DOCSLIB.ORG

The Convolvulus Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Convolvulus Species The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKS- UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR. A.C. DE VOOYS, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 2 OKTOBER 1967 TE 14.30 UUR PRECIES DOOR Fatima el Zahra+Mahmoud+Abdallah+Sa’ad GEBOREN OP 2 JANUARI 1925 TE CAIRO 1967 "BRONDER-OFFSET" ROTTERDAM PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. J. LANJOUW AAN mijn ouders AAN mijn echtgenoot AAN mijn kinderen Hanan en Dalai The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterraneanregion and the Near and Middle East 1) F.M. Sa'ad Botanical Museum and Herbarium Utrecht Contents Introduction 9 A. General part 13 1. the in the Delimitation of genus Convolvulus past 13 and present 2. Morphology 15 The subterraneanparts; the shoots, the spines; the leaves; the seedling; the inflorescence; the calyx; the corolla; the androecium; the pistil; capsule and seeds; the indumentum 3. Karyology 29 4. Pollen morphology 33 5. Geography 35 6. Ecology 37 7. Uses 37 B. Taxonomic part 39 Materials 39 and the Convolvulus Diagnosis subdivisions of genus 41 Key to the sections 42 Key to the subsections 42 Sections and subsections of the Convolvulus genus 43 Key to the species 51 Species descriptions 62 References 258 Index of Exsiccatae 262 Index 283 Future address: Herbarium Section of Dokki U.A.R. 1) (CAIM), Ministry Agriculture. Cairo, (Egypt), INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken in 1963 at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. As the genus Convolvulus is so large that a revision of all its species would have taken too much time, and as a revision of the African ones alone would have been because these do form natural not interesting species not a it to choose to into group, was decided a middle way, and take consideration also the the This all species occurring in adjoining countries. was the more Indicated as the Convolvulus species of the area which includes besides the Mediterraneanregion also the area extending eastwards of the latter to the of i. countries and western border Afghanistan, e. such as Iraq Iran, show many signs of affinity. During our study of the species occurring in these parts, it was realized that it would be desirable to consider also those occurring in Afghanistan and Turkmeniskaya and further to the west in the Caucasus, Armenia of the the Black and a part area surrounding Sea. The Canary and Madeira Isles were also included, as they are close to the North African part of this region and as these islands moreover are interesting because they show a high degree of endemism and because some of the Convolvulus species occurring here were regarded by some authors as sufficiently distinct from those found else- where be referred their for which the to to a genus of own, a genus name Rhodorrhiza was proposed. In 1789 The genus Convolvulus was introduced by Linnaeus (1753). it was revised by Desrousseaux, who described 107 species under the heading he the into viz. 1° “Liseron”; divided genus two subdivisions, “peduncles with 2° solitary flowers” and “peduncles with numerous flowers”; in the delimitation he of the genus followed Linnaeus. Some of the species which Linnaeus and Desrousseaux had included in 9 Convolvulus transferred R. Brown were by (1810) to a new genus His delimitationof the Convolvulus Calystegia. genus was accepted by the present author. Webb (1841) transferred some of the endemic species of the Canary Isles Rhodorrhiza. In the to a new genus present work they are considered to be true the representatives of genus Convolvulus. The next important revision was that of Choisy (1845), who described 117 returned to the species, Rhodorrhiza genus Convolvulus, and followed Don in of (1838) his division the genus into two subsections, viz. Orthocaulos and A delimitation of the Strophocaulos. good genus was given in Bentham H and Hooker's "Genera Plantarum" (vol. 1876); the genus Rhodorrhiza Webb was treated here as a section of Convolvulus, a view with which the author does present not agree. Hallier (1893) added to the diagnostic characters of the Convolvulus genera and Calystegia a difference in the struc- ture of their pollen grains. The subdivision of the genus Convolvulus has always been based on differences in habit, but Boissier (1875) in his revision of the species of the Orient in sectiones rightly made the following remark "genus naturales aegre dividendum; greges hie propositae saepissime artificiales nam limltes inter species ramis tandem spinescentibus vel inermibus, caulibus scandentibus vel subscandentibus, rhizomate plus minusve suffrutescenti donatas interdum incerti sunt". Peter in Engler and Prantl (1897) used besides the habit of the plant the the shape of the inflorescence; this gives a greater accuracy to subdivison of the genus. The