-5 – MMS 4016 SIGMA. Za negativno kontrolo pa se je uporabila 10.000 krat nižja koncentracija (1 µg/l) iste snovi. 3 ZASEBNI LABORATORIJ ZA RASTLINSKO CITOGENETIKO Uporaba Allium metode za določanje kakovosti okolja in ocene tveganja Slika 3. Nepoškodovani metafazni kromosomi navadne čebule (Allium cepa L.) v koreninskih celicah. Celica vsebuje 16 kromosomov (2n = 16). Kromosom tvorita dve vzdolžni kromatidi (kt) ali Slika 4. Poškodovani kromosomi v metafaznih vzdolžni polovici. Centromera (cm) razmeji celicah koreninskih vršičkov mlade čebule kromosom v krajši (p) krak in daljši (q) krak. (Allium cepa L.). Kraka kromosoma sta lahko tudi enaka. 3. REZULTATI RAZISKAV, ZAKLJUČEK IN RAZPRAVA Rezultati splošne strupenosti in ravni genotoksičnosti so podani v Preglednici 1 in 2. Vzorčenje: 26. marec 2015 Z metodo Allium so bili raziskani naslednji vzorci: I. ZELENCI – izvir Save dolinke II. Iztok komunalno-meteornih vod v reko Pišnico III. SAVA DOLINKA 50 m po sotočju Pišnice IV. Čiščena komunalno-urbana voda (iztočna voda ČN Tabre) V. Čiščena komunalno-urbana voda (iztočna voda MČN* Belca) VI. BELCA (50 m za iztokom MČN Belca) VII. SAVA DOLINKA: 100 m po sotočju Belce in Bistrice v kraju Dovje (Mlinci) *MČN: mala čistilna naprava 3.1. Splošna strupenost (dolžina korenin testnih rastlin in meritve) Rezultati splošne strupenosti so podani v preglednici 1. Raziskani rečni vzorci (Vzorci I, III in VI) za splošno strupenost (dolžina korenin testne rastline) ne kažejo statistično značilne razlike (p < 0,05) po iztoku čiščenih voda iz ČN (Vzorec IV in V). Povečana raven splošne strupenosti je značilna za komunalno-meteorne vode (Vzorec II) z iztokom v reko Pišnico. Vsi vzorci imajo bistveno nižjo stopnjo splošne strupenosti od vzorca pozitivne kontrole (p < 0,01). 4 ZASEBNI LABORATORIJ ZA RASTLINSKO CITOGENETIKO Uporaba Allium metode za določanje kakovosti okolja in ocene tveganja Preglednica 1. Povprečna dolžina korenin testne rastline Allium cepa L. – raziskava splošne strupenosti in citološki učinki raziskanih vzorcev - raziskava ravni genotoksičnosti Razmerje pregledanih Raven Povprečna celic in celic s Genotoksičnos dolžina korenin VZOREC / MERNO MESTO poškodovanimi ti (odst. t.) (mm) kromosomi 39 ٭I- ZELENCI (izvir SD*) 300/10 3,00 II – IZTOK komunal.-meteor. vod v Pišnico 300/28 9,33 33 III – SD 100 m po sotočju s Pišnico 300/14 4,66 38 IV – Iztok čiščene vode iz ČN Tabre 300/23 7,66 37 V – Iztok čiščene vode iz MČN Belca 300/14 4,66 37 38 ٭VI – BELCA; 50 m za iztokom MČN Belca 300/13 4,33 VII – SD; v kraju Dovje (Mlinci) 300/11 3,66 39 VII-neg.kontrola 200/5 2,5 40 ٭VIII-pozit.kontrola 200/42 21,0 25 *SD: reka Sava Dolinka 3.2. Raven genotoksičnosti (poškodbe kromosomov in opazovanja) Rezultati citogenetskih raziskav so podani v preglednici 2. Reka Sava Dolinki po sotočju z reko Pišnico v primerjavi z Zelenci statistično ni značilna, oz kakovost se ne poslabša (p = 0,5328 > 0,05 ), kar tudi velja za Savo Dolinko v kraju Dovje (p = 1). 4. ZAKLJUČEK Reka Sava Bolinka s pritokom reke Pišnice ne kaže poslabšanje kakovosti po iztoku odpadne komunalno-meteorne vode (Čičare; na lokaciji ob golfišču). Delovanje MČN Belca in ČN Tabre je zelo visoko optimizirano, saj se raven genotoksičnosti čiščeni iztočni vodi sprejemnemu vodotoku ne poslabša oz. spremeni. Iz rezultatov študije lahko zaključimo, da ČN Tabre in MČN Belca optimizirano deluje, in zagotavljajo veliko čistilno moč odpadnim komunalno-urbani vodi iz okoliških krajev. To tudi potrjuje kakovost reke Save Dolinke v kraju Dovje, obdrži visoko kakovost površinskih tekočih voda v primerjavi s kakovostjo izvirske vode v Zelencih. 5. PRILOGA Monitoring reke Save Dolinke s testom ALLIUM 5 ZASEBNI LABORATORIJ ZA RASTLINSKO CITOGENETIKO Uporaba Allium metode za določanje kakovosti okolja in ocene tveganja Monitoring za obdobje 2001 do 2013 je bil tudi objavljen v znanst. reviji v sklopu drugih okoljskih vzorcev v Sloveniji: FIRBAS P (2015). A survey of Allium cepa