author recognises in the area surveyed in this work 118 species of which 16 are new to science; two of the new species were described from the Nubian Desert in Egypt (U. A. R.), i.e.from a stretch of country which is now forever covered by the water of the Aswan Dam. The author had the opportunity to collect here with the co-author of the two new Egyptian species some other ones, viz. C. hystrix Vahl, C. prostratus Forsk. and C. arven- sis L. In other parts of Egypt too they collected some species. The species occurring in the above delimitedarea are in this work divided three twelve subsections and four over sections, series; among these are one new section, two new subsections and two new series. Before the Netherlands the coming to present author had the opportunity to see some of the Egyptian Convolvulus species in their natural habitat, 10 viz. when she in of the behind was engaged a botanical survey plants growing the Aswan Dam, an area which will be covered forever by the water of the dam. The seeds from which the plants were obtained which permitted the author besides the usual characters the to study taxonomomic karyology, pollen mor- phology and some other less easily accessible features, were partly obtained from a number of botanical gardens and partly collected by the author and some of her compatriots in their natural habitats in Egypt. Not all the seeds germi- nated and gave mature plants in the garden, as the weather in the Netherlands is not favourable for their germination and growth. A considerablepart of the seeds obtained from botanical gardens were not correctly named. The karyological data were obtained from eight species representing two sections; in three of the species the chromosomes were counted for the first of them found time, and in two basic numbers were which proved to be new for the genus. The author intends to go on with these karyological studies when she is back in Egypt where the climatic conditions are more favourable for most of the species of this genus. In other fields of taxonomic research too there is still much to be done be before a better understandingof the relationships within this genus can reached. the Concerning the infraspecific taxa author spent a good deal of time in searching the literature. Those which the author found in the publications which came to her hand are all dealt with; since there is no special index for these it of obtain of categories, is, course, nearly impossible to a complete survey them. Acknowledgement This study was carried out at the "Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde' of the State University, Utrecht, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw, the head of this Institute, to whom the author is deeply indebted for his guidance and stimulating criticism. The author wishes to acknowledge her sincere appreciation to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, for granting her a study leave and for enablingher to out this to the Netherlands for the Advancement of carry study; Organization Pure Research (Z. W. O.) for a grant which enabled her to visit the herbaria of Madrid, Paris, Geneva and London in order to study there the type specimens of various species; to Prof. Dr. F. A. Stafleu for helping her in solving some 11 problems regarding the lypification of part of the species and the dates of their publication; to Prof. Dr. C.E.B.Bremekamp for revising the engllsh text, the and the the criticizing manuscript contributing latln diagnoses of new spe- to K. U. for criticism the cies; Dr. Kramer his guidance and during progress of the work; to Dr. A. Mennega, for her help In obtaining material on loan from various and for her and herbaria criticism assistance In the anatomical part; to Dr. T.W.J. Gadellaforhlsasslstancelnthekaryologlcal part; to Dr. W. Punt for In E. for helping her the pollen-morphological part; to Mr. Mennega pro- curing seeds for cultivation from various Botanical Gardens; to Miss M. who with Boterenbrood, very kindly translated the part dealing the genus C onvolvulus from the Flora; Russian to Miss Hupkens van der Elst and to Mr. T.Schlpper for their excellent drawings; to Miss H.C.C. de Wilde who helped her In obtaining the relevant literature; to Miss J.Sprey for her parti- cipation in the registering of the exsiccata and for typing, together with Miss N. the manuscript. I also wish to express my obligation and gratitude to Prof. V.Tackholm, Department of Botany, Cairo University, U.A.R. for her kind help and guidance in the preliminary phase of this study. Thanks Is also due to Miss P. A. Allersma, "Kinderhuis Zonne-Hoogte", Driebergen, for taking care of the author's children during the time of her study while extending my sincere gratitude to the board of the house for their help in this connection.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
    Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect.
    [Show full text]
  • TARİHSEL VE Mitolojikd) VERİLERİN IŞIĞINDA, DOĞU VE ORTA KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ UYGARLIKLARININ MADENCİLİK FAALİYETLERİ
    Jeoloji Mühendisliği s. 39, 72-82, 1991 Geological Engineering,,, n. 39,72-82, 1991 TARİHSEL VE MİTOLOJİKd) VERİLERİN IŞIĞINDA, DOĞU VE ORTA KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ UYGARLIKLARININ MADENCİLİK FAALİYETLERİ Ahmet Hikmet KOSE Jeolqji Yüksek Mühendisi, TRABZON .A- GİRİŞ İL Neolitik Dönem. Yazıda ele alınan, bölge, yaklaşık olarak, 36°-42° Tarım ve hayvancılığın başladığı, keramiğin ve de- doğu boylamları ile 40°-42c" kuzey enlemleri arasında yer vamlı yerleşmelerin ortaya, çıktığı Neolitik, döneme. (MÖ almakta ve Doğu (ve Orta) Karadeniz coğrafi bölgesi ile 8.000-5,000) ait kalıntılardan bölgeye en yakın olan- Gürcistan Cumhuiiyetfnin bir bölümünü kapsamak- larına, Gürcistan. Cumhuriyeti'nde rastlanmıştır. Güney tadır. Osetia ve Merkezi Gürcistan'ın yanısıra Kolkhis'de^ de Bu bölge, ilk insanlardan günümüze, onlarca halka, Neolitik dönem, yerleşimi belirlenmiştir. bir o kadar da inanca, bazan anayurttuk, bazan da geçici bir konak yeri görevini üstlenen Küçük Asya'mın tümü III) Kalkolitik ve diğer maden dönemleri kadar olmasa bile, yine de çok sayıda halk ve uygarlığı bünyesinde barındırmıştır. Bu halklar ve madencilik faa- Samsung Amasya<4>, Tokat®, Ordu^, Sivas<7\ liyetleri üzerine yapılacak bir çalışmanın, ciltlerle ifade Erzincan^, Bayburt^, Erzurum<10\ Artvin ve Kars1'11) edilebilecek hacmi bir yana, genel bir özetinin bile bu illerinde. Kalkolitik dönemden (MÖ 5.000-3.000) derginin sınırlarını aşacak olması nedeniyle, bu yazıda, başlayan çeşitli izlere rastlanmıştır., yalnızca bazı konular ele alınarak, oldukça kısa bir Bu izler, küçük bir bölge söz konusu olmasına özetleme yapılmıştır, rağmen, tek bir kültüre ait değildir., Bölgenin batısında ele geçen buluntular "Orta Anadolu Kültürü"""' ile büyük B- İLK İNSANLARDAN BÖLGE benzerlik taşırken,, doğudakilerin, Transkafkasya-İran HALKLARINA AzerbaycanVDoğu Anadolu-Malatya ve Amik ovaları - Suriye ve İsrail'i" kapsayan bölge kültürü île ilişkili I- Paleolitik Dönem olduğu öne sürülmüştür.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Bindweed (Convolvulus Arvensis): “All ” Tied Up
    Weed Technology Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis): “all ” www.cambridge.org/wet tied up Lynn M. Sosnoskie1 , Bradley D. Hanson2 and Lawrence E. Steckel3 1 2 Intriguing World of Weeds Assistant Professor, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY USA; Cooperative Extension Specialist, Department of Plant Science, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA and 3 Cite this article: Sosnoskie LM, Hanson BD, Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN, USA Steckel LE (2020) Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis): “all tied up”. Weed Technol. 34: 916–921. doi: 10.1017/wet.2020.61 Received: 22 March 2020 Revised: 2 June 2020 But your snobbiness, unless you persistently root it out like the bindweed it is, sticks by you till your Accepted: 4 June 2020 grave. – George Orwell First published online: 16 July 2020 The real danger in a garden came from the bindweed. That moved underground, then surfaced and took hold. Associate Editor: Strangling plant after healthy plant. Killing them all, slowly. And for no apparent reason, except that it was Jason Bond, Mississippi State University nature. – Louise Penny Author for correspondence: Lynn M. Sosnoskie, Cornell University, 635 W. Introduction North Avenue, Geneva, NY 14456. (Email: [email protected]) Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is a perennial vine in the Convolvulaceae, or morning- glory family, which includes approximately 50 to 60 genera and more than 1,500 species (Preston 2012a; Stefanovic et al. 2003). The family is in the order Solanales and is characterized by alternate leaves (when present) and bisexual flowers that are 5-lobed, folded/pleated in the bud, and trumpet-shaped when emerged (Preston 2012a; Stefanovic et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Convolvulus Arvensis