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By Bus Around the Julian Alps
    2019 BY BUS AROUND THE JULIAN ALPS BLED BOHINJ BRDA THE SOČA VALLEY GORJE KRANJSKA GORA JESENICE rAdovljicA žirovnicA 1 2 INTRO 7 BLED, RADOVLJICA, ŽIROVNICA 8 1 CHARMING VILLAGE CENTRES 10 2 BEES, HONEY AND BEEKEEPERS 14 3 COUNTRYSIDE STORIES 18 4 PANORAMIC ROAD TO TRŽIČ 20 BLED 22 5 BLED SHUTTLE BUS – BLUE LINE 24 6 BLED SHUTTLE BUS – GREEN LINE 26 BOHINJ 28 7 FROM THE VALLEY TO THE MOUNTAINS 30 8 CAR-FREE BOHINJ LAKE 32 9 FOR BOHINJ IN BLOOM 34 10 PARK AND RIDE 36 11 GOING TO SORIŠKA PLANINA TO ENJOY THE VIEW 38 12 HOP-ON HOP-OFF POKLJUKA 40 13 THE SAVICA WATERFALL 42 BRDA 44 14 BRDA 46 THE SOČA VALLEY 48 15 HOP-ON HOP-OFF KOBARID – RED LINE 50 16 HOP-ON HOP-OFF KOBARID – ORANGE LINE 52 17 HOP-ON HOP-OFF KOBARID – GREEN LINE 54 18 HOP-ON HOP-OFF KOBARID – PURPLE LINE 56 19 HOP-ON HOP-OFF KOBARID – BLUE LINE 58 20 THE TOLMINKA RIVER GORGE 62 21 JAVORCA, MEMORIAL CHURCH IN THE TOLMINKA RIVER VALLEY 64 22 OVER PREDEL 66 23 OVER VRŠIČ 68 KRANJSKA GORA 72 24 KRANJSKA GORA 74 Period during which transport is provided Price of tickets Bicycle transportation Guided tours 3 I 4 ALPS A JULIAN Julian Alps Triglav National Park 5 6 SLOVEniA The Julian Alps and the Triglav National Park are protected by the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme because the Julian Alps are a treasury of natural and cultural richness. The Julian Alps community is now more interconnected than ever before and we are creating a new sustainable future of green tourism as the opportunity for preserving cultural and natural assets of this fragile environment, where the balance between biodiversity and lifestyle has been preserved by our ancestors for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenian Alps
    SLOVENIAN ALPS Mangart, Photo by Bor Rojnik Slovenian Alps are truly remarkable, easily discovered by road as well as by trails suitable for hikers and cyclists. Marvellous panoramas, blooming meadows, alpine pastures and forests are surely never to be forgotten and are one of the most fascinating tourist spots in Slovenia. The high summits of the Julian Alps, the Karavanken chain and the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, open up amazing panoramas of the surrounding territory. It is hardly to find such a blooming meadows, alpine pastures and forests, elsewhere in the world within easy reach. The Julian Alps are a mountain range of the great Alps that stretches from northeastern Italy to Slovenia. They cover an estimated 4400 km², of which 1542 km² lies in Slovenia, and rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav, the highest peak in Slovenia. The entire mountain range constitutes about 150 mountains and is divided into two sections - the Western Julian Alps and the Eastern Julian Alps. 1 The Triglav National Park, boasting a number of peculiarities, is the largest and the earliest protected natural heritage site in the country. It is located in the north-west of Slovenia, more precisely in the Julian Alps. The park was named after the highest mountain of Slovenia, the Triglav, which is located nearly at the center of the park. It is the only National Park in Slovenia and among the earliest European parks. Pokljuka, is the southernmost highland marsh in Europe and a natural habitat of sphagnum moss. Near Kranjska Gora you can find nature reserve, the Zelenci, whom lakes provide Sava Dolinka with its source.