    Species: Convolvulus arvensis http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/conarv/all.html SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis Choose from the following categories of information. Introductory Distribution and occurrence Botanical and ecological characteristics Fire ecology Fire effects Management considerations References INTRODUCTORY SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS ©Barry A. Rice/The Nature Conservancy AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Zouhar, Kris. 2004. Convolvulus arvensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, September 24]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: CONARV SYNONYMS: None 1 of 48 9/24/2007 4:13 PM Species: Convolvulus arvensis http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/conarv/all.html NRCS PLANT CODE [111]: COAR4 COMMON NAMES: field bindweed field morning-glory morning glory small bindweed devil's guts TAXONOMY: The currently accepted name for field bindweed is Convolvulus arvensis L. It is a member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae) [30,37,50,54,60,64,70,71,81,88,96,110,145,146,149,153]. LIFE FORM: Vine-forb FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS: No special status OTHER STATUS: As of this writing (2004), field bindweed is classified as a noxious or prohibited weed or weed seed in 35 states in the U.S. and 5 Canadian provinces [139]. See the Invaders, Plants, or APHIS databases for more information. The Eastern Region of the U.S. Forest Service ranks field bindweed as a Category 3 plant: often restricted to disturbed ground and not especially invasive in undisturbed natural habitats [136].
    [Show full text]
  • Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine
    — T.('vn.l,r fuipf ARRIAN'S VOYAGE ROUND THE EUXINE SEA TRANSLATED $ AND ACCOMPANIED WITH A GEOGRAPHICAL DISSERTATION, AND MAPS. TO WHICH ARE ADDED THREE DISCOURSES, Euxine Sea. I. On the Trade to the Eqft Indies by means of the failed II. On the Di/lance which the Ships ofAntiquity ufually in twenty-four Hours. TIL On the Meafure of the Olympic Stadium. OXFORD: DAVIES SOLD BY J. COOKE; AND BY MESSRS. CADELL AND r STRAND, LONDON. 1805. S.. Collingwood, Printer, Oxford, TO THE EMPEROR CAESAR ADRIAN AUGUSTUS, ARRIAN WISHETH HEALTH AND PROSPERITY. We came in the courfe of our voyage to Trapezus, a Greek city in a maritime fituation, a colony from Sinope, as we are in- formed by Xenophon, the celebrated Hiftorian. We furveyed the Euxine fea with the greater pleafure, as we viewed it from the lame fpot, whence both Xenophon and Yourfelf had formerly ob- ferved it. Two altars of rough Hone are ftill landing there ; but, from the coarfenefs of the materials, the letters infcribed upon them are indiftincliy engraven, and the Infcription itfelf is incor- rectly written, as is common among barbarous people. I deter- mined therefore to erect altars of marble, and to engrave the In- fcription in well marked and diftinct characters. Your Statue, which Hands there, has merit in the idea of the figure, and of the defign, as it reprefents You pointing towards the fea; but it bears no refemblance to the Original, and the execution is in other re- fpects but indifferent. Send therefore a Statue worthy to be called Yours, and of a fimilar delign to the one which is there at prefent, b as 2 ARYAN'S PERIPLUS as the fituation is well calculated for perpetuating, by thefe means, the memory of any illuftrious perfon.
    [Show full text]
  • Convolvulaceae) from Central Anatolia, Turkey
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 48: 428–434 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 31 October 2011 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2011 A new natural hybrid of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) from central Anatolia, Turkey Candan Aykurt* & Hüseyin Sümbül Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey (*corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) Received 22 Apr. 2010, revised version received 7 July 2010, accepted 2 Aug. 2010 Aykurt, C. & Sümbül, H. 2011: A new natural hybrid of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) from central Anatolia, Turkey. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 48: 428–434. Convolvulus ¥ turcicus C. Aykurt & Sümbül, a new natural hybrid between C. holosericeus subsp. holosericeus and C. compactus from central Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The morphological characteristics of C. ¥ turcicus are compared with those of its parents. The pollen characteristics of C. ¥ turcicus and its parents were examined by means of light microscopy and SEM. Introduction could be considered hybrids were not encoun- tered. However, during the field trips, some The family Convolvulaceae (bindweed family) individual samples collected from the provinces consists of 58 genera and approximately 2000 of Eskişehir and Kütahya, show intermediacy in species, with the genus Convolvulus comprising terms of some morphological characters between some 250 species worldwide (Staples & Yang C. holosericeus subsp. holosericeus and C. com- 1998). The family is nearly cosmopolitan in pactus. distribution, but its members are primarily tropi- In the present study, these individuals col- cal plants, with many genera endemic to tropical lected due to being considered hybrids, were zones of individual continents (Austin 1998). evaluated morphologically and palynologically The Turkish Convolvulus species were revised in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Clonal Propagation, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profiles of Convolvulus Galaticus Rostan Ex Choisy
    Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 23, No. 3, 2018 Copyright © 2018 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER Clonal propagation, antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy Received for publication, December, 27, 2015 Accepted, November, 8, 2016 ARZU UCAR TURKER1*, ARZU BIRINCI YILDIRIM2 1Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Bolu, Turkey 2Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Bolu, Turkey *Address for correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy (grizzle bindweed) is a medicinal plant in the family Convolvulaceae. The first objective of this study was to determine a highly efficient and rapid regeneration system for C. galaticus. Secondly, field-grown and in vitro-grown plants were compared in terms of antioxidant activities and phenolic constituents. C. galaticus leaves and stems were surface sterilized and three different explants (leaf, stem and node) were cultured. Regeneration was observed only with node explants. Best shoot proliferation was observed with 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 1.0 mg/l IAA, producing 15 shoots per explant at 84 % frequency. In vitro regenerated plants were also used as donor plants for explant source and best shoot formation was observed with 1.0 mg/l TDZ and 0.5 mg/l IBA with node explant, producing 23.7 shoots per explant at 60 % frequency. Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting media and 1.0 mg/l IBA was the most effective for rooting. In the second part of this study, methanolic extract of field-grown and in vitro-grown C.