    [Show full text]
  • JULIAN ALPS TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK 2The Julian Alps
    1 JULIAN ALPS TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK www.slovenia.info 2The Julian Alps The Julian Alps are the southeast- ernmost part of the Alpine arc and at the same time the mountain range that marks the border between Slo- venia and Italy. They are usually divided into the East- ern and Western Julian Alps. The East- ern Julian Alps, which make up approx- imately three-quarters of the range and cover an area of 1,542 km2, lie entirely on the Slovenian side of the border and are the largest and highest Alpine range in Slovenia. The highest peak is Triglav (2,864 metres), but there are more than 150 other peaks over 2,000 metres high. The emerald river Soča rises on one side of the Julian Alps, in the Primorska re- gion; the two headwaters of the river Sava – the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka – rise on the other side, in the Gorenjska region. The Julian Alps – the kingdom of Zlatorog According to an ancient legend a white chamois with golden horns lived in the mountains. The people of the area named him Zlatorog, or “Goldhorn”. He guarded the treasures of nature. One day a greedy hunter set off into the mountains and, ignoring the warnings, tracked down Zlatorog and shot him. Blood ran from his wounds Chamois The Triglav rose and fell to the ground. Where it landed, a miraculous plant, the Triglav rose, sprang up. Zlatorog ate the flowers of this plant and its magical healing powers made him invulnerable. At the same time, however, he was saddened by the greed of human beings.
    [Show full text]
  • TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK (Slovenia)
    Strasbourg, 6 January 2003 PE-S-DE (2002) 22 [diplome/docs/2003/de06e_03] English only Committee for the activities of the Council of Europe in the field of biological and landscape diversity (CO-DBP) Group of specialists – European Diploma of Protected Areas 20-21 January 2003 Room 2, Palais de l'Europe, Strasbourg TRIGLAV NATIONAL PARK (Slovenia) APPLICATION for the European Diploma of Protected Areas Document established by the Directorate of Culture and Cultural and Natural Heritage This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. PE-S-DE (2003) 22 - 2 - INFORMATION FORM FOR NEW APPLICATION FOR THE EUROPEAN DIPLOMA OF PROTECTED AREAS Council of Europe European Diploma Information form for Candidate Sites This form is also available on diskette Site code (to be given by the Council of Europe) 1. SITE IDENTIFICATION 1.1. SITE NAME Triglavski narodni park 1.2. COUNTRY Slovenija 1.3. DATE CANDIDATURE 1.4. SITE INFORMATION COMPILATION DATE Y Y Y Y M M D D - 3 - PE-S-DE (2003) 22 1.5. ADDRESSES: administrative authorities National authority Regional authority Local authority Name: Name: Name: Javni zavod Triglavski Address: Address: narodni park Address: Triglavski narodni park, Kidričeva 2, 4260 Bled, Slovenija Tel. +386 4 5780 200 ............. Tel.......................................... Tel. ......................................... Fax.+ 386 4 5780 201............. Fax. ........................................ Fax.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Št. 58 / 20. 8. 1998 / Stran 4429
    Uradni list Republike Slovenije Št. 58 / 20. 8. 1998 / Stran 4429 Tabela 1: Obmoèja urejanja v Obèini Kranjska Gora Naziv Planska Oznaka obmoèja Obmoèja urejanja s PIN obmoèja urejanja celota urejanja z navedbo uradne objave veljavnih PIN Rateče–Kamne R H1 UN* Rateèe R SK 1/1 Rateče–vzhod R SK 1/2 Rateče–vzhod 1 R SK 2 ZN* Rateče–vikendi R W1 Planica R R1 UN* Smučišče Planica R R2 Smučišče Lom R R3 Rateèe R E1 Rateče–pokopališče R Z1 Podkoren–hotel KG H1 ZN, UVG 32/97, 34/97, 38/97 (2. 9. 97) Podkoren KG SK1 Podkoren–vzhod KG SK2 Podkoren–vikendi KG W1 Smučišča Podkoren KG R1 Poligon Podkoren KG R2/1 Poligon Podkoren KG R2/2 Korensko sedlo–mejni prehod KG T3 Podkoren–pokopališče KG Z1 Zelenci KG B UN, UVG 32/96 Kranjska Gora–pod Vitrancem KG H2 ZN* Kranjska Gora–Kompas KG H3 Kranjska Gora–Prisank KG H4 Kranjska Gora–Lek KG H5 Kranjska Gora–Casino KG H6 Kranjska Gora KG SK3 Kranjska Gora–Črtenje KG SK4 Kranjska Gora–ob Borovški KG SK5 Kranjska Gora–Log KG SK6/1 Kranjska Gora–Log KG SK6/2 Kranjska Gora–Čičare KG S2 Kranjska Gora–Črtenje KG S3 Kranjska Gora–Log KG S4 ZN, UL RS 30/96 in 50/96 Kranjska Gora–Jasna KG W2 Kranjska Gora–Log KG O1 Kranjska Gora–smučišča KG R3 Kranjska Gora–Porentov dom KG R4 UN* Kranjska Gora–ob Pišnici KG R5 Kranjska Gora–Trebež KG R6 Kranjska Gora–Log KG R7 Kranjska Gora–pokopališče KG Z2 ZN, UVG 26/78 Gozd Martuljek–hotel Špik KG H7 Gozd Martuljek–zahod KG SK7/1 Gozd Martuljek–zahod KG SK7/2 Gozd Martuljek–zahod KG SK7/3 Gozd Martuljek–vzhod KG SK8 Gozd Martuljek–vikendi 1 KG W3 UVG 22/73 Gozd Martuljek–vikendi 2 KG W4 UVG 22/73 Gozd Martuljek–smučišča KG R6 Gozd Martuljek–kamp KG R7 Belca–Podkuže DM SK1 Belca–ob potoku DM SK2 Belca–vzhod DM SK3 Mojstrana–levi breg DM SK4 Mojstrana–desni breg DM SK5 Mojstrana–fabrka DM SK6 UN* Mojstrana–novi del DM S1 Mojstrana–LIP DM P1 Mojstrana–območje KOOP DM P2 Mojstrana–športni center Proda DM R1 Mojstrana–pri Rosu DM R2 UN* Mojstrana–Mlačca DM R3 Mojstrana–smučišča DM R4 Dovje–Vatiš DM SK7/1 Dovje–Vatiš DM SK7/2 Dovje DM SK8 Dovje–vzhod DM S2 Stran 4430 / Št.
    [Show full text]
  • Naslednja Stran
    LAND DEGRADATION IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES OF LAND MANAGEMENT AT THE CONTACT OF FOUR MAJOR EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS AND FIELD GUIDE Commission on Land Degradation and Desertification (COMLAND) of the International Geographical Union (IGU) Meeting and Field Trip in Slovenia June 23rd–June 27th, 2016 LJUBLJANA 2016 LAND DEGRADATION IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES OF LAND MANAGEMENT AT THE CONTACT OF FOUR MAJOR EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS BOOK OF ABSTRACTS AND FIELD GUIDE Commission on Land Degradation and Desertification (COMLAND) of the International Geographical Union (IGU) Meeting and Field Trip in Slovenia June 23rd–June 27th, 2016 Edited by: MATIJA ZORN MATEJA FERK JURE TIČAR PRIMOŽ GAŠPERIČ LJUBLJANA 2016 LAND DEGRADATION IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES OF LAND MANAGEMENT AT THE CONTACT OF FOUR MAJOR EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS: BOOK OF ABSTRACTS AND FIELD GUIDE © 2016, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU Edited by: Matija Zorn, Mateja Ferk, Jure Tičar, Primož Gašperič Issued by: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU Published by: Založba ZRC Represented by: Drago Perko, Oto Luthar DTP: Matija Zorn Printed by: Megacop First edition, print run: 40 issues Ljubljana, 2016 Front cover photography: Land degradation in the Julian Alps is either human induced, e.g. as a result of mining activity (on the left), or induced by natural processes, e.g. landslide (on the right) (photograph: Matija Zorn). CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 911.2:631.459(082)
    [Show full text]
  • Planica, Pot Po Dolini
    preoblikovanje reshaping asinger sirarna okrog leta 1920, fotografija last Olge R Pot se konča na skupnem pašnikom rateških kmetov, imenovanim Zelje. Gore in doline se v geološkem procesu nenehno preoblikujejo in Konec 19. stoletja je bila tam ovčja sirarna z leseno ogrado. Takim spreminjajo. Spreminjanje in preoblikovanje je vidno zlasti v številnih ogradam so rekli tamar. meliščihpodstenami. The trail ends on a communal pasture named Zelje. Farmers from Rateče built Mountains and valleys constantly change during the geologic process. The here a sheep cheese dairy at the end of the 19th century, that was fenced by changes and transformations are best seen on the numerous scree slopes a wooden pen. Such enclosures were called "tamar". under the mountain clifs. Zelje Zelje Preoblikovanje doline Preoblikovanje valley of the Reshaping transport balvanov boulder transport ugo svetovno vojno pridobivanje krede pred dr v Radovni (fototeka Gorenjskega muzeja) v Radovni Ko so se ledeniki umikali, so na dno dolin odlagali drobnozrnat material, ki Skalni bloki na dnu alpskih dolin, ki jih je pred 14.000 leti na današnje mu pravimo jezerska kreda. Ljudje so jo izkoriščali v razne industrijske mesto odložil ledenik, so balvani. Tja jih je lahko prinesel le premikajoči namene. led. As the glaciers retreated they left a sediment of fine-grain marlstone. This lake Large rock stones that were left on the valley floor by the glacier 14.000 years sediment was mined for various industrial purposes. It has similar ago are called "boulders". Such large rocks could only be transported by the characteristics to clay. moving ice. Jezerska kreda sediment Lake Balvani rocks Boulder izvir, slap izvir, spring, Zelenci waterfall foto Andrej Mežik potek toka Nadiže the Nadiža stream Letalo Consolidated B-24 Liberator je 22.11.1944 strmoglavilo na Na pobočju Zadnje Ponce se začne skrivnostni tok reke Nadiže, ki teče čez območju Kotovega sedla.