    [Show full text]
  • Convolvulus Arvensis
    Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed Introduction The genus Convolvulus, with approximately 250 members worldwide, is distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Eight species have been reported in China[173]. Species of Convolvulus in China Convolvulus arvensis leaves and flowers. (Photo provided by LBJWC, Lyn & Campbell Lough- miller.) somewhat lobed with a membranous Scientific Name Scientific Name margin. The broad funnel-shaped C. ammannii Desr. C. lineatus Linn. corolla is 15-26 mm long, five-lobed, C. arvensis Linn. C. pseudocantabrica Schrenk white or pink, and occasionally has a C. fruticosus Pall. C. steppicoala Hand.Mazz. pinkish or whitish midpetaline band or bands. The flowers appear from June C. gortschakovii Schrenk C. tragacanthoides Turcz. to August. Fruits that appear from June to September are ovoid global The leaf margin is entire or divided Taxonomy or conical capsules, about 5-8 mm in into three lobes, with lateral ones Family: Convolvulaceae length, containing four dark brown or spreading and the middle one ovoid [173][166] Genus: Convolvulus L. black, subovate seeds . elliptic, narrowly triangular, lanceolate, oblong or suborbicular. Palmate veins Description Habitat begin at the base of leaf and become Convolvulus arvensis is a perennial with Convolvulus arvensis can be found in pinnate for the remainder of the leaf. rhizomes and glabrous procumbent or disturbed areas, roadsides, and grassy The axillary cyme is composed of twining stems that are slightly ridged slopes at elevations of 600 to 4,500 one to three flowers, the pedicel is [173][166] with vertical grooves on the surface. m . significantly longer than the calyx, with The leaf is ovate-oblong to lanceolate, hairy sepals being 2.5-5 mm long.
    [Show full text]
  • Kentucky Unwanted Plants
    Chapter 6 A Brief Guide to Kentucky’s Non-Native, Invasive Species, Common Weeds, and Other Unwanted Plants A publication of the Louisville Water Company Wellhead Protection Plan, Phase III Source Reduction Grant # X9-96479407-0 Chapter 6 A Brief Guide to Kentucky’s Non-native, Invasive Species, Common Weeds and Other Unwanted Plants What is an invasive exotic plant? A plant is considered exotic, (alien, foreign, non- indigenous, non-native), when it has been introduced by humans to a location outside its native or natural range. Most invasive, exotic plants have escaped cultivation or have spread from its origin and have become a problem or a potential problem in natural biological communities. For example, black locust, a tree that is native to the southern Appalachian region and portions of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, was planted throughout the U.S. for living fences, erosion control, and other uses for many years. Black locust is considered exotic outside its natural native range because it got to these places Kudzu is an invasive exotic plant that has spread by human introduction rather than by natural from Japan and China to become a large problem in dispersion. It has become invasive, displacing native much of the US. Local, state, and the federal species and adversely impacting ecosystems and governments spend millions of dollars per year to several endangered native bird species that depend on control the spread of kudzu. Even yearly control other plants for food, as well as several endangered may not be enough to successfully remove kudzu. Seeds can remain dormant in the plant species.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Polygonaceae.Indd
    Family Polygonaceae Family: Polygonaceae Japanese Knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Alternate Names Japanese bamboo, fleeceflower, Mexican bamboo Synonyms Fallopia japonica (Houtt) Dcne; Plueropterus cuspidatum (Sieb. & Zucc.) Moldenke; Plueropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small; Polygonum zuccarinii Small; Reynourtia japonica Houtt Related Species Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt ex Maxim Bohemian Knotweed Polygonum x bohemicum (J. Chrtek & A. Chrtkova) P.F. Zika & A.L. Jacobson Old XID Services photo by Richard Description Japanese knotweed stems grow up to 10 feet tall and are hollow and bamboo-like, with thickened nodes where the leaf stalks Japanese knotweed flowers. meet the stem. Nodes are surrounded by thin papery sheaths, and stems are angled slightly at each node. Leaves are broadly oval, satiny-textured, and up to 6 inches long with short stalks. Inflorescences are branched sprays of small white to greenish-white flow- ers in late summer. Giant knotweed has very large leaves, up to 18 inches long. To differentiate the species, look at leaves from the middle of a shoot, not the shoot tip leaves, which are highly variable. Leaves of Japanese knotweed are flat-based, with an acutely tapering tip, whereas leaves of giant knotweed have a deeply notched base with a more gradually tapering tip, and leaves of bohemian knotweed are intermediate between the other 2 species. Hairs on the Family: Polygonaceae Japanese Knotweed midvein on the underside of the leaf are also diagnostic. To observe, use a 10X lens to view a backlit leaf bent over a finger. Hairs of giant knotweed are multicellular, kinky, and long, whereas hairs of bohemian knotweed are shorter and unicellular with a broad base, and hairs of Japanese knotweed are reduced to bumps.