    [Show full text]
  • HIKING in SLOVENIA Green
    HIKING IN SLOVENIA Green. Active. Healthy. www.slovenia.info #ifeelsLOVEnia www.hiking-biking-slovenia.com |1 THE LOVE OF WALKING AT YOUR FINGERTIPS The green heart of Europe is home to active peop- le. Slovenia is a story of love, a love of being active in nature, which is almost second nature to Slovenians. In every large town or village, you can enjoy a view of green hills or Alpine peaks, and almost every Slove- nian loves to put on their hiking boots and yell out a hurrah in the embrace of the mountains. Thenew guidebook will show you the most beauti- ful hiking trails around Slovenia and tips on how to prepare for hiking, what to experience and taste, where to spend the night, and how to treat yourself after a long day of hiking. Save the dates of the biggest hiking celebrations in Slovenia – the Slovenia Hiking Festivals. Indeed, Slovenians walk always and everywhere. We are proud to celebrate 120 years of the Alpine Associati- on of Slovenia, the biggest volunteer organisation in Slovenia, responsible for maintaining mountain trails. Themountaineering culture and excitement about the beauty of Slovenia’s nature connects all generations, all Slovenian tourist farms and wine cellars. Experience this joy and connection between people in motion. This is the beginning of themighty Alpine mountain chain, where the mysterious Dinaric Alps reach their heights, and where karst caves dominate the subterranean world. There arerolling, wine-pro- ducing hills wherever you look, the Pannonian Plain spreads out like a carpet, and one can always sense the aroma of the salty Adriatic Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Contaminated Sites and Health
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−ZKLFKLQFOXGHGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDO $QGRUUD $UPHQLD DQGSXEOLFKHDOWKDJHQFLHV DWWKHQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOV DQG $XVWULD UHVHDUFK H[SHUWV −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
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of the Mean Daily Air Temperature Calculation on the Rainfall-Runoff Modelling
    water Article Impact of the Mean Daily Air Temperature Calculation on the Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Nejc Bezak * , Lazar Cerovi´cand Mojca Šraj Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (M.Š.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-1-4254-052 Received: 12 October 2020; Accepted: 12 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Abstract: Conceptual rainfall-runoff models besides precipitation and discharge data generally require estimates of the mean daily air temperature as input data. For the estimation of the mean daily air temperature, there are different methods available. The paper presents an evaluation of the impact of the mean daily air temperature calculation on the rainfall-runoff modelling results. Additionally, other measured variables and rating curve uncertainty were assessed. Differences in the mean daily air temperature values were evaluated for the 33 meteorological stations in Slovenia and additional investigations were conducted for four selected meso-scale catchments located in different climates. The results of the application of four equations for the mean air temperature calculation yielded the mean absolute error values between 0.56–0.80 ◦C. However, the results of rainfall-runoff modelling showed that these differences had an almost negligible impact on the model results. Differences in the mean simulated discharge values were no larger than 1%, while differences in the maximum discharge values were a bit larger, but did not exceed 5%. A somewhat larger impact on the model results was observed when precipitation and water level measurements’ uncertainty was included.
    [Show full text]
  • Povratne Dobe Velikih in Malih Pretokov Za Merilna Mesta Državnega Hidrološkega Monitoringa Površinskih Voda
    POVRATNE DOBE VELIKIH IN MALIH PRETOKOV ZA MERILNA MESTA DRŽAVNEGA HIDROLOŠKEGA MONITORINGA POVRŠINSKIH VODA Sektor za analize in prognoze površinskih voda Urad za hidrologijo in stanje okolje November 2013 Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje POVRATNE DOBE VELIKIH IN MALIH PRETOKOV Ve čina hidroloških procesov v naravi se zgodi naklju čno, zato je uporaba verjetnostne teorije in matemati čne statistike v hidrologiji neizogibna za reševanje hidroloških problemov in za boljši opis hidroloških procesov. Verjetnost nastopa dolo čenega pojava predstavlja eno izmed najpomembnejših analiz hidroloških podatkov, kjer na podlagi predhodnih dogajanj napovedujemo dogodke v prihodnosti. Vsak napovedan dogodek (pretok) pa ima dolo čeno verjetnost nastopa. Zaradi enostavnosti in lažjega razumevanja v praksi verjetnost nastopa prikazujemo z njeno recipro čno vrednostjo, to je povratno dobo dogodka. Povratna doba je ocena časovnega intervala med dogodki. Pretok s povratno dobo 10 let je koli činska ocena pretoka, ki se v povpre čju pojavi enkrat na 10 let. Pomembno je poudariti, da je pojav dogodka slu čajen, saj se v kronološkem smislu dogodki ne pojavljajo vsakih 10 let, ampak pri čakujemo, da se bo dogodek pojavil 10- krat v 100 letih, ali v povpre čju vsakih 10 let. Povratne dobe smo izra čunali za najve čje letne pretoke (letne visokovodne konice – Qvk) in najmanjše male letne srednje dnevne pretoke (Qnp). Izra čun je narejen za lokacije merilnih mest državnega hidrološkega monitoringa površinskih voda z nizom podatkov vsaj 10 let (slika 1, preglednica 1). V izra čunih so upoštevana razpoložljiva obdobja podatkov do vklju čno leta 2010. Za ra čunanje povratnih dob smo uporabili Pearson III in Log Pearson III porazdelitveni funkciji, ki sta v hidrološki praksi najpogosteje uporabljeni metodi.
    [Show full text]
  • Predmet: Izbirna Geografija
    (referat) Predmet: Izbirna geografija 1. KAZALO VSEBINE 1. KAZALO VSEBINE...........................................................................2 2. KAZALO SLIK...................................................................................2 3. REKA SAVA – SPLOŠNO..................................................................4 4. REKA SAVA V SLOVENIJI:...............................................................5 4.1 Rečni režim in pretok..................................................................6 4.2 Ribištvo in turizem......................................................................7 4.3 Električni potencial.....................................................................7 5. REKA SAVA V DRUGIH DRŽAVAH:.................................................8 5.1 Plovnost reke...............................................................................9 6. ONESNAŽENOST REKE..................................................................9 7. VIRI................................................................................................11 2. KAZALO SLIK 1. Izvir reke Save Dolinke__________________________________________ 3 2. Izvir reke Save Bohinjke_________________________________________ 3 3. Reka Sava na Slovenskem in pritoki________________________________4 4. Rečni režim____________________________________________________5 5. trasa v Radečah na reki Savi.______________________________________5 6. Shema hidroelektrarn na Savi_____________________________________6 7. Hidroelektrarna Medvode________________________________________6
    [Show full text]