    [Show full text]
  • Sull' Atlante Luxoro
    NUOVI STUDI SULL’ ATLANTE LUXORO PEL SOCIO CORNELIO DESI MONI AGOSTO MDCCCLXVIII Società Ligure di Storia Patria - biblioteca digitale - 2011 Società Ligure di Storia Patria - biblioteca digitale - 2011 E r a appena compiuta la stampa dell’ Atlante Luxoro, che ci pervenivano libri e carte, il cui studio aperse nuova via alla intelligenza di alcune delle più difficili parti dell’Atlante me­ desim o; a quell’ intelligenza che non bastava a fornirci Tesarne lungo, coscienzioso ed ingrato sulle fonti che avevamo dapprima potuto procacciarci. F ra i nuovi sussidii onde daremo in fine l’ elenco , citiamo, come p iù insigni, pel Mar Nero il Dubois de Montpereux e l’Hommaire-Hell, e per la parte geografica della Russia Meridio­ nale la recente ed utilissima Memoria del Prof. Brunn, inserta tra gli A tti dell' Accademia delle Scienze in Pietroburgo. Per la B arbaria consultammo il Marcus traduttore e annotatore del Mannert, e il Pellissier nella Exploration Scientifique de l'A lgerie; opere tutte che insieme al Viaggio di Grecia di Pou- queville dobbiamo alla squisita cortesia del socio Massimiliano e fratelli marchesi Spinola, eredi della scelta e ricca Biblio­ teca dell'illustre Naturalista loro Padre. Ai quali signori perciò intendiam o qui pubblicamente rendere le grazie che per noi si possano maggiori. Società Ligure di Storia Patria - biblioteca digitale - 2011 ( 172 ) Tel Marocco ci attenemmo specialmente al Renou, nella sul- lodata Exploration Scientifique; il quale tuttavia colla laboriosa analisi, e colPesitare sovente nelle conclusioni, ci avverte quanto sia difficile opera trovare le posizioni medievali di queste re­ gioni, e i loro nomi moderni corrispondenti a quelli scomparsi in­ sieme colla cosa nominata senza lasciar traccia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133 B.C.E
    “The Skeleton of the State:” The Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133 B.C.E. By Noah Kaye A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California-Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil Professor Erich Gruen Professor Nikolaos Papazarkadas Professor Andrew Stewart Professor Dylan Sailor Fall 2012 Abstract “The Skeleton of the State:” the Fiscal Politics of Pergamon, 188-133, B.C.E. by Noah Kaye Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair In 188 B.C.E., a Roman commission awarded most of Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the Attalid dynasty, a modest fiefdom based in the city of Pergamon. Immediately, the Roman commissioners evacuated along with their force of arms. Enforcement of the settlement, known as the Treaty of Apameia, was left to local beneficiaries, chiefly the Attalids, but also the island republic of Rhodes. The extraction of revenues and the judicious redistribution of resources were both key to the extension of Attalid control over the new territory and the maintenance of the empire. This dissertation is a study of the forms of taxation and public benefaction that characterized the late Attalid kingdom, a multiscalar state comprised of many small communities, most prominent among them, ancient cities on the Greek model of the polis. It argues that the dynasty’s idiosyncratic choices about taxation and euergetism help explain the success of the Attalid imperial project. They aligned interests and created new collectivities.
    [Show full text]